NO133866B - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- NO133866B NO133866B NO4706/71A NO470671A NO133866B NO 133866 B NO133866 B NO 133866B NO 4706/71 A NO4706/71 A NO 4706/71A NO 470671 A NO470671 A NO 470671A NO 133866 B NO133866 B NO 133866B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- fuel
- water
- nuclear reactors
- attacked
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003758 nuclear fuel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N Heavy water Chemical compound [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 232Th Chemical compound [232Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004031 devitrification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N h2o hydrate Chemical compound O.O JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011806 microball Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004017 vitrification Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/25—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by extrusion
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/22—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising
- A23J3/26—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising using extrusion or expansion
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P30/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the process or apparatus
- A23P30/30—Puffing or expanding
- A23P30/32—Puffing or expanding by pressure release, e.g. explosion puffing; by vacuum treatment
- A23P30/34—Puffing or expanding by pressure release, e.g. explosion puffing; by vacuum treatment by extrusion-expansion
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Description
Brensel for kjernereaktorer. Fuel for nuclear reactors.
Som brensel i kjernereaktorer, spesielt reaktorer av den homogene type, er det blitt foreslått å anvende glasspartikler av generelt kuleform, som Inneholder en be-tydelig mengde av uran eller av et annet f is joner bart element eller element som kan bli fisjonerbart. Disse partikler anvendes suspendert i en væske, som regel tungt vann, hvis formål er samtidig å bremse nøytronene, kjøte reaktoren og føre bort fisjonsproduktene. As fuel in nuclear reactors, especially reactors of the homogeneous type, it has been proposed to use glass particles of generally spherical shape, which contain a significant amount of uranium or of another fissionable element or element that can become fissionable. These particles are used suspended in a liquid, usually heavy water, the purpose of which is to simultaneously slow down the neutrons, fuel the reactor and carry away the fission products.
Disse «mikrokulers» form og tilstand er sådan at man kan unngå mekanisk sli-tasje eller abrasjon på anlegget og de led-ninger gjennom hvilke suspensjonen sir-kulerer. Det glassmateriale i hvilket kjerne-materialet er imnkorporert spiller ennvidere en rolile som beskytter for dette materialie. The shape and condition of these "microspheres" are such that mechanical wear or abrasion on the plant and the lines through which the suspension circulates can be avoided. The glass material in which the core material is incorporated also plays a protective role for this material.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse angår glass som er særlig egnet for fabrikasjon av The present invention relates to glass which is particularly suitable for the manufacture of
uran og/eller toriumholdige miforokuler, som skal anvendes som brensel i kjernereaktorer. Glassene d henhold til! oppfinnelsen er rike på uran og/eller torium, inneholder ikke noe element som har et stort oppfangningstvemrsnitt for nøytroner, kan gis form av runde partikler med en dia-meter på mellom noen få og flere ganger 10 mikron, ved hjelp av i og for seg kjente miforocules containing uranium and/or thorium, which are to be used as fuel in nuclear reactors. The glasses d according to! the invention are rich in uranium and/or thorium, do not contain any element that has a large capture cross-section for neutrons, can be given the form of round particles with a diameter of between a few and several times 10 microns, by means of in and of themselves knew
metoder, og angripes Ilte iav tungt vann ved en temperatur på 300° C. methods, and is attacked by oxygen and heavy water at a temperature of 300° C.
Videre omfatter oppfinnelsen mikro-kufer med et overtrekk av et uoppløselig silikat av et lett metall med valens oveir eller Hk 2, hvorved glassets lille angripbarhet kan senkes ytterligere. Furthermore, the invention includes micro-cases with a coating of an insoluble silicate of a light metal with an excess of valence or Hk 2, whereby the small attackability of the glass can be further lowered.
Brenslet i henhold til oppfinnelsen er karakteristisk ved at det har en vektsam-mensetning som ligger innenfor de følgende grenser: The fuel according to the invention is characteristic in that it has a weight composition that lies within the following limits:
Disee glass kan, som det vil forstås, uten Disee glass can, as will be understood, without
ulempe inneholde andre oksyder som f. eks. disadvantage of containing other oxides such as e.g.
AlpO., elter Fe.,0:j som skriver seg fra ut-gangsmaterialene, forutsatt at de forefin- AlpO., knead Fe.,0:j which is written from the starting materials, provided that they refine
nes i bare en liten lengde, og at disse ekstra elementer har et lite oppfamgningsitverr- nes in only a small length, and that these extra elements have a small
snitt for nøytroner. average for neutrons.
Det ble funnet at i denne glassfamilie medvirker oksydene Ti0.2 og ZrO, ikke bare til at glasset blir lite angripbant men sam- It was found that in this glass family the oxides Ti0.2 and ZrO contribute not only to the glass becoming less attacked but also
tidig letter de også forglassingem, hvilket er uventet hos glass som ikke inneholder alkalier. Innholdet av Zr02 minsker an-gripbarhetenheten, og bør "hensiktsmessig være miinist 5 %. Angripbarheten avtar når man øker mengden av Zr02, men avglassing blir vanskelig å unngå hvis mengden av dette oksyd overstiger 10 %. Det finnes altså et optimum for innholdet av Zr00, og dette ligger ved omkring 7 %. early, they also facilitate vitrification, which is unexpected in glasses that do not contain alkalis. The content of Zr02 reduces the attackability unit, and should ideally be at least 5%. Attackability decreases when the amount of Zr02 is increased, but devitrification becomes difficult to avoid if the amount of this oxide exceeds 10%. There is thus an optimum for the content of Zr00 , and this is around 7%.
Hva alkaliemetalloksydene angår ble As far as the alkali metal oxides are concerned,
det funnet, at hvis en del av disse erstattes med BaO og ZnO angripes glasset mindre lett og det er lettere å smelte. I alle tilfele bør det ikke anvendes større mengder av disse oksyder enn de som er angitt ovenfor. it was found that if part of these are replaced with BaO and ZnO, the glass is attacked less easily and it is easier to melt. In all cases, larger amounts of these oxides than those specified above should not be used.
Den følgende sammensetning er særlig fordelaktig for et brensel i henhold til oppfinnelsen: The following composition is particularly advantageous for a fuel according to the invention:
Ved 100° C angripes et glass av denne sammensetning ikke i det hele tatt av van- At 100° C, a glass of this composition is not attacked at all by water
lig vann eller tungt vann. Hvis 10 g av dette glass, findelt til partikler som har dimensjoner fra 40 til 60 mikron, utsettes for angrep fra vann, vil residuet som blir tilbake etter fordampning av vannet, som har fått angripe glasset i 500 timer ved 100° C, bare være 5 mg. still water or heavy water. If 10 g of this glass, finely divided into particles having dimensions from 40 to 60 microns, is subjected to attack by water, the residue left after evaporation of the water, which has been allowed to attack the glass for 500 hours at 100° C., will only be 5 mg.
Som sammenligning kan det angis, at As a comparison, it can be stated that
vanlige kiselsyre-natrium-kalsium-glass, f. ordinary silica-sodium-calcium glasses, e.g.
eks. vindusglass elter flaskeglass, som er blitt malt til en partikkelstørrelse av 300— e.g. window glass kneads bottle glass, which has been ground to a particle size of 300—
400 mikron og er blitt behandlet i 5 timer ved 100° C, etterlater vannangrepsresiduum av størrelsesordenen 20—50 mg pr. 10 g be- 400 microns and has been treated for 5 hours at 100° C, leaves a water attack residue of the order of 20-50 mg per 10 g be-
handlet glass, selv om angrepstiden er 100 traded glass, even if attack time is 100
ganger kortere og partlklienes størrelse er mellom 5 og 10 ganger større enn hos det førstnevnte glass. times shorter and the size of the particles is between 5 and 10 times larger than in the first-mentioned glass.
Ved 300° C angripes et glass som har At 300° C, a glass that has
den ovennevnte sammensetning fremdeles meget lite, residuet fra fordampningen av vannet som har angrepet 10 g glass av par-tikkelstørrelse 80—100 mikron, i 130 timer ved 300° C, er bare 100 mg. Det bør merkes at glasset angripes praktisk talt like meget av tungt vann. Et glass av denne sammen- the above composition still very little, the residue from the evaporation of the water which has attacked 10 g of glass of particle size 80-100 microns, for 130 hours at 300° C, is only 100 mg. It should be noted that the glass is attacked practically equally by heavy water. A glass of this combination
setning er derfor særlig egnet tili i form av mikrokuleir å anvendes1 i en homogen tungtvannsreaktor, som arbeider ved en høy temperatur. setting is therefore particularly suitable for use in the form of micro-ball clay1 in a homogeneous heavy water reactor, which works at a high temperature.
I henhold til oppfinnelsen kan glassets angripbarhet minskes ytterligere ved hjelp av et passende overtrekk. Dette skjer ved at glasset har et beskyttende lag av et uoppløselig silikat, spesielt et silikat av et lett metall som har en valens over eller lik 2, f. eks. beryllium eller magnesium. According to the invention, the attackability of the glass can be further reduced by means of a suitable covering. This happens because the glass has a protective layer of an insoluble silicate, in particular a silicate of a light metal that has a valence above or equal to 2, e.g. beryllium or magnesium.
Gode resultater er spesielt blitt opp- Good results have been especially
nådd ved glasset som har vært i berøring med en oppløsning av magnesiumklorld MgCl, av 100 g/liter ved 100° C og i 100— reached by the glass which has been in contact with a solution of magnesium chloride MgCl, of 100 g/litre at 100° C and in 100—
150 timer. 150 hours.
For glass der som eksempel er blitt be- For glass which, for example, has been be-
handlet på denne måte blir fordampnings- acted in this way becomes evaporative
resten fra vann som i 150 timer har angre- the rest from water that has aged for 150 hours
pet ved 300° C nedsatt fra 100 mg til bare 11 mg, dvs. en praktisk talt neglisjerbar mengde. pet at 300° C reduced from 100 mg to only 11 mg, i.e. a practically negligible amount.
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10138970A | 1970-12-24 | 1970-12-24 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO133866B true NO133866B (en) | 1976-04-05 |
NO133866C NO133866C (en) | 1976-07-14 |
Family
ID=22284398
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO4706/71A NO133866C (en) | 1970-12-24 | 1971-12-20 |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AT (1) | AT331108B (en) |
BE (1) | BE777233A (en) |
CA (1) | CA978018A (en) |
CH (1) | CH536075A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2163371C3 (en) |
DK (1) | DK134966B (en) |
FI (1) | FI52924C (en) |
FR (1) | FR2119681A5 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1312910A (en) |
LU (1) | LU64422A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL157196B (en) |
NO (1) | NO133866C (en) |
SE (1) | SE384782B (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3908025A (en) * | 1972-09-21 | 1975-09-23 | Ralston Purina Co | Pet food product and method for forming same |
FR2432842A2 (en) * | 1978-08-09 | 1980-03-07 | Sodes Sa | Food prods contg. bran, gluten and flour - prepd. continuously by extruding mixt. with water; used in diet bread, cereals, etc. |
EP0093741A4 (en) * | 1981-11-18 | 1984-04-27 | D & S Mfg Pty Ltd | Method of making food coatings, fillers and pellets. |
US20070092616A1 (en) * | 2005-10-21 | 2007-04-26 | Witte Philip A | Puffed snack products and processes for producing the same |
EP2214502B1 (en) * | 2007-10-31 | 2018-03-07 | University College Dublin, National University of Ireland | Heat-expanded food products |
WO2010136894A1 (en) * | 2009-05-28 | 2010-12-02 | The Governors Of The University Of Alberta | Protein compositions and methods of making and using thereof |
US10104903B2 (en) | 2009-07-31 | 2018-10-23 | Mars, Incorporated | Animal food and its appearance |
PL2779838T3 (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2019-04-30 | Iams Europe B V | Palatable pet foods and methods for improving the palatability of pet foods |
WO2016133909A1 (en) | 2015-02-16 | 2016-08-25 | Mars, Incorporated | Interlocking kibble |
MX2017013715A (en) | 2015-04-28 | 2018-03-02 | Mars Inc | Process of preparing a sterilized wet pet food product. |
EP4102985A4 (en) * | 2020-02-10 | 2024-04-10 | Mars Incorporated | Low moisture extrusion process |
-
1971
- 1971-11-05 CA CA127,011A patent/CA978018A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-11-23 DK DK573071AA patent/DK134966B/en unknown
- 1971-11-29 GB GB5525071A patent/GB1312910A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-12-06 NL NL7116748.A patent/NL157196B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1971-12-08 LU LU64422D patent/LU64422A1/xx unknown
- 1971-12-16 FI FI3584/71A patent/FI52924C/fi active
- 1971-12-20 NO NO4706/71A patent/NO133866C/no unknown
- 1971-12-21 DE DE2163371A patent/DE2163371C3/en not_active Expired
- 1971-12-22 AT AT1103971A patent/AT331108B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1971-12-22 SE SE7116515D patent/SE384782B/en unknown
- 1971-12-23 BE BE777233A patent/BE777233A/en unknown
- 1971-12-23 CH CH1885771A patent/CH536075A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1971-12-23 FR FR7146354A patent/FR2119681A5/fr not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO133866C (en) | 1976-07-14 |
GB1312910A (en) | 1973-04-11 |
CA978018A (en) | 1975-11-18 |
AT331108B (en) | 1976-08-10 |
SE384782B (en) | 1976-05-24 |
FR2119681A5 (en) | 1972-08-04 |
DK134966C (en) | 1977-07-18 |
ATA1103971A (en) | 1975-10-15 |
LU64422A1 (en) | 1972-08-23 |
DE2163371C3 (en) | 1975-09-25 |
NL7116748A (en) | 1972-06-27 |
CH536075A (en) | 1973-04-30 |
FI52924C (en) | 1978-01-10 |
DE2163371B2 (en) | 1975-01-30 |
FI52924B (en) | 1977-09-30 |
DK134966B (en) | 1977-02-21 |
NL157196B (en) | 1978-07-17 |
DE2163371A1 (en) | 1972-07-13 |
BE777233A (en) | 1972-04-17 |
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