JPS6346682Y2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS6346682Y2 JPS6346682Y2 JP1981160221U JP16022181U JPS6346682Y2 JP S6346682 Y2 JPS6346682 Y2 JP S6346682Y2 JP 1981160221 U JP1981160221 U JP 1981160221U JP 16022181 U JP16022181 U JP 16022181U JP S6346682 Y2 JPS6346682 Y2 JP S6346682Y2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- pressure ring
- piston
- iron
- ring
- lower surfaces
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 63
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 16
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001060 Gray iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Description
【考案の詳細な説明】
本考案はピストンリングに関し、更に詳述すれ
ば、上、下面の耐摩耗性に優れると共に、ピスト
ンのリング溝上、下側面を摩耗させることの少な
い内燃機関用圧力リングに関する。[Detailed description of the invention] The present invention relates to a piston ring, and more specifically, to a pressure ring for internal combustion engines that has excellent wear resistance on the upper and lower surfaces and that causes less wear on the upper and lower surfaces of the ring groove of the piston. .
内燃機関の運転中、ピストンのリング溝の上、
下側面と、リング溝に嵌合されたピストンリング
の上、下面との間で、ピストンの上下運動による
叩かれ及びピストンリングの回転による摺動によ
つて摩耗が起る。近年、内燃機関特に空冷４サイ
クルエンジンは高速、高負荷となるに伴つて、ピ
ストンやピストンリングにかかる負荷が大きくな
り、ピストンのリング溝の上、下側面やピストン
リングの上、下面の摩耗が大きくなる傾向にあ
る。特にピストンは殆どがアルミニウム合金で造
られており、ピストンリングの内、圧力リング特
に第１圧力リングは熱負荷の増大によつて局部的
な溶着が多発し、ピストンのリング溝の上、下側
面やピストンリングの上、下面の摩耗を増大させ
る要因となる。これらの摩耗はシール性を低下さ
せ、ガスの吹抜け、馬力の低下の原因となるの
で、その対策として上、下面に硬質クロムめつき
を施したピストンリングが一部に採用されている
が、自身の摩耗は減少するものの、相手ピストン
の摩耗は減少せず、充分な対策とはなつていな
い。 During operation of the internal combustion engine, on the ring groove of the piston,
Wear occurs between the lower surface and the upper and lower surfaces of the piston ring fitted in the ring groove due to knocking due to the vertical movement of the piston and sliding due to rotation of the piston ring. In recent years, as internal combustion engines, especially air-cooled 4-cycle engines, have become faster and more loaded, the load on the pistons and piston rings has increased, causing wear on the top and bottom surfaces of the piston ring grooves and on the top and bottom surfaces of the piston rings. It tends to get bigger. In particular, most of the pistons are made of aluminum alloy, and among the piston rings, the pressure ring, especially the first pressure ring, is prone to localized welding frequently due to increased heat load, and the upper and lower surfaces of the piston ring groove. This causes increased wear on the upper and lower surfaces of the piston rings. This wear reduces sealing performance, causing gas to blow through and reducing horsepower, so as a countermeasure to this, some piston rings with hard chrome plating on the top and bottom surfaces are used. Although the wear of the piston is reduced, the wear of the mating piston is not reduced, and this is not a sufficient countermeasure.
本考案は上記の問題点を解消し、ピストンのリ
ング溝を摩耗させず、而も自身の摩耗も少ない内
燃機関用圧力リングを提供することを目的として
おり、少なくとも上、下面に厚さ１〜20μｍの実
質的に純鉄からなる鉄めつき層を有する内燃機関
用圧力リングに関する。 The purpose of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems and provide a pressure ring for internal combustion engines that does not wear out the ring groove of the piston and also has less wear on itself. The present invention relates to a pressure ring for internal combustion engines having an iron plating layer of 20 μm consisting of substantially pure iron.
考案者は研究の結果、圧力リングの上、下面に
鉄めつきを施すことにより、内燃機関の運転中圧
力リングの上、下面とピストンのリング溝上、下
側面との間に起る局部的な溶着が防止され、その
結果、圧力リングの上、下面及びピストンのリン
グ溝上、下側面の摩耗が著しく減少することを見
出した。 As a result of research, the inventor discovered that by plating the upper and lower surfaces of the compression ring with iron, localized welding that occurs between the upper and lower surfaces of the compression ring and the ring groove and lower surface of the piston during operation of the internal combustion engine can be prevented, and as a result, wear on the upper and lower surfaces of the compression ring and the ring groove and lower surface of the piston can be significantly reduced.
その理由は、圧力リング特に第１圧力リングは
内燃機関の運転中に甚だしくは300℃程度の温度
に迄加熱されて鉄めつき層の表面に均一に酸化鉄
の極めて薄い皮膜が容易に生成され、これが圧力
リングの上、下面とピストンのリング溝上、下側
面との間に起る溶着を防ぐためと考えられる。圧
力リングの材料には一般に鉄鋼材料特に鋳鉄が使
用されており、還元作用を有する炭素を含んでい
るので、圧力リング表面に上記の酸化鉄皮膜が生
成されないか、これが生成されるとしても直ちに
還元されて少なくともその一部は消失してしま
う。これに対して鉄めつき層は実質的に純鉄から
なつているので、生成された酸化鉄皮膜は消失す
ることがないからである。なお、上、下面に炭化
珪素のような硬質の微粒子を分散させた鉄めつき
層を形成させて耐摩耗性を改善したピストンリン
グもあるが、このようなピストンリングは圧力リ
ングに使用した場合、特に熱負荷が増大すると、
炭化珪素微粒子が折角生成された酸化鉄皮膜を局
部的に剥落させ、溶着防止の効果が不充分になつ
てしまう。 The reason for this is that the pressure ring, especially the first pressure ring, is heated to a temperature of approximately 300°C during operation of the internal combustion engine, and an extremely thin film of iron oxide is easily formed uniformly on the surface of the iron plating layer. This is thought to be to prevent welding between the upper and lower surfaces of the pressure ring and the upper and lower surfaces of the ring groove of the piston. Pressure rings are generally made of steel, particularly cast iron, which contains carbon that has a reducing effect, so either the above-mentioned iron oxide film is not formed on the pressure ring surface, or even if it is formed, it is immediately reduced. At least some of it will disappear. On the other hand, since the iron plating layer is substantially made of pure iron, the produced iron oxide film does not disappear. There are also piston rings that have improved wear resistance by forming an iron plating layer with dispersed hard particles such as silicon carbide on the top and bottom surfaces, but when used as a pressure ring, such piston rings , especially as the heat load increases.
The silicon carbide fine particles locally peel off the long-formed iron oxide film, and the effect of preventing welding becomes insufficient.
鉄めつき層の厚さは1μ未満ではめつき層の厚
さを均一にすることが困難で、前述した効果を持
続させるためには少なくとも1μは必要である。
他方、これが20μを越えると、鉄めつき層が剥離
し易くなり、まためつき処理のコストが高くな
る。従つて鉄めつき層の厚さは１〜20μの範囲と
するのが良い。 If the thickness of the iron plating layer is less than 1μ, it is difficult to make the thickness of the plating layer uniform, and in order to maintain the above-mentioned effect, at least 1μ is required.
On the other hand, if it exceeds 20μ, the iron plating layer will easily peel off, increasing the cost of re-glazing treatment. Therefore, the thickness of the iron plating layer is preferably in the range of 1 to 20 microns.
鉄めつきの方法は通例の鉄めつき法によれば良
く、その厚さは容易に制御することができる。 The iron plating method may be any conventional iron plating method, and the thickness can be easily controlled.
なお、圧力リングには外周面に硬質クロムめつ
きを施して外周面の耐摩耗性を改善したものが広
く使用されているが、鉄めつきを施するに当つて
外周面をマスクしない限り、上、下面と共に外周
面にもクロムめつき層の上に鉄めつき層が形成さ
れる。この外周面の鉄めつき層は、外周面仕上げ
加工に際して研削除去しても良いし、外周面のク
ロムめつき層の上に残しておいても良い。後者の
場合は圧力リング外周面とシリンダ内周面との間
の初期馴染み性を改善して初期のシール性を良好
にする効果が期待できる。 Pressure rings with hard chrome plating applied to the outer circumferential surface to improve wear resistance are widely used, but unless the outer circumferential surface is masked when iron plating is applied, An iron plating layer is formed on the chrome plating layer on the upper and lower surfaces as well as on the outer peripheral surface. This iron plating layer on the outer circumferential surface may be removed by polishing during finishing of the outer circumferential surface, or may be left on the chrome plating layer on the outer circumferential surface. In the latter case, the effect of improving the initial conformability between the pressure ring outer peripheral surface and the cylinder inner peripheral surface and improving the initial sealing performance can be expected.
本考案に係る圧力リングを図解的に縦断面図で
第１図〜第３図に示す。第１図は硬質クロムめつ
きを施していない態様を示し、圧力リング１の
上、下面に鉄めつき層２が形成されている。第２
図は外周面に硬質クロムめつき層１３を有する態
様を示す。１２は圧力リング１１の上、下面に形
成されている鉄めつき層である。第１図及び第２
図はいずれも鉄めつき処理時に形成された外周面
の鉄めつき層を研削除去した態様を示す。第３図
は外周面の硬質クロムめつき層２３の上に鉄めつ
き層２４を残存させた態様を示す。２２は圧力リ
ング２１の上、下面に形成されている鉄めつき層
である。第１図〜第３図に於いて、５、１５及び
２５は圧力リングの内周面に形成された鉄めつき
層で、これらは不要のものであるが、鉄めつき処
理時に同時に形成されたものである。 A pressure ring according to the present invention is schematically shown in longitudinal sectional views in FIGS. 1 to 3. FIG. 1 shows an embodiment in which hard chrome plating is not applied, and iron plating layers 2 are formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the pressure ring 1. Second
The figure shows an embodiment having a hard chrome plating layer 13 on the outer peripheral surface. 12 is an iron plating layer formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the pressure ring 11. Figures 1 and 2
Each figure shows a state in which the iron plating layer formed on the outer circumferential surface during the iron plating process has been removed by polishing. FIG. 3 shows an embodiment in which an iron plating layer 24 remains on the hard chrome plating layer 23 on the outer peripheral surface. 22 is an iron plating layer formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the pressure ring 21. In Figures 1 to 3, 5, 15, and 25 are iron plating layers formed on the inner peripheral surface of the pressure ring, and although these are unnecessary, they are formed at the same time during the iron plating process. It is something that
次に実施例について説明する。 Next, an example will be described.
実施例 １
焼戻マルテンサイト基地の球状黒鉛鋳鉄を材料
として、56.5mm×1.2mm×2.5mmの第２図に示す上、
下面に厚さ7.5μの鉄めつき層を形成させたバレル
フエイス形圧力リングを製作し、これを第１圧力
リングに使用し、ローエツクス合金製ピストンに
嵌装して排気量125c.c.、12.5馬力、１気筒の空冷
４サイクルガソリンエンジンに組込み、プラグ座
温度238〜240℃、潤滑油温度140〜142℃、回転数
9500rpm、全負荷の条件で１時間運転のベンチテ
ストを行い、第１圧力リング上、下面のピストン
材料の溶着面積率を測定した。第２圧力リングに
はねずみ鋳鉄製テーパフエイスリング、油掻きリ
ングには鋼製組合せリングを使用した。比較のた
めに、上、下面に炭化珪素微粒子を分散させた鉄
めつき層を有する第１圧力リング及び上、下面に
めつきを施していない第１圧力リングを使用して
同様の試験を行つた。試験は同種の第１圧力リン
グについて各々２回づつ行つた。Example 1 Using spheroidal graphite cast iron with a tempered martensite base as the material, a 56.5 mm x 1.2 mm x 2.5 mm piece as shown in Fig. 2,
A barrel face type pressure ring with a 7.5μ thick iron plating layer formed on the bottom surface was manufactured, and this was used as the first pressure ring and fitted to a Roex alloy piston to create a displacement of 125c.c. Built into a 12.5 horsepower, 1-cylinder air-cooled 4-stroke gasoline engine, plug seat temperature 238-240℃, lubricating oil temperature 140-142℃, rotation speed.
A bench test was conducted under the conditions of 9500 rpm and full load for 1 hour, and the weld area ratio of the piston material on the upper and lower surfaces of the first pressure ring was measured. A taper face ring made of gray cast iron was used as the second pressure ring, and a steel combination ring was used as the oil scraper ring. For comparison, similar tests were conducted using a first pressure ring that had an iron plating layer with silicon carbide fine particles dispersed on its upper and lower surfaces, and a first pressure ring that had no plating on its upper and lower surfaces. Ivy. The test was performed twice on each first pressure ring of the same type.
試験結果は第４図に示す通りである。第４図か
ら、上、下面にめつきを施していない比較圧力リ
ングは、相手ピストン材の溶着が約30％の面積率
で認められ、上、下面に炭化珪素微粒子を分散さ
せた鉄めつき層を有する比較圧力リングは、溶着
が面積率10％前後と耐溶着性が大幅に改善されて
いる。これら比較圧力リングに対して本考案圧力
リングはピストン材の溶着が認められず、一層優
れた耐溶着性を有することが判る。 The test results are shown in Figure 4. From Figure 4, we can see that the comparative pressure ring, which has no plating on its upper and lower surfaces, has welded mating piston material at an area ratio of approximately 30%, and has iron plating with silicon carbide fine particles dispersed on its upper and lower surfaces. Comparative pressure rings with layers have significantly improved welding resistance, with an area ratio of around 10% of welding. Compared to these comparative pressure rings, the pressure ring of the present invention showed no welding of the piston material, and was found to have better welding resistance.
実施例 ２
プラグ座温度を248〜250℃に、潤滑油温度を
149〜150℃に夫々上げ、その他は前記実施例１に
於けると同一条件の試験を行つた。Example 2 Plug seat temperature is 248-250℃, lubricating oil temperature is
The test was conducted under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the temperature was raised to 149 to 150°C.
試験結果は第５図に示す通りである。前記実施
例１の結果と同様の傾向にあるが、比較圧力リン
グは熱負荷の若干の増大によつて、第４図と比較
するといずれも溶着が促進されているのに対し、
本考案圧力リングは前記実施例１に於けると同様
に溶着を認めず、熱負荷の増大によつてもなお優
れた耐溶着性を示している。 The test results are shown in FIG. The results are similar to those of Example 1, but the comparative pressure ring has a slight increase in heat load, which promotes welding when compared to FIG. 4.
The pressure ring of the present invention did not show any welding as in Example 1, and showed excellent welding resistance even with increased heat load.
実施例 ３
プラグ温度を230〜235℃に、潤滑油温度を130
〜135℃に、運転時間を50時間に採り、その他は
前記実施例１に於けると同一条件のベンチテスト
を行つて、ピストンのリング溝上、下側面の溶着
による局部摩耗の深さを測定した。Example 3 Plug temperature is 230-235℃, lubricating oil temperature is 130℃
A bench test was conducted under the same conditions as in Example 1, except that the temperature was 135°C and the operating time was 50 hours, and the depth of local wear due to welding on the top and bottom surface of the ring groove of the piston was measured. .
試験結果は第６図に示す通りである。第６図か
ら上、下面にめつきを施していない比較圧力リン
グは相手ピストンのリング溝上、下側面の摩耗が
最も大きく、上、下面に炭化珪素微粒子を分散さ
せた鉄めつき層を有する比較圧力リングはこれが
１／４程度に減少しており、耐溶着性が大幅に改善
されている。これらに対して本考案圧力リングは
相手ピストンのリング溝の局部摩耗が認められ
ず、一層優れた耐溶着性を有することが判る。 The test results are shown in FIG. Figure 6 shows that the comparative pressure ring without plating on the upper and lower surfaces has the greatest wear on the upper and lower surfaces of the ring groove of the mating piston, and the comparison that has an iron plating layer with silicon carbide fine particles dispersed on the upper and lower surfaces. For the pressure ring, this has been reduced to about 1/4, and the welding resistance has been greatly improved. On the other hand, the pressure ring of the present invention shows no local wear of the ring groove of the mating piston, indicating that it has even better welding resistance.
実施例 ４
プラグ座温度を240〜245℃に、潤滑油温度を
135〜140℃に夫々上げ、その他は前記実施例３に
於けると同一条件の試験を行つた。Example 4 Plug seat temperature is 240-245℃, lubricating oil temperature is
A test was conducted under the same conditions as in Example 3 except that the temperature was raised to 135 to 140°C.
試験結果は第７図に示す通りである。第７図を
前記第６図と比較すると、上、下面にめつきを施
していない比較圧力リングは熱負荷の若干の増大
によつて相手ピストンのリング溝の摩耗が倍増し
ており、上、下面に炭化珪素微粒子を分散させた
鉄めつき層を有する比較圧力リングは相手ピスト
ンのリング溝の摩耗が第６図に比較して僅か増大
している。これらに対して本考案圧力リングは相
手ピストンのリング溝の摩耗が認められないか、
或いはこれが極めて僅かであり、極めて優れた耐
溶着性を示している。 The test results are shown in FIG. Comparing FIG. 7 with FIG. 6 above, it is found that the wear of the ring groove of the mating piston has doubled due to a slight increase in thermal load in the comparative pressure ring that is not plated on the upper and lower surfaces. The comparative pressure ring, which has an iron plating layer in which fine silicon carbide particles are dispersed on the lower surface, has slightly increased wear on the ring groove of the mating piston compared to the one shown in FIG. In contrast, the pressure ring of the present invention shows no wear in the ring groove of the mating piston.
Alternatively, this is extremely small, indicating extremely excellent welding resistance.
なお、前記実施例に使用した本考案圧力リング
は、いずれも試験後、その上、下面は酸化第二鉄
を除く酸化鉄の皮膜に特有の暗青色を呈してお
り、酸化第一鉄乃至は四三酸化鉄と見られる極め
て薄い皮膜が形成されていることが認められた。 In addition, after the test, all of the pressure rings of the present invention used in the above examples had a dark blue color characteristic of the iron oxide film excluding ferric oxide on the lower surface, and the lower surface had a dark blue color characteristic of the iron oxide film excluding ferric oxide. It was observed that an extremely thin film of triiron tetroxide was formed.
以上説明したように、本考案圧力リングを使用
するときは、大きな熱負荷の下でも圧力リングと
アルミニウム合金製ピストンのリング溝との間で
溶着を起すことが殆どなく、両者共に摩耗が著し
く低減されるので、内燃機関の耐久性を著しく改
善することができる。 As explained above, when using the pressure ring of the present invention, there is almost no welding between the pressure ring and the ring groove of the aluminum alloy piston even under large heat loads, and the wear of both is significantly reduced. Therefore, the durability of the internal combustion engine can be significantly improved.
第１図〜第３図はいずれも本考案の実施態様を
図解的に示す圧力リングの縦断面図である。図
中、１、１１、及び２１は圧力リング、２、１２
及び２２は圧力リングの上、下面に形成された鉄
めつき層、１３及び２３は圧力リングの外周面に
設けられた硬質クロムめつき層、２４は硬質クロ
ムめつき層２３の上に残存させた鉄めつき層であ
る。
第４図〜第７図はベンチテストの結果を示すグ
ラフである。
1 to 3 are longitudinal sectional views of a pressure ring schematically showing an embodiment of the present invention. In the figure, 1, 11, and 21 are pressure rings, 2, 12
and 22 are iron plating layers formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the pressure ring, 13 and 23 are hard chrome plating layers provided on the outer peripheral surface of the pressure ring, and 24 is a hard chrome plating layer left on the hard chrome plating layer 23. It is an iron plated layer. FIGS. 4 to 7 are graphs showing the results of bench tests.
Claims (1)
される圧力リングであつて、少なくとも上、下面
に厚さ１〜20μの実質的に純鉄からなる鉄めつき
層が形成されている内燃機関用圧力リング。 A pressure ring for an internal combustion engine, which is used by being attached to an aluminum alloy piston, and has an iron plating layer made of substantially pure iron with a thickness of 1 to 20 μm formed on at least the upper and lower surfaces.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP16022181U JPS5866137U (en) | 1981-10-29 | 1981-10-29 | Pressure ring for internal combustion engine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP16022181U JPS5866137U (en) | 1981-10-29 | 1981-10-29 | Pressure ring for internal combustion engine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS5866137U JPS5866137U (en) | 1983-05-06 |
| JPS6346682Y2 true JPS6346682Y2 (en) | 1988-12-02 |
Family
ID=29952642
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP16022181U Granted JPS5866137U (en) | 1981-10-29 | 1981-10-29 | Pressure ring for internal combustion engine |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5866137U (en) |
-
1981
- 1981-10-29 JP JP16022181U patent/JPS5866137U/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5866137U (en) | 1983-05-06 |
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