JPH11170426A - Transparent conductive film - Google Patents
Transparent conductive filmInfo
- Publication number
- JPH11170426A JPH11170426A JP9347416A JP34741697A JPH11170426A JP H11170426 A JPH11170426 A JP H11170426A JP 9347416 A JP9347416 A JP 9347416A JP 34741697 A JP34741697 A JP 34741697A JP H11170426 A JPH11170426 A JP H11170426A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- film
- resin
- transparent conductive
- ray
- conductive film
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は透明導電フイルムに
関する。より詳しくは、ポリエーテルスルホンフイルム
（以下ＰＥＳフイルムと云う。）の少なくとも片面に硬
質な有機物質層を設けた透明導電フイルムの材質と構造
に関するものである。The present invention relates to a transparent conductive film. More specifically, the present invention relates to the material and structure of a transparent conductive film in which a hard organic material layer is provided on at least one surface of a polyethersulfone film (hereinafter referred to as a PES film).
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】近年液晶ディスプレー透明電極、エレク
トロルミネッセンス面発光ディスプレー電極透明スイッ
チ等の目的とした透明導電性フイルムの研究が盛んにな
り一部は電卓、時計その他の計測機器の表示などで実用
化の域に到達している。従来ＰＥＳフイルムにインジウ
ムを主成分とする酸化物を形成したフイルムがＬＣＤ等
の光学素子電極材として検討されている。そこで、直接
フイルム上に導電性薄膜を形成した場合、フイルムと薄
膜の密着性が悪いため得られた導電フイルムの耐擦傷
性、耐湿安定性、導電安定性、耐折り曲げ性と言った性
能が劣り、このため限られた分野にしか用いられない
か、或は使用上特別の注意を要するなどの問題がある。
生産性も考慮した上でかかる欠点を解消する方法とし
て、支持フイルム層と導電薄膜層の間にいわゆるアンダ
ーコート層と呼ぶ紫外線硬化樹脂層を介在せしめるとい
う方法が考案され、大幅な性能向上が図られている。2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, research on transparent conductive films for liquid crystal display transparent electrodes, electroluminescent surface emitting display electrode transparent switches, etc. has been actively pursued, and some of them have been put to practical use in the display of calculators, watches and other measuring instruments. Has reached the area. Conventionally, a film in which an oxide containing indium as a main component is formed on a PES film has been studied as an electrode material for an optical element such as an LCD. Therefore, when a conductive thin film is formed directly on a film, the performance of the obtained conductive film such as abrasion resistance, moisture resistance, conductive stability, and bending resistance is inferior due to poor adhesion between the film and the thin film. Therefore, there is a problem that it is used only in a limited field or requires special attention in use.
As a method of solving such a drawback in consideration of productivity, a method of interposing an ultraviolet curing resin layer called a so-called undercoat layer between the supporting film layer and the conductive thin film layer has been devised, and a significant improvement in performance has been achieved. Have been.
【０００３】しかし、かかる従来の透明導電フイルム
は、使用目的によっては必要となる加工工程上で過剰な
紫外線照射を受け、更に加熱を行った場合、基材である
ＰＥＳフイルムの黄変が著しく、かつ、アンダーコート
層とＰＥＳ間の接着力が著しく低下し、得られたフイル
ムは実用に耐えないものになってしまうという問題があ
る。このＰＥＳフイルムが黄変する現象を回避する方法
として、基材樹脂中に紫外線吸収剤を混合するという方
法がプラスチックフイルムには常法であるが、ＰＥＳの
押出しフイルムの場合高温押出しで製造するため、吸収
剤がフイルム製造時に分解してしまうという問題が生じ
てしまうためこの方法の採用は全く不可能である。ま
た、アンダーコート層とＰＥＳ間の接着力が著しく低下
する減少を回避する方法としてアンダーコート層に熱硬
化型樹脂を用いる方法が考えられるが、反応速度が紫外
線硬化樹脂に比べ遅い為、生産性が悪く、そして、液晶
表示素子の加工工程でさらに加熱がなされた場合、硬化
反応が進行し、当初の物性が得られなくなる場合があ
る。However, such a conventional transparent conductive film is subjected to excessive ultraviolet irradiation in a processing step required depending on the purpose of use, and when further heated, the PES film as a base material is significantly yellowed. In addition, there is a problem that the adhesive force between the undercoat layer and the PES is remarkably reduced, and the obtained film is not practical. As a method for avoiding the yellowing of the PES film, a method of mixing an ultraviolet absorber in the base resin is a common method for plastic films, but in the case of an extruded PES film, it is manufactured by high-temperature extrusion. However, this method cannot be used at all because the problem that the absorbent is decomposed during the production of the film occurs. A method of using a thermosetting resin for the undercoat layer can be considered as a method of avoiding a decrease in the adhesive strength between the undercoat layer and the PES, but the reaction speed is slower than that of the ultraviolet curable resin. When the heating is further performed in the processing step of the liquid crystal display element, the curing reaction proceeds, and the initial physical properties may not be obtained.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明はポリエーテル
スルホン樹脂を基板とし、この少なくとも片面に硬質な
有機硬化被膜を設け、基板の材料の加工工程である洗浄
工程、パターニングなどに用いられる有機溶剤との接触
から保護せしめると同時に、紫外線照射・加熱処理によ
り、黄変、及び、接着力が低下することを著しく改良し
た透明導電フイルムを提供せんとするものである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a polyethersulfone resin as a substrate, a hard organic cured film provided on at least one side of the substrate, and an organic solvent used in a cleaning process, a patterning process, etc., which is a process of processing the material of the substrate. It is intended to provide a transparent conductive film which is protected from contact with the film and, at the same time, has a significantly improved yellowing and a decrease in adhesive strength due to ultraviolet irradiation and heat treatment.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決する為の手段】本発明者は、ＰＥＳフイル
ムが黄変する欠点に寄与する紫外線は320ｎｍ以下であ
るという知見（特開昭63-32619号公報）と、紫外線硬化
樹脂層とＰＥＳ間の接着力の低下に関与するのは光増感
剤の励起域に相当する紫外線の過剰照射によるという事
実に基づいて鋭意検討を進めた。その結果、短波長域の
紫外線を効率良くカットしてＰＥＳフイルムの黄変を防
ぐと供に、紫外線照射及び加熱によりＰＥＳの上の当該
硬化被膜が何ら影響を受けない塗膜形成方法や、影響を
抑制する方法を見い出し本願発明を成すに到ったすなわ
ち本発明は、ポリエーテルスルホンフイルムの少なくと
も片面に硬質な有機物質からなる処理層が設けられ、該
処理層上にインジウムを主成分とする金属酸化物の透明
導電膜が形成されて成る積層体において、該処理層が紫
外線吸収剤を含んだ電子線硬化樹脂層である透明導電フ
イルムであり、また該処理層が紫外線吸収剤と光安定剤
を含んだ紫外線硬化樹脂層である透明導電フイルムであ
る。更に本発明は、上記目的を達するために次の構成す
なわち基材(A)と、有機物質からなる処理層(B)とインジ
ウムを主成分とする金属酸化物被膜(C)とを具備し上記
有機物質からなる処理層が紫外線吸収剤を含んだ電子線
硬化樹脂層であるものか、紫外線吸収剤と光安定剤を含
んだ紫外線硬化樹脂層であるものであり、かつ上記各層
は(A)/(B)/(C)または(B)/(A)/(B)/(C)の配列で積層され
てなる透明導電フイルムである。Means for Solving the Problems The present inventor has found that the ultraviolet light which contributes to the defect that the PES film turns yellow is 320 nm or less (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-32619), Based on the fact that the decrease in the adhesive force between the layers is caused by the excessive irradiation of ultraviolet rays corresponding to the excitation region of the photosensitizer, the intense study was conducted. As a result, a method for forming a coating film in which the cured coating on the PES is not affected at all by the irradiation and heating of the ultraviolet light, while efficiently cutting the ultraviolet light in the short wavelength region to prevent yellowing of the PES film, In other words, the present invention provides a treatment layer made of a hard organic substance on at least one surface of a polyethersulfone film, and has a main component of indium on the treatment layer. In a laminate formed by forming a transparent conductive film of a metal oxide, the processing layer is a transparent conductive film that is an electron beam-curable resin layer containing an ultraviolet absorber, and the processing layer is light-stable with the ultraviolet absorber. A transparent conductive film which is an ultraviolet curable resin layer containing an agent. Further, the present invention has the following structure to achieve the above object, namely, a base material (A), a treatment layer made of an organic substance (B) and a metal oxide film containing indium as a main component (C). The treatment layer made of an organic substance is an electron beam-curable resin layer containing an ultraviolet absorber, or an ultraviolet-curable resin layer containing an ultraviolet absorber and a light stabilizer, and each of the above layers is (A) It is a transparent conductive film laminated in an arrangement of / (B) / (C) or (B) / (A) / (B) / (C).
【０００６】 〔発明の詳細な説明〕 本発明に用いられるＰＥＳフイルムは通常市販されてい
る押出法ＰＥＳフイルムである。該フイルムは優れた透
明性を有し、耐熱性に優れ、就く非旋光性に優れたフイ
ルムである。フイルムの厚さは50〜300μｍであり、好
ましくは75〜125μｍである。ついで前記フイルムの少
なくとも片面に樹脂ワニスを塗布し乾燥により溶剤を除
去する。この際樹脂系としては溶剤除去後造膜性を有す
る樹脂系即ち固形の樹脂を添加したワニスが均一塗布と
いう観点から好ましい。具体的には電子線硬化、光硬化
性樹脂としてエポキシジアクリレート、ウレタンジアク
リレート、ポリエステルジアクリレート等のいわゆるア
クリルプレポリマーと、１価または多価のアクリルモノ
マーの混合物が挙げられる。[Detailed Description of the Invention] The PES film used in the present invention is a commercially available extruded PES film. The film has excellent transparency, excellent heat resistance, and excellent non-rotational properties. The thickness of the film is 50-300 μm, preferably 75-125 μm. Next, a resin varnish is applied to at least one side of the film, and the solvent is removed by drying. In this case, as the resin system, a resin system having a film forming property after removing the solvent, that is, a varnish to which a solid resin is added is preferable from the viewpoint of uniform coating. Specifically, a mixture of a so-called acrylic prepolymer such as epoxy diacrylate, urethane diacrylate, or polyester diacrylate and a monovalent or polyvalent acrylic monomer as an electron beam-curable or photocurable resin can be given.
【０００７】この際樹脂系として、硬化方法に紫外線を
利用する場合は本発明の主旨に基づき、光増感剤の他に
硬化被膜への影響を抑制するための光安定剤の添加が必
要となる。光増感剤の種類は320ｎｍ以上の波長の紫外
線により励起される範疇に分類される増感剤が好まし
い。光安定剤はラジカル捕獲剤としてはたらく為、添加
量に注意する必要があり、種類としてはヒンダードアミ
ン系、ベンゾエート系化合物が挙げられる。具体的には
ビス(１,２,２,６,６−ペンタメチル−４−ピペリジル)
セバケート、ビス(２,２,６,６−テトラメチル−４−ピ
ペリジル)セバケートや、２，４−ジ−ｔ−ブチルフェ
ニル−３,５−ジ−ｔ−ブチル−４−ヒドロシキベンゾ
エートが挙げられる。In this case, when ultraviolet rays are used for the curing method as the resin system, it is necessary to add a light stabilizer for suppressing the effect on the cured film in addition to the photosensitizer based on the gist of the present invention. Become. As the type of the photosensitizer, a sensitizer classified into a category excited by ultraviolet rays having a wavelength of 320 nm or more is preferable. Since the light stabilizer acts as a radical scavenger, it is necessary to pay attention to the amount of the light stabilizer. Examples of the kind include hindered amine compounds and benzoate compounds. Specifically, bis (1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)
Sebacate, bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate and 2,4-di-t-butylphenyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate Can be
【０００８】次に樹脂ワニスに混合する紫外線吸収剤の
選択だが過去の知見（特開平8-11255号公報）に基ずき3
20ｎｍ未満の波長域の紫外光吸収ピークをもつ範疇に分
類される吸収剤を用いることが肝要である。紫外線吸収
剤として一般的にはベンゾトリアゾール系、ベンゾフェ
ノン系、サリチル酸系、シアノアクリレート系化合物が
あげられるが、特に好ましいのはトリアジン系化合物で
あり、具体的には２−(２,４−ジヒドロキシフェニル)
−４,６−ビス(２,４−ジメチルフェニル)−１,３,５ト
リアジンとグリシジル＝アルキル(C10-16、但し主とし
てC12-13)＝エーテルとの反応生成物が挙げられる。そ
して、ワニス中への溶解、均一分散を考慮すると、液状
のものが好ましい。Next, selection of an ultraviolet absorber to be mixed with the resin varnish is based on past knowledge (JP-A-8-11255).
It is important to use an absorbent classified in a category having an ultraviolet light absorption peak in a wavelength range of less than 20 nm. Examples of the ultraviolet absorber generally include benzotriazole-based, benzophenone-based, salicylic acid-based, and cyanoacrylate-based compounds. Particularly preferred are triazine-based compounds, and specifically, 2- (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl). )
Reaction products of -4,6-bis (2,4-dimethylphenyl) -1,3,5 triazine and glycidyl-alkyl (C10-16, but mainly C12-13) = ether can be mentioned. In consideration of dissolution and uniform dispersion in the varnish, a liquid material is preferable.
【０００９】基板に樹脂被膜を形成させる手段としては
グラビアコート法、リバースロールコート法、キスロー
ルコート法などがあるが、いずれの方法を用いても工業
的な製造を考慮すると５分以内で硬化できるものが望ま
しい。そして、樹脂被膜の硬化方法の選択だが、本発明
主旨に基づき硬化樹脂が紫外線、加熱により著しく反応
が進行、劣化しないことが肝要であり、具体的には電子
線照射による硬化方法(特開平7-77685号公報)が公知で
あり、挙げられる。なお、硬化被膜は実質的に透明で光
学当方性でなければならない。Means for forming a resin film on the substrate include a gravure coating method, a reverse roll coating method, and a kiss roll coating method, and any of these methods can be cured within 5 minutes in consideration of industrial production. What can be done is desirable. Although the method of curing the resin film is selected, it is essential that the cured resin does not significantly undergo a reaction due to ultraviolet rays and heating and does not deteriorate based on the gist of the present invention. -77685) is publicly known. The cured coating must be substantially transparent and optically isotropic.
【００１０】次いで透明導電層がかかる塗膜上に形成さ
れる。透明導電層は金属酸化物の薄膜であり酸化インジ
ウム、酸化錫、酸化カドミウム等であり、これらのうち
特に５〜１０重量％の酸化スズを含有した酸化インジウ
ムの薄膜を形成することが好ましい。これらの膜厚は５
０Å〜５００Åの範囲で適宜選定することが可能であ
る。これらの薄膜はスパッタリング法、イオンプレーテ
ィング法等公知の手段により形成される。[0010] A transparent conductive layer is then formed on the coating. The transparent conductive layer is a thin film of a metal oxide such as indium oxide, tin oxide, and cadmium oxide. Of these, it is particularly preferable to form a thin film of indium oxide containing 5 to 10% by weight of tin oxide. Their film thickness is 5
It can be appropriately selected in the range of 0 ° to 500 °. These thin films are formed by a known method such as a sputtering method and an ion plating method.
【００１１】[0011]
【実施例】次に、実施例に基づいて本発明の実施態様を
説明する。 《実施例１》ＰＥＳフイルム(厚さ０.１mm、可視光線透
過率８９％)に次の条件で硬化被膜を形成した。 電子線硬化樹脂配合割合 メチルセロソルブアセテート35％を含むエポキシアクリレート溶液 １５重量％ 酢酸ブチル20％を含むトリメチルプロパンアクリレート溶液 １８重量％ ２−(２,４−ジヒドロキシフェニル)−４,６−ビス(２,４−ジメチ ルフェニル)−１,３,５トリアジンとグリシジル＝アルキル(C10-16、 但し主としてC12-13)＝エーテルとの反応生成物 1.１重量％ （最大有効吸収波長＝285nm） 溶媒 酢酸エチル／ブチルセロソルブ（重量比４／１) 残量 上記の樹脂ワニス１５g/m2をグラビアロールコーターで
塗布したのち１２０℃で２分間乾燥してから、電子線を
１６０ＫＶで３Ｍrad照射して膜厚２.５μｍの硬化被膜
を形成した。Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described based on examples. Example 1 A cured film was formed on a PES film (0.1 mm in thickness, 89% visible light transmittance) under the following conditions. Mixing ratio of electron beam curable resin Epoxy acrylate solution containing 35% of methyl cellosolve acetate 15% by weight Trimethyl propane acrylate solution containing 20% of butyl acetate 18% by weight 2- (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -4,6-bis (2 Reaction product of 1,4-dimethylphenyl) -1,3,5 triazine and glycidyl alkyl (C10-16, but mainly C12-13) = ether 1.1% by weight (maximum effective absorption wavelength = 285 nm) Solvent Acetic acid Ethyl / butyl cellosolve (weight ratio: 4/1) Residue 15 g / m 2 of the above resin varnish was applied with a gravure roll coater, dried at 120 ° C. for 2 minutes, and then irradiated with an electron beam at 160 KV for 3 Mrad to obtain a film thickness of 2 A cured film of 0.5 μm was formed.
【００１２】 《実施例２》 紫外線硬化樹脂配合割合 メチルセロソルブアセテート35％を含むエポキシアクリレート溶液 １５重量％ 酢酸ブチル20％を含むトリメチルプロパンアクリレート溶液 １８重量％ ４,４'−ジエチルアミノベンゾフェノン ０.８重量％ （最大有効吸収波長＝365nm） ２−(２,４−ジヒドロキシフェニル)−４,６−ビス(２,４−ジメチ ルフェニル)−１,３,５トリアジンとグリシジル＝アルキル(C10-16、 但し主としてC12-13)＝エーテルとの反応生成物 １.１重量％ （最大有効吸収波長＝285nm） ビス(１,２,２,６,６−ペンタメチル−４−ピペリジル)セバケート ０.５重量％ 溶媒 酢酸エチル／ブチルセロソルブ(重量比４／１) 残量 上記の樹脂ワニス１５g/m2をグラビアロールコーターで
塗布したのち１２０℃で２分間乾燥してから、高圧水銀
ランプにより紫外線を４００mJ/cm2照射して膜厚２.５
μｍの硬化被膜を形成した。<< Example 2 >> Compounding ratio of ultraviolet curable resin 15% by weight of epoxy acrylate solution containing 35% of methyl cellosolve acetate 18% by weight of trimethylpropane acrylate solution containing 20% of butyl acetate 0.8% by weight of 4,4'-diethylaminobenzophenone % (Maximum effective absorption wavelength = 365 nm) 2- (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -4,6-bis (2,4-dimethylphenyl) -1,3,5 triazine and glycidyl alkyl (C10-16, provided that Mainly C12-13) = reaction product with ether 1.1% by weight (maximum effective absorption wavelength = 285 nm) Bis (1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate 0.5% by weight Solvent ethyl acetate / butyl cellosolve (weight ratio 4/1) remaining above resin varnish 15 g / m 2 after drying for 2 minutes at 120 ° C. was coated with a gravure roll coater, Pressure mercury lamp ultraviolet 400 mJ / cm 2 was irradiated by a thickness 2.5
A cured film of μm was formed.
【００１３】《比較例１》実施例２に於いて、紫外線硬
化樹脂配合成分で紫外線吸収剤と光安定剤の両方とも含
まない処方とした以外は全く同様の操作を行った。 《比較例２》実施例２に於いて、光安定剤を含まない処
方とした以外は全く同様の操作を行った。 《比較例３》実施例１に於いて、紫外線吸収剤を含まな
い処方とした以外は全く同様の操作を行った。 上記で得られたフイルムの物性を表１に記す。表１の接
着性は、フイルムの有機物質層上にエポキシ系熱硬化型
樹脂(ERS-1000/1800 住友ベークライト製)をもってスク
リーン印刷し、同フイルムで貼合わせた後、加熱硬化さ
せたものを９０°剥離試験した。<Comparative Example 1> The same operation as in Example 2 was carried out except that the UV curable resin was used in such a manner that neither the UV absorber nor the light stabilizer was used. << Comparative Example 2 >> The same operation as in Example 2 was carried out except that the formulation did not contain a light stabilizer. << Comparative Example 3 >> The same operation as in Example 1 was carried out except that the formulation did not contain an ultraviolet absorbent. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the film obtained above. The adhesiveness shown in Table 1 was obtained by screen printing an epoxy-based thermosetting resin (ERS-1000 / 1800, manufactured by Sumitomo Bakelite) on the organic material layer of the film, bonding the film together, and heating and curing the film. ° Peel test.
【００１４】[0014]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００１５】[0015]
【発明の効果】本発明による透明導電フイルムは液晶表
示素子加工工程で紫外線照射・加熱処理を行ってもフイ
ルムの透明性、及び信頼性は損なわず、良好な液晶表示
素子を得ることができた。According to the transparent conductive film of the present invention, the transparency and reliability of the film are not impaired even if ultraviolet light irradiation and heat treatment are performed in the liquid crystal display element processing step, and a good liquid crystal display element can be obtained. .
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 ＦＩ Ｈ０１Ｂ 5/14 Ｈ０１Ｂ 5/14 Ａ ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. 6 Identification code FI H01B 5/14 H01B 5/14 A
Claims (2)
とも片面に硬質な有機物質からなる処理層が設けられ、
該処理層上にインジウムを主成分とする金属酸化物の透
明導電膜が形成されて成る積層体において、該処理層が
紫外線吸収剤を含んだ電子線硬化樹脂層であることを特
徴とする透明導電フイルム。1. A treatment layer comprising a hard organic material is provided on at least one surface of a polyether sulfone film,
In the laminate, in which a transparent conductive film of a metal oxide containing indium as a main component is formed on the treatment layer, the treatment layer is an electron beam curable resin layer containing an ultraviolet absorber. Conductive film.
とも片面に硬質な有機物質からなる処理層が設けられ、
該処理層上にインジウムを主成分とする金属酸化物の透
明導電膜が形成されて成る積層体において、該処理層が
紫外線吸収剤と光安定剤を含んだ紫外線硬化樹脂層であ
ることを特徴とする透明導電フイルム。2. A treatment layer made of a hard organic substance is provided on at least one surface of the polyethersulfone film,
In a laminated body in which a transparent conductive film of a metal oxide containing indium as a main component is formed on the treatment layer, the treatment layer is an ultraviolet curable resin layer containing an ultraviolet absorber and a light stabilizer. Transparent conductive film.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP9347416A JPH11170426A (en) | 1997-12-17 | 1997-12-17 | Transparent conductive film |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP9347416A JPH11170426A (en) | 1997-12-17 | 1997-12-17 | Transparent conductive film |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH11170426A true JPH11170426A (en) | 1999-06-29 |
Family
ID=18390084
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP9347416A Pending JPH11170426A (en) | 1997-12-17 | 1997-12-17 | Transparent conductive film |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH11170426A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100788184B1 (en) * | 2005-04-28 | 2007-12-26 | 티디케이가부시기가이샤 | A transparent conductor |
| US7678446B2 (en) | 2005-06-30 | 2010-03-16 | Tdk Corporation | Transparent conductor and transparent conductive material |
| JP2020179645A (en) * | 2019-04-26 | 2020-11-05 | 株式会社クラレ | Laminate and head-up display device |
-
1997
- 1997-12-17 JP JP9347416A patent/JPH11170426A/en active Pending
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100788184B1 (en) * | 2005-04-28 | 2007-12-26 | 티디케이가부시기가이샤 | A transparent conductor |
| US7959832B2 (en) | 2005-04-28 | 2011-06-14 | Tdk Corporation | Transparent conductor |
| US7678446B2 (en) | 2005-06-30 | 2010-03-16 | Tdk Corporation | Transparent conductor and transparent conductive material |
| JP2020179645A (en) * | 2019-04-26 | 2020-11-05 | 株式会社クラレ | Laminate and head-up display device |
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