JPH034794B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH034794B2 JPH034794B2 JP8935782A JP8935782A JPH034794B2 JP H034794 B2 JPH034794 B2 JP H034794B2 JP 8935782 A JP8935782 A JP 8935782A JP 8935782 A JP8935782 A JP 8935782A JP H034794 B2 JPH034794 B2 JP H034794B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- valve seat
- valve
- passage
- hole
- heat exchanger
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000031872 Body Remains Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K11/00—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves
- F16K11/02—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit
- F16K11/04—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only lift valves
- F16K11/048—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only lift valves with valve seats positioned between movable valve members
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Multiple-Way Valves (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は冷凍サイクルに於て冷媒の径路を切替
える四方弁に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a four-way valve for switching a refrigerant path in a refrigeration cycle.
従来冷凍サイクルに於て冷暖房操作の為冷媒の
径路を切換える事は良く知られていた。この切換
えの為の弁としては四方切換弁が用いられていた
が、その一例として第１図に示すようなものがあ
る。 It has been well known in the past that in a refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant path is switched for heating and cooling operations. A four-way switching valve has been used as a valve for this switching, and one example is shown in FIG.
即ち弁本体１に設けられた電磁石２を励磁する
とばね３に抗してアマチユア４を吸引し、摺動弁
体５を図に於て右方に移動し、導出孔６と通孔７
とを連通する。このような弁体５の位置にあつて
は圧縮機Ｃより吐出した冷媒は配管８より導入孔
９を経て弁本体１内に導入され、更にこの時開口
している通孔１０より配管１１を経て室内熱交換
器１２に導入される。この熱交換器１２に導入さ
れた冷媒は更に配管１３を介して室外熱交換器１
４に至り、配管１５、通孔７、導出孔６、配管１
６を径て圧縮機Ｃに戻る。 That is, when the electromagnet 2 provided in the valve body 1 is energized, the armature 4 is attracted against the spring 3, and the sliding valve body 5 is moved to the right in the figure, and the outlet hole 6 and the through hole 7 are moved.
communicate with. With the valve body 5 in such a position, the refrigerant discharged from the compressor C is introduced into the valve body 1 from the pipe 8 through the introduction hole 9, and is further introduced into the pipe 11 through the through hole 10, which is open at this time. The heat is then introduced into the indoor heat exchanger 12. The refrigerant introduced into the heat exchanger 12 further passes through the pipe 13 to the outdoor heat exchanger 1.
4, piping 15, through hole 7, outlet hole 6, piping 1
6 and return to compressor C.
この場合、室内熱交換器１２は凝縮器の作用を
なし、又室外熱交換器１４は蒸発器の作用をなし
て、暖房運転となる。 In this case, the indoor heat exchanger 12 functions as a condenser, and the outdoor heat exchanger 14 functions as an evaporator, resulting in heating operation.
次に電磁石を滅勢するとアマチユア４はばね３
の弾力により図に於て左方に移動し、従つて弁体
５も同方向に移動し、通孔１０と導出孔６を連通
し、弁本体１を介して導入孔９と通孔７とを連通
する。従つて圧縮機Ｃより吐出した冷媒は配管
８、導入孔９、弁本体１、通孔７、配管１５を経
て室外熱交換器１４に至る。この熱交換器１４よ
り導出された冷媒は配管１３より室内熱交換器１
２に至り更に配管１１、通孔１０、導出管６及び
配管１６を経て圧縮機Ｃに戻る。この場合室内熱
交換器１２は蒸発器の作用をなし、室外熱交換器
１４は凝縮器の作用をなし、冷房運転となる。 Next, when the electromagnet is deenergized, amateur 4 becomes spring 3.
The valve body 5 moves to the left in the figure due to its elasticity, and the valve body 5 also moves in the same direction, communicating the through hole 10 and the outlet hole 6, and connecting the inlet hole 9 and the through hole 7 through the valve body 1. communicate. Therefore, the refrigerant discharged from the compressor C reaches the outdoor heat exchanger 14 via the pipe 8, the introduction hole 9, the valve body 1, the through hole 7, and the pipe 15. The refrigerant led out from the heat exchanger 14 is transferred to the indoor heat exchanger 1 from the pipe 13.
2 and further returns to the compressor C via the pipe 11, the through hole 10, the outlet pipe 6, and the pipe 16. In this case, the indoor heat exchanger 12 functions as an evaporator, and the outdoor heat exchanger 14 functions as a condenser, resulting in cooling operation.
以上から明瞭なように従来の四方切換弁にあつ
ては暖冷房の切換運転はするが、弁体５は各通孔
及び導出孔を含む弁座Ｓに対して摺動をする為精
密な加工精度を必要とする為製作が困難であるば
かりでなく、暖房運転を続ける場合にはばね作用
の為、電磁石の励磁を続行する必要がある電力消
費が大きかつた。 As is clear from the above, conventional four-way switching valves switch between heating and cooling, but the valve body 5 is precision-machined because it slides against the valve seat S, which includes each through hole and outlet hole. Not only is it difficult to manufacture because it requires precision, but it also consumes a lot of power as it is necessary to continue excitation of the electromagnet due to the spring action when heating operation continues.
本発明は以上の点に鑑み発明されたもので、本
発明によれば、弁本体に設けられた電磁石により
常時ばね圧を受ける操作棒を介して操作される一
組の弁体を設け、この各弁体により圧縮機の出口
側と連通する導入孔と室外の熱交換器と連通する
第２の通孔とを通ずる通路を有する第１の弁座、
前記導入孔と室内の熱交換器と連通する第１の通
孔とを通じ、且第１の弁座の通路と同径の通路を
有する第２の弁座、第１の通孔と圧縮機の入口側
を連通する導出孔とを通ずる通路を有する第３の
弁座及び導出孔と第１の熱交換器と連通する第３
の通孔とを通じ且第３の弁座の通路と同径の通路
を有する第４の弁座を夫々選択的に開閉し、且第
１、第２の弁座の通路の径を第３、第４の弁座の
通路の径より大にしたものであつて、電磁石の滅
勢時はばね圧により弁体は第２の弁座と第４の弁
座を閉じ、第１の弁座と第３の弁座を開いてい
る。この為圧縮機より吐出された冷媒は導入孔よ
り第１の弁座の通路を介して第２の通孔に至り更
に第２の熱交換器（凝縮器の作用をする）を経て
第１の熱交換器（蒸発器の作用をする）へ導入さ
れ導出孔を経て圧縮機に戻りこの時は冷房作用を
する。 The present invention has been invented in view of the above points.According to the present invention, a set of valve bodies are provided which are operated via an operating rod that is constantly subjected to spring pressure by an electromagnet provided in the valve body. a first valve seat having a passage through which each valve element communicates with an introduction hole communicating with the outlet side of the compressor and a second through hole communicating with an outdoor heat exchanger;
A second valve seat, which communicates between the introduction hole and the first through hole communicating with the indoor heat exchanger, and which has a passage having the same diameter as the passage of the first valve seat, the first through hole and the compressor. a third valve seat having a passage that communicates with the outlet hole that communicates with the inlet side; and a third valve seat that communicates with the outlet hole and the first heat exchanger;
selectively opens and closes the fourth valve seat, which has a passageway having the same diameter as that of the passageway of the third valve seat, through the passageway of the third valve seat; The valve body is made larger than the diameter of the passage of the fourth valve seat, and when the electromagnet is deenergized, the valve body closes the second valve seat and the fourth valve seat due to spring pressure, and closes the second valve seat and the fourth valve seat. Opening the third valve seat. For this reason, the refrigerant discharged from the compressor enters the second through hole from the introduction hole through the passage of the first valve seat, and then passes through the second heat exchanger (which acts as a condenser) and then the first valve seat. It is introduced into the heat exchanger (which acts as an evaporator) and returns to the compressor through the outlet hole, where it acts as a cooling agent.
又電磁弁を附勢すると各弁体は第１の弁座と第
３の弁座とを閉じ、第２の弁座と第４の弁座とを
開いている。この為圧縮機より吐出された冷媒は
導入孔、第２の弁座の通路、第１の通孔を経て室
内熱交換器（凝縮器の作用をする）に至り更に室
外熱交換器（蒸発器の作用をする）を経て第３の
通孔、第４の弁座の通路、導出孔を経て圧縮機に
戻り、この時は暖房作用をする。 Further, when the solenoid valve is energized, each valve body closes the first valve seat and the third valve seat and opens the second valve seat and the fourth valve seat. For this reason, the refrigerant discharged from the compressor passes through the introduction hole, the passage of the second valve seat, and the first hole, and then reaches the indoor heat exchanger (which acts as a condenser), and then the outdoor heat exchanger (which acts as a condenser). It returns to the compressor via the third passage hole, the passage of the fourth valve seat, and the outlet hole, where it performs the heating function.
然して本発明によれば従来のように摺動弁体で
はないので精密な加工を要せず、又第１の弁座と
第２の弁座の各通路の径を第３の弁座と第３の弁
座の各通路の径より大にしたから、仮令電磁石を
滅勢しても各弁体にかかる冷媒圧により弁体はそ
の状態で停止して居り余分な電力消費がない。 However, according to the present invention, since the valve body is not a sliding valve body as in the past, precise machining is not required. Since the diameter is made larger than the diameter of each passage of the valve seat in No. 3, even if the electromagnet is deenergized, the valve body remains in that state due to the refrigerant pressure applied to each valve body, and there is no unnecessary power consumption.
次に本発明の一実施例を第２図及び第３図につ
いて説明する。 Next, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.
第２図に於て２１は弁本体で図示しない圧縮機
の吐出側と連通する導入孔２２、室内側の図示し
ない第１の熱交換器と接続する第１の通孔２３、
圧縮機の入口側と接続する導出孔２４を一側に有
し、又他側には図示しない室外側熱交換器と接続
するパイプ２５より分岐し且導入孔２２、導出孔
２４より外方に位置する第２、第３の通孔２６，
２７を有する。 In FIG. 2, reference numeral 21 denotes a valve body; an introduction hole 22 that communicates with the discharge side of a compressor (not shown); a first through hole 23 that connects with a first heat exchanger (not shown) on the indoor side;
It has an outlet hole 24 on one side that connects to the inlet side of the compressor, and on the other side, it branches from a pipe 25 that connects to an outdoor heat exchanger (not shown) and extends outward from the inlet hole 22 and the outlet hole 24. the second and third through holes 26,
It has 27.
弁本体２１の一端にはキヤツプ２８を螺合し、
又他端にも同じくキヤツプ２９を螺合する。 A cap 28 is screwed onto one end of the valve body 21,
A cap 29 is similarly screwed to the other end.
然してキヤツプ２８はその軸方向に案内孔３０
を有し、又キヤツプ２９には同じく軸方向に凹所
３１を有する。 However, the cap 28 has a guide hole 30 in its axial direction.
The cap 29 also has a recess 31 in the axial direction.
弁本体２１内には第１の弁座３２、第２の弁座
３３、第３の弁座３４及び第４の弁座３５を設
け、第１の弁座３２の通路３６は前記導入孔２２
と第２の通孔２６とに連通し、第２の弁座３３の
通路３７は導入孔２２と第１の通孔２３に連通
し、第３の弁座３４の通路３８は第１の通孔２３
と導出孔２４とに連通し、更に第４の弁座２５の
通路３９は導出孔２４と第３の通孔２７とに連通
している。 A first valve seat 32, a second valve seat 33, a third valve seat 34, and a fourth valve seat 35 are provided in the valve body 21, and the passage 36 of the first valve seat 32 is connected to the introduction hole 22.
The passage 37 of the second valve seat 33 communicates with the introduction hole 22 and the first passage hole 23, and the passage 38 of the third valve seat 34 communicates with the first passage. Hole 23
The passage 39 of the fourth valve seat 25 communicates with the outlet hole 24 and the third through hole 27 .
そして第１の弁座３２の通路３６と第２の弁座
３３の通路３７の径は等しく、又第３の弁座３４
の通路３８と第４の弁座３５の通路の径３９との
径も等しい。 The diameters of the passage 36 of the first valve seat 32 and the passage 37 of the second valve seat 33 are equal, and the diameter of the passage 37 of the second valve seat 33 is equal.
The diameter of the passage 38 and the diameter 39 of the passage of the fourth valve seat 35 are also equal.
然して第１の弁座と第２の弁座の通路の径は第
３の弁座と第４の弁座の通路の径より大きくして
ある。 However, the diameter of the passages between the first valve seat and the second valve seat is larger than the diameter of the passages between the third valve seat and the fourth valve seat.
弁本体のキヤツプ２８側には電磁石４０が設け
られて居り、その作動によりキヤツプ２８の案内
孔３０を介して内挿された弁棒４１を操作する。 An electromagnet 40 is provided on the cap 28 side of the valve body, and its operation operates the valve stem 41 inserted through the guide hole 30 of the cap 28.
然して弁棒４１はばね４２により図に於て下方
に押圧されている。弁棒の下端はキヤツプ２９の
凹所３１内に挿入されている。 However, the valve stem 41 is pressed downward in the figure by the spring 42. The lower end of the valve stem is inserted into a recess 31 in the cap 29.
弁棒４１には２個の両面円錐形状の弁体４３，
４４が固定されて居る。然して弁体４３は第１の
弁座３２と第２の弁座３３と弁本体２１の内壁に
よつて形成された第１の弁室４５内を、又弁体４
４は第３の弁座３４と第４の弁座３５と弁本体２
１の内壁によつて形成された第２の弁室４６内を
夫々移動する。 The valve stem 41 has two double-sided conical valve bodies 43,
44 is fixed. Therefore, the valve body 43 operates inside the first valve chamber 45 formed by the first valve seat 32 , the second valve seat 33 , and the inner wall of the valve body 21 .
4 is the third valve seat 34, the fourth valve seat 35, and the valve body 2
The two valve chambers 46 respectively move within the second valve chamber 46 formed by the inner wall of the first valve chamber 46 .
今電磁石４０が滅勢されている時には、弁棒４
１はばね４２の弾力により第２図に示すように下
降し、弁体４３は第２の弁座３３の通路３７を閉
止し、又弁体４４は第４の弁座３５の通路３９を
閉止する。そして第１の弁座３２の通路３６、第
３の弁座３４の通路３８は夫々開放する。 When the electromagnet 40 is now deenergized, the valve stem 4
1 is lowered as shown in FIG. 2 by the elasticity of the spring 42, the valve body 43 closes the passage 37 of the second valve seat 33, and the valve body 44 closes the passage 39 of the fourth valve seat 35. do. The passage 36 of the first valve seat 32 and the passage 38 of the third valve seat 34 are then opened.
この為圧縮機より吐出された冷媒は導入孔２
２、弁室４５、第１の弁座３２の通路３６、第２
の通孔２６を経て室外の熱交換器（この場合凝縮
器となる）に至り更に室内の熱交換器（この場合
蒸発器となる）、第１の通孔２３、導出孔２４を
経て圧縮機に戻る。これが冷房運転である。 For this reason, the refrigerant discharged from the compressor is transferred to the inlet hole 2.
2, valve chamber 45, passage 36 of first valve seat 32, second
It passes through the through hole 26 to the outdoor heat exchanger (in this case, it becomes a condenser), and then through the indoor heat exchanger (in this case, it becomes an evaporator), the first through hole 23, and the outlet hole 24 to the compressor. Return to This is cooling operation.
次に電磁石を附勢すると、第３図に示すように
弁棒４１はばね４２の弾力に抗して上昇し、弁体
４３は第１の弁座３２の通路３６を閉止し、第２
の弁座３３の通路３７を開放すると共に、弁体４
４は第３の弁座３４の通路３８を閉止し、第４の
弁座３５の通路３９を開放する。 Next, when the electromagnet is energized, the valve stem 41 rises against the elasticity of the spring 42, and the valve body 43 closes the passage 36 of the first valve seat 32 and the second
The passage 37 of the valve seat 33 is opened, and the valve body 4 is opened.
4 closes the passage 38 of the third valve seat 34 and opens the passage 39 of the fourth valve seat 35.
従つて圧縮機から吐出された冷媒は導入孔２
２、第２の弁座の通路３７、第１の通孔２３を経
て室内の熱交換器（この場合凝縮器となる）に至
り、更に室外の熱交換器（この場合蒸発器とな
る）を経て第３の通路２７、第４の弁座３５の通
路３９、導出孔２４に至り圧縮機へ戻る。これが
暖房運転である。 Therefore, the refrigerant discharged from the compressor flows through the introduction hole 2.
2. Passing through the passage 37 of the second valve seat and the first through hole 23, it reaches the indoor heat exchanger (in this case, the condenser), and then the outdoor heat exchanger (in this case, the evaporator). It then reaches the third passage 27, the passage 39 of the fourth valve seat 35, the outlet hole 24, and returns to the compressor. This is heating operation.
然してこの場合電磁石を滅勢しても弁室４５内
に於て弁体４３の下方にかかる圧力は、第１の弁
座の通路３６の径が第３の弁座の通路３８の径よ
り大きいから弁体４４の上方にかかる圧力より大
となる。 However, in this case, even if the electromagnet is deenergized, the pressure applied below the valve body 43 in the valve chamber 45 is such that the diameter of the passage 36 of the first valve seat is larger than the diameter of the passage 38 of the third valve seat. The pressure applied above the valve body 44 is greater than the pressure applied above the valve body 44.
従つて、たとえ電磁石４０を滅勢しても両弁体
はばね圧に抗してその位置を保持し、暖房運転を
続行すから無駄な電力消費はなくなる。 Therefore, even if the electromagnet 40 is deenergized, both valve bodies maintain their positions against the spring pressure and continue heating operation, eliminating unnecessary power consumption.
その他前記した効果の他に組立ても簡単である
等の効果があり附随的に安価な四方切換弁を提供
し得ることになる。 In addition to the above-mentioned effects, the present invention also has the advantage of being easy to assemble, and additionally provides an inexpensive four-way switching valve.
第１図は従来の四方切換弁の概略の断面図、第
２図は本発明の四方切換弁の電磁石滅勢時に於け
る要部の断面図で第３図は同じく本発明の電磁石
附勢時に於ける要部の断面図である。
２１……弁本体、２２……導入孔、２３……第
１の通孔、２４……導出孔、２６……第２の通
孔、２７……第３の通孔、３２……第１の弁座、
３３……第２の弁座、３４……第３の弁座、３５
……第４の弁座、３６，３７，３８，３９……各
弁座の通路、４０……電磁石、４１……弁棒、４
２……ばね、４３，４４……弁体。
Fig. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a conventional four-way switching valve, Fig. 2 is a sectional view of the main parts of the four-way switching valve of the present invention when the electromagnet is deactivated, and Fig. 3 is a sectional view of the main part of the four-way switching valve of the present invention when the electromagnet is energized. FIG. 21...Valve body, 22...Introduction hole, 23...First through hole, 24...Outlet hole, 26...Second through hole, 27...Third through hole, 32...First through hole valve seat,
33...Second valve seat, 34...Third valve seat, 35
... Fourth valve seat, 36, 37, 38, 39 ... Passage of each valve seat, 40 ... Electromagnet, 41 ... Valve stem, 4
2... Spring, 43, 44... Valve body.
Claims (1)
交換器と連通する第１の通孔、圧縮機の入口側と
連通する導出孔、を一方の側に有し、他方の側に
は第２の熱交換器と夫々連通する第２、第３の通
孔を有し、且前記導入孔と第２の通孔とを連通す
る通路を有する第１の弁座、導入孔と第１の通孔
を連通し、前記第１の弁座の通路と同径の通路を
有する第２の弁座、第１の通孔と導出孔とを連通
する通路を有する第３の弁座、導出孔と第３の通
孔とを連通し、前記第３の弁座の通路と同径の通
路を有する第４の弁座を夫々有する弁本体と、こ
の弁本体の一端に取りつけられた電磁石と、この
電磁石の作動により操作し、弁本体の他端側にば
ねにより偏位する弁棒に取りつけられ、前記第１
〜第４の弁座の通路を選択的に開閉し、且第１の
弁座と第２の弁座及び第３の弁座と第４の弁座間
に位置する一組の弁体とよりなり前記第１、第２
の弁座の通路の径を第３、第４の弁座の通路の径
より大にしてなる四方切換弁。1 One side has an introduction hole communicating with the discharge side of the compressor, a first through hole communicating with the first heat exchanger, and an outlet hole communicating with the inlet side of the compressor, and the other side has has second and third through holes that communicate with the second heat exchanger, and a first valve seat that has a passage that communicates the introduction hole and the second through hole; a second valve seat that communicates the first through hole and has a passage having the same diameter as the passage of the first valve seat; a third valve seat that has a passage that communicates the first through hole and the outlet hole; A valve body each having a fourth valve seat that communicates the outlet hole with the third through hole and has a passage having the same diameter as the passage of the third valve seat, and an electromagnet attached to one end of the valve body. The first valve is operated by the operation of this electromagnet, and is attached to a valve stem that is biased toward the other end of the valve body by a spring.
~ selectively opens and closes the passage of the fourth valve seat, and consists of a set of valve bodies located between the first valve seat, the second valve seat, and the third valve seat and the fourth valve seat; Said first and second
A four-way switching valve in which the diameter of the passage in the first valve seat is larger than the diameter of the passage in the third and fourth valve seats.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8935782A JPS58207584A (en) | 1982-05-26 | 1982-05-26 | Four-way selector valve |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8935782A JPS58207584A (en) | 1982-05-26 | 1982-05-26 | Four-way selector valve |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS58207584A JPS58207584A (en) | 1983-12-03 |
| JPH034794B2 true JPH034794B2 (en) | 1991-01-23 |
Family
ID=13968456
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8935782A Granted JPS58207584A (en) | 1982-05-26 | 1982-05-26 | Four-way selector valve |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS58207584A (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4042084A1 (en) * | 1990-12-28 | 1992-07-02 | Eberspaecher J | SOLENOID VALVE FOR VOLUME CONTROL |
| CN104061342B (en) * | 2014-06-04 | 2016-06-08 | 蔡宇峰 | A kind of four-way valve device being applied to VOCs treatment |
-
1982
- 1982-05-26 JP JP8935782A patent/JPS58207584A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS58207584A (en) | 1983-12-03 |
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