JPH0987752A - Device for cooling steel strip and method for restraining curving or steel strip - Google Patents

Device for cooling steel strip and method for restraining curving or steel strip

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Publication number
JPH0987752A
JPH0987752A JP24598295A JP24598295A JPH0987752A JP H0987752 A JPH0987752 A JP H0987752A JP 24598295 A JP24598295 A JP 24598295A JP 24598295 A JP24598295 A JP 24598295A JP H0987752 A JPH0987752 A JP H0987752A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
steel strip
cooling
gas
canoeing
width direction
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP24598295A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Shunichi Shimada
俊一 嶋田
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
JFE Steel Corp
Original Assignee
Kawasaki Steel Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kawasaki Steel Corp filed Critical Kawasaki Steel Corp
Priority to JP24598295A priority Critical patent/JPH0987752A/en
Publication of JPH0987752A publication Critical patent/JPH0987752A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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  • Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a cooling device which can restrain the curving caused in a steel strip hung down in cooling process in a continuous heat treatment for the steel strip, and a cooling method. SOLUTION: The curving amount and the curving shape of the steel strip 2 are detected at the inlet of a cooling zone and the opening degree of a control valve 5 is adjusted based on this detected signal. A header 4 arranged in the cooling zone is divided into plural small chambers in the width direction of the steel strip and flow rate distribution of cooling gas is adjusted in the width direction of the steel strip for every divided small chamber to inject the cooling gas to the front surface and the back surface of the steel strip.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】Detailed Description of the Invention

【0001】[0001]

【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、広幅鋼帯の連続焼
鈍後の冷却過程において発生する鋼帯のカヌーイングを
抑制する鋼帯の冷却装置および鋼帯の冷却方法に関す
る。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a steel strip cooling device and a steel strip cooling method for suppressing canoeing of a steel strip that occurs during a cooling process after continuous annealing of a wide steel strip.

【0002】[0002]

【従来の技術】縦形方式の鋼帯の連続熱処理装置(1例
を図3に示す)においては、高さ30〜40mの縦形通路内
を自由に吊下げられた状態の鋼帯2に対して加熱と冷却
が連続的に実施される。この冷却過程において、鋼帯2
に熱応力による平面座屈現象が生じることがある。すな
わち、均熱状態又は徐冷状態から急冷状態に変化する時
に、鋼帯の幅方向に大きな圧縮応力が生じ、この圧縮応
力がその点における材料の座屈強度を越えると、鋼帯は
幅方向に座屈し、一次又は二次の座屈形態となる。その
結果、図4に示すように、縦形炉内に吊下げられた鋼帯
は、横断面がC型に湾曲する、いわゆるカヌーイング現
象を生ずる。図4(a) 、(b) はカヌーイングを生じた鋼
帯の斜視図、(c) 、(d) は(a) 、(b) に示した鋼帯の長
手方向から見た形状である。鋼帯S1 では一次、鋼帯S
2 では二次座屈を生じている。カヌーイング量は例えば
板幅B=1200mm、板厚=0.4mm の鋼帯において湾曲高さ
h=250mm となることがある。
2. Description of the Related Art In a vertical type continuous heat treatment apparatus for steel strips (one example is shown in FIG. 3), a steel strip 2 is freely suspended in a vertical passage having a height of 30 to 40 m. Heating and cooling are carried out continuously. During this cooling process, the steel strip 2
Plane buckling may occur due to thermal stress. That is, when the soaking state or the slow cooling state changes to the rapid cooling state, a large compressive stress is generated in the width direction of the steel strip, and when this compressive stress exceeds the buckling strength of the material at that point, the steel strip will be in the width direction. Buckles into a primary or secondary buckling form. As a result, as shown in FIG. 4, the steel strip suspended in the vertical furnace causes a so-called canoeing phenomenon in which the cross section is curved in a C shape. Figures 4 (a) and 4 (b) are perspective views of steel strips that have undergone canoeing, and (c) and (d) are the shapes seen from the longitudinal direction of the steel strips shown in (a) and (b). . Steel strip S 1 is primary, steel strip S
In No. 2 , secondary buckling occurs. The canoeing amount may be, for example, a curved height h = 250 mm in a steel strip having a plate width B = 1200 mm and a plate thickness = 0.4 mm.

【0003】また、カヌーイングは鋼帯両面の温度の不
均一、長手方向の張力の不均一などによっても生ずる。
カヌーイングが著しくなると、鋼帯の縁部が冷却帯の炉
壁に接触し、鋼帯に疵を生ずる問題がある。また、程度
が大きい時は鋼帯に永久変形として残り、熱処理装置後
面のロールによって折れるなどして製品不良となる問題
がある。これを抑制するために、従来は図5のように、
ブロア7で吸引した炉内ガス(ステンレスの光輝焼鈍で
はAXガス)を、ヘッダ4先端のノズルよりガスジェッ
ト3として鋼帯2の表裏面に吹付け、鋼帯の間に静圧を
発生させる方法(静圧パッド方式)が用いられている。
このヘッダ4は、鋼帯との距離を変えられるようになっ
ているのが一般的である。
Canoeing is also caused by uneven temperature on both sides of the steel strip and uneven tension in the longitudinal direction.
When the canoe becomes remarkable, there is a problem that the edge of the steel strip comes into contact with the furnace wall of the cooling zone and the steel strip is flawed. Further, when the degree is large, there is a problem that the steel strip remains as a permanent deformation and is broken by a roll on the rear surface of the heat treatment apparatus, resulting in a defective product. In order to suppress this, conventionally, as shown in FIG.
A method in which a furnace gas (AX gas in bright annealing of stainless steel) sucked by a blower 7 is blown from the nozzle at the tip of the header 4 to the front and back surfaces of the steel strip 2 as a gas jet 3 to generate static pressure between the steel strips. (Static pressure pad system) is used.
The header 4 is generally designed so that its distance from the steel strip can be changed.

【0004】しかしながらこの方法では、幅方向に一様
なガス流速(圧力)で吹付けているため、鋼帯幅方向の
変化に追従できず、カヌーイングの抑制効果が不十分で
あった。カヌーイング抑制のため、ガス流速を大にすれ
ば、ブロワを非常に大きくしなければならないし、速度
が大きくなり過ぎると、鋼帯のばたつき等の問題が起こ
ることもある。因みに、ステンレス光輝焼鈍のAXガス
の場合、吹付け速度は150〜180m/sが一般的である。
However, according to this method, since the gas flow velocity (pressure) is uniform in the width direction, it is not possible to follow the change in the width direction of the steel strip, and the effect of suppressing canoeing is insufficient. To suppress canoeing, the blower must be made very large if the gas velocity is increased, and if the velocity is too high, problems such as flapping of the steel strip may occur. By the way, in the case of stainless bright annealed AX gas, the spraying speed is generally 150 to 180 m / s.

【0005】[0005]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、上記問題点
を有利に解決して、このカヌーイングをより効果的に抑
制し、鋼帯に欠陥が生ずるのを防止する、鋼帯の冷却装
置および鋼帯のカヌーイング抑制方法を提供することを
目的とする。
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present invention advantageously solves the above-mentioned problems, more effectively suppresses this canoeing, and prevents defects in the steel strip from occurring. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for suppressing canoeing of a steel strip.

【0006】[0006]

【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、熱処理装置の
冷却帯で鋼帯を冷却する冷却装置であって、冷却帯入側
近傍に設置され、鋼帯のカヌーイングを検出するカヌー
イング検出装置と、冷却帯の内部ガスを吸引するブロワ
と、該検出装置からの出力信号により開閉し、該ブロワ
により吸引されたガスの流量を調整する調整弁と、該ガ
スを鋼帯の表面及び裏面に冷却ガスジェットとして吹付
ける少なくとも1対のヘッダとからなり、該ヘッダが鋼
帯幅方向に複数の小室に分割され、該小室には前記調整
弁がそれぞれ付設されてなることを特徴とする鋼帯の冷
却装置であり、また本発明は、鋼帯の冷却過程におい
て、冷却帯入側で鋼帯のカヌーイングを検出し、該検出
に基づいて鋼帯幅方向に冷却ガスの流速分布をつけて冷
却することを特徴とする鋼帯のカヌーイング抑制方法で
ある。
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a cooling device for cooling a steel strip in a cooling zone of a heat treatment apparatus, which is installed near the inlet side of the cooling zone and detects canoeing of the steel strip. A device, a blower that sucks the gas inside the cooling zone, a control valve that opens and closes according to the output signal from the detection device, and adjusts the flow rate of the gas sucked by the blower, and the front and back surfaces of the steel strip for the gas. Steel comprising at least one pair of headers sprayed as a cooling gas jet onto the steel strip, the headers being divided into a plurality of small chambers in the width direction of the steel strip, and each of the small chambers being provided with the adjusting valve. The present invention is a strip cooling device, and the present invention detects canoeing of a steel strip on the cooling strip entrance side in the cooling process of the steel strip, and based on the detection, a flow velocity distribution of the cooling gas is applied in the width direction of the steel strip. Characterized by cooling by That is a canoeing suppression method of the steel strip.

【0007】[0007]

【発明の実施の形態】図1(a) 、(b) に、本発明の冷却
装置の1実施例を模式的に示す。図1(a) は冷却帯のヘ
ッダ部の横断面、図1(b) は縦断面であり、あわせてヘ
ッダ部の系統ブロック図を示してある。冷却帯の炉壁1
内には鋼帯2が吊下げられて下方に進行し、その両面に
ガスジェット3を吹付けるヘッダ4が少なくとも1対設
けられている。ヘッダ4は必要に応じ長手方向に複数段
設けてもよい。ヘッダ4は、本発明では鋼帯幅方向にわ
たって複数の小室に分割されている。ヘッダ4の分割さ
れた小室ごとに、鋼帯にガスジェットを吹付けるための
ノズルが取付けられている。ノズルの形状は、孔あるい
はスリットいずれでも良く、特に限定しない。ヘッダ4
の小室には、それぞれにガス流量を調整できる調整弁5
が付設され、小室ごとに流量の変更ができるように配慮
されている。分割の程度は熱処理装置の特性にあわせれ
ば良く、特に限定しない。なお、ヘッダ4は鋼帯との距
離を変更できる機構を有してもよい。
1 (a) and 1 (b) schematically show an embodiment of a cooling device of the present invention. FIG. 1 (a) is a horizontal section of the header section of the cooling zone, and FIG. 1 (b) is a vertical section, together with a system block diagram of the header section. Cooling zone furnace wall 1
At least one pair of headers 4 are provided inside which a steel strip 2 is suspended and travels downward, and a gas jet 3 is sprayed on both sides thereof. The header 4 may be provided in a plurality of stages in the longitudinal direction if necessary. In the present invention, the header 4 is divided into a plurality of small chambers in the width direction of the steel strip. A nozzle for spraying a gas jet on the steel strip is attached to each of the divided small chambers of the header 4. The shape of the nozzle may be either a hole or a slit and is not particularly limited. Header 4
In each of the small chambers, there is an adjusting valve 5 that can adjust the gas flow rate.
Is attached so that the flow rate can be changed for each small room. The degree of division is not particularly limited as long as it matches the characteristics of the heat treatment apparatus. The header 4 may have a mechanism capable of changing the distance from the steel strip.

【0008】鋼帯2の冷却帯入側近傍に鋼帯2のカヌー
イング形状及び量を検出するカヌーイング検出装置6が
設けられている。炉内のガスはブロワ7によって吸引さ
れ、ガス流量を調整する調整弁5を通り、ヘッダ4から
鋼帯2の表面及び裏面に吹付け、鋼帯2とノズル間に静
圧力を発生させる。この静圧力により、カヌーイングが
抑制できる。調整弁5はカヌーイング検出装置6から信
号を受けて調整弁制御装置8によりその開度を調整し、
各ヘッダ小室からの流量を変更し、カヌーイング抑制に
最適な幅方向のガス流速(圧力)分布を調節する。
A canoeing detection device 6 for detecting the canoeing shape and amount of the steel strip 2 is provided near the cooling strip entrance side of the steel strip 2. The gas in the furnace is sucked by the blower 7, passes through the adjusting valve 5 that adjusts the gas flow rate, and is blown from the header 4 onto the front and back surfaces of the steel strip 2 to generate static pressure between the steel strip 2 and the nozzle. This static pressure can suppress canoeing. The adjustment valve 5 receives a signal from the canoeing detection device 6 and adjusts its opening degree by the adjustment valve control device 8,
The flow rate from each header chamber is changed to adjust the gas flow velocity (pressure) distribution in the width direction that is optimal for suppressing canoeing.

【0009】ノズルより鋼帯表裏面への吹付けガスは特
に限定しないが、例えばステンレス光輝焼鈍炉ではAX
ガス(H2 :75%、N2 :25%)が好適である。カヌー
イングを抑制するためには、鋼帯に作用する力を、カヌ
ーイングによる湾曲を矯正する方向にモーメントとして
作用させることが効果的である。即ち、図2(a-1) に示
すように、例えば一次座屈でC型に変形しようとする場
合では、凸側面(鋼帯の長手方向に直角な断面における
湾曲形の反りの外側の面)は、ヘッダ4の幅方向中央部
の小室からガスを強く吹出させ、両端はそれより少なく
するか、もしくは閉とする。凹側面は逆に中央部を弱く
し、両端部からガスを吹出させるように調整する。二次
座屈のW形状の場合も、図2(a-2) に示すように、鋼帯
の凹凸に合わせてヘッダ4の小室からのガス吹出の調整
を行う。本発明では冷却帯入側に、すなわち当ヘッダ設
置部の上部にカヌーイング検出装置を設けてカヌーイン
グ形状及び量を検出し、検出されたカヌーイング形状、
量に応じてヘッダ4の小室と連結する調整弁5を調整
し、鋼帯の表面と裏面の幅方向のガス流速分布を調整す
る。
The gas sprayed from the nozzle to the front and back surfaces of the steel strip is not particularly limited, but for example in a stainless bright annealing furnace, AX
Gas (H 2 : 75%, N 2 : 25%) is preferred. In order to suppress canoeing, it is effective to cause the force acting on the steel strip to act as a moment in the direction of correcting the curve due to canoeing. That is, as shown in FIG. 2 (a-1), for example, in the case of trying to deform into C-shape by primary buckling, the convex side surface (the outer surface of the curved warp in the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the steel strip) In (), the gas is strongly blown out from the small chamber in the central portion in the width direction of the header 4, and both ends are made smaller or closed. On the contrary, the concave side is weakened at the center and adjusted so that gas is blown out from both ends. Also in the case of the W shape of secondary buckling, as shown in FIG. 2 (a-2), the gas blowout from the small chamber of the header 4 is adjusted according to the unevenness of the steel strip. In the present invention, a canoeing detection device is provided on the cooling zone entrance side, that is, at the top of the header installation portion to detect the canoeing shape and amount, and the detected canoeing shape,
The adjusting valve 5 connected to the small chamber of the header 4 is adjusted according to the amount, and the gas flow velocity distribution in the width direction of the front surface and the back surface of the steel strip is adjusted.

【0010】また、図2(b) に点線で示すように、ヘッ
ダ4の位置を鋼帯に対し前後に動かし、鋼帯との距離を
調整することにより、鋼帯の静圧力を変化させてもよ
い。
As shown by the dotted line in FIG. 2 (b), the header 4 is moved back and forth with respect to the steel strip to adjust the distance from the steel strip to change the static pressure of the steel strip. Good.

【0011】[0011]

【実施例】図3に示すステンレス鋼帯の光輝焼鈍設備
で、板幅1250mm、板厚 0.3〜0.4mmの鋼帯をライン速度5
0m/分の条件で通板すると、図5に示す冷却装置で冷
却した場合にはカヌーイングの湾曲高さhが 200〜250m
m に及ぶことがあった。鋼帯2は長さ40mを自由に吊下
げられているので、このようなカヌーイングが生じる
と、鋼帯2の縁部が炉壁1に接触し製品不良となる。図
1に示す本発明の冷却装置で鋼帯幅方向に各部の静圧力
を調節して通板したところ、カヌーイング量は50〜100m
m に減少し、鋼帯への疵発生や永久変形による後面ロー
ルでの折れ発生が全くなくなった。なお、鋼帯幅方向各
部の流速分布は幅方向に5分割し、中央部表面側を弱
く、裏面側を強くし、表面側両端部ブロックを強く、裏
面側両端部を弱くした。
[Example] In the bright annealing equipment for a stainless steel strip shown in FIG. 3, a steel strip having a strip width of 1250 mm and a strip thickness of 0.3 to 0.4 mm was used at a line speed of 5
When the plate is run under the condition of 0 m / min, the curved height h of the canoe is 200 to 250 m when cooled by the cooling device shown in FIG.
It could reach m. Since the steel strip 2 is freely suspended with a length of 40 m, when such canoeing occurs, the edge of the steel strip 2 comes into contact with the furnace wall 1 and a product defect occurs. When the static pressure of each part was adjusted in the width direction of the steel strip to pass through the plate with the cooling device of the present invention shown in FIG. 1, the canoeing amount was 50 to 100 m.
It was reduced to m and the occurrence of flaws on the steel strip and breakage on the rear roll due to permanent deformation was completely eliminated. In addition, the flow velocity distribution of each part in the width direction of the steel strip was divided into five in the width direction, the central part front surface side was weakened, the back surface side was strengthened, the front surface side both end blocks were strong, and the back surface side both end parts were weakened.

【0012】[0012]

【発明の効果】本発明によれば、鋼帯の冷却過程におい
て通板する鋼帯の条件に合わせて、カヌーイングを効果
的に抑制することができるようになった。鋼帯が炉内壁
に接触して疵が生じる問題や永久変形による後面ロール
での折れによる問題が皆無となった。
As described above, according to the present invention, canoeing can be effectively suppressed in accordance with the conditions of the steel strip passed through during the cooling process of the steel strip. There was no problem of the steel strip contacting the inner wall of the furnace to cause flaws or the problem of breakage of the rear roll due to permanent deformation.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of drawings]

【図1】本発明の冷却装置の1実施例を示す模式図であ
り、(a) は冷却装置の横断面図を、(b) は縦断面図を、
装置のブロック図とともに示す。
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing one embodiment of a cooling device of the present invention, (a) is a horizontal sectional view of the cooling device, and (b) is a vertical sectional view thereof.
It is shown together with a block diagram of the device.

【図2】本発明のカヌーイング抑制方法の1実施例を示
す模式図であり、(a-1) は一次座屈の場合、(a-2) は二
次座屈の場合である。(b) はヘッダ4の縦断面を示す。
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of the canoeing suppressing method of the present invention, where (a-1) is the case of primary buckling and (a-2) is the case of secondary buckling. (b) shows a vertical section of the header 4.

【図3】縦型連続焼鈍装置の全体構成を示す縦断面図で
ある。
FIG. 3 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing the overall configuration of a vertical continuous annealing device.

【図4】カヌーイングの説明図である。FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of canoeing.

【図5】従来の鋼帯の冷却装置を示す模式図であり、
(a) は横断面図、(b) は縦断面図である。
FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a conventional steel strip cooling device,
(a) is a transverse sectional view, and (b) is a longitudinal sectional view.

【符号の説明】[Explanation of symbols]

1 炉壁 2 鋼帯 3 ガスジェット 4 ヘッダ 5 調整弁 6 カヌーイング検出装置 7 ブロワ 8 調整弁制御装置 1 Furnace wall 2 Steel strip 3 Gas jet 4 Header 5 Regulator valve 6 Canoeing detector 7 Blower 8 Regulator valve controller

Claims (2)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項1】 熱処理装置の冷却帯で鋼帯を冷却する冷
却装置であって、冷却帯入側近傍に設置され、鋼帯のカ
ヌーイングを検出するカヌーイング検出装置と、冷却帯
の内部ガスを吸引するブロワと、該検出装置からの出力
信号により開閉し、該ブロワにより吸引されたガスの流
量を調整する調整弁と、該ガスを鋼帯の表面及び裏面に
冷却ガスジェットとして吹付ける少なくとも1対のヘッ
ダとからなり、該ヘッダが鋼帯幅方向に複数の小室に分
割され、該小室には前記調整弁がそれぞれ付設されてな
ることを特徴とする鋼帯の冷却装置。
1. A cooling device for cooling a steel strip in a cooling zone of a heat treatment apparatus, which is installed near a cooling zone entrance side, detects a canoe of the steel strip, and an internal gas of the cooling zone. A blower that sucks in, a control valve that opens and closes according to an output signal from the detection device, and adjusts the flow rate of the gas sucked by the blower, and at least blows the gas as a cooling gas jet onto the front and back surfaces of the steel strip. A cooling device for a steel strip, comprising a pair of headers, the header being divided into a plurality of small chambers in the width direction of the steel strip, and each of the small chambers being provided with the adjusting valve.
【請求項2】 鋼帯の冷却過程において、冷却帯入側で
鋼帯のカヌーイングを検出し、該検出に基づいて鋼帯幅
方向に冷却ガスの流速分布をつけて冷却することを特徴
とする鋼帯のカヌーイング抑制方法。
2. In the cooling process of the steel strip, canoeing of the steel strip is detected on the inlet side of the cooling strip, and based on the detection, cooling is performed by providing a flow velocity distribution of the cooling gas in the width direction of the steel strip. Method for suppressing canoeing of steel strips.
JP24598295A 1995-09-25 1995-09-25 Device for cooling steel strip and method for restraining curving or steel strip Pending JPH0987752A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP24598295A JPH0987752A (en) 1995-09-25 1995-09-25 Device for cooling steel strip and method for restraining curving or steel strip

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP24598295A JPH0987752A (en) 1995-09-25 1995-09-25 Device for cooling steel strip and method for restraining curving or steel strip

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH0987752A true JPH0987752A (en) 1997-03-31

Family

ID=17141722

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP24598295A Pending JPH0987752A (en) 1995-09-25 1995-09-25 Device for cooling steel strip and method for restraining curving or steel strip

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Country Link
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100963064B1 (en) * 2008-03-31 2010-06-14 주식회사 포스코 Cooling bend plate cooling pattern controller system
KR20180071562A (en) * 2016-12-20 2018-06-28 주식회사 포스코 Apparatus for preventing touch between strip and return duct insidewall
WO2023042794A1 (en) * 2021-09-16 2023-03-23 Jfeスチール株式会社 Quenching device, continuous annealing equipment, quenching method, method for manufacturing steel sheet, and method for manufacturing plated steel sheet

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100963064B1 (en) * 2008-03-31 2010-06-14 주식회사 포스코 Cooling bend plate cooling pattern controller system
KR20180071562A (en) * 2016-12-20 2018-06-28 주식회사 포스코 Apparatus for preventing touch between strip and return duct insidewall
WO2023042794A1 (en) * 2021-09-16 2023-03-23 Jfeスチール株式会社 Quenching device, continuous annealing equipment, quenching method, method for manufacturing steel sheet, and method for manufacturing plated steel sheet
JP7306590B1 (en) * 2021-09-16 2023-07-11 Jfeスチール株式会社 Quenching equipment, continuous annealing equipment, quenching method, steel sheet manufacturing method, and plated steel sheet manufacturing method

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