JPS62165815A - Manufacture of crosslinked polyethylene insulated aerial cable - Google Patents
Manufacture of crosslinked polyethylene insulated aerial cableInfo
- Publication number
- JPS62165815A JPS62165815A JP591686A JP591686A JPS62165815A JP S62165815 A JPS62165815 A JP S62165815A JP 591686 A JP591686 A JP 591686A JP 591686 A JP591686 A JP 591686A JP S62165815 A JPS62165815 A JP S62165815A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- polyethylene insulated
- crosslinked polyethylene
- overhead cable
- copper
- insulated overhead
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 229920003020 cross-linked polyethylene Polymers 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000004703 cross-linked polyethylene Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007765 extrusion coating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006267 polyester film Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005613 synthetic organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxy)propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMGDVUCDZOBDNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2h-benzotriazole Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC2=NNN=C12 CMGDVUCDZOBDNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVSNQMFKEPBIOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2h-triazole Chemical compound CC=1C=NNN=1 GVSNQMFKEPBIOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Processes Specially Adapted For Manufacturing Cables (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるた
め要約のデータは記録されません。(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
崖１上至剋里公団
本発明は、架橋ポリエチレン絶縁架空ケーブル新規な製
造方法に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a novel method for manufacturing a cross-linked polyethylene insulated overhead cable.
従来の ′ネーおよび” を−すべきシ苧架橋ポリエチ
レン絶縁架空ケーブルにおける洞導体の応力腐食にもと
ず（切断事故を防止するために、銅導体直上に銅防錆剤
を塗布することが行われているが、この方法は銅導体直
上への銅防錆剤の塗布量が少量であるために防食効果の
持！！’ｌ１間が極めて短い欠点がある。上記の提案に
代わって、絶縁層中に銅防錆剤を混合する提案もある。In addition to stress corrosion of the hollow conductor in cross-linked polyethylene insulated overhead cables, which should not be avoided in the past (to prevent cutting accidents, it is recommended to apply a copper rust preventive agent directly on the copper conductor). However, this method has the disadvantage that the corrosion-preventing effect is extremely short because the amount of copper rust preventive applied directly onto the copper conductor is extremely short. There are also proposals to mix copper rust inhibitors into the layer.
絶縁層中に混合された銅防錆剤は、徐々に絶Ｉｉ層の銅
導体側表面上に移行して防食作用をなし、ま、た絶縁層
中には大量の銅防錆剤を配合することができるので、こ
の提案は、一般に実用上類る有用であると期待されてい
る。The copper rust preventive agent mixed in the insulating layer gradually migrates onto the surface of the copper conductor side of the insulating layer and exerts an anticorrosion effect, and a large amount of the copper rust preventive agent is mixed in the insulating layer. Therefore, this proposal is expected to be of similar practical utility in general.
ところで、絶縁層が架橋ポリエチレンである場合、ケー
ブル製造時において銅導体直上に被覆した未架橋のポリ
エチレン組成物を加圧下に加熱架橋する必要があるが、
このとき加圧によって未架橋のポリエチレン組成物が銅
導体間の間隙に流入する問題がある。この問題の解決の
ため、銅導体直上に予め上記の流入防止のためのポリエ
ステルなどのセパレータテープを巻回することが行われ
ている。しかしながら、このセパレータテープの存在に
よって架橋ポリエチレン絶縁層から移行してきた銅防錆
剤が遮断されて、防食が充分に達成されないという新た
な問題がある。By the way, when the insulating layer is made of crosslinked polyethylene, it is necessary to heat and crosslink the uncrosslinked polyethylene composition coated directly over the copper conductor under pressure when manufacturing the cable.
At this time, there is a problem that the uncrosslinked polyethylene composition flows into the gap between the copper conductors due to pressurization. In order to solve this problem, a separator tape made of polyester or the like is wrapped in advance directly above the copper conductor to prevent the above-mentioned inflow. However, there is a new problem in that the presence of this separator tape blocks the copper rust inhibitor that has migrated from the crosslinked polyethylene insulating layer, making it impossible to achieve sufficient corrosion protection.
問題解決の手段
本発明は、上記の問題を解決するために、新規な架橋ポ
リエチレン絶縁架空ケーブルの製造方法を提供せんとす
るものである。Means for Solving the Problem In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention aims to provide a novel method for manufacturing a cross-linked polyethylene insulated overhead cable.
即ち、本発明は、銅導体の直上にガーレー気密度が１０
〜５０，０００秒／ １００ ｃ ｃのセパレータテー
プを施し、その上に銅防錆剤を含有した架橋性ポリエチ
レン組成物を押出被覆し、ついで架橋性ポリエチレン組
成物の押出被覆層を加圧下で架橋することを特徴とする
架橋ポリエチレン絶縁架空ケーブルの製造方法である。That is, in the present invention, the Gurley air density is 10 directly above the copper conductor.
A separator tape of ~50,000 seconds/100 cc is applied, a crosslinkable polyethylene composition containing a copper rust inhibitor is extrusion coated thereon, and then an extrusion coating layer of the crosslinkable polyethylene composition is crosslinked under pressure. This is a method for manufacturing a cross-linked polyethylene insulated overhead cable.
立里二望来
セパレータテープとして、上記の特定のガス透過度を有
するものを用いることにより、架橋性ポリエチレン組成
物の押出被覆層を加圧下で架橋しても未架橋のポリエチ
レン組成物が銅導体間の間隙に流入することが防止され
、しかも、ケーブルの稼動時にはセパレータテープのガ
ス透過性の故に銅防錆剤の洞導体側への移行が阻害され
ないので、銅導体は長期にわたり防錆状態に保たれる。By using a separator tape having the above-mentioned specific gas permeability as a separator tape, even if the extruded coating layer of the crosslinkable polyethylene composition is crosslinked under pressure, the uncrosslinked polyethylene composition will not become a copper conductor. In addition, when the cable is in operation, the gas permeability of the separator tape prevents the copper rust inhibitor from migrating to the hollow conductor side, so the copper conductor remains in a rust-proof state for a long time. It is maintained.
本発明において、セパレータテープを構成する材料とし
ては、ポリエステル、ナイロンなどの高融点の、特に融
点が少な（とも２２０℃の合成有機高分子やガラス、セ
ラミックなどの無機材料の繊維材、たとえば織布、不織
布など、あるいは多数の微細孔を有する合成有機高分子
フィルムなどが例示できる。ただし、セパレータテープ
は、そのガスｉ３過度が、ガーレー気密度にして１０〜
５０．０００秒／ １００ ｃ ｃの範囲のものでなけ
ればならない。ガーレー気密度がｓｏ、ｏｏｏ秒／ １
００ ｃ ｃより大であると、ケーブルの稼動時におけ
る銅防錆剤の移行が阻止され、一方１０秒／ １００
ｃ ｃより低いと、ケーブル製造時における前記した未
架橋のポリエチレン組成物の洞導体間間隙への流入の問
題を防止する効果が乏しい。したがって、セパレータテ
ープとしては、ガーレー気密度が、２０〜４５，０００
秒／ １００ ｃ ｃ 、更には１００〜４０．０００
秒／ １００ ｃ ｃであるものがとりわけ好ましい。In the present invention, materials constituting the separator tape include materials with a high melting point such as polyester and nylon, particularly those with a low melting point (both 220°C), fiber materials of inorganic materials such as glass and ceramics, and woven fabrics. Examples include non-woven fabrics, synthetic organic polymer films with many micropores, etc. However, separator tapes have a gas i3 excess of 10 to 10 in terms of Gurley air density.
Must be in the range of 50.000 seconds/100 cc. Gurley air density is so, ooo seconds/1
Greater than 00 c c prevents migration of copper rust inhibitor during cable operation, while 10 s/100
If it is lower than c, the effect of preventing the above-mentioned problem of the uncrosslinked polyethylene composition flowing into the gap between the sinus conductors during cable manufacturing is poor. Therefore, as a separator tape, the Gurley air density is 20 to 45,000.
sec/100 cc, even 100-40.000
sec/100 cc is particularly preferred.
本発明における銅防錆剤としては、銅表面を不動化して
応力腐食割れの原因となる銅の腐食を防止する作用をな
す薬剤であれば特に制限はない。The copper rust preventive agent in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is an agent that immobilizes the copper surface and prevents copper corrosion that causes stress corrosion cracking.
たとえば、ピロール系、ピラゾール系、チアゾール系、
イミダゾール系、トリアゾール系、メルカプタン系、チ
オウレア系などの薬剤を例示することができる。これら
薬剤のうち、ベンゾトリアゾール、トリルトリアゾール
、メチルトリアゾールなどのトリアゾール化合物、就中
ベンゾトリアゾールが特に好ましい。For example, pyrrole, pyrazole, thiazole,
Examples include imidazole-based, triazole-based, mercaptan-based, and thiourea-based drugs. Among these drugs, triazole compounds such as benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, and methyltriazole are particularly preferred, especially benzotriazole.
１止斑
以下、実施例及び比較例により本発明を一層詳細に説明
する。EXAMPLE 1 The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples.
実施例１
外径２．３ｍｍφの銅ｖＡ３７本を撚り合わした撚線銅
導体の上に、幅６０龍、厚さ３８μｍ、ＪＩＳ Ｐ８
１１７に規定の方法で測定したガーレー気密度が、５０
０秒／ １００ ｃ ｃの穴あきポリエステルフィルム
からなるセパレータテープを１層巻回し、その上にポリ
エチレン１００重１１、ジクミルパーオキサイド２重量
部、ベンゾトリアゾール１．０重量部とからなる架橋性
ポリエチレン組成物を押出被覆し、ついで１７ ｋ ｇ
／ｃｍ２（ｆ）高圧水窯口を満たした架橋室におい架橋
性ポリエチレン組成物の押出被覆層を２１０℃、５分の
条件で連続架橋して架橋ポリエチレン鉋縁架空ケープル
を製造した。Example 1 Width 60mm, thickness 38μm, JIS P8
The Gurley tightness measured by the method prescribed in 117 is 50
A separator tape made of a perforated polyester film of 0 seconds/100 cc is wound in one layer, and on top of that is a crosslinkable polyethylene made of 100 parts by weight of polyethylene, 2 parts by weight of dicumyl peroxide, and 1.0 parts by weight of benzotriazole. The composition was extrusion coated and then 17 kg
/cm2(f) High-pressure water The extruded coating layer of the crosslinkable polyethylene composition was continuously crosslinked at 210° C. for 5 minutes in a crosslinking chamber filled with a kiln opening to produce a crosslinked polyethylene hollow cable.
実施例２
用いた穴あきポリエステルセパレータテープのガーレー
気密度が、１０．０００秒／ １００ ｃ ｃである点
においてのみ実施例１と異なる架橋ポリエチレン絶縁架
空ケーブルの製造をおこなった。Example 2 A crosslinked polyethylene insulated overhead cable was produced which differed from Example 1 only in that the Gurley airtightness of the perforated polyester separator tape used was 10.000 seconds/100 cc.
比較例】
用いたポリエステルセパレータテープが穴なしであって
、そのガーレー気密度が無限大である点においてのみ実
施例１と異なる架橋ポリエチレン絶縁架空ケーブルの製
造をおこなった。Comparative Example A crosslinked polyethylene insulated overhead cable was produced which differed from Example 1 only in that the polyester separator tape used had no holes and its Gurley airtight density was infinite.
比較例２
用いたセパレータテープは、ポリエステル織布であり、
かつそのガーレー気密度が１秒／１００ｃｃである点に
おいてのみ実施例１と異なる架橋ポリエチレン絶縁架空
ケーブルの製造をおこなった。Comparative Example 2 The separator tape used was a polyester woven fabric,
A cross-linked polyethylene insulated overhead cable was produced which differed from Example 1 only in that its Gurley airtightness was 1 second/100 cc.
実施例１．２および比較例１．２で得た各ケーブルにつ
き、つぎの２項目の測定を行い、その結果を下表に示し
た。The following two items were measured for each cable obtained in Example 1.2 and Comparative Example 1.2, and the results are shown in the table below.
ポリエチレン流動防止性：ケーブル製造後、ケーブルを
解体して未架橋のポリエチレン組成物の洞導体間間隙へ
の流入の有無を調べた。Polyethylene flow prevention property: After the cable was manufactured, the cable was disassembled and whether or not the uncrosslinked polyethylene composition flowed into the gap between the sinus conductors was examined.
防錆性能：長さ３Ｑｃｍのケーブル試料を金鋸で切り出
し、ＮＨ，イオン濃度１１００ｐｐの水溶液を満たした
内径５Ｑｍｍの円筒状ガラス容器中に垂直に設置した。Rust prevention performance: A cable sample with a length of 3 Qcm was cut out with a hacksaw and placed vertically in a cylindrical glass container with an inner diameter of 5 Qmm filled with an aqueous solution of NH and ion concentration of 1100 pp.
ついで、水溶液の深さを−８間２０Ｃｍ、６日間１０ｃ
ｍを１サイクルとする乾湿を行い、恒温槽にて６０℃８
時間、常温１６時間のヒートサイクルを８週間行ったの
ち、ケーブル試料の中間部分１０ｃｍ中の銅素線１８本
の平均請膜厚を測定した。なお、乾湿１サイクルの都度
、上記の水溶液を新品と取り替えた。また、上記のガラ
ス容器には、換気用に内径１．８ｍｍφの注射針２木を
備えた蓋を用いた。平均請膜厚は、錆膜除去（塩酸：純
水−１：１の容積比の水溶液を用いて除去）前後の重量
差から錆の生成量を測定し、その量から膜厚を算出した
。Then, the depth of the aqueous solution was adjusted to 20 cm for -8 days and 10 cm for 6 days.
We performed drying and wetting with 1 cycle of
After a heat cycle of 16 hours at room temperature for 8 weeks, the average coating thickness of 18 copper wires in a 10 cm middle portion of the cable sample was measured. Note that the above aqueous solution was replaced with a new one every time the drying/wetting cycle was performed. Further, a lid equipped with two injection needles each having an inner diameter of 1.8 mm for ventilation was used for the above-mentioned glass container. The average coating film thickness was determined by measuring the amount of rust produced from the difference in weight before and after removing the rust film (removal using an aqueous solution with a volume ratio of hydrochloric acid:pure water - 1:1), and calculating the film thickness from the measured amount.
ポリエチレン 防錆性能Polyethylene rust prevention performance
Claims (1)
０秒／１００ｃｃのセパレータ テープを施し、その上に銅防錆剤を含有した架橋性ポリ
エチレン組成物を押出被覆し、ついで架橋性ポリエチレ
ン組成物の押出被覆層を加圧下で架橋することを特徴と
する架橋ポリエチレン絶縁架空ケーブルの製造方法。 ２、セパレータテープが、孔明きポリエステルフィルム
である特許請求の範囲第１項記載の架橋ポリエチレン絶
縁架空ケーブルの製造方法。 ３、セパレータテープが、合成有機高分子繊維の不織布
である特許請求の範囲第１項記載の架橋ポリエチレン絶
縁架空ケーブルの製造方法。 ４、銅防錆剤が、トリアゾール化合物である特許請求の
範囲第１項乃至第３項のいずれかに記載の架橋ポリエチ
レン絶縁架空ケーブルの製造方法。 ５、トリアゾール化合物が、ベンゾトリアゾールである
特許請求の範囲第４項記載の架橋ポリエチレン絶縁架空
ケーブルの製造方法。[Claims] 1. Directly above the copper conductor, the Gurley air density is 10 to 50,000.
A separator tape of 0 seconds/100 cc is applied, a crosslinkable polyethylene composition containing a copper rust preventive agent is extrusion coated thereon, and then the extrusion coating layer of the crosslinkable polyethylene composition is crosslinked under pressure. A method for manufacturing a cross-linked polyethylene insulated overhead cable. 2. The method for manufacturing a crosslinked polyethylene insulated overhead cable according to claim 1, wherein the separator tape is a perforated polyester film. 3. The method for manufacturing a crosslinked polyethylene insulated overhead cable according to claim 1, wherein the separator tape is a nonwoven fabric of synthetic organic polymer fibers. 4. The method for producing a crosslinked polyethylene insulated overhead cable according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the copper rust preventive agent is a triazole compound. 5. The method for producing a crosslinked polyethylene insulated overhead cable according to claim 4, wherein the triazole compound is benzotriazole.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP591686A JPS62165815A (en) | 1986-01-14 | 1986-01-14 | Manufacture of crosslinked polyethylene insulated aerial cable |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP591686A JPS62165815A (en) | 1986-01-14 | 1986-01-14 | Manufacture of crosslinked polyethylene insulated aerial cable |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS62165815A true JPS62165815A (en) | 1987-07-22 |
Family
ID=11624218
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP591686A Pending JPS62165815A (en) | 1986-01-14 | 1986-01-14 | Manufacture of crosslinked polyethylene insulated aerial cable |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS62165815A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008128763A (en) * | 2006-11-20 | 2008-06-05 | Viscas Corp | Corrosion test method |
| JP2010260058A (en) * | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-18 | Watoku Co Ltd | Method for manufacturing spacer nut |
-
1986
- 1986-01-14 JP JP591686A patent/JPS62165815A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008128763A (en) * | 2006-11-20 | 2008-06-05 | Viscas Corp | Corrosion test method |
| JP2010260058A (en) * | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-18 | Watoku Co Ltd | Method for manufacturing spacer nut |
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