JPS591144B2 - Taper Seigiyosouchi - Google Patents

Taper Seigiyosouchi

Info

Publication number
JPS591144B2
JPS591144B2 JP5028175A JP5028175A JPS591144B2 JP S591144 B2 JPS591144 B2 JP S591144B2 JP 5028175 A JP5028175 A JP 5028175A JP 5028175 A JP5028175 A JP 5028175A JP S591144 B2 JPS591144 B2 JP S591144B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
taper
mold
adjustment
accelerometer
signal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
JP5028175A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS51125632A (en
Inventor
博 関
尚武 大久保
光広 大田
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nippon Steel Corp
Original Assignee
Nippon Steel Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Steel Corp filed Critical Nippon Steel Corp
Priority to JP5028175A priority Critical patent/JPS591144B2/en
Publication of JPS51125632A publication Critical patent/JPS51125632A/en
Publication of JPS591144B2 publication Critical patent/JPS591144B2/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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  • Length Measuring Devices With Unspecified Measuring Means (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 本発明は、スラブ、ブルーム等のように断面が長方形を
なす連続鋳造鋳型テーパ制御装置に関する。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a continuous casting mold taper control device having a rectangular cross section, such as a slab or a bloom.

金属鋳片、例えば鋼鋳片の連続鋳造において、 。In continuous casting of metal slabs, such as steel slabs.

鋳型は水冷されているので、鋳型に注入された溶鋼は鋳
型に接する面から冷却されて徐々に凝固する。鋳片の凝
固した殼は鋳型の下端を出るまでに溶鋼として鋳型の上
端にあるときに比べて約0.5〜10%収縮する。もし
、鋳型の組立てにおいて、このような収縮が考慮されて
いなかつたわ、または、収縮量の推定あるいはその対策
が適当でなかつた場合には、次のような種々の障害が発
生する。すなわち、凝固殼外面と鋳型内面とは、本来全
面にわたつて接触すべきものである。しかしながら、鋳
型内面のテーパが小さ過ぎると、鋳型の下方部で凝固殻
が鋳型内面よシ離れ、鋳型内面よシ離れた部分は冷却が
不十分となつて、凝固殻の成長が不均一となる。そして
、この場合、凝固の遅れた部分が内部の溶鋼の熱によつ
て再溶解し、溶鋼が凝固殻を破つて流出し、いわゆる、
プレーグアウトゃプリーテイングといつた事故が発生す
る。更には、凝固が遅れた殼の薄い部分に応力が集中し
て鋳片表面にクラックが発生する。なお、鋳型内面のテ
ーパは一般に第1図に示す記号により(W−w)×10
0/w(%)で定義される。また、鋳型内面のテーパが
大き過ぎると、凝固殻と鋳型内面との間の摩擦による引
抜き抵抗が増大して、鋳片に横われが発生したわ、横わ
れに起因するブレークアウトを引き起す。更には、鋳型
に異常摩耗が生じる。ところで、上記鋳片の収縮量は、
鋳片の引抜き速度や鋳型の冷却水量などの鋳造条件の変
化に応じて変化するものである。
Since the mold is water-cooled, the molten steel poured into the mold is cooled from the surface in contact with the mold and gradually solidifies. By the time the solidified shell of the slab leaves the lower end of the mold, it has shrunk by about 0.5 to 10% compared to when it is in the form of molten steel at the upper end of the mold. If such shrinkage is not taken into account during mold assembly, or if the amount of shrinkage is not estimated or measures taken appropriately, the following various problems will occur. That is, the outer surface of the solidified shell and the inner surface of the mold should originally be in contact over the entire surface. However, if the taper of the inner surface of the mold is too small, the solidified shell will separate from the inner surface of the mold in the lower part of the mold, and the portion away from the inner surface of the mold will not be sufficiently cooled, resulting in uneven growth of the solidified shell. . In this case, the portion that has been delayed in solidification is remelted by the heat of the molten steel inside, and the molten steel breaks through the solidified shell and flows out, so-called.
Accidents like plague-out and plea-teing occur. Furthermore, stress concentrates on the thin parts of the shell where solidification has been delayed, causing cracks to occur on the surface of the slab. Note that the taper of the inner surface of the mold is generally determined by the symbol shown in Figure 1 (W-w) x 10
Defined as 0/w (%). Furthermore, if the taper of the inner surface of the mold is too large, the pull-out resistance due to friction between the solidified shell and the inner surface of the mold will increase, causing horizontal warping of the slab and breakout due to the horizontal warping. Furthermore, abnormal wear occurs in the mold. By the way, the amount of shrinkage of the above slab is
It changes according to changes in casting conditions such as the drawing speed of the slab and the amount of cooling water in the mold.

特に、最近の連続鋳造では、生産性向上のために引抜き
速度をますます増大させる傾向にあわ、鋳造始めおよび
終わの引抜き速度ど操業中の最大引抜き速度との差が著
しく大きくなりつゝある。引抜き速度の差が大きくなる
と、それだけ収縮量の変化が大きくなる。しかして、従
来の連続鋳造では、操業開始前に鋳型内面のテーパを調
整するが、操業中に鋳造条件の変化に応じてテーパを調
整するということは全く行なわれていなかつた。したが
つて、引抜き速度が大きくなると前記のようなトラブル
が頻繁に発生することとなる。本発明は、上記のような
問題を解決すること、つまりは、良質の鋼片を高い作業
能率で安全に鋳造するための鋳型テーパ制御装置を提供
することを目的とする。
In particular, in recent continuous casting, there is a tendency to increase the drawing speed to improve productivity, and the difference between the drawing speed at the beginning and end of casting and the maximum drawing speed during operation is becoming significantly larger. The greater the difference in drawing speed, the greater the change in the amount of shrinkage. Therefore, in conventional continuous casting, the taper of the inner surface of the mold is adjusted before the start of operation, but the taper is not adjusted at all in response to changes in casting conditions during operation. Therefore, as the drawing speed increases, the above-mentioned troubles occur more frequently. The present invention aims to solve the above-mentioned problems, that is, to provide a mold taper control device for safely casting high-quality steel billets with high work efficiency.

上記目的を達成するために本発明に}いては、鋳型のテ
ーパ調整辺に、角度を電気信号で出力する加速度計を設
置し、調整テーパ量制御回路にテーパ調整信号を供給し
て、調整テーパ量制御回路からはテーパ制御部に調整量
を供給するとともに比較器から出力があるときは警報装
置あるいはゲート回路を作動させる構成とする。
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention installs an accelerometer that outputs the angle as an electrical signal on the taper adjustment side of the mold, supplies the taper adjustment signal to the adjustment taper amount control circuit, and adjusts the adjustment taper. The amount control circuit supplies the adjustment amount to the taper control section, and when there is an output from the comparator, the alarm device or gate circuit is activated.

以下、図面に示す本発明の実施例を詳細に説明する。,
第1図は、本発明の一実施例を示す断面図で、一部はプ
ロツクで示す。
Embodiments of the present invention shown in the drawings will be described in detail below. ,
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the present invention, a portion of which is shown in blocks.

鋳型1は、短辺側を銅板ジヤケツト2}よびこれの背面
に密着して銅板ジヤケツト2を補強するバツクフレーム
3により、また、長辺側も同様な銅板ジヤケツトあ・よ
びバツクフレームにより構成され、箱形に組み立てられ
ている。
The mold 1 is composed of a copper plate jacket 2 on its short side and a back frame 3 that is in close contact with the back side of the copper plate jacket 2 to reinforce the copper plate jacket 2, and a similar copper plate jacket and a back frame on its long side. It is assembled into a box shape.

銅板ジヤケツト2は内部に多数の冷却水路(図示せず)
が設けてあり゛、これらの水路を冷却水が貫流して銅板
ジヤケツト2を強制冷却する。鋳型1内には、ノズル7
を通じてタンデイツシユ6よね溶鋼Mが注入される。
The copper plate jacket 2 has many cooling channels (not shown) inside.
are provided, and cooling water flows through these waterways to forcibly cool the copper plate jacket 2. Inside the mold 1 is a nozzle 7.
Molten steel M is injected through the tandate 6.

上述のように銅板ジヤケツト2は水冷されているので、
注入された溶鋼Mはこれらジヤケツトに接する部分から
冷却されて凝固殼Sを形成する。そして、外殼を形成し
た鋳片Cはガイドローラー8に案内されながらピンチロ
ーラー(図示せず)によつて、下方に引き抜かれる。銅
板ジヤケツト2およびバツクフレーム3は、軸12を中
心として回動可能であり、それらのテーパ(傾斜角)は
、テーパ制御部13(以後油圧駆動機構13と称す)に
よつて調整される。
As mentioned above, the copper plate jacket 2 is water-cooled, so
The injected molten steel M is cooled from the portions in contact with these jackets to form a solidified shell S. Then, the slab C forming the outer shell is pulled out downward by a pinch roller (not shown) while being guided by the guide roller 8. The copper plate jacket 2 and the back frame 3 are rotatable about a shaft 12, and their tapers (inclination angles) are adjusted by a taper control section 13 (hereinafter referred to as hydraulic drive mechanism 13).

バツクフレーム3の背部には加速度計20が固着されて
おり、その角度信号出力は調整テーパ量制御回路11に
供給される。制御回路11には、予め定められたテーパ
調整信号ASが供給される。本実施例では、信号ASは
、テーパ量を表わすものであり、鋳造開始から終了まで
プログラミングされた値で供給されるか、又は、速度変
動、冷却変動寸法、形状等の検出にもとづくフイードバ
ツク信号で供給されるか、あるいはそれら両者の組合せ
(割込み方式)関係とされる。加速度計の検出信号と調
整指令信号とは制御回路11で比較されて、差値と極性
(調整方向)が、油圧駆動機構13に、制御信号として
送られる。
An accelerometer 20 is fixed to the back of the back frame 3, and its angle signal output is supplied to an adjustment taper amount control circuit 11. The control circuit 11 is supplied with a predetermined taper adjustment signal AS. In this embodiment, the signal AS represents the taper amount, and is supplied as a programmed value from the start to the end of casting, or as a feedback signal based on detection of speed fluctuations, cooling fluctuation dimensions, shapes, etc. Either it is supplied, or there is a combination of both (interrupt method). The detection signal of the accelerometer and the adjustment command signal are compared in the control circuit 11, and the difference value and polarity (adjustment direction) are sent to the hydraulic drive mechanism 13 as a control signal.

この制御信号は、たとえば、極性信号と、差値に比例す
る周波数のパルスで構成される。したがつてこの場合、
駆動機構は1パルス毎に1ステツプの調整動作をし、差
値が大きいときは調整動作は速く、差値が小さいときは
調整動作は遅い。加速度計20の出力は比較器14にも
供給されて、比較器14は、加速度計20の検出角度が
上限Smaxと下限Sminの間にあるときは出力がな
く、上限Smax以上のとき、ならびに下限Smin以
下のときに出力を生ずる。比較器14の出力は警報装置
15と、インバータ回路17を通して反転してゲート1
8に供給される。したがつて、比較器14に出力がある
ときは警告がなされ、ゲート18は閉じられる。検出角
度は表示器16に表示される。加速度計20の一例構造
を第2図に示す。
This control signal is composed of, for example, a polarity signal and a pulse whose frequency is proportional to the difference value. Therefore, in this case,
The drive mechanism performs an adjustment operation of one step for each pulse, and when the difference value is large, the adjustment operation is fast, and when the difference value is small, the adjustment operation is slow. The output of the accelerometer 20 is also supplied to the comparator 14, and the comparator 14 has no output when the detected angle of the accelerometer 20 is between the upper limit Smax and the lower limit Smin, and when it is equal to or higher than the upper limit Smax, and the lower limit An output is generated when the value is less than or equal to Smin. The output of the comparator 14 is inverted through the alarm device 15 and the inverter circuit 17 and then sent to the gate 1.
8. Therefore, when comparator 14 has an output, a warning is given and gate 18 is closed. The detected angle is displayed on the display 16. An example structure of the accelerometer 20 is shown in FIG.

この加速度計20は、絶対値方式の高感度加速度計で角
度検出器とも呼称されるもので、重錘121、重錘12
1に固着された移動電極126およびバランス用マグネ
ツ口22等の可動部分と、強磁性体123、コンデンサ
電極124、保持具125等の固定部分とを有する。な
お、127は電力増幅器で、Sは、検出角度信号出力端
子を示し、Eはマグネツト電源端子を示す。これらの端
子には、リードが接続される。加速度計20が図示のよ
うに垂直であると、マグネツト122と強磁性体123
との距離dは設定値Dkにあり、両者間の距離をDkに
するためにマグネツト122を励磁する必要はない。し
たがつて、出力端子Sの電位は零(アース)である。し
かしながら、加速度計20が傾むくと、つまり、測定す
べき壁30′の表面にテーパがあるか、又は、壁30泊
身が傾むいていると、固定部分123,124,125
も傾むくが、重錘121は、重力加速度により垂直位置
を保つ。
This accelerometer 20 is an absolute value type high-sensitivity accelerometer also called an angle detector, and has a weight 121 and a weight 12.
It has movable parts such as a movable electrode 126 and balance magnet port 22 fixed to the main body, and fixed parts such as a ferromagnetic material 123, a capacitor electrode 124, and a holder 125. Note that 127 is a power amplifier, S indicates a detected angle signal output terminal, and E indicates a magnet power supply terminal. Leads are connected to these terminals. When accelerometer 20 is vertical as shown, magnet 122 and ferromagnetic material 123
The distance d between the two is at the set value Dk, and there is no need to excite the magnet 122 in order to set the distance between the two to Dk. Therefore, the potential of the output terminal S is zero (earth). However, if the accelerometer 20 is tilted, i.e. if the surface of the wall 30' to be measured is tapered or if the wall 30 is tilted, then the fixed parts 123, 124, 125
The weight 121 also tilts, but the weight 121 maintains its vertical position due to gravitational acceleration.

これによりコンデンサ電極124の容量が変や、増幅器
127は、コンデンサ電極124の容量をもとの値(第
2図の状態での容量)とするに必要な電流をマグネツト
122に供給し、強磁性体123とマグネツ口22との
距離d/1idkとなる。したがつて、加速度計20の
傾斜角と出力端子Sに表われる電位とは函数関係にあり
、端子Sから検出角度信号が得られる。これが角度検出
器といわれる所以である。第3図は、本発明の他の実施
例を示す断面図であり、一部はプロツクで示す。
As a result, the capacitance of the capacitor electrode 124 changes, and the amplifier 127 supplies the magnet 122 with the current necessary to return the capacitance of the capacitor electrode 124 to its original value (the capacitance in the state shown in FIG. 2). The distance between the body 123 and the magnet mouth 22 is d/1idk. Therefore, the tilt angle of the accelerometer 20 and the potential appearing at the output terminal S have a functional relationship, and a detected angle signal is obtained from the terminal S. This is why it is called an angle detector. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the invention, some of which is shown in blocks.

本例では、感温素子9をテーパ調整辺に埋設してその測
定出力を比較器10に供給し、比較器10の出力を制御
回路11に供給する構成とした。鋳型1の冷却}よび鋳
型1への注湯を一定とした場合、鋳型1の温度はほぼ一
定となつて、感温素子9の出力値もほぼ一定である。し
かしながら、テーパが小さいときは凝固殼S外面と鋳型
1内面との接触がゆるく、鋼片Cの冷却効率は低く感温
素子9は低温を検出する。逆にテーパが大きいときには
、鋼片Cの冷却は大きく、感温素子9は高温を検出する
。したがつて、比較器の基準値を鋼片Cの冷却を適切に
卦こなうときの感温素子9の検出値に設定しておくこと
により、操業中には、比較器10から感温素子9の検出
値と設定値との差を表わす出力が得られる。この出力の
極性によジテーパ過大又は過小が表わされ、差の絶対値
によねづれの程度が表わされる。制御回路11は、その
差値をテーパ偏位量に換算して、偏位量に比例する周波
数のパルスを出力する。角度検出器20の出力は、本例
では補正のために制御回路11に供給され、この出力は
、大であれば上記パルス周波数を小とし、小であれば上
記パルス周波数を大とする毎くに出力パルスに作用を及
ぼす。その結果、テーパが大きいとき、更に急激にテー
パを大きくする制御動作は制動を受ける。
In this example, the temperature sensing element 9 is embedded in the taper adjustment side, its measurement output is supplied to the comparator 10, and the output of the comparator 10 is supplied to the control circuit 11. When the cooling of the mold 1 and the pouring of metal into the mold 1 are constant, the temperature of the mold 1 is approximately constant, and the output value of the temperature sensing element 9 is also approximately constant. However, when the taper is small, the contact between the outer surface of the solidified shell S and the inner surface of the mold 1 is loose, and the cooling efficiency of the steel piece C is low, and the temperature sensing element 9 detects a low temperature. Conversely, when the taper is large, the cooling of the steel piece C is large and the temperature sensing element 9 detects a high temperature. Therefore, by setting the reference value of the comparator to the detection value of the temperature sensing element 9 when properly cooling the steel billet C, the temperature sensing element 9 can be detected from the comparator 10 during operation. An output representing the difference between the detected value of element 9 and the set value is obtained. The polarity of this output indicates whether the taper is too large or too small, and the absolute value of the difference indicates the degree of twist. The control circuit 11 converts the difference value into a taper deviation amount and outputs a pulse with a frequency proportional to the deviation amount. In this example, the output of the angle detector 20 is supplied to the control circuit 11 for correction, and if the output is large, the pulse frequency is decreased, and if it is small, the pulse frequency is increased. Affects the output pulse. As a result, when the taper is large, a control operation to further rapidly increase the taper is damped.

本実施例に訃けるその他の構成卦よび動作は第1図の実
施例と同様である。な訃、以上の二例に訃いては、加速
度計の検出角度信号をいずれも調整テーパ量制御回路1
1に供給する構成としたが、加速度計出力を直接に制御
回路に供給しなくても、テーパ調整は上限卦よび下限の
範囲内に訃いてのみ訃こなわれるから、操業上の安全性
が高められると共に、良質の鋳造金属片が得られる。
The other components and operations of this embodiment are the same as those of the embodiment shown in FIG. In the above two cases, the detected angle signal of the accelerometer is adjusted by the taper amount control circuit 1.
However, even if the accelerometer output is not directly supplied to the control circuit, the taper adjustment can only be performed within the upper and lower limits, which improves operational safety. and high quality cast metal pieces are obtained.

以上のように、本発明においては、鋳型のテーパ調整辺
にテーパを電気信号で出力する加速度計を設置し、調整
テーパ量制御回路にテーパ調整信号を供給して調整テー
パ量制御回路からテーパ制御部に調整量を供給する構成
としたから、テーパの操業中の自動調整が可能となり、
また、テーパ異常の検出、表示あるいはテーパ異常時調
整停止等の動作が可能となる。
As described above, in the present invention, an accelerometer that outputs the taper as an electric signal is installed on the taper adjustment side of the mold, and the taper adjustment signal is supplied to the adjustment taper amount control circuit to control the taper. Since the adjustment amount is supplied to the taper, automatic adjustment is possible during operation of the taper.
Further, it is possible to perform operations such as detecting and displaying a taper abnormality, or stopping adjustment when a taper abnormality occurs.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of drawings]

第1図は、本発明の一実施例を示す断面図で、一部はプ
ロツクで示す。 第2図は、本発明に卦いて用いる加速度計の一例構成を
示す説明図である。第3図は、本発明の他の実施例を示
す断面図で、一部はプロツクで示す。1:鋳型、2:銅
板ジヤケツト、3:バツクフレーム、6:タンデイシユ
7リノズル、8:ガイドローラ、9:感温素子、10
,14:比較器、11:調整テーパ量制御回路、12:
軸、13:油圧駆動機構、15:警報装置、16:表示
装置、17:インバータ回路、18:ゲート回路、20
:加速度計、121:重錘、122:マグネツト、12
3:強磁性体、124,126:コンデンサ電極、12
5:保持具、127:電力増幅器、30″:壁、c:鋳
片、S:凝固殼、M:溶融金属。
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the present invention, a portion of which is shown in blocks. FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing an example configuration of an accelerometer used in the present invention. FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing another embodiment of the invention, some of which is shown in blocks. 1: Mold, 2: Copper plate jacket, 3: Back frame, 6: Tundish 7 nozzle, 8: Guide roller, 9: Temperature sensing element, 10
, 14: Comparator, 11: Adjustment taper amount control circuit, 12:
Axis, 13: Hydraulic drive mechanism, 15: Alarm device, 16: Display device, 17: Inverter circuit, 18: Gate circuit, 20
: Accelerometer, 121: Weight, 122: Magnet, 12
3: Ferromagnetic material, 124, 126: Capacitor electrode, 12
5: Holder, 127: Power amplifier, 30″: Wall, c: Slab, S: Solidified shell, M: Molten metal.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 1 加速度計を鋳型のテーパ調整辺に設置し、該加速度
計の角度検出信号を調整テーパ量制御回路に入力し、テ
ーパ調整信号との比較演算を行ないテーパ調整量をテー
パ制御部に入力するとともに、上記加速度計の分岐信号
を比較器に入力し予め定められたテーパ量の上限及び下
限値と比較し、必要に応じて警報装置あるいは前記調整
テーパ量制御回路の出側に設けたゲート回路を作動させ
る信号を出力する回路構成としたことを特徴とする連続
鋳造鋳型のテーパ制御装置。
1. Install an accelerometer on the taper adjustment side of the mold, input the angle detection signal of the accelerometer to the adjustment taper amount control circuit, perform a comparison calculation with the taper adjustment signal, and input the taper adjustment amount to the taper control section. The branch signal of the accelerometer is input to a comparator and compared with predetermined upper and lower limit values of the taper amount, and if necessary, an alarm device or a gate circuit provided on the output side of the adjusted taper amount control circuit is activated. A taper control device for a continuous casting mold, characterized by having a circuit configuration that outputs an activation signal.
JP5028175A 1975-04-25 1975-04-25 Taper Seigiyosouchi Expired JPS591144B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP5028175A JPS591144B2 (en) 1975-04-25 1975-04-25 Taper Seigiyosouchi

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP5028175A JPS591144B2 (en) 1975-04-25 1975-04-25 Taper Seigiyosouchi

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS51125632A JPS51125632A (en) 1976-11-02
JPS591144B2 true JPS591144B2 (en) 1984-01-10

Family

ID=12854535

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP5028175A Expired JPS591144B2 (en) 1975-04-25 1975-04-25 Taper Seigiyosouchi

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS591144B2 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6133230U (en) * 1984-07-31 1986-02-28 株式会社三協精機製作所 tape recorder

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100320764B1 (en) * 1993-11-30 2002-06-20 아사베 히로시 Applicator
CN104567781B (en) * 2014-12-26 2017-12-12 中车戚墅堰机车车辆工艺研究所有限公司 Internal taper hole detection means and inner cone hole inspection method and hole inspection

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6133230U (en) * 1984-07-31 1986-02-28 株式会社三協精機製作所 tape recorder

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS51125632A (en) 1976-11-02

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