NO133866B - - Google Patents

Download PDF

Info

Publication number
NO133866B
NO133866B NO4706/71A NO470671A NO133866B NO 133866 B NO133866 B NO 133866B NO 4706/71 A NO4706/71 A NO 4706/71A NO 470671 A NO470671 A NO 470671A NO 133866 B NO133866 B NO 133866B
Authority
NO
Norway
Prior art keywords
glass
fuel
water
nuclear reactors
attacked
Prior art date
Application number
NO4706/71A
Other languages
Norwegian (no)
Other versions
NO133866C (en
Inventor
R J Baker
G K Erlinger
S F Loepiktie
T A Miller
L R Hanselman
Original Assignee
Ralston Purina Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ralston Purina Co filed Critical Ralston Purina Co
Publication of NO133866B publication Critical patent/NO133866B/no
Publication of NO133866C publication Critical patent/NO133866C/no

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23KFODDER
    • A23K40/00Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/25Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by extrusion
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23JPROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J3/00Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
    • A23J3/22Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising
    • A23J3/26Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising using extrusion or expansion
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23PSHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
    • A23P30/00Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the process or apparatus
    • A23P30/30Puffing or expanding
    • A23P30/32Puffing or expanding by pressure release, e.g. explosion puffing; by vacuum treatment
    • A23P30/34Puffing or expanding by pressure release, e.g. explosion puffing; by vacuum treatment by extrusion-expansion

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)
  • Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)

Description

Brensel for kjernereaktorer. Fuel for nuclear reactors.

Som brensel i kjernereaktorer, spesielt reaktorer av den homogene type, er det blitt foreslått å anvende glasspartikler av generelt kuleform, som Inneholder en be-tydelig mengde av uran eller av et annet f is joner bart element eller element som kan bli fisjonerbart. Disse partikler anvendes suspendert i en væske, som regel tungt vann, hvis formål er samtidig å bremse nøytronene, kjøte reaktoren og føre bort fisjonsproduktene. As fuel in nuclear reactors, especially reactors of the homogeneous type, it has been proposed to use glass particles of generally spherical shape, which contain a significant amount of uranium or of another fissionable element or element that can become fissionable. These particles are used suspended in a liquid, usually heavy water, the purpose of which is to simultaneously slow down the neutrons, fuel the reactor and carry away the fission products.

Disse «mikrokulers» form og tilstand er sådan at man kan unngå mekanisk sli-tasje eller abrasjon på anlegget og de led-ninger gjennom hvilke suspensjonen sir-kulerer. Det glassmateriale i hvilket kjerne-materialet er imnkorporert spiller ennvidere en rolile som beskytter for dette materialie. The shape and condition of these "microspheres" are such that mechanical wear or abrasion on the plant and the lines through which the suspension circulates can be avoided. The glass material in which the core material is incorporated also plays a protective role for this material.

Den foreliggende oppfinnelse angår glass som er særlig egnet for fabrikasjon av The present invention relates to glass which is particularly suitable for the manufacture of

uran og/eller toriumholdige miforokuler, som skal anvendes som brensel i kjernereaktorer. Glassene d henhold til! oppfinnelsen er rike på uran og/eller torium, inneholder ikke noe element som har et stort oppfangningstvemrsnitt for nøytroner, kan gis form av runde partikler med en dia-meter på mellom noen få og flere ganger 10 mikron, ved hjelp av i og for seg kjente miforocules containing uranium and/or thorium, which are to be used as fuel in nuclear reactors. The glasses d according to! the invention are rich in uranium and/or thorium, do not contain any element that has a large capture cross-section for neutrons, can be given the form of round particles with a diameter of between a few and several times 10 microns, by means of in and of themselves knew

metoder, og angripes Ilte iav tungt vann ved en temperatur på 300° C. methods, and is attacked by oxygen and heavy water at a temperature of 300° C.

Videre omfatter oppfinnelsen mikro-kufer med et overtrekk av et uoppløselig silikat av et lett metall med valens oveir eller Hk 2, hvorved glassets lille angripbarhet kan senkes ytterligere. Furthermore, the invention includes micro-cases with a coating of an insoluble silicate of a light metal with an excess of valence or Hk 2, whereby the small attackability of the glass can be further lowered.

Brenslet i henhold til oppfinnelsen er karakteristisk ved at det har en vektsam-mensetning som ligger innenfor de følgende grenser: The fuel according to the invention is characteristic in that it has a weight composition that lies within the following limits:

Disee glass kan, som det vil forstås, uten Disee glass can, as will be understood, without

ulempe inneholde andre oksyder som f. eks. disadvantage of containing other oxides such as e.g.

AlpO., elter Fe.,0:j som skriver seg fra ut-gangsmaterialene, forutsatt at de forefin- AlpO., knead Fe.,0:j which is written from the starting materials, provided that they refine

nes i bare en liten lengde, og at disse ekstra elementer har et lite oppfamgningsitverr- nes in only a small length, and that these extra elements have a small

snitt for nøytroner. average for neutrons.

Det ble funnet at i denne glassfamilie medvirker oksydene Ti0.2 og ZrO, ikke bare til at glasset blir lite angripbant men sam- It was found that in this glass family the oxides Ti0.2 and ZrO contribute not only to the glass becoming less attacked but also

tidig letter de også forglassingem, hvilket er uventet hos glass som ikke inneholder alkalier. Innholdet av Zr02 minsker an-gripbarhetenheten, og bør "hensiktsmessig være miinist 5 %. Angripbarheten avtar når man øker mengden av Zr02, men avglassing blir vanskelig å unngå hvis mengden av dette oksyd overstiger 10 %. Det finnes altså et optimum for innholdet av Zr00, og dette ligger ved omkring 7 %. early, they also facilitate vitrification, which is unexpected in glasses that do not contain alkalis. The content of Zr02 reduces the attackability unit, and should ideally be at least 5%. Attackability decreases when the amount of Zr02 is increased, but devitrification becomes difficult to avoid if the amount of this oxide exceeds 10%. There is thus an optimum for the content of Zr00 , and this is around 7%.

Hva alkaliemetalloksydene angår ble As far as the alkali metal oxides are concerned,

det funnet, at hvis en del av disse erstattes med BaO og ZnO angripes glasset mindre lett og det er lettere å smelte. I alle tilfele bør det ikke anvendes større mengder av disse oksyder enn de som er angitt ovenfor. it was found that if part of these are replaced with BaO and ZnO, the glass is attacked less easily and it is easier to melt. In all cases, larger amounts of these oxides than those specified above should not be used.

Den følgende sammensetning er særlig fordelaktig for et brensel i henhold til oppfinnelsen: The following composition is particularly advantageous for a fuel according to the invention:

Ved 100° C angripes et glass av denne sammensetning ikke i det hele tatt av van- At 100° C, a glass of this composition is not attacked at all by water

lig vann eller tungt vann. Hvis 10 g av dette glass, findelt til partikler som har dimensjoner fra 40 til 60 mikron, utsettes for angrep fra vann, vil residuet som blir tilbake etter fordampning av vannet, som har fått angripe glasset i 500 timer ved 100° C, bare være 5 mg. still water or heavy water. If 10 g of this glass, finely divided into particles having dimensions from 40 to 60 microns, is subjected to attack by water, the residue left after evaporation of the water, which has been allowed to attack the glass for 500 hours at 100° C., will only be 5 mg.

Som sammenligning kan det angis, at As a comparison, it can be stated that

vanlige kiselsyre-natrium-kalsium-glass, f. ordinary silica-sodium-calcium glasses, e.g.

eks. vindusglass elter flaskeglass, som er blitt malt til en partikkelstørrelse av 300— e.g. window glass kneads bottle glass, which has been ground to a particle size of 300—

400 mikron og er blitt behandlet i 5 timer ved 100° C, etterlater vannangrepsresiduum av størrelsesordenen 20—50 mg pr. 10 g be- 400 microns and has been treated for 5 hours at 100° C, leaves a water attack residue of the order of 20-50 mg per 10 g be-

handlet glass, selv om angrepstiden er 100 traded glass, even if attack time is 100

ganger kortere og partlklienes størrelse er mellom 5 og 10 ganger større enn hos det førstnevnte glass. times shorter and the size of the particles is between 5 and 10 times larger than in the first-mentioned glass.

Ved 300° C angripes et glass som har At 300° C, a glass that has

den ovennevnte sammensetning fremdeles meget lite, residuet fra fordampningen av vannet som har angrepet 10 g glass av par-tikkelstørrelse 80—100 mikron, i 130 timer ved 300° C, er bare 100 mg. Det bør merkes at glasset angripes praktisk talt like meget av tungt vann. Et glass av denne sammen- the above composition still very little, the residue from the evaporation of the water which has attacked 10 g of glass of particle size 80-100 microns, for 130 hours at 300° C, is only 100 mg. It should be noted that the glass is attacked practically equally by heavy water. A glass of this combination

setning er derfor særlig egnet tili i form av mikrokuleir å anvendes1 i en homogen tungtvannsreaktor, som arbeider ved en høy temperatur. setting is therefore particularly suitable for use in the form of micro-ball clay1 in a homogeneous heavy water reactor, which works at a high temperature.

I henhold til oppfinnelsen kan glassets angripbarhet minskes ytterligere ved hjelp av et passende overtrekk. Dette skjer ved at glasset har et beskyttende lag av et uoppløselig silikat, spesielt et silikat av et lett metall som har en valens over eller lik 2, f. eks. beryllium eller magnesium. According to the invention, the attackability of the glass can be further reduced by means of a suitable covering. This happens because the glass has a protective layer of an insoluble silicate, in particular a silicate of a light metal that has a valence above or equal to 2, e.g. beryllium or magnesium.

Gode resultater er spesielt blitt opp- Good results have been especially

nådd ved glasset som har vært i berøring med en oppløsning av magnesiumklorld MgCl, av 100 g/liter ved 100° C og i 100— reached by the glass which has been in contact with a solution of magnesium chloride MgCl, of 100 g/litre at 100° C and in 100—

150 timer. 150 hours.

For glass der som eksempel er blitt be- For glass which, for example, has been be-

handlet på denne måte blir fordampnings- acted in this way becomes evaporative

resten fra vann som i 150 timer har angre- the rest from water that has aged for 150 hours

pet ved 300° C nedsatt fra 100 mg til bare 11 mg, dvs. en praktisk talt neglisjerbar mengde. pet at 300° C reduced from 100 mg to only 11 mg, i.e. a practically negligible amount.

Claims (3)

1. Brensel for kjernereaktorer spesielt kjernereaktorer av homogen type og spe-1. Fuel for nuclear reactors, especially nuclear reactors of homogeneous type and spe- sielt i partikkelform eller i form av mikro-kuler fremstillet av glass, karakterisert ved en vektsammemsetning som ligger innenfor de følgende grenser: especially in particulate form or in the form of micro-spheres made of glass, characterized by a weight composition that lies within the following limits: 2. Brensel ifølge påstand 1, karak terisert ved at det består av 2. Fuel according to claim 1, karak terized in that it consists of 3. Kjernereaktorbrensel ifølge påstand 1 eller 2, karakterisert ved at de glassformede partikler har et overtrekk av et uoppløselig silikat av et lett metaUl med en valens over eller lik 2.3. Nuclear reactor fuel according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the vitreous particles have a coating of an insoluble silicate of a light metal with a valence greater than or equal to 2.
NO4706/71A 1970-12-24 1971-12-20 NO133866C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10138970A 1970-12-24 1970-12-24

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
NO133866B true NO133866B (en) 1976-04-05
NO133866C NO133866C (en) 1976-07-14

Family

ID=22284398

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
NO4706/71A NO133866C (en) 1970-12-24 1971-12-20

Country Status (13)

Country Link
AT (1) AT331108B (en)
BE (1) BE777233A (en)
CA (1) CA978018A (en)
CH (1) CH536075A (en)
DE (1) DE2163371C3 (en)
DK (1) DK134966B (en)
FI (1) FI52924C (en)
FR (1) FR2119681A5 (en)
GB (1) GB1312910A (en)
LU (1) LU64422A1 (en)
NL (1) NL157196B (en)
NO (1) NO133866C (en)
SE (1) SE384782B (en)

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3908025A (en) * 1972-09-21 1975-09-23 Ralston Purina Co Pet food product and method for forming same
FR2432842A2 (en) * 1978-08-09 1980-03-07 Sodes Sa Food prods contg. bran, gluten and flour - prepd. continuously by extruding mixt. with water; used in diet bread, cereals, etc.
EP0093741A4 (en) * 1981-11-18 1984-04-27 D & S Mfg Pty Ltd Method of making food coatings, fillers and pellets.
US20070092616A1 (en) * 2005-10-21 2007-04-26 Witte Philip A Puffed snack products and processes for producing the same
EP2214502B1 (en) * 2007-10-31 2018-03-07 University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Heat-expanded food products
WO2010136894A1 (en) * 2009-05-28 2010-12-02 The Governors Of The University Of Alberta Protein compositions and methods of making and using thereof
US10104903B2 (en) 2009-07-31 2018-10-23 Mars, Incorporated Animal food and its appearance
PL2779838T3 (en) * 2011-11-14 2019-04-30 Iams Europe B V Palatable pet foods and methods for improving the palatability of pet foods
WO2016133909A1 (en) 2015-02-16 2016-08-25 Mars, Incorporated Interlocking kibble
MX2017013715A (en) 2015-04-28 2018-03-02 Mars Inc Process of preparing a sterilized wet pet food product.
EP4102985A4 (en) * 2020-02-10 2024-04-10 Mars Incorporated Low moisture extrusion process

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO133866C (en) 1976-07-14
GB1312910A (en) 1973-04-11
CA978018A (en) 1975-11-18
AT331108B (en) 1976-08-10
SE384782B (en) 1976-05-24
FR2119681A5 (en) 1972-08-04
DK134966C (en) 1977-07-18
ATA1103971A (en) 1975-10-15
LU64422A1 (en) 1972-08-23
DE2163371C3 (en) 1975-09-25
NL7116748A (en) 1972-06-27
CH536075A (en) 1973-04-30
FI52924C (en) 1978-01-10
DE2163371B2 (en) 1975-01-30
FI52924B (en) 1977-09-30
DK134966B (en) 1977-02-21
NL157196B (en) 1978-07-17
DE2163371A1 (en) 1972-07-13
BE777233A (en) 1972-04-17

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
NO133866B (en)
US4514329A (en) Process for vitrifying liquid radioactive waste
US3843228A (en) Production of light-conducting glass structures with refractive index distribution
CN109415242A (en) It can the chemical glass plate being tempered
US5268947A (en) Nuclear fuel elements comprising a trap for fission products based on oxide
US3826754A (en) Chemical immobilization of fission products reactive with nuclear reactor components
WO2012006748A1 (en) Method for improving heat-protection glazings by preventing glass corrosion caused by alkaline glass attack and by priming
DE1421845A1 (en) Process for the production of glass articles with improved strength through thermochemical ion exchange
US3141852A (en) Nuclear fuels
US3122509A (en) Coherent nuclear reactor elements
JPS63230536A (en) Thallium-containing optical glass
DE1909433A1 (en) Process for the production of a glass with high light transmission
US3150099A (en) Vitreous materials and their application to nuclear reactors
Pacaud et al. Effect of platinoids on French LWR reference glass properties
Harrison et al. The effect on long term aqueous durability of variations in the composition of UK vitrified HLW product
Hrma Towards optimization of nuclear waste glass: Constraints, property models, and waste loading
DE10027699B4 (en) Borosilicate glass of high chemical resistance and its use
DE1914982C3 (en) Use of an electro-molten refractory material
US3035928A (en) Glass composition
SE192313C1 (en)
US3373116A (en) Radioactive fluophosphate glass composition
KUPFI-R Vitrification of Hanford radioactive defense wastes
JP2002020827A (en) Melting crucible
Bart et al. Influence of platinum-group metals on nuclear glass properties: Viscosity, thermal stability and alterability
Hazra et al. Leach Resisting Activity of Ce (IV) Modifier into Lead-Iron Phosphate Nuclear Waste Glasses