JPH0364009A - Transformer prevented from producing noise - Google Patents
Transformer prevented from producing noiseInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0364009A JPH0364009A JP19992389A JP19992389A JPH0364009A JP H0364009 A JPH0364009 A JP H0364009A JP 19992389 A JP19992389 A JP 19992389A JP 19992389 A JP19992389 A JP 19992389A JP H0364009 A JPH0364009 A JP H0364009A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- winding
- magnetic material
- noise
- magnetic
- secondary winding
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005674 electromagnetic induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Coils Of Transformers For General Uses (AREA)
- Insulating Of Coils (AREA)
- Regulation Of General Use Transformers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
［産業上の利用分野］
この発明は、ノイズの防止対策を施したノイズ阻止トラ
ンスに関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a noise blocking transformer that takes measures to prevent noise.
［従来の技術］
従来より、この種のノイズ阻止トランスは、−次巻線お
よび二次巻線として、導線を樹脂の絶縁体で被覆した導
電線を用い、そして次のようなノイズの伝搬を防ぐため
に、種々の手段が講じられている。[Prior Art] Conventionally, this type of noise blocking transformer uses a conductive wire coated with a resin insulator as the negative winding and the secondary winding, and uses the following methods to prevent noise propagation. Various measures have been taken to prevent this.
ノイズの大きな伝搬原因としては、次の３つが挙げられ
る。There are three causes of large noise propagation:
■−次巻線と二次巻線の間の静電容量を通じて伝搬する
。- Propagates through the capacitance between the primary and secondary windings.
■電磁誘導作用によって、主に、高周波帯のノイズが一
次巻線から二次巻線に伝搬する。■Due to electromagnetic induction, noise mainly in the high frequency band propagates from the primary winding to the secondary winding.
■ノイズによる磁力線が空中を通って、二次巻線に誘起
起電力を発生させる。■Magnetic lines of force due to noise pass through the air and generate induced electromotive force in the secondary winding.
従来のトランスは、このような原因によるノイズの伝搬
を防ぐために、導電性のシール材料によって一次巻線と
二次巻線との間を遮蔽していた。In conventional transformers, in order to prevent the propagation of noise due to such causes, a conductive sealing material is used to shield the primary winding and the secondary winding.
上記■の原因によるノイズの伝搬を防ぐためには、例え
ば第７図のように、絶縁被覆された導電線の一次巻線Ｐ
と二次巻線Ｓとの間に、接地した導電性の静電遮蔽材料
ｌを入れていた。この静電遮蔽材料１によって、−次巻
線Ｐと二次巻線Ｓの間の静電容量が小さくなり、その静
電容量を通して二次巻線Ｓに伝搬するノイズが減少する
。In order to prevent the propagation of noise due to the cause of (■) above, for example, as shown in Figure 7, the primary winding P of the conductive wire covered with insulation must be
A grounded conductive electrostatic shielding material l was placed between the secondary winding S and the secondary winding S. This electrostatic shielding material 1 reduces the capacitance between the -order winding P and the secondary winding S, and reduces noise propagating to the secondary winding S through the capacitance.
また、上記■の原因によるノイズの伝搬を防ぐためには
、例えば第８図および第９図のように、−次巻線Ｐ（ま
たは二次巻線Ｓ）の外周を導電性の遮蔽材料２で覆って
いた。図中３は一次巻線Ｐ（または二次巻線Ｓ）の導電
体、４は樹脂製の絶縁被覆、５は鉄心である。いま、−
次巻線Ｐに矢印Ａ方向（第９図参照）の電流を流した場
合、この電流によって磁力線ａ（第８図参照）が発生す
る。この磁力線ａの中に位置する導電性の遮蔽材料２に
は、矢印Ｂ方向の逆電流が流れる。この結果、導電性の
遮蔽材料２の表面には、−次巻線Ｐによる磁力線＆を打
ち消すような逆の方向の磁力線すが発生し、磁力が外に
出なくなる。これにより、−次巻線Ｐのノイズによって
発生した磁力線は、−次巻線Ｐの表面に閉じ込められて
二次巻線Ｓには届かず、電磁結合による二次巻線Ｓへの
ノイズの伝搬が防がれる。In addition, in order to prevent the propagation of noise due to the cause of ① above, for example, as shown in Figs. It was covered. In the figure, 3 is a conductor of the primary winding P (or secondary winding S), 4 is a resin insulation coating, and 5 is an iron core. Now, -
When a current flows in the direction of arrow A (see FIG. 9) through the next winding P, magnetic lines of force a (see FIG. 8) are generated by this current. A reverse current in the direction of arrow B flows through the conductive shielding material 2 located within the lines of magnetic force a. As a result, lines of magnetic force in the opposite direction are generated on the surface of the conductive shielding material 2, which cancel out the lines of magnetic force & caused by the -order winding P, and the magnetic force is no longer released. As a result, magnetic lines of force generated by noise in the -order winding P are confined to the surface of the -order winding P and do not reach the secondary winding S, resulting in noise propagation to the secondary winding S due to electromagnetic coupling. is prevented.
また、上記■の原因によるノイズの伝搬を防ぐためには
、−次巻線Ｐまたは二次巻線Ｓの外周を磁性材料によっ
て覆っている。この磁性材料は、その内部を磁力線を通
すことによって、外部への磁力の漏洩を防ぐ。これによ
り、−次巻線Ｐからの漏洩磁束を吸収して、二次巻線Ｓ
と鎖交することを防ぎ、ノイズの伝搬を防ぐ。Furthermore, in order to prevent the propagation of noise due to the cause of (2) above, the outer periphery of the -order winding P or the secondary winding S is covered with a magnetic material. This magnetic material prevents magnetic force from leaking to the outside by passing lines of magnetic force through its interior. As a result, the leakage magnetic flux from the negative winding P is absorbed, and the secondary winding S
This prevents interlinkage with the noise and prevents the propagation of noise.
このように、従来のトランスは、巻線や鉄心とは別に、
導電性の遮蔽材料や磁性材料を備えることによって、ノ
イズの伝搬を防ぐ構成となっていた。In this way, conventional transformers, apart from the windings and core,
The structure was designed to prevent noise propagation by including conductive shielding material and magnetic material.
［発明が解決しようとする課題］
しかし、上述した従来のトランスには次のような問題が
ある。[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] However, the conventional transformer described above has the following problems.
すなわち、ノイズの伝搬を防ぐために、巻線や鉄心とは
別に、導電性の遮蔽材料や磁性材料を備えるため、必然
的に、それらの材料を備えるためのスペースを確保する
ことが必要となって、トランス全体の大型化、構造の複
雑化、および高価格化を招くという問題がある。しかも
、上記■、■。In other words, in order to prevent noise propagation, conductive shielding materials and magnetic materials are provided in addition to the windings and core, so it is inevitably necessary to secure space for these materials. However, there are problems in that the entire transformer becomes larger, the structure becomes more complicated, and the cost becomes higher. Moreover, the above ■ and ■.
■の原因によるノイズの伝搬を同時に防がなければ効果
が少ないため、問題は一層大きかった。The problem was even more serious because it would be less effective if the propagation of noise caused by cause (2) was not prevented at the same time.
この発明は、このような問題を解決課題とするものであ
る。This invention aims to solve such problems.
［課題を解決するための手段］
この発明のノイズ阻止トランスは、
巻線として、絶縁材料によって絶縁被覆された導線体の
外周上をその絶縁材料よりも低抵抗率の磁性材料で包覆
した電線を使用し、
かつその巻線を接地したことを特徴とする。[Means for Solving the Problems] The noise blocking transformer of the present invention includes, as a winding, an electric wire in which the outer periphery of a conductive wire coated with an insulating material is covered with a magnetic material having a lower resistivity than the insulating material. and its winding is grounded.
［作用］
この発明のノイズ阻止トランスは、巻線として、絶縁材
料によって絶縁被覆された導電線の外周上をその絶縁材
料よりも低抵抗率の磁性材料で包覆した電線を使用する
ことにより、その巻線自体によって、上述した■、■、
■の原因によるノイズ伝搬を同時に防ぐ。[Function] The noise blocking transformer of the present invention uses, as a winding, an electric wire in which the outer periphery of a conductive wire coated with an insulating material is covered with a magnetic material having a lower resistivity than the insulating material. By the winding itself, the above-mentioned ■, ■,
■ Simultaneously prevents noise propagation due to causes.
これにより、従来のような特別な導電性の遮蔽材料や磁
性材料を備える必要をなくし、その分、トランス全体の
小型化、構造の簡素化、および低価格化を実現する。This eliminates the need for special conductive shielding materials and magnetic materials as in the past, thereby making the entire transformer smaller, simpler in structure, and lower in price.
［実施例］
以下、この発明の実施例を第１図ないし第６図に基づい
て説明する。なお、上述した従来例と同様の部分には同
一符号を付して説明を省略する。[Example] Hereinafter, an example of the present invention will be described based on FIGS. 1 to 6. Note that the same parts as those in the conventional example described above are given the same reference numerals, and the description thereof will be omitted.
第１図ないし第４図は、この発明の第１の実施例を説明
するための図である。1 to 4 are diagrams for explaining a first embodiment of the present invention.
本実施例においては、−次巻線Ｐと二次巻線Ｓとして、
導電体３を被覆する絶縁被覆４の外周上を、絶縁被覆４
よりも低抵抗率の磁性材料６で包覆した電線を使用して
いる。そして、−次巻線Ｐと二次巻線Ｓの巻き付けによ
り、それぞれの磁性材料６は密着しており、またそれぞ
れの磁性材料は第２図のように接地されている。絶縁被
覆４の抵抗率は、巻線Ｐ、Ｓにトランスとしての所定の
電流を流したときに、その巻線Ｐ、Ｓの表面に発生する
２次誘起起電力の発生が小さく、その誘起起電力による
発熱がトランスの性能に影響を与えない程度の高抵抗率
となっている。In this embodiment, the -order winding P and the secondary winding S are
The insulation coating 4 covers the outer periphery of the insulation coating 4 covering the conductor 3.
An electric wire covered with a magnetic material 6 having a lower resistivity is used. By winding the negative winding P and the secondary winding S, the respective magnetic materials 6 are in close contact with each other, and each magnetic material is grounded as shown in FIG. The resistivity of the insulation coating 4 is such that when a predetermined current as a transformer is passed through the windings P and S, the secondary induced electromotive force generated on the surface of the windings P and S is small, and the induced electromotive force is small. The resistivity is high enough that the heat generated by electricity does not affect the performance of the transformer.
巻線Ｐ、Ｓを包覆する磁性材料６は、前述した■、■、
■の３つの原因によるノイズの伝搬を、次のようにして
同時に防ぐ。The magnetic material 6 covering the windings P and S is made of the above-mentioned ■, ■,
Propagation of noise due to the three causes of (2) can be simultaneously prevented as follows.
「■の原因によるノイズ伝搬の防止」
巻線Ｐ、Ｓにおける磁性材料６は、それぞれの巻線Ｐ、
Ｓにおいて密着して接地されているため、巻線Ｐ、Ｓ間
の静電容量が極めて小さくなる。"Prevention of noise propagation due to the cause of ■" The magnetic material 6 in the windings P and S is
Since the windings P and S are closely grounded, the capacitance between the windings P and S becomes extremely small.
また、−次巻線Ｐに電流を流したとき、その導電体３に
現れる電荷（例えば「＋」）と逆の極性の電荷（例えば
「−」）が、巻線Ｐの表面の磁性材料６に現れ、そして
この磁性材料６が接地されていることから、磁性材料６
に現れた電荷による電気力線は、第２図中矢印のように
接地に向かって消滅する。ちなみに、−次巻線Ｐが磁性
材料６によって包覆されていない場合には、「−」極が
無限遠方となり、電気力線が遠くまでとび、特に、静電
容量を通して二次巻線Ｓに誘起起電力を発生させること
になる。Further, when a current is passed through the negative winding P, a charge (for example, "-") of the opposite polarity to the charge (for example, "+") appearing on the conductor 3 is generated in the magnetic material 6 on the surface of the winding P. , and since this magnetic material 6 is grounded, the magnetic material 6
The electric lines of force due to the electric charge that appear in the line disappear toward the ground as shown by the arrow in Fig. 2. By the way, if the -order winding P is not covered by the magnetic material 6, the "-" pole will be at an infinite distance, and the lines of electric force will travel far, and in particular, they will pass through the capacitance to the secondary winding S. This will generate an induced electromotive force.
結局、磁性材料６は、高抵抗率ではあるものの、静電的
には抵抗が低く、充分な静電遮蔽効果をもち、静電容量
を通して伝搬するノイズを確実に防ぐ。After all, although the magnetic material 6 has a high resistivity, it has a low electrostatic resistance, has a sufficient electrostatic shielding effect, and reliably prevents noise propagating through the capacitance.
「■の原因によるノイズ伝搬の防止」
巻線Ｐ、Ｓにおける磁性材料６は、それぞれの巻線Ｐ、
Ｓにおいて密着しているため、磁性材料６によって巻線
Ｐ、Ｓの外周が囲まれることになる。したがって、前述
した第８図および第９図の場合と同様に、−次巻線Ｐに
電流を流したとき、第３図のように巻線による磁力線ａ
とは逆の方向の磁力線すが磁性材料６の表面に発生し、
磁力が外に出なくなる。これにより、電磁結合によるノ
イズの伝搬を防ぐ。"Prevention of noise propagation due to the cause of ■" The magnetic material 6 in the windings P and S is
Since they are in close contact at S, the outer circumferences of the windings P and S are surrounded by the magnetic material 6. Therefore, as in the case of FIGS. 8 and 9 described above, when a current is passed through the negative winding P, the magnetic field line a due to the winding as shown in FIG.
Lines of magnetic force in the opposite direction are generated on the surface of the magnetic material 6,
Magnetic force no longer comes out. This prevents noise propagation due to electromagnetic coupling.
「■の原因によるノイズ伝搬の防止」
巻線Ｐ、Ｓにおける磁性材料６は、それぞれの巻線Ｐ、
Ｓにおいて密着しているため、磁性材料６によって巻線
Ｐ、Ｓの外周が囲まれることになる。磁力線は磁気抵抗
の小さい磁性材料６を通り、外部への漏洩を防ぐ。した
がって、−次巻線Ｐによる漏洩磁束は、第４図のように
磁性材料６によって吸収され、二次巻線Ｓと鎖交するこ
とが防がれて、ノイズの伝搬が防がれることになる。"Prevention of noise propagation due to the cause of ■" The magnetic material 6 in the windings P and S is
Since they are in close contact at S, the outer circumferences of the windings P and S are surrounded by the magnetic material 6. The lines of magnetic force pass through the magnetic material 6 with low magnetic resistance to prevent leakage to the outside. Therefore, the leakage magnetic flux due to the secondary winding P is absorbed by the magnetic material 6 as shown in FIG. 4, and is prevented from interlinking with the secondary winding S, thereby preventing noise propagation. Become.
以上のように、巻線Ｐ、Ｓを包覆する磁性材料６は、上
述した■、■、■の原因によるノイズ伝搬を同時に防止
する。As described above, the magnetic material 6 covering the windings P and S simultaneously prevents noise propagation due to the causes of (1), (2), and (2) described above.
第５図および第６図は、絶縁被覆４と磁性材料６を２層
に成した電気絶縁テープを導電体３の外周上に巻き付け
ることによって、−次巻線Ｐと二次巻線Ｓを威している
。なお、絶縁被覆４と磁性材料６を２層とせずに、磁性
材料を含有した電気絶縁テープを用いてもよい。5 and 6 show that a secondary winding P and a secondary winding S are protected by winding an electrically insulating tape consisting of two layers of an insulating coating 4 and a magnetic material 6 on the outer periphery of a conductor 3. are doing. Note that instead of using two layers of the insulating coating 4 and the magnetic material 6, an electrically insulating tape containing a magnetic material may be used.
また、磁性材料６で包覆した電線を巻線Ｐ、Ｓとして使
用することと合わせて、−次巻線Ｐと二次巻線Ｓ全体を
それぞれ導電体または磁性体で包覆してもよい。In addition to using electric wires covered with the magnetic material 6 as the windings P and S, the entire negative winding P and the entire secondary winding S may be covered with a conductive material or a magnetic material, respectively. .
また、磁性材料６で包覆した電線は、漏洩磁束が外に出
ない電線として、巻線Ｐ、Ｓ以外にも広く使用すること
が可能である。Moreover, the electric wire covered with the magnetic material 6 can be widely used in addition to the windings P and S as an electric wire that prevents leakage of magnetic flux.
［効果］
以上説明したように、この発明のノイズ阻止トランスは
、巻線として、絶縁材料によって絶縁被覆された導電線
の外周上をその絶縁材料よりも低抵抗率の磁性材料で包
覆した電線を使用しているから、その巻線自体によって
、上述した■、■。[Effects] As explained above, the noise blocking transformer of the present invention uses, as a winding, an electric wire in which the outer periphery of a conductive wire coated with an insulating material is covered with a magnetic material having a lower resistivity than the insulating material. Since we are using , the above-mentioned ■ and ■ depend on the winding itself.
■の原因によるノイズ伝搬を同時に防ぐことができる。Noise propagation due to the cause of (2) can be prevented at the same time.
したがって、従来のような特別な導電性のトランス全体
の小型化、構造の簡素化、および低価格化を実現するこ
とができる。Therefore, the overall size of the conventional special conductive transformer can be reduced, the structure can be simplified, and the cost can be reduced.
第１図ないし第６図はこの発明の詳細な説明するための
図であって、第１図は縦断面図、第２図は静電遮蔽作用
の説明図、第３図は電磁遮蔽作用の説明図、第４図は磁
気遮蔽の説明図、第５図は電気絶縁テープを用いて成し
た巻線の斜視図、第６図は第５図の■矢視図である。
第７図ないし第９図は従来例を説明するための図であっ
て、第７図は静電容量を通じてのノイズ伝搬の防止対策
の説明図、第８図は電磁誘導作用によるノイズ伝搬の防
止対策の説明図、第９図は第８図のＩＸ−ＩＸ線に沿う
断面図である。
！・・・・・・静電遮蔽材料、 ２・・・・・・遮蔽材
料、３・・・・・・導電体、 ４・・・・・・、絶縁被
覆、５・・・・・・鉄心、 ６・・・・・・磁性材料、
Ｐ・・・・・・−次巻線、 Ｓ・・・・・・二次巻線。
第１図
第３図
第２図
第４図1 to 6 are diagrams for explaining the present invention in detail, in which FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view, FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of electrostatic shielding action, and FIG. 3 is an illustration of electromagnetic shielding action. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of magnetic shielding, FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a winding formed using electrical insulating tape, and FIG. Figures 7 to 9 are diagrams for explaining conventional examples, with Figure 7 being an explanatory diagram of measures to prevent noise propagation through capacitance, and Figure 8 being a diagram for preventing noise propagation due to electromagnetic induction. An explanatory diagram of the countermeasure, FIG. 9 is a sectional view taken along the line IX-IX in FIG. 8. ! ... Electrostatic shielding material, 2 ... Shielding material, 3 ... Conductor, 4 ... Insulation coating, 5 ... Iron core , 6...magnetic material,
P...-Secondary winding, S...Secondary winding. Figure 1 Figure 3 Figure 2 Figure 4
Claims (1)
の外周上をその絶縁材料よりも低抵抗率の磁性材料で包
覆した電線を使用し、 かつその巻線を接地したことを特徴とするノイズ阻止ト
ランス。[Claims] As a winding, an electric wire is used, in which the outer periphery of a conductor body covered with an insulating material is covered with a magnetic material having a lower resistivity than the insulating material, and the winding is grounded. A noise blocking transformer characterized by:
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1199923A JPH0787152B2 (en) | 1989-08-01 | 1989-08-01 | Noise prevention transformer |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1199923A JPH0787152B2 (en) | 1989-08-01 | 1989-08-01 | Noise prevention transformer |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0364009A true JPH0364009A (en) | 1991-03-19 |
| JPH0787152B2 JPH0787152B2 (en) | 1995-09-20 |
Family
ID=16415848
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1199923A Expired - Fee Related JPH0787152B2 (en) | 1989-08-01 | 1989-08-01 | Noise prevention transformer |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0787152B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001284123A (en) * | 2000-01-24 | 2001-10-12 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | Magnetic thin film, magnetic component provided with the same, their manufacturing method, and electric power converter |
| US6888436B1 (en) * | 1999-09-28 | 2005-05-03 | Denkenseiki Re. In. Corporation | Isolation transformers |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4928569U (en) * | 1972-06-13 | 1974-03-12 | ||
| JPS5787510U (en) * | 1980-11-15 | 1982-05-29 | ||
| JPS5941297A (en) * | 1982-09-01 | 1984-03-07 | Fuji Kagakushi Kogyo Co Ltd | Heat transfer recording medium |
-
1989
- 1989-08-01 JP JP1199923A patent/JPH0787152B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4928569U (en) * | 1972-06-13 | 1974-03-12 | ||
| JPS5787510U (en) * | 1980-11-15 | 1982-05-29 | ||
| JPS5941297A (en) * | 1982-09-01 | 1984-03-07 | Fuji Kagakushi Kogyo Co Ltd | Heat transfer recording medium |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6888436B1 (en) * | 1999-09-28 | 2005-05-03 | Denkenseiki Re. In. Corporation | Isolation transformers |
| JP2001284123A (en) * | 2000-01-24 | 2001-10-12 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | Magnetic thin film, magnetic component provided with the same, their manufacturing method, and electric power converter |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0787152B2 (en) | 1995-09-20 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |