MX358966B - Hoja o documento de seguridad que tiene una o más marcas de agua mejoradas. - Google Patents

Hoja o documento de seguridad que tiene una o más marcas de agua mejoradas.

Info

Publication number: MX358966B
Authority: MX; Mexico
Prior art keywords: document; watermark; micro; security sheet; watermarks
Prior art date: 2013-12-03

Application number

MX2016007197A

Other languages

English (en)

Spanish (es)

Other versions

MX2016007197A (es

Inventor

Blake William

Boody Jeffrey

M Brigham Kraig

Callahan James

F Cote Paul

Darroch Michael

Jain Manish

Morck Hamilton Karin

D Prett Giles

Original Assignee

Crane & Co Inc

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

2013-12-03

Filing date

2014-12-02

Publication date

2018-09-11

Family has litigation

First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=52273510&utm_source=***_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=MX358966(B) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2014-12-02 Application filed by Crane & Co Inc filed Critical Crane & Co Inc

2016-10-28 Publication of MX2016007197A publication Critical patent/MX2016007197A/es

2018-09-11 Publication of MX358966B publication Critical patent/MX358966B/es

Links

239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 abstract 2
230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract 1

Classifications

- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/324—Reliefs
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/333—Watermarks
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/351—Translucent or partly translucent parts, e.g. windows
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/355—Security threads
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/369—Magnetised or magnetisable materials
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/373—Metallic materials
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/378—Special inks
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/378—Special inks
- B42D25/382—Special inks absorbing or reflecting infrared light
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/378—Special inks
- B42D25/387—Special inks absorbing or reflecting ultraviolet light

Landscapes

Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
Paper (AREA)
Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
Printing Methods (AREA)

MX2016007197A 2013-12-03 2014-12-02 Hoja o documento de seguridad que tiene una o más marcas de agua mejoradas. MX358966B (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
US201361911141P	2013-12-03	2013-12-03
US201361911831P	2013-12-04	2013-12-04
US201361911885P	2013-12-04	2013-12-04
US201461924000P	2014-01-06	2014-01-06
PCT/US2014/068205 WO2015084872A2 (en)	2013-12-03	2014-12-02	A security sheet or document having one or more enhanced watermarks

Publications (2)

Publication Number	Publication Date
MX2016007197A MX2016007197A (es)	2016-10-28
MX358966B true MX358966B (es)	2018-09-11

Family

ID=52273510

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
MX2016007197A MX358966B (es)	2013-12-03	2014-12-02	Hoja o documento de seguridad que tiene una o más marcas de agua mejoradas.

Country Status (12)

Country	Link
EP (4)	EP3690829B1 (ru)
JP (1)	JP6534679B2 (ru)
KR (1)	KR102336078B1 (ru)
CN (1)	CN106163822B (ru)
AU (1)	AU2014360693B2 (ru)
BR (1)	BR112016012684B1 (ru)
CA (1)	CA2932257A1 (ru)
ES (3)	ES2779923T3 (ru)
MX (1)	MX358966B (ru)
PL (2)	PL3333812T3 (ru)
RU (1)	RU2680329C9 (ru)
WO (1)	WO2015084872A2 (ru)

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
JP6545116B2 (ja) *	2015-03-31	2019-07-17	特種東海製紙株式会社	偽造防止用紙及びその製造方法
JP6732175B2 (ja) *	2016-11-28	2020-07-29	独立行政法人国立印刷局	色彩を有するセルロース要素を用いたすき入れ紙及びその製造方法
KR101875566B1 (ko) *	2017-01-25	2018-07-09	그린비월드(주)	위조방지용 보안필름
EP4026702A1 (en) *	2017-02-10	2022-07-13	Crane & Co., Inc.	Machine-readable optical security device
FR3080630B1 (fr) *	2018-04-25	2021-10-08	Honnorat Rech & Services	Papier de securite avec inserts manuels
EP3763539A1 (en) *	2019-07-11	2021-01-13	Gemalto Sa	Multi-page personalization for a multi-page security document
KR102214523B1 (ko) *	2019-07-31	2021-02-10	(주) 나노메카	위조 방지용 필름 구조물
CN111625854B (zh) *	2020-05-25	2022-10-14	聚好看科技股份有限公司	文档加密方法、访问方法、服务器及***
PT117491B (pt)	2021-09-30	2024-03-12	Univ De Coimbra	Copolímero cromogénico, seu método de obtenção, produtos que o incorporam e método de deteção de contrafação e autenticaçao de produtos
KR102632898B1 (ko) *	2023-04-27	2024-02-05	엔비에스티(주)	위변조 방지용 보안필름 및 이를 활용한 위변조 인증방법

Family Cites Families (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
CH287332A (de)	1948-10-01	1952-11-30	Herbig Wolfgang Ing Dr	Eine unbefugte Vervieltältigung erschwerendes Dokument.
GB1489084A (en)	1975-10-28	1977-10-19	Tullis Russell Co Ltd	Simulated watermarking
CH607170A5 (ru)	1976-10-28	1978-11-30	Sodeco Compteurs De Geneve
FR2524026B1 (fr)	1982-03-25	1985-09-13	Arjomari Prioux	Matieres cellulosiques transparentisees et leurs applications, leur procede de fabrication et les compositions de transparentisation correspondantes
FR2542472B1 (fr)	1983-03-11	1985-06-21	Thomson Brandt	Carte a lecture optique portant des informations numeriques et systeme de controle d'acces a des informations diffusees utilisant une telle carte
DE4314380B4 (de) *	1993-05-01	2009-08-06	Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh	Sicherheitspapier und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
GB2282611B (en)	1993-09-27	1997-01-29	Portals Ltd	Improvement in security features for paper
ATE408850T1 (de) *	2001-04-10	2008-10-15	Harvard College	Mikrolinse zur projektionslithographie und ihr herstellungsverfahren
US8543823B2 (en) *	2001-04-30	2013-09-24	Digimarc Corporation	Digital watermarking for identification documents
EP1308485A1 (en)	2001-10-31	2003-05-07	Sicpa Holding S.A.	Ink set with an IR-taggant
FR2861101B1 (fr)	2003-10-15	2007-06-15	Arjo Wiggins	Papier de securite multijet
EP2332737A3 (en)	2003-11-21	2012-02-08	Visual Physics, LLC	Micro-optic security and image presentation system
WO2005078023A2 (de)	2004-02-11	2005-08-25	Basf Aktiengesellschaft	Schwarze perylenpigmente
GB0409747D0 (en) *	2004-04-30	2004-06-09	Rue De Int Ltd	Improvements in substrates incorporating security devices
EP1747099B2 (en)	2004-04-30	2017-09-20	De La Rue International Limited	Arrays of microlenses and arrays of microimages on transparent security substrates
DE102004031118A1 (de) *	2004-06-28	2006-01-19	Infineon Technologies Ag	Schein, Lese-Vorrichtung und Schein-Identifikations-System
US7351277B2 (en)	2004-09-08	2008-04-01	E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company	IR transparent cyan inkjet ink
US7407538B2 (en)	2004-09-08	2008-08-05	E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company	IR transparent inkjet ink set
DE102005045566A1 (de)	2005-03-23	2006-09-28	Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh	Mehrlagiges Sicherheitspapier
ES2434443T3 (es)	2005-05-18	2013-12-16	Visual Physics, Llc	Sistema de presentación de imágenes y de seguridad micro-óptico
GB0514327D0 (en) *	2005-07-13	2005-08-17	Harris Colin A	Producing security paper
JP2007136907A (ja)	2005-11-21	2007-06-07	Dainippon Printing Co Ltd	印刷物および真偽判定用媒体
DE102005062132A1 (de)	2005-12-23	2007-07-05	Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh	Sicherheitselement
FR2897078B1 (fr)	2006-02-09	2011-08-19	Arjowiggins	Materiau en feuille comportant au moins un filigrane avec une nuance coloree.
JP2007261112A (ja)	2006-03-29	2007-10-11	Dainippon Printing Co Ltd	偽造防止印刷物
EP3872557A1 (en) *	2006-05-12	2021-09-01	Crane & Co., Inc.	A micro-optic film structure that alone or together with a security document or label projects images spatially coordinated with static images and/or other projected images
JP5232779B2 (ja)	2006-06-28	2013-07-10	ビジュアルフィジクスエルエルシー	マイクロ光学セキュリティ及び画像表示システム
ATE452764T1 (de) *	2006-08-11	2010-01-15	Nat Bank Of Belgium	Verstecktes bild
DE102007057658A1 (de) *	2007-02-07	2009-06-04	Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg	Sicherheitselement
DE102007005884B4 (de) *	2007-02-07	2022-02-03	Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg	Sicherheitsdokument
GB201003397D0 (en) *	2010-03-01	2010-04-14	Rue De Int Ltd	Moire magnification security device
FR2957943B1 (fr) *	2010-03-24	2021-11-05	Arjowiggins Security	Filigrane, procedes de fabrication d'une piece pour la formation d'un filigrane et piece obtenue selon ledit procede
FR2984799A1 (fr) *	2011-12-22	2013-06-28	Arjowiggins Security	Structure multicouche comportant au moins une couche diffusante.

2014
- 2014-12-02 EP EP19219466.0A patent/EP3690829B1/en active Active
- 2014-12-02 JP JP2016557524A patent/JP6534679B2/ja active Active
- 2014-12-02 PL PL18154768T patent/PL3333812T3/pl unknown
- 2014-12-02 EP EP14821361.4A patent/EP3078005B1/en active Active
- 2014-12-02 MX MX2016007197A patent/MX358966B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2014-12-02 EP EP22210172.7A patent/EP4163888B1/en active Active
- 2014-12-02 ES ES18154768T patent/ES2779923T3/es active Active
- 2014-12-02 BR BR112016012684-0A patent/BR112016012684B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2014-12-02 EP EP18154768.8A patent/EP3333812B1/en active Active
- 2014-12-02 RU RU2016125988A patent/RU2680329C9/ru active
- 2014-12-02 WO PCT/US2014/068205 patent/WO2015084872A2/en active Application Filing
- 2014-12-02 CA CA2932257A patent/CA2932257A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-12-02 ES ES14821361.4T patent/ES2664785T3/es active Active
- 2014-12-02 KR KR1020167017511A patent/KR102336078B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2014-12-02 PL PL19219466.0T patent/PL3690829T3/pl unknown
- 2014-12-02 AU AU2014360693A patent/AU2014360693B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2014-12-02 ES ES19219466T patent/ES2938837T3/es active Active
- 2014-12-02 CN CN201480074261.6A patent/CN106163822B/zh active Active

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
JP6534679B2 (ja)	2019-06-26
ES2664785T3 (es)	2018-04-23
BR112016012684A2 (ru)	2017-08-08
MX2016007197A (es)	2016-10-28
BR112016012684B1 (pt)	2022-01-11
AU2014360693A1 (en)	2016-06-16
EP3333812A1 (en)	2018-06-13
ES2938837T3 (es)	2023-04-17
PL3690829T3 (pl)	2023-04-11
RU2680329C1 (ru)	2019-02-19
CN106163822A (zh)	2016-11-23
EP3078005B1 (en)	2018-02-07
WO2015084872A2 (en)	2015-06-11
AU2014360693B2 (en)	2019-07-04
CA2932257A1 (en)	2015-06-11
EP3333812B1 (en)	2020-02-19
WO2015084872A3 (en)	2015-08-13
EP4163888A1 (en)	2023-04-12
JP2016540335A (ja)	2016-12-22
EP3690829A1 (en)	2020-08-05
KR20160098293A (ko)	2016-08-18
RU2680329C9 (ru)	2019-04-04
EP3690829B1 (en)	2022-11-30
EP3078005A2 (en)	2016-10-12
EP4163888B1 (en)	2024-07-03
ES2779923T3 (es)	2020-08-20
PL3333812T3 (pl)	2020-07-13
KR102336078B1 (ko)	2021-12-08
CN106163822B (zh)	2018-05-08

Legal Events

Date	Code	Title	Description
2018-09-11	FG	Grant or registration

Publication	Publication Date	Title
MX358966B (es)	2018-09-11	Hoja o documento de seguridad que tiene una o más marcas de agua mejoradas.
ATE502773T1 (de)	2011-04-15	Sicherheitsdokument
GB2473169A (en)	2011-03-02	Method, system, and computer-accessible medium for authentication of paper using a speckle pattern
PL2989249T3 (pl)	2017-06-30	Sposób zapewniania masy papierniczej tworzącej tkaninę włóknistą z wypełniaczem oraz papieru lub tektury
ECSP15026322A (es)	2017-03-31	Documento de identidad que abarca una imagen fantasma basada en una imagen de dos dimensiones
MX2015015284A (es)	2016-06-02	Procedimiento para proporcionar una caracteristica de seguridad a un documento de seguridad, y el documento de seguridad.
WO2014028129A3 (en)	2014-06-05	Detecting and transmitting a redeemable document
WO2012083282A3 (en)	2012-09-07	Rendering source regions into target regions of web pages
AU349939S (en)	2013-07-29	Display screen for an electronic device
UY35248A (es)	2014-07-31	?caco3 en poliéster para telas no tejidas y fibras?.
SG157275A1 (en)	2009-12-29	Optically readable marking sheet and reading apparatus and method therefor
CU23710A3 (es)	2011-10-05	Elemento de seguridad y proceso para producirlo
MX2015011205A (es)	2015-11-09	Articulo para fumar que tiene marcas codificadas ocultas.
MX2010009845A (es)	2010-09-30	Papel de seguridad, metodo de fabricacion y documento de seguridad obtenido con dicho papel.
BRPI0918957A2 (pt)	2015-12-01	métodos para produzir um elemento de marca d'água, e um substrato em formato de lâmina com uma marca d'água, elemento de marca d'água, tela de desidratação, papel de segurança provido com uma ou mais marcas d'água, e, documento
MX2016005417A (es)	2017-03-01	Marcacion con agua criptografica de contenido en ambientes de dispensacion de combustible.
MX2017012294A (es)	2018-05-17	Nucleo resistente al deslizamiento para sostener una trama papelera.
GB2550822A (en)	2017-11-29	A security document or token
MX356366B (es)	2018-05-25	Dispositivo de seguridad optica.
IN2014DN08197A (ru)	2015-05-01
MD4238B1 (en)	2013-06-30	Method for manufacture of individual marking using nanoparticles and method for identification of goods
MX343259B (es)	2016-10-31	Portador de datos en forma de tarjeta con relieves.
AR096343A1 (es)	2015-12-23	Recipiente que incluye un indicador anti-falsificación
MD4195C1 (ru)	2013-08-31	Способ проверки подлинности ценных бумаг и устройство для его реализации (варианты)
MX2019009458A (es)	2019-12-16	Autentificacion y caracteristica de seguridad anti-extraccion con marcas detectables por maquina.