JPH09126768A - Horizontal displacement measuring method for push-up construction method - Google Patents
Horizontal displacement measuring method for push-up construction methodInfo
- Publication number
- JPH09126768A JPH09126768A JP7280888A JP28088895A JPH09126768A JP H09126768 A JPH09126768 A JP H09126768A JP 7280888 A JP7280888 A JP 7280888A JP 28088895 A JP28088895 A JP 28088895A JP H09126768 A JPH09126768 A JP H09126768A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- receiving area
- building structure
- horizontal displacement
- floor
- image
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
- Image Analysis (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、プッシュアップ工法用
の水平変位計測法に関し、とくにＣＣＤカメラ等のカメ
ラによる鉛直レーザ光の位置計測を利用したプッシュア
ップ工法用の水平変位計測法に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a horizontal displacement measuring method for push-up construction method, and more particularly to a horizontal displacement measuring method for push-up construction method utilizing position measurement of a vertical laser beam by a camera such as a CCD camera.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】最近、多層階建物の新しい建築生産工法
としてプッシュアップ工法が注目されている。図２を参
照するにこの工法では、まず多層階建物１の建築位置の
地盤Ｇに基礎20を作り、これにジャッキ21を取付ける。
このジャッキ21の上で最上階建物構造2tを構築した後こ
れを矢印Ｕのように上向きにジャッキ21で押上げ、その
下に次の階の各階建物構造２を構築してこれを最上階建
物構造2tと共に押上げ、さらに各階建物構造２を順次構
築しては押上げ、最後に地上階建物構造2bを構築して建
物構造の施工を終える。ジャッキ21における下層階の各
階建物構造２の構築と並行して、既に押上げた上層階構
造に対する壁の取付け工事や電気・空調その他の設備工
事を同時に行なうことができる。地上階の構造及び設備
の施工が終わった後、完成直前に多層階建物１に対する
塗装その他の外装工事を行なう。2. Description of the Related Art Recently, a push-up construction method has been attracting attention as a new construction production method for multi-storey buildings. With reference to FIG. 2, in this construction method, first, a foundation 20 is made on the ground G at the construction position of the multi-storey building 1, and a jack 21 is attached thereto.
After constructing the top floor building structure 2t on this jack 21, push it upwards with the jack 21 as shown by arrow U, and build the next floor building structure 2 underneath it and build it on the top floor building. Push up together with the structure 2t, further build up each floor building structure 2 and push up, and finally build the ground floor building structure 2b to finish the construction of the building structure. In parallel with the construction of each lower-floor building structure 2 in the jack 21, it is possible to simultaneously perform wall installation work, electric / air-conditioning, and other equipment work for the upper-floor structure that has already been pushed up. After the construction of the ground floor structure and equipment is completed, immediately before the completion, painting and other exterior work on the multi-storey building 1 is performed.
【０００３】各階の建物構造を押上げるには、各種要因
の管理が必要である。その中で各階建物構造２、2t、2b
の水平変位の管理は最も重要なものの一つである。従来
の高層建物建築方法では、下の階から順次施工する際
に、建物の鉛直性を管理することが行なわれている。そ
の方法としては、柱や梁を建て込んだ後、一方ではセオ
ドライト・鉛直器等により人間が肉眼で監視しながら、
他方でチェーンブロック等で所要の鉛直位置からのずれ
を直している。In order to push up the building structure on each floor, it is necessary to manage various factors. Among them, each floor building structure 2, 2t, 2b
Horizontal displacement control is one of the most important. In the conventional method of building a high-rise building, the verticality of the building is managed when the construction is performed sequentially from the lower floor. As a method, after building columns and beams, on the other hand, while monitoring with the naked eye with a theodolite, vertical device, etc.,
On the other hand, a chain block is used to correct the deviation from the required vertical position.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかし、図２の各階建
物構造２、2t、2bのような大きな構造物の水平変位を上
記従来の鉛直性管理方法における手法で計測するには、
時間がかかり、熟練した測量技術者が現場に必要であ
り、プッシュアップ工法が目標とする自動化範囲の拡大
が困難である等の問題点がある。However, in order to measure the horizontal displacement of a large structure such as each floor building structure 2, 2t, 2b of FIG. 2 by the method in the conventional verticality management method described above,
There are problems that it takes time, a skilled surveying engineer is needed on site, and it is difficult to expand the automation range targeted by the push-up method.
【０００５】従って、本発明の目的は、プッシュアップ
工法における簡便な水平変位計測法を提供するにある。Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a simple horizontal displacement measuring method in the push-up construction method.
【０００６】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明者は、レーザ鉛直
器等における鉛直レーザ光と画像処理技術との組合わせ
に注目して本発明を完成した。図１を参照するに、本発
明のプッシュアップ工法用の水平変位計測法によれば、
地上の一定位置で１つの各階建物構造２を構築してこれ
を押上げた後、その下に次の各階建物構造２を構築しこ
れを押上げて多層階建物１を構築する際に、地上の固定
位置に鉛直上向きレーザ光４を設け、そのレーザ光４に
対向する各階建物構造２上の所定部位にターゲット板５
及びターゲット板撮影用カメラ６を固定し、ターゲット
板５上におけるレーザ光４の受光域７（図４参照）を発
光させ、その各階建物構造２が初期位置にある時にカメ
ラ６の撮影画面９（図３参照）上の受光域７の画像10
（図３参照）の位置を画面９の基準点Ｒ（図４参照）と
し、その各階建物構造２の水平移動に伴う画面９の基準
点Ｒに対する受光域７の画像10の変位（Ｘ、Ｙ）により
その各階建物構造２の水平変位（ｘ、ｙ）（図示せず）
を計測してなるものである。The present inventor has completed the present invention by paying attention to the combination of the vertical laser light and the image processing technique in the laser vertical device and the like. Referring to FIG. 1, according to the horizontal displacement measuring method for the push-up method of the present invention,
After constructing each floor building structure 2 at a fixed position on the ground and pushing it up, when building the next floor building structure 2 below it and pushing it up to build the multi-storey building 1, Vertically upward laser light 4 is provided at a fixed position of the target plate 5 at a predetermined position on each floor building structure 2 facing the laser light 4.
The target plate photographing camera 6 is fixed, and the light receiving area 7 (see FIG. 4) of the laser beam 4 on the target plate 5 is made to emit light, and when the building structure 2 of each floor is in the initial position, the photographing screen 9 of the camera 6 ( Image 10 of the light-receiving area 7 above (see FIG. 3)
The position (see FIG. 3) is set as a reference point R (see FIG. 4) on the screen 9, and the displacement (X, Y) of the image 10 in the light receiving area 7 with respect to the reference point R on the screen 9 due to the horizontal movement of the building structure 2 on each floor. ) The horizontal displacement (x, y) of the building structure 2 on each floor (not shown)
Is measured.
【０００７】[0007]
【発明の実施の形態】図１の実施例において、鉛直上向
きのレーザ光４は地盤Ｇに固定されたレーザ鉛直器３に
より発生されているが、レーザ光４は地上の固定位置か
らの鉛直上向きであれば足り、レーザ鉛直器３のものに
限定されない。またカメラ８をＣＣＤカメラとし、カメ
ラ８の画面９をモニタ27で直視できるようにしている
が、本発明は、カメラ画面９の監視が可能であれば足
り、ＣＣＤカメラの使用に限定されない。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a laser beam 4 directed vertically upward is generated by a laser vertical device 3 fixed to a ground G. The laser beam 4 is directed vertically upward from a fixed position on the ground. However, it is not limited to the laser vertical device 3. Although the camera 8 is a CCD camera and the screen 9 of the camera 8 can be directly viewed on the monitor 27, the present invention is not limited to the use of the CCD camera as long as the camera screen 9 can be monitored.
【０００８】計測対象の各階建物構造２が初期位置、例
えば高層建物１について定められた地盤Ｇに対する所定
位置にある時に、レーザ光４がターゲット板５に入射し
た部分が受光域７となり、ターゲット板５の受光域７が
発光する。例えば、ターゲット板５をすりガラス板とす
れば、受光域７でレーザ光４が散乱して受光域７が実質
上発光する。この時のターゲット板５上の受光域７の位
置は、カメラ６によるターゲット板５の画面９上に、例
えば図３の受光域画像10のように現れる。この時の画面
９上の受光域画像10の位置を基準点Ｒ（図４(Ｂ)参照）
として画面９上に記録することができる。カメラ６の結
像面に曇板ガラス（図示せず）をおいた場合には、曇板
ガラス上にこのような基準点Ｒを書込むことが可能であ
る。図１の実施例ではＣＣＤカメラに接続された画像処
理装置25により基準点Ｒの座標を記憶することが可能で
ある。When the building structure 2 of each floor to be measured is in the initial position, for example, a predetermined position with respect to the ground G defined for the high-rise building 1, the part where the laser light 4 is incident on the target plate 5 becomes the light receiving area 7, and the target plate The light receiving area 7 of 5 emits light. For example, if the target plate 5 is a frosted glass plate, the laser light 4 is scattered in the light receiving region 7 and the light receiving region 7 substantially emits light. The position of the light-receiving area 7 on the target plate 5 at this time appears on the screen 9 of the target plate 5 by the camera 6, for example, as a light-receiving area image 10 in FIG. The position of the light-receiving area image 10 on the screen 9 at this time is the reference point R (see FIG. 4B).
Can be recorded on the screen 9. When a frosted glass plate (not shown) is placed on the image plane of the camera 6, it is possible to write such a reference point R on the frosted glass plate. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the coordinates of the reference point R can be stored by the image processing device 25 connected to the CCD camera.
【０００９】図４(Ａ)を参照するに、ターゲット板５及
びカメラ６は計測対象の各階建物構造２に固定されてい
るので、その各階建物構造２が水平移動すると、カメラ
６の結像位置15も同様に水平移動する。図中、符号15a
は各階建物構造２が初期位置にある時の結像位置（実線
位置）を示し、符号15bは各階建物構造２が水平移動し
た後の結像位置（破線位置）を示す。レーザ光４は地盤
Ｇに対し固定されているので、地盤Ｇに対する受光域７
の位置は、ターゲット板５が各階建物構造２と共に水平
移動した後も変らない。しかし、カメラ６の結像位置15
は実線位置15aから破線位置15bへ移動しているので、カ
メラ６の画面９上の受光域画像10の位置は、移動する。
図４(Ｂ)は、水平移動後の画面９上の受光域画像10の位
置を示す。この画面９上の基準点Ｒから受光域画像10ま
での変位Ｘ、Ｙは、カメラ６が各階建物構造２に固定さ
れているので、各階建物構造２の変位ｘ、ｙ（図示せ
ず）と１対１で対応する。またこの変位Ｘ、Ｙは、カメ
ラ６の結像面における曇板ガラスの場合には物差で計測
可能であり、画像処理装置25の場合には基準点Ｒと受光
域画像10との間の画素の数として電子的に計測可能であ
る。よって、カメラ画像９上の受光域画像10の変位を計
測することにより各階建物構造２の水平変位を計測する
ことができる。Referring to FIG. 4 (A), since the target plate 5 and the camera 6 are fixed to each floor building structure 2 to be measured, when each floor building structure 2 moves horizontally, the image forming position of the camera 6 15 also moves horizontally. In the figure, reference numeral 15a
Indicates an image forming position (solid line position) when each floor building structure 2 is in an initial position, and reference numeral 15b indicates an image forming position (broken line position) after each floor building structure 2 horizontally moves. Since the laser beam 4 is fixed to the ground G, the light receiving area 7 for the ground G
The position of does not change even after the target plate 5 moves horizontally with each floor building structure 2. However, the imaging position 15 of the camera 6
Has moved from the solid line position 15a to the broken line position 15b, the position of the light-receiving area image 10 on the screen 9 of the camera 6 moves.
FIG. 4B shows the position of the light-receiving area image 10 on the screen 9 after the horizontal movement. The displacements X and Y from the reference point R on the screen 9 to the light-receiving area image 10 are the displacements x and y (not shown) of each floor building structure 2 because the camera 6 is fixed to each floor building structure 2. There is a one-to-one correspondence. Further, the displacements X and Y can be measured by an object difference in the case of a frosted glass plate on the image plane of the camera 6, and in the case of the image processing device 25, a pixel between the reference point R and the light-receiving area image 10. Can be electronically measured as the number of. Therefore, the horizontal displacement of each floor building structure 2 can be measured by measuring the displacement of the light-receiving area image 10 on the camera image 9.
【００１０】こうして、本発明の目的である「プッシュ
アップ工法における簡便な水平変位計測法の提供」を達
成することができる。In this way, the object of the present invention, "to provide a simple horizontal displacement measuring method in the push-up method", can be achieved.
【００１１】[0011]
【実施例】図１の実施例では、カメラ６をＣＣＤカメラ
としそれにレーザ光４のみを透過するフィルタ８を取付
け、そのＣＣＤカメラの出力を、パソコン等の計算機26
のもとで機能する画像処理装置25に加え、その出力をＣ
ＲＴ等のモニタ27で監視する。画像処理装置25でカメラ
出力を２値処理した場合には、図３における受光域画像
10を白色、その背景を黒色に表示して受光域画像10の輪
郭を強調することができる。In the embodiment of FIG. 1, a camera 6 is used as a CCD camera and a filter 8 for transmitting only a laser beam 4 is attached to the CCD camera, and the output of the CCD camera is calculated by a computer 26 such as a personal computer.
In addition to the image processing device 25 that works under
The monitor 27 such as RT monitors. When the camera output is binarized by the image processing device 25, the light receiving area image in FIG.
The contour of the light-receiving area image 10 can be emphasized by displaying 10 in white and its background in black.
【００１２】受光域画像10が計測可能な面積をもつ場合
には、図３に示すようにその受光域画像10の面積の重心
11の位置を画像処理により求め、求めた重心11の位置を
受光域画像10の位置とすることができる。When the light-receiving area image 10 has a measurable area, as shown in FIG. 3, the center of gravity of the area of the light-receiving area image 10 is measured.
The position of 11 can be obtained by image processing, and the obtained position of the center of gravity 11 can be set as the position of the light-receiving area image 10.
【００１３】さらに、前記ＣＣＤカメラの撮影画面９に
おける基準点Ｒに対する受光域画像10の変位は、基準点
Ｒと受光域画像10との間の画素の数として電子的に求め
ることが可能である。各画素に対応する各階建物構造２
の変位の大きさとの対応は、次のようにして求めること
ができる。ＣＣＤカメラの光軸とターゲット板５との交
点を中心として半径ｒ(mm)の円をターゲット板５上に描
き、ＣＣＤカメラによるその円に対する円画像の半径を
画素数ρであるとする。円画像内の画素数Ｓはπρ2で
与えられる。画像処理装置25によって円画像内の画素数
Ｓを計測した場合、その半径ρはρ＝(Ｓ／π)1/2とな
る。画素数ρと変位ｒ(半径、mm)との換算係数をｋとす
ると（ｒ＝ｋρ）、その換算係数はｋ＝(ｒ／ρ)＝ｒ／
(Ｓ／π) 1/2で与えられる。換算係数ｋが一旦求まれ
ば、計測された画素数ρを変位(mm)に簡単に換算でき
る。Further, on the photographing screen 9 of the CCD camera,
The displacement of the light-receiving area image 10 with respect to the reference point R in the
Electronically determined as the number of pixels between R and the light-receiving area image 10.
It is possible to Each floor building structure 2 corresponding to each pixel
Correspondence with the magnitude of displacement of is calculated as follows.
Can be. Interchange between the optical axis of the CCD camera and the target plate 5
Draw a circle with radius r (mm) centered on the point on the target plate 5.
The radius of the circle image for that circle with the CCD camera
It is assumed that the number of pixels is ρ. The number of pixels S in the circle image is πρTwoso
Given. The number of pixels in the circle image by the image processing device 25
When S is measured, its radius ρ is ρ = (S / π)1/2Tona
You. Let k be the conversion factor between the number of pixels ρ and the displacement r (radius, mm).
Then (r = kρ), the conversion factor is k = (r / ρ) = r /
(S / π) 1/2Given by Once the conversion factor k is found
For example, the measured number of pixels ρ can be easily converted to displacement (mm).
You.
【００１４】撮影画面９の画素数が多いＣＣＤカメラを
用いれば変位計測の精度を挙げられることは明らかであ
る。なお、撮影画面９上の一定の画素群に対する重心の
算出、異なる画素間の画素数の計数等の画像処理の手法
は公知であり、それらの手法の中には計算機26に搭載で
きるボードに組込んで市販されているものもある。It is obvious that the accuracy of displacement measurement can be improved by using a CCD camera having a large number of pixels on the photographing screen 9. Note that image processing methods such as calculation of the center of gravity for a fixed pixel group on the photographing screen 9 and counting of the number of pixels between different pixels are known, and among these methods, they are installed on a board that can be mounted on the computer 26. Some of them are on the market.
【００１５】[0015]
【発明の効果】以上説明したように本発明のプッシュア
ップ工法用の水平変位計測法は、レーザ光と画像処理と
を組合わせて使用するので、次の顕著な効果を奏する。As described above, the horizontal displacement measuring method for the push-up method according to the present invention uses a combination of laser light and image processing, and therefore has the following remarkable effects.
【００１６】(イ)プッシュアップ工法における各階建物
構造の水平変位を簡便にしかも迅速に計測することがで
きる。 (ロ)画素数が多いＣＣＤカメラの利用により水平変位計
測の精度を挙げることができる。 (ハ)各階建物構造の水平位置の調節の自動化に資するこ
とができる。(A) The horizontal displacement of the building structure on each floor in the push-up method can be measured easily and quickly. (B) The accuracy of horizontal displacement measurement can be increased by using a CCD camera having a large number of pixels. (C) It can contribute to the automation of the horizontal adjustment of the building structure on each floor.
【図１】は、本発明の一実施例の図式的ブロック図であ
る。FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】は、プッシュアップ工法の概要の説明図であ
る。FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of an outline of a push-up construction method.
【図３】は、受光域の画像を含むカメラ画面を示す図で
ある。FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a camera screen including an image of a light receiving area.
【図４】は、受光域画像の位置による水平変位計測方法
の説明図である。FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a horizontal displacement measuring method based on the position of a light-receiving area image.
１ 多層階建物 ２ 各階建物構造 ３ レーザ鉛直器 ４ レーザ光 ５ ターゲット板 ６ カメラ ７ 受光域 ８ フィルタ ９ 画面 10 受光域画像 11 重心 15 カメラ結像面位置 20 基礎 21 ジャッキ 25 画像処理装置 26 計算機 27 モニタ。 1 Multi-story building 2 Building structure on each floor 3 Laser vertical unit 4 Laser beam 5 Target plate 6 Camera 7 Light receiving area 8 Filter 9 Screen 10 Light receiving area image 11 Center of gravity 15 Camera image plane position 20 Basic 21 Jack 25 Image processor 26 Calculator 27 monitor.
Claims (5)
し押上げた後その下に次の各階建物構造を構築し押上げ
て多層階建物を構築する際に、地上の固定位置に鉛直上
向きレーザ光を設け、前記レーザ光に対向する各階建物
構造上の所定部位にターゲット板及びターゲット板撮影
用カメラを固定し、前記ターゲット板上におけるレーザ
光の受光域を発光させ、各階建物構造が初期位置にある
時に前記カメラの撮影画面上の前記受光域の画像の位置
を前記画面の基準点とし、各階建物構造の水平移動に伴
う前記基準点に対する前記受光域の画像の変位により各
階建物構造の水平変位を計測してなるプッシュアップ工
法用の水平変位計測法。1. When constructing a multi-story building by constructing and pushing up each one-floor building structure of one at a fixed position on the ground, and then pushing up the next-floor building structure underneath it to construct a multi-story building, a fixed position on the ground A vertically upward laser beam is provided, and a target plate and a camera for shooting the target plate are fixed to a predetermined portion on each floor of the building structure facing the laser beam, and a laser beam receiving area on the target plate is emitted to emit light, and a building structure for each floor. Is the initial position, the position of the image of the light receiving area on the shooting screen of the camera is used as a reference point of the screen, and the building of each floor is constructed by the displacement of the image of the light receiving area with respect to the reference point due to the horizontal movement of the structure of each floor. Horizontal displacement measurement method for push-up method, which measures horizontal displacement of structure.
初期位置を前記地上の一定位置としてなるプッシュアッ
プ工法用の水平変位計測法。2. The horizontal displacement measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the initial position is a fixed position on the ground and the push-up method is used.
て、前記受光域の画像が計測可能な面積をもつ場合に、
その受光域画像面積の重心位置を画像処理により求め、
求めた重心位置を受光域位置としてなるプッシュアップ
工法用の水平変位計測法。3. The horizontal displacement measuring method according to claim 1, wherein when the image of the light receiving area has a measurable area,
The center of gravity of the image area of the light receiving area is obtained by image processing,
A horizontal displacement measurement method for the push-up method in which the determined center of gravity is used as the light-receiving area position.
おいて、前記カメラをＣＣＤカメラとし、前記ＣＣＤカ
メラの撮影画面を２値化して前記受光域の画像を黒色背
景中の白色域として識別を容易にしてなるプッシュアッ
プ工法用の水平変位計測法。4. The horizontal displacement measuring method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the camera is a CCD camera, and the image pickup screen of the CCD camera is binarized so that the image of the light receiving area is a white area in a black background. Horizontal displacement measurement method for push-up method that facilitates identification.
各階建物構造の水平移動後の前記ＣＣＤカメラの撮影画
面における基準点に対する前記受光域の変位を、前記基
準点と受光域との間の画素の数として求め、各画素に対
応する各階建物構造変位の大きさと求めた画素の数とに
よって水平変位を計測してなるプッシュアップ工法用の
水平変位計測法。5. The horizontal displacement measuring method according to claim 4, wherein a displacement of the light receiving area with respect to a reference point on a photographing screen of the CCD camera after the floor structure is moved horizontally between the reference point and the light receiving area. The horizontal displacement measuring method for the push-up construction method, which is obtained as the number of pixels of the above, and the horizontal displacement is measured by the magnitude of the displacement of each floor building structure corresponding to each pixel and the number of the obtained pixels.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP07280888A JP3112402B2 (en) | 1995-10-27 | 1995-10-27 | Horizontal displacement measurement method for push-up method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP07280888A JP3112402B2 (en) | 1995-10-27 | 1995-10-27 | Horizontal displacement measurement method for push-up method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH09126768A true JPH09126768A (en) | 1997-05-16 |
| JP3112402B2 JP3112402B2 (en) | 2000-11-27 |
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| JP07280888A Expired - Fee Related JP3112402B2 (en) | 1995-10-27 | 1995-10-27 | Horizontal displacement measurement method for push-up method |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100458290B1 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2004-12-03 | 고속도로관리공단 | Method for Measuring Displacement of Structural Members |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH09240221A (en) * | 1996-03-07 | 1997-09-16 | Osamu Yanagawa | Snowy/icy road surface skid preventing stud |
-
1995
- 1995-10-27 JP JP07280888A patent/JP3112402B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100458290B1 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2004-12-03 | 고속도로관리공단 | Method for Measuring Displacement of Structural Members |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3112402B2 (en) | 2000-11-27 |
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