JPH0413504B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0413504B2 JPH0413504B2 JP24141683A JP24141683A JPH0413504B2 JP H0413504 B2 JPH0413504 B2 JP H0413504B2 JP 24141683 A JP24141683 A JP 24141683A JP 24141683 A JP24141683 A JP 24141683A JP H0413504 B2 JPH0413504 B2 JP H0413504B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- controller
- swivel base
- proportional control
- control valve
- electromagnetic proportional
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
- E02F9/08—Superstructures; Supports for superstructures
- E02F9/10—Supports for movable superstructures mounted on travelling or walking gears or on other superstructures
- E02F9/12—Slewing or traversing gears
- E02F9/121—Turntables, i.e. structure rotatable about 360°
- E02F9/123—Drives or control devices specially adapted therefor
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Operation Control Of Excavators (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は、旋回台の操作レバーにポテンシヨメ
ータを連動連結し、そのポテンシヨメータからの
電圧情報に基づいて前記操作レバーの操作方向及
び操作量を検出すると共に、前記旋回台を正逆転
操作及び調速操作する電磁式比例制御弁を前記操
作レバーの操作状態に見合うように自動操作する
第１制御器を設け、前記ポテンシヨメータからの
情報に基いて前記操作レバーの操作状態に見合う
方向に前記旋回台を旋回させるように、かつ、前
記旋回台の対車体角検出センサー及び前記旋回台
の対車体停止角設定器からの情報に基いて前記旋
回台を設定対車体角で停止させるように、前記比
例制御弁を自動操作する第２制御器を設け、前記
比例制御弁を前記第１及び第２制御器に択一的に
接続する回路切換器を設け、第１制御器による手
動旋回操作と、第２制御器による能率的な自動旋
回操作とを択一的に行なえるようにした旋回式作
業車に関し、詳しくは、旋回操作構造の改良に関
する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention includes a potentiometer that is interlocked with an operating lever of a swivel base, and detects the operating direction and operating amount of the operating lever based on voltage information from the potentiometer. A first controller is provided to automatically operate an electromagnetic proportional control valve for forward/reverse operation and speed control operation of the swivel base in accordance with the operating state of the operating lever, and the controller is provided with a first controller that automatically operates the electromagnetic proportional control valve for forward/reverse operation and speed control operation of the swivel base in accordance with the operation state of the operation lever, and for controlling the operation based on information from the potentiometer. Setting the swivel base so as to swivel the swivel base in a direction that matches the operating state of the lever, and based on information from a vehicle angle detection sensor of the swivel base and a stop angle setting device of the swivel base relative to the vehicle body. a second controller that automatically operates the proportional control valve so as to stop the proportional control valve at an angle relative to the vehicle body, and a circuit switch that selectively connects the proportional control valve to the first and second controllers; The present invention relates to a swing-type working vehicle that can selectively perform a manual swing operation using a first controller and an efficient automatic swing operation using a second controller, and more specifically, relates to an improvement in a swing operation structure.
従来、上記旋回式作業車において、回路切換器
の操作具を、その切換２状態の夫々で自己保持す
る型式に構成していたのであるが、自動旋回中に
一時的に手動操作を行なう場合、手動操作時間が
限られているにもかかわらず、手動操作状態への
切換操作と、手動操作終了後の自動操作状態への
復帰操作との各別の２操作を必要とするために、
操作が煩らわしく、又、いずれの操作状態である
かの確認を、操作具の切換姿勢の目視確認等によ
らなければならないために、例えば、一時的な手
動操作を何回か繰り返す場合等に、操縦者が操作
状態を誤認して不測の事故を招く危険性があつ
た。 Conventionally, in the above-mentioned swing-type work vehicle, the operating tool of the circuit switching device has been configured to be self-maintaining in each of the two switching states, but when a temporary manual operation is performed while the vehicle is automatically swinging, Although the manual operation time is limited, two separate operations are required: one to switch to the manual operation state, and one to return to the automatic operation state after the manual operation is completed.
For example, when a temporary manual operation is repeated several times because the operation is cumbersome and it is necessary to visually check the switching posture of the operating tool to confirm which operating state it is in. etc., there was a risk that the operator could misunderstand the operation status and cause an unexpected accident.
本発明の目的は、自動旋回中における一時的な
手動操作のための切換操作を容易に行なえるよう
にすると共に、操縦者に操作状態を適確に認識さ
せることができるようにする点にある。 An object of the present invention is to make it possible to easily perform a switching operation for temporary manual operation during automatic turning, and to make it possible for the operator to accurately recognize the operation status. .
本発明にかかる旋回式作業車は、上記目的を達
成するために、旋回台操作レバーにポテンシヨメ
ータを連動連結し、そのポテンシヨメータからの
電圧情報に基づいて前記操作レバーの操作方向及
び操作量を検出すると共に、前記旋回台を正逆転
操作及び調速操作する電磁式比例制御弁を前記操
作レバーの操作状態に見合うように操作する第１
制御器を設け、前記ポテンシヨメータからの情報
に基づいて前記操作レバーの操作状態に見合う方
向に前記旋回台を旋回させるように、かつ、前記
旋回台の対車体角検出センサー及び前記旋回台の
対車体停止角設定器からの情報に基づいて前記旋
回台を設定対車体角で自動的に停止させるよう
に、前記電磁式比例制御弁を操作する第２制御器
を設け、前記電磁式比例制御弁を前記第１及び第
２制御器に択一的に接続する回路切換器を設けた
旋回式作業車であつて、
(イ) 前記回路切換器は、前記第１制御器と前記電
磁式比例制御弁とを接続する手動モード状態
と、前記第２制御器と前記電磁式比例制御弁と
を接続する自動モード状態とのモード切り換え
して切り換えたモード状態で自己保持する主切
換スイツチを設けてある。 In order to achieve the above object, the swivel type work vehicle according to the present invention has a potentiometer coupled to a swivel base operating lever, and the operating direction and operation of the operating lever are determined based on voltage information from the potentiometer. a first control valve that detects the amount and operates an electromagnetic proportional control valve for forward/reverse operation and speed control operation of the swivel base in accordance with the operation state of the operation lever;
A controller is provided to rotate the swivel base in a direction that corresponds to the operation state of the operating lever based on information from the potentiometer, and a sensor for detecting an angle relative to the vehicle body of the swivel base; A second controller is provided for operating the electromagnetic proportional control valve so as to automatically stop the swivel base at the set angle to the vehicle body based on information from the stopping angle setting device, and the electromagnetic proportional control valve is provided. A swing-type working vehicle is provided with a circuit switching device that selectively connects a valve to the first and second controllers, wherein (a) the circuit switching device connects the first controller and the electromagnetic proportional A main changeover switch is provided for switching between a manual mode state in which the control valve is connected to the control valve and an automatic mode state in which the second controller and the electromagnetic proportional control valve are connected and self-maintains in the switched mode state. be.
(ロ) 前記回路切換器に備えた操作ボタンを、前記
主切換スイツチが自動モード状態に切り換わつ
ているとき、押圧操作で前記手動モード状態に
切り換え、押圧操作が解除されると、前記第２
制御器と前記電磁式比例制御弁とが接続される
接続位置に自動復元するように付勢して前記操
作レバーに設けてある。(b) When the main changeover switch is switched to the automatic mode, pressing the operation button provided on the circuit switch switches the mode to the manual mode, and when the pressing operation is released, the switch switches to the manual mode. 2
The operating lever is biased to automatically return to a connected position where the controller and the electromagnetic proportional control valve are connected.
上記(イ)及び(ロ)に記載の構成を備えてあることを
特徴構成とする。 The characteristic configuration is that it has the configurations described in (a) and (b) above.
かかる特徴構成による作用効果は、次の通りで
ある。 The effects of this characteristic configuration are as follows.
即ち、主切換スイツチが自動モード状態に切り
換わつているとき、旋回用操作レバーを握つたま
まの状態で、それに設けた操作ボタンを押してい
る間は手動操作できる状態を現出でき、その操作
ボタンの押し操作をやめることで自動操作状態に
自動的に復帰させることができる。 In other words, when the main changeover switch is switched to the automatic mode, while holding the turning operation lever and pressing the operation button provided on it, a state in which manual operation is possible can be created, and the operation can be performed manually. By ceasing to press the button, the automatic operation state can be automatically returned.
従つて、従来のように手動操作状態への切り換
え操作と自動操作状態への復帰操作とを各別の２
操作で行うのに比べて、自動旋回中における一時
的な手動操作のための操作を、手元での一操作だ
けで極めて容易に行えるので、手早く手動操作へ
切り換えできて自動旋回中の緊急事態への対応が
早くでき、安全性を高くできる。 Therefore, as in the past, the switching operation to the manual operation state and the operation of returning to the automatic operation state are performed in two separate operations.
Compared to manual operation, temporary manual operation during automatic turning can be performed with just one hand operation, so you can quickly switch to manual operation and respond to emergencies during automatic turning. It is possible to respond quickly and improve safety.
しかも、操縦者においては、操作ボタンを押し
ている間は確実に手動状態であると認識されるか
ら、手動状態と自動状態との誤認も回避され易
く、その誤認に起因する不測の事故を未然に回避
でき、全体として、旋回操作性を向上できて、し
かも安全性も向上できるに至つた。 Moreover, since the pilot is sure to recognize that the operation is in manual mode while pressing the operation button, it is easy to avoid misperception between manual and automatic conditions, and prevent unexpected accidents caused by such misperceptions. This enabled us to avoid this problem, improve turning maneuverability, and improve safety as a whole.
次に実施例を第１図ないし第３図に基づいて説
明する。 Next, an embodiment will be described based on FIGS. 1 to 3.
第１図に示す如き旋回式掘削作業車において、
掘削作業装置１、及び、搭乗運転部２を設けた旋
回台３の走行車体４に対する旋回操作構造を構成
するに、第２図に示すように、旋回用操作レバー
５にその操作状態を検出するポテンシヨメータ６
を連動連結すると共に、旋回用モータ７を正逆転
操作、及び、調速操作する電磁式比例制御弁８の
弁コントローラ９と、ポテンシヨメータ６とを、
ポテンシヨメータ６からの電圧情報に基づいて、
レバー５の操作方向に見合つた方向に、かつ、レ
バー５の中立位置からの操作量に応じた速度で旋
回台３を旋回させるように弁コントローラ９に対
して指令を与える第１制御器１０を介して接続し
てある。 In the swing type excavation work vehicle as shown in Fig. 1,
To construct a turning operation structure for the traveling vehicle body 4 of the excavation work equipment 1 and the swivel base 3 provided with the boarding operation section 2, the operation state of the turning operation lever 5 is detected as shown in FIG. potentiometer 6
A valve controller 9 of an electromagnetic proportional control valve 8 and a potentiometer 6 are interlocked and connected to each other, and operate the swing motor 7 in forward and reverse directions, as well as in controlling the speed.
Based on the voltage information from potentiometer 6,
A first controller 10 that gives a command to the valve controller 9 to rotate the swivel base 3 in a direction commensurate with the operating direction of the lever 5 and at a speed corresponding to the operating amount of the lever 5 from the neutral position. It is connected via.
そして、旋回台３の回動駆動部に、旋回台３の
走行車体４に対する回転角θを検出するロータリ
ーエンコーダ型の回転角センサー１１を付設し、
その回転角センサー１１からの情報、及び、ポテ
ンシヨメータ６からの情報に基づいて、レバー操
作を起動指令する状態で、レバー５の操作方向に
見合つた方向に、かつ、予め設定された速度変化
状態で旋回台３を旋回させると共に、設定器１２
により人為設定された対車体回転角θfで旋回台３
を停止させるように、弁コントローラ９に指令を
与える第２制御器１３を第１制御器１０とは並列
的に設け、さらに、第１制御器１０、及び、第２
制御器１３を弁コントローラ９に対して択一的に
接続する人為操作型の回路切換器１４を設け、も
つて、第１制御器１０による手動旋回操作と第２
制御器１３による自動旋回操作とを選択的に行え
るように構成してある。 A rotary encoder-type rotation angle sensor 11 is attached to the rotation drive unit of the swivel base 3 to detect the rotation angle θ of the swivel base 3 with respect to the traveling vehicle body 4.
Based on the information from the rotation angle sensor 11 and the information from the potentiometer 6, the speed changes in a direction commensurate with the operating direction of the lever 5 and in a preset speed while issuing a command to start the lever operation. While rotating the swivel base 3 in this state, the setting device 12
Swivel base 3 at rotation angle θf with respect to the vehicle body set artificially by
A second controller 13 is provided in parallel with the first controller 10 to give a command to the valve controller 9 to stop the valve controller 9.
A manually operated circuit switch 14 is provided that selectively connects the controller 13 to the valve controller 9, so that manual turning operation by the first controller 10 and manual turning operation by the second controller 10 are performed.
It is configured such that automatic turning operation by the controller 13 can be selectively performed.
前記回路切換器１４を構成するに、OFF状態
側に常時付勢した補助スイツチ１５の自動復元型
操作ボタン１５ａを前記旋回用操作レバー５のに
ぎり部上端に付設し、他方、ON状態のOFF状態
との切換２位置で夫々保持されるように構成した
主切換スイツチ１６の操作具１６ａを操縦パネル
に付設すると共に、それら両スイツチ１５，１６
からの電圧信号を入力信号とするOR回路１７か
らの操作電圧信号がHIGH状態の時に第１制御器
１０を弁コントローラ５に、かつ、LOW状態の
時に第２制御器１３を弁コントローラ９に接続す
るように構成した***作側切換スイツチ１８を、
両制御器１０，１３と弁コントローラ９との間に
介装し、もつて、第３図に示すように、手動旋回
操作を継続的に行なう時、即ち手動モード状態に
あるときには主切換スイツチ１６をON状態に切
換え、かつ、自動旋回操作を行なう時、即ち自動
モード状態にあるときには主切換スイツチ１６を
OFF状態に切換えて、手動・自動の切換えを行
なうように、又、主切換スイツチ１６をOFF状
態に切換えた自動旋回途中において一時的に手動
旋回操作を行なう場合には、操作レバー５に付設
した操作ボタン１５ａを押し続けている間だけ、
主切換スイツチ１６の操作を必要とすること無く
手動旋回操作状態を現出できるように構成してあ
る。 To configure the circuit switching device 14, an automatic recovery type operation button 15a of the auxiliary switch 15, which is always biased to the OFF state, is attached to the upper end of the grip part of the swing operating lever 5, and the other is energized to the OFF state from the ON state. Operating tools 16a for the main changeover switch 16 configured to be held in two switching positions are attached to the control panel, and both switches 15, 16 are
The first controller 10 is connected to the valve controller 5 when the operating voltage signal from the OR circuit 17 whose input signal is the voltage signal from the OR circuit 17 is in the HIGH state, and the second controller 13 is connected to the valve controller 9 when the operating voltage signal is in the LOW state. The operated side changeover switch 18 configured to
The main changeover switch 16 is interposed between both controllers 10, 13 and the valve controller 9, and as shown in FIG. When switching to the ON state and performing automatic turning operation, that is, when in the automatic mode state, the main changeover switch 16 is turned on.
In order to perform manual/automatic switching by switching the main switch 16 to the OFF state, or to perform a temporary manual turning operation during automatic turning after switching the main changeover switch 16 to the OFF state, a Only while you keep pressing the operation button 15a,
It is constructed so that a manual turning operation state can be brought out without requiring the operation of the main changeover switch 16.
次に別実施例を説明する。 Next, another embodiment will be described.
回路切換器１４を構成するに、第４図、及び、
第５図に示すように、操作レバー５に付設した自
動復元型操作ボタン１５ａにより切換操作される
補助スイツチ１５′を、ボタン１５ａの押し操作
でOFF状態側に切換えられるように構成すると
共に、その補助スイツチ１５′と主切換スイツチ
１６とからの両電圧信号を入力信号とするAND
回路１７′からの操作電圧信号がHIGH状態に時
に自動用第２制御器１３を弁コントローラ９に、
かつ、LOW状態の時に手動用第１制御器１０を
弁コントローラ９に接続するように、両制御器１
０，１３と弁コントローラ９との間の***作側切
換スイツチ１８′を構成しても良い。 When configuring the circuit switch 14, FIG. 4 and
As shown in FIG. 5, an auxiliary switch 15', which is operated by an automatic restoring operation button 15a attached to the operation lever 5, is configured so that it can be switched to the OFF state by pressing the button 15a. AND with both voltage signals from the auxiliary switch 15' and the main changeover switch 16 as input signals
When the operating voltage signal from the circuit 17' is in the HIGH state, the second automatic controller 13 is connected to the valve controller 9,
Both controllers 1 are connected so that the first manual controller 10 is connected to the valve controller 9 in the LOW state.
0, 13 and the valve controller 9 may be configured as an operated side changeover switch 18'.
又、回路切換器１４において、自動旋回操作用
の第２制御器１３を弁コントローラ９に接続する
側に自動復元するように付勢して旋回用操作レバ
ー５に設ける操作ボタン１５ａの具体的電気回路
は、種々の改良が可能である。 In addition, in the circuit switching device 14, the specific electricity of the operation button 15a provided on the swing operation lever 5 is biased so that the second controller 13 for automatic swing operation is automatically restored to the side connected to the valve controller 9. Various improvements to the circuit are possible.
本発明は、農用や建設用の種々の用途の旋回式
作業車に適用できる。 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention can be applied to swing-type working vehicles for various uses such as agricultural and construction purposes.
第１図ないし第３図は本発明の実施例を示し、
第１図は旋回式掘削作業車の全体側面図、第２図
は制御回路図、第３図は制御状態の切換パターン
を示す表である。第４図及び第５図は本発明の別
実施例を示し、第４図は制御回路図、第５図は切
換パターンを示す表である。
３……旋回台、５……操作レバー、６……ポテ
ンシヨメータ、８……電磁式比例制御弁、１０…
…第１制御器、１１……対車体角検出センサー、
１２……対車体停止角設定器、１３……第２制御
器、１４……回路切換器、１５ａ……操作ボタ
ン、１６……主切換スイツチ。
1 to 3 show embodiments of the present invention,
FIG. 1 is an overall side view of the revolving excavation vehicle, FIG. 2 is a control circuit diagram, and FIG. 3 is a table showing switching patterns of control states. 4 and 5 show another embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 4 is a control circuit diagram, and FIG. 5 is a table showing switching patterns. 3... Swivel base, 5... Operating lever, 6... Potentiometer, 8... Solenoid proportional control valve, 10...
...first controller, 11...vehicle body angle detection sensor,
12... Vehicle stopping angle setter, 13... Second controller, 14... Circuit switch, 15a... Operation button, 16... Main changeover switch.
Claims (1)
を連動連結し、そのポテンシヨメータ６からの電
圧情報に基づいて前記操作レバー５の操作方向及
び操作量を検出すると共に、前記旋回台３を正逆
転操作及び調速操作する電磁式比例制御弁８を前
記操作レバー５の操作状態に見合うように操作す
る第１制御器１０を設け、前記ポテンシヨメータ
６からの情報に基づいて前記操作レバー５の操作
状態に見合う方向に前記旋回台３を旋回させるよ
うに、かつ、前記旋回台３の対車体角検出センサ
ー１１及び前記旋回台３の対車体停止角設定器１
２からの情報に基づいて前記旋回台３を設定対車
体角で自動的に停止させるように、前記電磁式比
例制御弁８を操作する第２制御器１３を設け、前
記電磁式比例制御弁８を前記第１及び第２制御器
１０，１３に択一的に接続する回路切換器１４を
設けた旋回式作業車であつて、次の(イ)及び(ロ)に記
載の構成を備えてあることを特徴とする旋回式作
業車。 (イ) 前記回路切換器１４は、前記第１制御器１０
と前記電磁式比例制御弁８とを接続する手動モ
ード状態と、前記第２制御器１３と前記電磁式
比例制御弁８とを接続する自動モード状態との
モード切り換えして切り換えたモード状態で自
己保持する主切換スイツチ１６を設けてある。 (ロ) 前記回路切換器１４に備えた操作ボタン１５
ａを、前記主切換スイツチ１６が自動モード状
態に切り換わつているとき、押圧操作で前記手
動モード状態に切り換え、押圧操作が解除され
ると、前記第２制御器１３と前記電磁式比例制
御弁８とが接続される接続位置に自動復元する
ように付勢して前記操作レバー５に設けてあ
る。[Claims] 1. Potentiometer 6 on swivel base 3 operating lever 5
an electromagnetic proportional control valve that detects the operating direction and operating amount of the operating lever 5 based on voltage information from the potentiometer 6, and also operates the swivel base 3 in forward and reverse directions and speed control. A first controller 10 is provided to operate the swivel base 3 in a direction corresponding to the operating state of the operating lever 5 based on information from the potentiometer 6. and a vehicle body angle detection sensor 11 of the swivel base 3 and a vehicle body stopping angle setting device 1 of the swivel base 3 so as to rotate the vehicle body.
A second controller 13 is provided to operate the electromagnetic proportional control valve 8 so as to automatically stop the swivel base 3 at a set angle of the vehicle body based on information from the electromagnetic proportional control valve 8. A swing-type working vehicle is equipped with a circuit switch 14 that selectively connects the first and second controllers 10 and 13 to the first and second controllers 10 and 13, and has the configuration described in the following (a) and (b). A rotating work vehicle that is characterized by: (a) The circuit switch 14 is connected to the first controller 10.
and the electromagnetic proportional control valve 8, and an automatic mode in which the second controller 13 and the electromagnetic proportional control valve 8 are connected. A main changeover switch 16 is provided for holding the switch. (b) Operation button 15 provided on the circuit switch 14
a is switched to the manual mode by a pressing operation when the main changeover switch 16 is switched to the automatic mode, and when the pressing operation is released, the second controller 13 and the electromagnetic proportional control are switched. The operating lever 5 is biased to automatically return to the connection position where the valve 8 is connected.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP24141683A JPS60133123A (en) | 1983-12-21 | 1983-12-21 | Slewing type working vehicle |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP24141683A JPS60133123A (en) | 1983-12-21 | 1983-12-21 | Slewing type working vehicle |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS60133123A JPS60133123A (en) | 1985-07-16 |
| JPH0413504B2 true JPH0413504B2 (en) | 1992-03-09 |
Family
ID=17073963
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP24141683A Granted JPS60133123A (en) | 1983-12-21 | 1983-12-21 | Slewing type working vehicle |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS60133123A (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS62114951U (en) * | 1986-01-14 | 1987-07-22 | ||
| JPH01105667U (en) * | 1987-12-31 | 1989-07-17 | ||
| JP4567638B2 (en) * | 2005-07-25 | 2010-10-20 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | snowblower |
-
1983
- 1983-12-21 JP JP24141683A patent/JPS60133123A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS60133123A (en) | 1985-07-16 |
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