JPH11748A - Operation of continuous casting - Google Patents

Operation of continuous casting

Info

Publication number
JPH11748A
JPH11748A JP15125497A JP15125497A JPH11748A JP H11748 A JPH11748 A JP H11748A JP 15125497 A JP15125497 A JP 15125497A JP 15125497 A JP15125497 A JP 15125497A JP H11748 A JPH11748 A JP H11748A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
casting
casting speed
slab
speed
relationship
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP15125497A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Taro Yahiro
太郎 八尋
Hitoshi Hagiwara
等 萩原
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
JFE Steel Corp
Original Assignee
Kawasaki Steel Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kawasaki Steel Corp filed Critical Kawasaki Steel Corp
Priority to JP15125497A priority Critical patent/JPH11748A/en
Publication of JPH11748A publication Critical patent/JPH11748A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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  • Continuous Casting (AREA)

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To minimize a decrease in production and the deterioration of quality caused by change of casting speed by deciding the upper limit value of the casting speed of each slab according to the required level of the quality in each product, putting together the slab in the same operational condition and continuously casting. SOLUTION: The casting speed and the casting defect in each kind of steel are investigated and these data 11 are inputted 12 into a storing device of a computer 13 and stored. At the time of inputting 15 the size and the quality required level 14 of each product to be produced into the computer 13, the computer 13 decides the upper limit value in the casting speed in each slab by referring the data 11 in the storing device. These data are put in order and integrated for each casting speed and the casting command 17 is outputted 16, and a control device 18 controls the width size of a continuous casting mold 5 and an opening degree adjusting device 4 of an immersion nozzle based on these outputs. By this method, the operation at the optimum casting speed on the quality control can be executed.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

【0001】[0001]

【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は連続鋳造操業方法に
関し、連続鋳造におけるスラブ品質管理方法を提供する
ものである。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a continuous casting operation method, and provides a slab quality control method in continuous casting.

【0002】[0002]

【従来の技術】一般に、スラブの連続鋳造における鋳込
速度又はスループット(本発明において、これらを包括
して鋳込速度と言う)を製品品質要求レベルに合わせて
操業する場合、同一チャージ内における製品品質要求レ
ベルが最も高いスラブ、すなわち鋳込速度の上限が最も
低いスラブに合せて鋳込速度を決定する方法と、同一チ
ャージすべてを製品品質要求レベルが同じスラブのみを
まとめて命令組する方法とがある。さらには製品品質要
求レベルが高いスラブを鋳込むときだけ、マニュアルで
鋳込速度を下げて操業する方法がとられている。
2. Description of the Related Art Generally, when a casting speed or a throughput in the continuous casting of a slab (in the present invention, these are collectively referred to as a casting speed) are operated in accordance with a required product quality level, products in the same charge are required. The method of determining the casting speed according to the slab having the highest quality requirement level, that is, the slab having the lowest upper limit of the casting speed, the method of collectively setting only the slabs having the same product quality requirement level for all the same charges, and There is. Further, only when casting a slab having a high required product quality level, a method of manually reducing the casting speed and operating is adopted.

【0003】[0003]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】連続鋳造における鋳込
速度を製品品質要求レベルに合わせて操業する場合、同
一チャージ内における製品品質要求レベルが最も高いス
ラブ、すなわち、鋳込速度の上限値が最も低いスラブに
合せて鋳込速度を決定する方法では、品質要求レベルが
比較的低い製品、すなわち鋳込速度の上限が高いスラブ
も鋳込速度を低くおさえられることとなり、生産能力が
ダウンすることになる。図4はこれを示すもので、スラ
ブ単位ごとに要求鋳込速度の最低値に合わせてで操業す
るので、鋳込速度が速くてもよいものも遅くなる。
When the casting speed in continuous casting is operated according to the product quality requirement level, the slab having the highest product quality requirement level within the same charge, that is, the upper limit of the casting speed is the highest. In the method of determining the casting speed according to the low slab, a product having a relatively low quality requirement level, that is, a slab having a high upper limit of the casting speed can also keep the casting speed low, and the production capacity is reduced. Become. FIG. 4 shows this, in which the operation is performed in accordance with the minimum value of the required casting speed for each slab unit, so that those for which the casting speed may be high are also slow.

【0004】また、鋳込速度の上限が高い方に合せて操
業し、鋳込速度の上限値が低いものを鋳込むときだけ、
マニュアルで鋳込速度を下げる方法では、マニュアルに
よる誤認や条件忘れなどの錯誤が発生する可能性があ
る。また、ひんぱんに鋳込速度の増減を行った場合、増
減を行った時の非定常部のスラブは、定常部に比べて欠
陥発生率が高いため、品質上問題がある。図5は欠陥発
生率が、非定常部で低上部より大きくなることを示すグ
ラフである。
Further, the operation is performed in accordance with the upper limit of the casting speed, and only when the casting having the lower upper limit of the casting speed is cast,
In the method of manually lowering the pouring speed, there is a possibility that a mistake such as an erroneous recognition by the manual or forgetting of the condition may occur. In addition, when the casting speed is frequently increased or decreased, the slab in the non-stationary part at the time of the increase or decrease has a higher defect generation rate than the stationary part, and thus has a quality problem. FIG. 5 is a graph showing that the defect occurrence rate is larger in the unsteady part than in the lower part.

【0005】また、製品品質要求レベルが同等のスラブ
のみをまとめて命令組する方法をとる場合、オーダー量
以上に命令組する必要が生じることより、余剰スラブが
増加するという問題がある。本発明は、このような従来
の問題点を解決した連続鋳造操業方法を提供することを
目的とする。
[0005] Further, when a method is adopted in which instructions are assembled together only for slabs having the same required product quality level, there is a problem that extra slabs increase due to the necessity of assembling instructions in an order amount or more. An object of the present invention is to provide a continuous casting operation method that solves such conventional problems.

【0006】[0006]

【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、前記問題点を
解決するため、次の技術手段を講じたものである。すな
わち、本発明は、鋼の連続鋳造に当り、あらかじめ鋼種
ごとに鋳込速度と製品欠陥との関係を求め、この関係を
記憶させておき、製品の品質要求レベルに応じて前記記
憶した関係を用いて各スラブの鋳込速度の上限値を決定
し、スラブ寸法及び前記鋳込速度の上限値から各スラブ
の操業条件をランク分けし、同一操業条件のスラブをス
ラブ幅ごとに集約し、前記ランク分けした操業条件の近
似する順番にスラブの連続鋳造命令を実行することを特
徴とする連続鋳造操業方法である。
The present invention has the following technical means in order to solve the above-mentioned problems. That is, in the present invention, in continuous casting of steel, the relationship between the casting speed and the product defect is determined in advance for each steel type, and this relationship is stored, and the stored relationship is stored in accordance with the quality requirement level of the product. Determine the upper limit of the casting speed of each slab using, rank the operating conditions of each slab from the slab dimensions and the upper limit of the casting speed, aggregate the slab of the same operating conditions for each slab width, A continuous casting operation method characterized by executing a continuous casting command of a slab in an order that approximates the ranked operating conditions.

【0007】前記鋼種ごとの鋳込速度と製品欠陥との関
係は、鋳込速度に対するコイル内欠陥混入率及び又は内
部介在物発生率をパラメータとして表示することによ
り、上記方法を精度よく実施することができる。本発明
では、鋼種ごとに連続鋳造における鋳込速度とコイル内
欠陥混入率や内部介在物発生率などの製品欠陥指標との
関係を求めておき、この関係をあらかじめコンピュータ
の記憶装置に記憶させておく。そして、客先からの注文
量、納期、生産能力等により適正同一チャージ量に見合
う同一鋼種について、各製品の品質要求レベルに応じ
て、上記記憶に基づき鋳込速度の上限値を決定する。上
記鋼種ごとの鋳込速度と製品欠陥との関係は、最新のデ
ータにより更新し、この更新したデータにより記憶内容
を更新しておく。この関係はあらかじめコード化し、そ
のコードが同一のものを命令段階からスラブ幅ごとにコ
ンピュータでまとめて命令組させる。さらにプロセスコ
ンピュータに決定されたコードを伝送し、そのコードに
合った鋳込速度で連続鋳造条件を制御し、自動化操業を
行う。
[0007] The relationship between the casting speed and the product defect for each steel type can be accurately performed by displaying as a parameter the mixing ratio of defects in the coil and / or the incidence of internal inclusions with respect to the casting speed. Can be. In the present invention, a relationship between a casting speed in continuous casting and a product defect index such as a defect mixing rate in a coil and an internal inclusion generation rate is determined for each steel type, and this relation is stored in a storage device of a computer in advance. deep. Then, the upper limit value of the casting speed is determined based on the above-mentioned memory for the same steel type that matches the appropriate same charge amount based on the order amount from the customer, the delivery date, the production capacity, and the like, according to the quality requirement level of each product. The relationship between the casting speed and the product defect for each steel type is updated with the latest data, and the stored contents are updated with the updated data. This relationship is coded in advance, and the same code is combined by a computer for each slab width from the instruction stage. Further, the determined code is transmitted to the process computer, the continuous casting condition is controlled at a casting speed suitable for the code, and the automatic operation is performed.

【0008】[0008]

【発明の実施の形態】本発明によれば、鋳込速度と製品
欠陥との関係を当該連続鋳造装置について鋼種ごとに求
め、この関係を用いて製品品質要求に応じた最も能率的
な連続鋳造の操業を行うことができる。この操業は、製
品使用に応じて上記関係とスラブ寸法ごとの操業条件を
近似する順番に組み合わせて大きな操業条件変更をでき
るだけ少なくして、順次条件を変更しながら操業する。
According to the present invention, the relationship between the casting speed and the product defect is determined for each type of steel in the continuous casting apparatus, and the most efficient continuous casting according to the product quality requirements is determined using this relationship. Can be operated. In this operation, the above relations and the operating conditions for each slab dimension are combined in an approximate order in accordance with the use of the product, so that a large change in operating conditions is reduced as much as possible, and operation is performed while sequentially changing the conditions.

【0009】本発明によれば、同一コードのものを命令
段階からスラブ幅ごとにコンピュータでまとめることに
より、すべての製品をほぼ最も適正な鋳込速度で鋳造す
ることができる。すなわち、品質要求レベルの高いスラ
ブを鋳込むときだけ鋳込速度を下げ、生産量低下を避け
るとともに、条件変化による過渡現象を可能な限り少な
くし、品質悪化を最小限にすることができる。また本発
明では、プロセスコンピュータによって操業させるの
で、マニュアルによる操業で発生の可能性がある錯誤も
防止することができる。
According to the present invention, all products can be cast at almost the most appropriate casting speed by combining the same code with a computer for each slab width from the instruction stage. That is, it is possible to reduce the casting speed only when casting a slab having a high quality requirement level, to avoid a decrease in production amount, to minimize transient phenomena due to a change in conditions, and to minimize deterioration in quality. Further, in the present invention, since the operation is performed by the process computer, it is possible to prevent a mistake that may occur in the manual operation.

【0010】以下図面を参照して実施例を説明する。図
3は、代表的な鋼種の連続鋳造における鋳込速度とコイ
ル内欠陥混入率及び内部介在物発生率を示すグラフであ
る。横軸の鋳込速度は、鋳込速度又はスループットであ
り、目盛は基準値に対する相対値である。コイル内欠陥
混入率は、鋳造後圧延した鋼のコイルを巻き戻して調査
した値で、目盛は基準値に対する相対値である。内部介
在物発生率はサンプリングにより調査した値で、目盛は
基準値に対する相対値である。何れも、鋳込速度が低い
時はその値が低く鋳込速度の上昇による増加も少ない
が、鋳込速度が高くなるとその上昇につれて急激に増加
する傾向がある。従って、鋳込速度の高い領域で鋳込速
度の上限が制限される。
An embodiment will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 3 is a graph showing a casting speed, a defect mixing rate in a coil, and an internal inclusion generation rate in continuous casting of a typical steel type. The pouring speed on the horizontal axis is the pouring speed or throughput, and the scale is a relative value to a reference value. The defect mixing ratio in the coil is a value obtained by unwinding and investigating a coil of steel rolled after casting, and the scale is a relative value to a reference value. The internal inclusion generation rate is a value investigated by sampling, and the scale is a relative value to a reference value. In any case, when the casting speed is low, the value is low and the increase due to the increase in the casting speed is small, but when the casting speed is high, the value tends to increase rapidly as the casting speed increases. Therefore, the upper limit of the casting speed is limited in the region where the casting speed is high.

【0011】図2は本発明の実施例のフローシートであ
る。タンディッシュ1内の溶鋼2は浸漬ノズル3を介し
て連続鋳造鋳型5に注入され、スラブ6を連続的に鋳造
する。このスラブの鋳込速度は浸漬ノズル3の開度調整
弁4の開度によって調整される。鋼種ごとの鋳込速度と
鋳造欠陥は、製品について調査され、そのデータ11は
コンピュータ13の記憶装置内に入力12され、記憶さ
れる。製造すべき各製品の寸法、品質要求レベル14を
コンピュータ13に入力15するとコンピュータ13
は、記憶装置内のデータ11を参照して各スラブごとに
鋳込速度の上限値を判定し、これを寸法、鋳込速度ごと
に整理統合して鋳造命令17を出力16し、この出力に
基づいて制御装置18は鋳型5の幅寸法及び浸漬ノズル
の開度調整弁4を制御する。
FIG. 2 is a flow sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention. Molten steel 2 in a tundish 1 is injected into a continuous casting mold 5 through an immersion nozzle 3 to continuously cast a slab 6. The casting speed of the slab is adjusted by the opening of the opening adjusting valve 4 of the immersion nozzle 3. The casting speed and casting defect for each steel type are investigated for the product, and the data 11 is input 12 to the storage device of the computer 13 and stored. When the dimensions of each product to be manufactured and the quality requirement level 14 are input to the computer 13, the computer 13
Determines the upper limit value of the casting speed for each slab with reference to the data 11 in the storage device, sorts and integrates this for each dimension and casting speed, outputs a casting command 17, and outputs Based on this, the control device 18 controls the width dimension of the mold 5 and the opening adjustment valve 4 of the immersion nozzle.

【0012】図1は上記実施例方法のフローチャートで
ある。鋼種ごとの鋳込速度と欠陥発生率の調査21で採
取されたデータは、順次修正データ22として、記憶装
置内に記憶される。同一チャージ内の製品品質要求レベ
ルQを入力31すると、記憶された上記データ22を参
照して、鋳込速度判定32を行う。この鋳込速度での欠
陥発生率が要求レベルQより小さい時は鋳込速度コード
作成34を行う。もし欠陥発生率が大きければ、鋳込速
度判定をやり直しする。すべての鋳込速度コード作成3
4が完了したら、これを整理して鋳造命令35を出力
し、これを実行36する。実行後の鋳込速度と欠陥発生
率との関係はさらに調査され、そのデータは修正データ
22としてデータを更新し、記憶装置内に記憶される。
FIG. 1 is a flowchart of the method of the above embodiment. The data collected in the investigation 21 of the casting speed and the defect occurrence rate for each steel type are sequentially stored as correction data 22 in the storage device. When a product quality requirement level Q within the same charge is input 31, a casting speed determination 32 is performed with reference to the stored data 22. When the defect occurrence rate at this casting speed is smaller than the required level Q, a casting speed code creation 34 is performed. If the defect occurrence rate is high, the casting speed determination is redone. Create all casting speed codes 3
After the completion of Step 4, this is sorted out, a casting command 35 is output, and this is executed 36. The relationship between the pouring speed after the execution and the defect occurrence rate is further investigated, and the data is updated as correction data 22 and stored in the storage device.

【0013】実施例の同一チャージ鋼種における複数の
製品とその品質要求レベルとしてコイル内欠陥混入率及
び内部介在物発生率を表1に例示した。これをあらかじ
め連続鋳造装置及び鋼種から求めて記憶させてある、図
3に例示した鋼種と欠陥発生と関係から、製品品質要求
レベルに応じた鋳込速度の上限値を適用すると、表1に
示す鋳込速度上限値を求めることができる。これらの鋳
込速度上限値は、表1に併せて表示してあるコードA〜
Fとすることができる。このコードA〜Fをもとにスラ
ブ幅ごとに同一コードをまとめて命令組を行った結果の
スラブ命令順位組を表2に示した。また図6に表2の順
位組の際の要求鋳込速度をスラブ幅ごとに示した。図6
においてスラブ幅ごとに同一コードをまとめて命令組を
行っていることより、スラブ幅ごとに1回の鋳込速度の
増減で操業することができる。
Table 1 shows examples of a plurality of products of the same charged steel type in the embodiment and the quality required level thereof, the defect mixing ratio in the coil and the internal inclusion generation ratio. When the upper limit of the casting speed according to the required product quality level is applied from the relationship between the steel type and the occurrence of defects illustrated in FIG. The casting speed upper limit can be determined. These casting speed upper limit values are represented by codes A to A shown in Table 1.
F. Table 2 shows the slab instruction rank sets obtained as a result of grouping the same codes for each slab width based on the codes A to F and performing the instruction set. FIG. 6 shows the required pouring speed for each of the slab widths in the ranking set in Table 2. FIG.
In the above, the same code is put together for each slab width and the instruction set is performed, so that the operation can be performed by increasing or decreasing the casting speed once for each slab width.

【0014】[0014]

【表1】 [Table 1]

【0015】[0015]

【表2】 [Table 2]

【0016】[0016]

【発明の効果】本発明は、鋼種ごとにあらかじめ求めた
鋳込速度と製品欠陥との関係を用いて、各製品の品質要
求レベルに応じて各スラブの鋳込速度の上限値を決定
し、同一操業条件のスラブを集約して連続鋳造を行うの
で、生産量ダウンを極小にし、鋳込速度増減に伴う品質
悪化を極小にすることができ、品質管理上最適の鋳込速
度で操業できるようになった。また、プロセスコンピュ
ータにコードを伝送して操業させることにより、マニュ
アル操業で起こる錯誤を防止することができる。
According to the present invention, the upper limit value of the casting speed of each slab is determined according to the quality requirement level of each product, using the relationship between the casting speed and the product defect obtained in advance for each steel type. Consolidation of slabs under the same operating conditions and continuous casting are performed, minimizing production reduction, minimizing quality deterioration due to increase and decrease in casting speed, and enabling operation at the optimal casting speed for quality control. Became. In addition, by transmitting the code to the process computer and operating it, it is possible to prevent mistakes that occur in manual operation.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of the drawings]

【図1】実施例のフローチャートである。FIG. 1 is a flowchart of an embodiment.

【図2】実施例のフローシートである。FIG. 2 is a flow sheet of an example.

【図3】鋳込速度とコイル内欠陥混入率、内部介在物発
生率との関係の例を示すグラフである。
FIG. 3 is a graph showing an example of a relationship between a casting speed, a defect mixing rate in a coil, and an internal inclusion generation rate.

【図4】スラブの鋳造長さと要求鋳込速度との関係を示
すチャートである。
FIG. 4 is a chart showing a relationship between a slab casting length and a required casting speed.

【図5】定常部及び非定常部における欠陥発生率を示す
グラフである。
FIG. 5 is a graph showing a defect occurrence rate in a stationary part and a non-stationary part.

【図6】実施例の操業条件推移を示すチャートである。FIG. 6 is a chart showing changes in operating conditions according to the embodiment.

【符号の説明】[Explanation of symbols]

1 タンディッシュ 2 溶鋼 3 浸漬ノズル 4 開度調整装置 5 連続鋳造鋳型 6 スラブ 11 データ 12 入力 13 コンピュータ 14 品質要求レベル 15 入力 16 出力 17 鋳造命令 18 制御装置 21 鋼種ごとの鋳込速度と欠陥発生率の調査 22 修正データ 31 同一チャージ内の製品品質要求レベルQを入力 32 鋳込速度判定 33 欠陥率判定 34 鋳込速度コード作成 35 鋳造命令 36 実行 REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1 tundish 2 molten steel 3 immersion nozzle 4 opening adjustment device 5 continuous casting mold 6 slab 11 data 12 input 13 computer 14 quality required level 15 input 16 output 17 casting command 18 controller 21 casting speed and defect occurrence rate for each steel type Investigation 22 Correction data 31 Enter the product quality requirement level Q within the same charge 32 Casting speed judgment 33 Defect rate judgment 34 Casting speed code creation 35 Casting instruction 36 Execution

Claims (2)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項1】 鋼の連続鋳造に当り、あらかじめ鋼種ご
とに鋳込速度と製品欠陥との関係を求め、この関係を記
憶させておき、同一チャージ内の各製品の品質要求レベ
ルに応じて前記記憶した関係を用いて各スラブの鋳込速
度の上限値を決定し、スラブ寸法及び前記鋳込速度の上
限値から各スラブの鋳造操業条件をランク分けし、同一
操業条件のスラブをスラブ幅ごとに集約し、前記ランク
分けした操業条件の近似する順番にスラブの連続鋳造命
令を実行することを特徴とする連続鋳造操業方法。
In a continuous casting of steel, a relationship between a casting speed and a product defect is determined in advance for each steel type, and this relationship is stored, and the relationship is stored in accordance with the quality requirement level of each product within the same charge. The upper limit value of the casting speed of each slab is determined using the stored relationship, the casting operation conditions of each slab are ranked based on the slab dimensions and the upper limit value of the casting speed, and slabs of the same operation condition are classified by slab width. And continuously executing slab continuous casting instructions in an order that approximates the ranked operating conditions.
【請求項2】 前記鋼種ごとの鋳込速度と製品欠陥との
関係は、鋳込速度に対するコイル内欠陥混入率及び又は
内部介在物発生率としたことを特徴とする請求項1記載
の連続鋳造操業方法。
2. The continuous casting method according to claim 1, wherein the relationship between the casting speed and the product defect for each steel type is a defect mixing ratio in the coil and / or an internal inclusion generation ratio with respect to the casting speed. Operation method.
JP15125497A 1997-06-09 1997-06-09 Operation of continuous casting Pending JPH11748A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP15125497A JPH11748A (en) 1997-06-09 1997-06-09 Operation of continuous casting

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP15125497A JPH11748A (en) 1997-06-09 1997-06-09 Operation of continuous casting

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH11748A true JPH11748A (en) 1999-01-06

Family

ID=15514652

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP15125497A Pending JPH11748A (en) 1997-06-09 1997-06-09 Operation of continuous casting

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH11748A (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS60132888A (en) * 1983-11-29 1985-07-15 ソシエテ アノニム ラドウテ カタログ Device for picking up amorphous article
JP2002192311A (en) * 2000-12-21 2002-07-10 Nippon Steel Corp Method for manufacturing continuously casting slab and steel plate excellent in internal quality
CN102784800A (en) * 2011-12-07 2012-11-21 鞍钢股份有限公司 Control method for bearing steel center porosity defect

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS60132888A (en) * 1983-11-29 1985-07-15 ソシエテ アノニム ラドウテ カタログ Device for picking up amorphous article
JPH0133426B2 (en) * 1983-11-29 1989-07-13 Radote Katarogu Sa
JP2002192311A (en) * 2000-12-21 2002-07-10 Nippon Steel Corp Method for manufacturing continuously casting slab and steel plate excellent in internal quality
CN102784800A (en) * 2011-12-07 2012-11-21 鞍钢股份有限公司 Control method for bearing steel center porosity defect

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