JPS6397712A - Soil cement composite pile - Google Patents
Soil cement composite pileInfo
- Publication number
- JPS6397712A JPS6397712A JP24191786A JP24191786A JPS6397712A JP S6397712 A JPS6397712 A JP S6397712A JP 24191786 A JP24191786 A JP 24191786A JP 24191786 A JP24191786 A JP 24191786A JP S6397712 A JPS6397712 A JP S6397712A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- pile
- soil cement
- tip
- steel pipe
- soil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000010392 Bone Fractures Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010017076 Fracture Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は、鋼管杭を用いた、ソイルセメント工法による
ソイルセメント合成杭に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial Field of Application] The present invention relates to a soil cement composite pile using the soil cement method using steel pipe piles.
ソイルセメント工法においては、−Ｃに走行車上に取付
けたオーガー又は攪拌ロッドを電動力等で４１！！ ｉ
にねじ込んで穿孔しながら、オーガー又は攪拌ロッドの
先端中央からセメント系硬化剤からなるセメントミルク
等の注入材を出し、攪拌翼等で強制攪拌を行いながらソ
イルセメント柱を形成する。また、ソイルセメント工法
による支持杭は、このソイルセメント柱のセメント硬化
前に鋼管杭を建込むようにしたものである。In the soil cement construction method, an auger or stirring rod attached to a running vehicle is used at -C using electric power, etc. to 41! ! i
While screwing in and drilling holes, a pouring material such as cement milk made of a cement-based hardening agent is dispensed from the center of the tip of an auger or stirring rod, and a soil cement column is formed while forcibly stirring with a stirring blade or the like. In addition, the support pile using the soil cement construction method is one in which the steel pipe pile is erected before the cement of the soil cement column hardens.
上記のような支持杭は、杭先端閉塞及び水平抵抗の点で
、次のような問題があった。The above-mentioned support piles had the following problems in terms of pile tip blockage and horizontal resistance.
ｆｌｌ 杭先端閉塞に関する問題点
鋼管杭先端部の内周面とソイルセメントとの付着力は主
として粘着力であるため、その付着力と変位との関係は
第５図に示すように脆性的であり、ソイルセメントの剛
性が鋼管の剛性に対して非常に小さい場合、進行性破壊
を生ずるおそれがある。このため、窮管杭が大径（例え
ば径が１０００ｍｍ以上）になって必要付着力が大きく
なると、その閉塞効果に対する信転性が低下する。fll Problems related to pile tip blockage Since the adhesive force between the inner peripheral surface of the steel pipe pile tip and soil cement is mainly adhesive force, the relationship between the adhesive force and displacement is brittle as shown in Figure 5. If the stiffness of the soil cement is very small compared to the stiffness of the steel pipe, progressive fracture may occur. For this reason, when a tight pipe pile has a large diameter (for example, a diameter of 1000 mm or more) and the necessary adhesion force increases, reliability against the blocking effect decreases.
また、仮りに鋼管杭内周面とソイルセメントとの付着が
靭性的であったとしたとしても、支持杭先端の完全な閉
塞効果を得るためには、管内極限抵抗力Ｆが先＠地盤の
極限支持力Ｒ１を上まわる必要がある。Furthermore, even if the adhesion between the inner circumferential surface of the steel pipe pile and the soil cement is tough, in order to obtain a complete blockage effect at the tip of the support pile, the ultimate resistance force F in the pipe must be It is necessary to exceed the supporting force R1.
即ち、
Ｆ≧ＲＰ
Ｒｐ−ＡＸｑａ ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
・〔１〕Ｆ−ｆｘＬＪｘＬ ・・・・・・・・・・
・・・・・〔２〕但し Ａ；杭先端＠積 Ａ＝−Ｄ”
ｑ、：杭先端で支持する単位面積あたりの極限支持力度
ｆ：鋼管内周面とソイルセメントとの
単位面積当りの付着力
Ｕ：杭周長 Ｕ＝πＤ
Ｌ；必要根入長
Ｄ：杭径
ここで先端地盤が砂礫で、Ｎ値が５０以上の場合の試算
を行うと、
ｑ４≧６００ｔｏｎ／ｒ＋（、
ソイルセメント強度が１００ｋｇ／ａｎ以上が保証され
ていたとしても、ｆはたかだか’ｌ ｋｇ ／ ｃｊ程
度であり、従って閉塞効果を保つための必要根太艮りは
、上記（１）、（２）式より、
Ｌ ≧ ７．５ Ｄ
と長大なものとなる。That is, F≧RP Rp-AXqa ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
・[1]F-fxLJxL ・・・・・・・・・・
...[2] However, A: Pile tip @ product A=-D'' q,: Ultimate bearing capacity per unit area supported by the pile tip f: Ultimate bearing capacity per unit area between the inner peripheral surface of the steel pipe and soil cement Adhesion force U: Pile circumference U = πD L; Required penetration length D: Pile diameter Here, when the ground at the tip is gravel and the N value is 50 or more, the trial calculation is as follows: q4≧600ton/r+(, Soil cement Even if the strength is guaranteed to be 100 kg/an or more, f is at most 'l kg/cj, and therefore, the required joist sillage to maintain the blocking effect is calculated from equations (1) and (2) above. It becomes long, L ≧ 7.5 D.
（２） 水平抵抗に関する問題点
鋼管杭とソイルセメントとの一体性に不安があるため、
鋼管杭自身のもつせん断抵抗力及び曲げ耐力のみにしか
期待できなかった。(2) Problems related to horizontal resistance Due to concerns about the integrity of the steel pipe pile and soil cement,
All that could be expected was the shear resistance and bending strength of the steel pipe pile itself.
以上のように、従来のソイルセメント工法による支持杭
は、ソイルセメント工法を単なる杭の設置工法の１つと
して位置づけており、ソイルセメントのもつ強度等の利
点の有効利用には、関心が払われていなかった。As mentioned above, the support piles made using the conventional soil cement method are positioned as simply one of the pile installation methods, and there is little interest in effectively utilizing the advantages of soil cement, such as its strength. It wasn't.
本発明は、ソイルセメント工法によって支持杭を造成す
るに際して、ソイルセメントと鋼管杭との一体性を高め
ることにより、前記問題点を解決することを目的とした
ものである。The present invention aims to solve the above problems by improving the integrity of soil cement and steel pipe piles when constructing support piles using the soil cement construction method.
本発明は、上記の目的を達成するためになされたもので
、地盤にソイルセメント柱を形成し、該ソイルセメント
柱に鋼管杭を建込んでなる杭において、
（１）鋼管杭の先端部内周面に突起を設けたソイルセメ
ント合成杭。The present invention has been made to achieve the above object, and provides a pile in which a soil cement column is formed in the ground and a steel pipe pile is built into the soil cement column. (1) The inner periphery of the tip of the steel pipe pile. Soil-cement composite pile with protrusions on the surface.
（２）＠管杭の頭部内周面に突起を設けたソイルセメン
ト合成杭。(2) @ Soil-cement composite pile with protrusions on the inner circumferential surface of the pipe pile head.
及び
（３） 鋼管杭の先端部及び頭部内周面にそれぞれ突
起を設けたソイルセメント合成杭。and (3) a soil-cement composite pile with protrusions on the tip and inner circumferential surface of the head of the steel pipe pile.
を堤供するものである。It is intended to provide.
（作用〕
第１の発明により、杭先端部内周面における鋼管杭とソ
イルセメントとの付着力を高め、杭先端部の閉塞効果を
向上させる。(Function) According to the first invention, the adhesion between the steel pipe pile and the soil cement on the inner circumferential surface of the pile tip is increased, and the effect of blocking the pile tip is improved.
また第２の発明により、杭頭部内周面における鋼管杭と
ソイルセメントとの付着力を充分大きくすることができ
るので、水平力を受けたとき一体として抵抗することが
できる。Further, according to the second invention, the adhesion force between the steel pipe pile and the soil cement on the inner circumferential surface of the pile head can be sufficiently increased, so that when horizontal force is applied, they can resist as one unit.
さらに、第３の発明においては、上記第１．第２の発明
を併せた作用を生ずることができる。Furthermore, in the third invention, the above-mentioned first. It is possible to produce an effect that combines the second invention.
（実施例〕
第１図ｆａｔは本発明実施例の模式図で、山）は一部を
断面で示したそのＢ部拡大図である。図において、１は
地盤に形成されたソイルセメント柱、３はこのソイルセ
メント柱１内に建込まれた鋼管杭で、その先端部（実施
例では先端から１．ＯＤＰの範囲）にはｆｂ１図に示す
ように突起４が設けられている。なお、６は支持層であ
る。(Embodiment) FIG. 1 (fat) is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention, and the crest is an enlarged view of part B of the same, partially shown in cross section. In the figure, 1 is a soil cement column formed in the ground, 3 is a steel pipe pile built inside this soil cement column 1, and the tip (in the example, within a range of 1.ODP from the tip) has an fb1 diagram. A protrusion 4 is provided as shown in FIG. Note that 6 is a support layer.
第６図は表面に突起のない平鋼板と突起のある！Ｉｌ板
に対するソイルセメントの付着性状を模式的に示した線
図である０図から明らかなように、突起のある鋼板に対
するソイルセメントの付着力は大きいばかりでなく、変
位に対する靭性がきわめて良好であることがわかる。こ
れに対して平鋼板とソイルセメントとの付着力は小さく
、その上脆性的である。Figure 6 shows a flat steel plate with no protrusions on its surface and one with protrusions! As is clear from Figure 0, which is a diagram schematically showing the adhesion properties of soil cement to the Il plate, the adhesion force of soil cement to the steel plate with protrusions is not only large, but also the toughness against displacement is extremely good. I understand that. On the other hand, the adhesion force between the flat steel plate and soil cement is small and, moreover, it is brittle.
このような特性から、内外周面が平坦な鋼管杭において
は、進行的に破壊が進行するため杭先端部近傍の付着性
状のみしか閉塞効果に寄与せず、従って閉塞効果に対し
ての信鎖性が低い、一方、本発明に係る支持杭は、第１
図に示すように先端部の内周面に突起４を設けたので、
ソイルセメントの付着力及び靭性が大幅に向上するため
進行性破壊が生せず、したがって完全な閉塞効果を得る
ことができる。Due to these characteristics, in steel pipe piles with flat inner and outer circumferential surfaces, fracture progresses progressively, so only the adhesive properties near the pile tip contribute to the blockage effect, and therefore there is no signal chain for the blockage effect. On the other hand, the support pile according to the present invention has a low
As shown in the figure, a protrusion 4 is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the tip.
Since the adhesion and toughness of the soil cement are greatly improved, progressive failure does not occur and therefore a complete occluding effect can be obtained.
いま、ソイルセメント強度ｑｕ ＝ １００ｋｇ／ ｃ
ｍ”が保証できるとすれば、本発明に係る鋼管杭３と中
詰めソイルセメント２との付着力は、突起４を設けたこ
とにより付着強度ｆ ＝ ３０ｋｇ ／ ｃＪが期待さ
れ、前記（１）、（２）式から、
Ｌ≧０．５ＤＦ
となり、鋼管杭３の先端部の完全な閉塞を保つのに僅か
０．５ＤＦ程度の根大長で充分であることがわかる。Now, soil cement strength qu = 100kg/c
m'' can be guaranteed, the adhesion strength between the steel pipe pile 3 and the filling soil cement 2 according to the present invention is expected to be f = 30 kg / cJ due to the provision of the protrusions 4, and according to (1) above. , (2), L≧0.5DF, and it can be seen that a root length of only about 0.5DF is sufficient to keep the tip of the steel pipe pile 3 completely obstructed.
第２図（ａｌは本発明の他の実施例の模式図、（ｂｌは
そのＡ部の拡大図である。本実施例においては、鋼管杭
３の抗頭部（実施例では頂部から４．ＯＤＰの１．ｎ囲
）内周面に突起４を設けたものである。FIG. 2 (al is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, (bl is an enlarged view of the A part thereof. In this embodiment, 4.5 mm from the top of the steel pipe pile 3 (in the embodiment, from the top) A protrusion 4 is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the ODP.
上記のような本実施例においては、鋼管杭３の杭頭部内
周面と中詰めソイルセメント２との付着力は充分に大き
く、このため中詰めソイルセメント２と鋼管杭３が水平
力を受けたとき、一体として抵抗することができる。し
たがって、中詰めソイルセメントの曲げ剛性、曲げ強度
、せん新開性、せん断強度を向上させることができるの
で、従来のソイルセメント工法による支持杭に比べて、
大きな水平抵抗を得ることができる。In this embodiment as described above, the adhesion force between the inner circumferential surface of the pile head of the steel pipe pile 3 and the filling soil cement 2 is sufficiently large, so that the filling soil cement 2 and the steel pipe pile 3 are able to absorb horizontal force. When we receive it, we can resist it as one body. Therefore, the bending rigidity, bending strength, shear newness, and shear strength of the filled soil cement can be improved, compared to support piles using the conventional soil cement construction method.
Large horizontal resistance can be obtained.
第３図＋８１は本発明のさらに別の実施例を示す模式図
で、（ｂｌ、（Ｃ１はそれぞれそのＡ部、Ｂ部の拡大図
である。本実施例においては、鋼管杭３の杭頭部及び先
端部の内周面にそれぞれ突起４を設けたものである。FIG. 3+81 is a schematic diagram showing still another embodiment of the present invention, in which (bl and (C1) are enlarged views of the A part and B part, respectively. In this embodiment, the pile cap of the steel pipe pile 3 is A protrusion 4 is provided on the inner circumferential surface of the tip portion and the tip portion, respectively.
本実施例によれば杭先端閉塞効果と水平抵抗効果の両者
を高めることができる。According to this embodiment, both the pile tip blocking effect and the horizontal resistance effect can be enhanced.
本発明に係る鋼管杭は、例えば第４図に示すように熱圧
延によって一方の面に突起４を設けた鋼板３ａを突起４
を内側にしてスパイラル状に巻き、継目を溶接して突起
付き円筒を形成し、また突起のない平鋼＋反をスパイラ
ル状に巻き継目を？８接して円筒を形成し、この円筒の
上部若しくは下部又は上下に突起付き円筒を溶接したも
のである。実施例では突起４の高さｈを２．５ｍｍ以上
、間隔ｌを４０ｍｍ以下とした。In the steel pipe pile according to the present invention, for example, as shown in FIG.
Wrap it in a spiral shape with the steel on the inside, weld the seam to form a cylinder with a protrusion, and then roll a flat bar without protrusions and the opposite side in a spiral shape, and then weld the seam together to form a cylinder with a protrusion. 8 to form a cylinder, and a cylinder with a protrusion is welded to the upper or lower part or upper and lower parts of this cylinder. In the example, the height h of the projections 4 was set to 2.5 mm or more, and the interval l was set to 40 mm or less.
なお、上記の鋼管杭の製造方法及び突起４の形状、高さ
、間隔はその一例を示すものであって、他の製造方法に
よってもよく、突起４の形状等もこれに限定するもので
はない。Note that the manufacturing method of the steel pipe pile and the shape, height, and spacing of the protrusions 4 described above are merely examples, and other manufacturing methods may be used, and the shape of the protrusions 4 is not limited to these. .
以上の説明から明らかなように、本発明はソイルセメン
ト工法による支持杭において、鋼管柱の抗頭部若しくは
先端部の内周面又は杭頭部と先端部の内周面にそれぞれ
突起を設けたので、杭先端閉塞効果、水平抵抗増大効果
を向上させることができ、このためソイルセメント工法
による支持杭の強度等を有効に利用することが可能にな
った。As is clear from the above description, the present invention provides a support pile using the soil cement construction method, in which projections are provided on the inner circumferential surface of the counter head or tip of a steel pipe column, or on the inner circumferential surfaces of the pile head and tip. Therefore, it is possible to improve the pile tip blocking effect and the horizontal resistance increasing effect, which makes it possible to effectively utilize the strength of the support piles created by the soil cement method.
第１図ｆａ＋は本発明実施例の構成を示す模式図、（ｂ
ｌはＣ８１図のＢ部の拡大断面図、第２図（ａｌは本発
明の他の実施例の模式図、（ｂｌはＣ８１図のＡ部の拡
大断面図、第３図＋８１は本発明のさらに別の実施例の
模式図、（ｂｌ、 ｔｃ＋はＣ８１図のＡ部、Ｂ部の拡
大断面図、第３図＋８１は本発明に係る鋼管杭の突起部
分の展開図、（ｂｌはその下面図、第５図は鋼管杭先端
部内周面とソイルセメントとの付着力と変位との関係を
示す線図、第６図は平ｔＩｉｉＩ仮、突起付鋼板とソイ
ルセメントとの付着力と変位との関係を示す線図である
。
ｌ：ソイルセメント柱、３：鋼管杭、４：突起。
代 理 人 弁理士 佐々木 宗 治
第１図
（Ｇ）
第２図
（Ｏ）（ｂ）
第３図
（０） （ｂ）
第４図
（Ｇ）
（ｂ）
； 埼Ｒ
ヰ衆ζFIG. 1 fa+ is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of an embodiment of the present invention, (b
1 is an enlarged sectional view of part B in Fig. C81, Fig. 2 (al is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, (bl is an enlarged sectional view of part A in Fig. C81, and Fig. 3+81 is an enlarged sectional view of part A of Fig. C81). A schematic diagram of yet another embodiment, (bl, tc+ is an enlarged cross-sectional view of parts A and B in Figure C81, FIG. Figure 5 is a diagram showing the relationship between the adhesion force and displacement between the inner peripheral surface of the tip of the steel pipe pile and soil cement, and Figure 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the adhesion force and displacement between the flat and protruded steel plates and soil cement. 1: Soil cement column, 3: Steel pipe pile, 4: Projection. Agent: Patent attorney Muneharu Sasaki Figure 1 (G) Figure 2 (O) (b) Figure 3 (0) (b) Figure 4 (G) (b) ; SaiR Weshu ζ
Claims (3)
ント柱に鋼管杭を建込んでなる杭において、前記鋼管杭
の先端部内周面に突起を設けたことを特徴とするソイル
セメント合成杭。(1) A soil-cement composite pile comprising a soil-cement column formed in the ground and a steel pipe pile built into the soil-cement column, characterized in that a protrusion is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the tip of the steel pipe pile.
ント柱に鋼管杭を建込んでなる杭において、前記鋼管杭
の頭部内周面に突起を設けたことを特徴とするソイルセ
メント合成杭。(2) A pile comprising a soil cement column formed in the ground and a steel pipe pile built into the soil cement column, characterized in that a protrusion is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the head of the steel pipe pile. .
ント柱に鋼管杭を建込んでなる杭において、前記鋼管杭
の先端部及び頭部内周面にそれぞれ突起を設けたことを
特徴とするソイルセメント合成杭。(3) A pile in which a soil cement column is formed in the ground and a steel pipe pile is erected in the soil cement column, characterized in that a protrusion is provided on the tip end and the inner peripheral surface of the head of the steel pipe pile. Soil cement composite pile.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP24191786A JPS6397712A (en) | 1986-10-14 | 1986-10-14 | Soil cement composite pile |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP24191786A JPS6397712A (en) | 1986-10-14 | 1986-10-14 | Soil cement composite pile |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6397712A true JPS6397712A (en) | 1988-04-28 |
Family
ID=17081472
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP24191786A Pending JPS6397712A (en) | 1986-10-14 | 1986-10-14 | Soil cement composite pile |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS6397712A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH04185813A (en) * | 1990-11-20 | 1992-07-02 | Nippon Steel Corp | Formation of soil-cement composite pile |
| JP2009114845A (en) * | 2007-10-16 | 2009-05-28 | Jfe Steel Corp | Friction pile |
| CN104404947A (en) * | 2014-11-20 | 2015-03-11 | 张红 | Construction method for composite pile |
| CN104499480A (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2015-04-08 | 董相东 | Method for drilling and filling concrete hollow pile |
| CN104929109A (en) * | 2015-05-20 | 2015-09-23 | 骆嘉成 | Replaceable press-grouted cement soil composite pile, construction method of replaceable press-grouted cement soil composite pile and long twist drill employed in construction method |
| CN104929110A (en) * | 2015-05-20 | 2015-09-23 | 孙文 | Novel variable stiffness composite pile, construction method of novel variable stiffness composite pile, and long spiral drilling machine adopted in construction method |
| CN105544525A (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-05-04 | 陈明 | Uplift pile with unfolding barb and construction method thereof |
-
1986
- 1986-10-14 JP JP24191786A patent/JPS6397712A/en active Pending
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH04185813A (en) * | 1990-11-20 | 1992-07-02 | Nippon Steel Corp | Formation of soil-cement composite pile |
| JP2009114845A (en) * | 2007-10-16 | 2009-05-28 | Jfe Steel Corp | Friction pile |
| CN104404947A (en) * | 2014-11-20 | 2015-03-11 | 张红 | Construction method for composite pile |
| CN104499480A (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2015-04-08 | 董相东 | Method for drilling and filling concrete hollow pile |
| CN104929109A (en) * | 2015-05-20 | 2015-09-23 | 骆嘉成 | Replaceable press-grouted cement soil composite pile, construction method of replaceable press-grouted cement soil composite pile and long twist drill employed in construction method |
| CN104929110A (en) * | 2015-05-20 | 2015-09-23 | 孙文 | Novel variable stiffness composite pile, construction method of novel variable stiffness composite pile, and long spiral drilling machine adopted in construction method |
| CN105544525A (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-05-04 | 陈明 | Uplift pile with unfolding barb and construction method thereof |
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