JPH0335217A - Driving system for liquid crystal display device - Google Patents
Driving system for liquid crystal display deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0335217A JPH0335217A JP17031089A JP17031089A JPH0335217A JP H0335217 A JPH0335217 A JP H0335217A JP 17031089 A JP17031089 A JP 17031089A JP 17031089 A JP17031089 A JP 17031089A JP H0335217 A JPH0335217 A JP H0335217A
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- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- voltage
- crystal display
- display device
- crest value
- Prior art date
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Links
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004988 Nematic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZTKUNZYDCMRWGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chlorohexylbenzene Chemical compound CCCCCC(Cl)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZTKUNZYDCMRWGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282320 Panthera leo Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002858 crystal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〈産業上の利用分野〉
本発明は液晶表示素子、特に単純マトリクス駆動される
ツイステブドネマチツク液晶表示装置の電圧平均化法に
よる駆動方式の改良に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION <Industrial Application Field> The present invention relates to an improvement in the driving method of a liquid crystal display element, particularly a twisted nematic liquid crystal display device driven by a simple matrix, using a voltage averaging method.
〈従来の技術〉
単純マトリクス駆動型ＬＣＤは、各絵素ごとにスイッチ
ング素子を設けたアクティブ駆動型ＬＣＤと比べその構
造が単純であるため、大画面化が容易であるという利点
を有する。この利点を生かしてワードプロセッサやラッ
プトップコンピュータのデイスプレィとして用途が広が
りつつある。<Prior Art> A simple matrix drive type LCD has a simpler structure than an active drive type LCD in which a switching element is provided for each picture element, so it has the advantage that it can easily be made to have a large screen. Taking advantage of this advantage, applications are expanding as displays for word processors and laptop computers.
しかしコントラストや応答速度などの表示特性の点では
アクティブ駆動型ＬＣＤに比へて劣っているためこれら
の点に関する改良が行われている。However, since they are inferior to active drive type LCDs in terms of display characteristics such as contrast and response speed, improvements have been made in these respects.
１ずコントラストを改善するために液晶層の分子配向の
捩れ角・度を１８００以上としたスバーツイステプドネ
マチック（Ｓｕｐｅｒ ＴｗｉｓｔｅｄＮｅｍａｔｉ
ｃ）ＬＣＤが提案され、現在単純マトリクス駆動ＬＣＤ
の主流とな−ている。また応答速度を改善するために液
晶層の薄層化や液晶材料の低粘度化が行われてかり、動
画表示が行える応答速度、１５０ｍ５ｅｃ以下の応答速
度が目標となっている。1. Super Twisted Nematic, in which the twist angle/degree of molecular orientation in the liquid crystal layer is set to 1800 or more in order to improve contrast.
c) LCDs have been proposed and currently simple matrix driven LCDs
It has become the mainstream. In order to improve the response speed, efforts have been made to make the liquid crystal layer thinner and to lower the viscosity of the liquid crystal material, and the goal is to achieve a response speed of 150 m5ec or less, which is capable of displaying moving images.
アクティブマトリクス駆動型ＬＣＤのように各絵素ごと
にスイッチング素子をもたない単純マトリクス駆動型Ｌ
ＣＤの駆動回路は第５図に示すように、幾つかの絵素に
同一の電極を共用するので表示絵素以外の絵素にも電圧
が印加される。このためにコントラストが低下するクロ
スエフェクト現象が避けられない。A simple matrix drive type L that does not have a switching element for each picture element like an active matrix drive type LCD.
As shown in FIG. 5, the CD drive circuit shares the same electrode for several picture elements, so voltage is applied to picture elements other than the display picture elements. For this reason, a cross-effect phenomenon in which contrast decreases is unavoidable.
これを軽減するために、選択点と非選択点の電圧を平均
化する電圧平均化法という駆動方法が一般に用いられる
。なかでも、走査線数Ｎに対して選択絵素に印加する電
圧の波高値Ｖｐとバイアス電圧の波高値Ｖｂとの比ａを
ａ−ｆｉ＋１
とし、さらに非選択絵素に印加する電圧の波高値ｖｏと
選択絵素に印加する電圧の波高値Ｖｐとの関係を
Ｖｏ−（１−７） Ｖｐ
とした第７図ｆａｌの選択電圧波形および（ｂｌの非選
択電圧波形に示す波形の電圧を絵素に印加する。最適化
バイアス法が用いられる。In order to alleviate this problem, a driving method called a voltage averaging method is generally used to average the voltages at selected points and non-selected points. In particular, the ratio a between the peak value Vp of the voltage applied to the selected picture element and the peak value Vb of the bias voltage for the number N of scanning lines is a-fi+1, and the peak value of the voltage applied to the non-selected picture element is The relationship between vo and the peak value Vp of the voltage applied to the selected picture element is Vo-(1-7) Vp. Optimized bias method is used.
〈発明が解決しようとする課題〉
ところがツィステッドネマチック液晶には、駆動のため
に印加される電圧の実効値に依存する特性があるため、
液晶表示素子の応答速度が速くなる一方駆動電圧のパル
ス幅が比較的広くなると、上述の最適化バイアス法で定
めた電圧波形を絵素に印加したのでは良好な表示特性が
得られなくなる。この例として、第８図（ａｌ及びｆｂ
ｌにそれぞれ応答速度が４００ｍ５ｅｃと１５０ ｍ５
ｅｃである５ＴＮ−ＬＣＤに前述した最適化バイアス法
によって定めた駆動波形を印加した場合の透過率電圧特
性を示す。同図（ａ）に示すように応答速度が４００
ｍ５ｅｃと遅い場合には、画面の書き換えの周波数であ
るフレーム周波数を変化させてもしきい値電圧の変動が
起こるだけで１表示コントラストの目安となる透過率の
電圧に対する急峻性には大きい違いは現れない。ところ
が応答速度が１５０ ｍ５ｅｃと速い場合には、同図（
ｂ）に示すように、しきい値電圧の変動とともに、フレ
ーム周波数が６０Ｈｚ以下の低周波数領域では急峻性が
極めて悪くなる。したがって従来の最適化バイアス法で
は、テレビ画面の表示（フレーム周波数８０Ｈｚ程度）
のような電極抵抗値の問題が軽減される低周波領域にわ
いて液晶表示素子の応答速度を速めて動画表示を行うと
、高コントラストな画像を形成することができないとい
う問題点があった。<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> However, twisted nematic liquid crystals have characteristics that depend on the effective value of the voltage applied for driving.
As the response speed of the liquid crystal display element becomes faster and the pulse width of the drive voltage becomes relatively wider, good display characteristics cannot be obtained by applying the voltage waveform determined by the above-mentioned optimization bias method to the picture element. As an example of this, see Figure 8 (al and fb
The response speed is 400 m5ec and 150 m5 respectively.
The transmittance voltage characteristics are shown when a driving waveform determined by the above-mentioned optimization bias method is applied to a 5TN-LCD that is an ec. As shown in figure (a), the response speed is 400.
If it is as slow as m5ec, changing the frame frequency, which is the screen rewriting frequency, will only cause a change in the threshold voltage, but there will be no large difference in the steepness of the transmittance versus voltage, which is a measure of display contrast. do not have. However, when the response speed is as fast as 150 m5ec, the same figure (
As shown in b), as the threshold voltage changes, the steepness becomes extremely poor in a low frequency region where the frame frequency is 60 Hz or less. Therefore, in the conventional optimization bias method, the TV screen display (frame frequency of about 80Hz)
When displaying a moving image by increasing the response speed of a liquid crystal display element in a low frequency region where the problem of electrode resistance value is alleviated, there is a problem that a high contrast image cannot be formed.
そこで本発明の目的は、速い応答速度を有するライステ
マドネマチック液晶表示装置にわいて。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device having a fast response speed.
比較的低いフレーム周波数で画面表示を行った場合でも
透過率電圧特性の急峻性を悪化させることがなく、従っ
て高コントラストな画像を形成することができる、液晶
表示装置の電圧平均化法による駆動方式を提供すること
にある。A driving method using a voltage averaging method for liquid crystal display devices that does not deteriorate the steepness of the transmittance voltage characteristics even when screen display is performed at a relatively low frame frequency, and therefore can form high contrast images. Our goal is to provide the following.
く課題を解決するための手段〉
上述の目的を達成するため本発明は、液晶表示装置の電
圧平均化法による駆動方式にわいて、選択絵素に印加す
る電圧の波高値Ｖｐと、バイアス電圧の波高値Ｖｂとの
比ａ（＝Ｖｐ／Ｖｂ）が、走査線数Ｎに対して、（、／
Ｗ＋ｔ ）／１．１＞ａ＞ｃ４＋ｔ）／２ の範囲を満
足することを特徴とする液晶表示装置の駆動方式である
。Means for Solving the Problems> To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for driving a liquid crystal display device using a voltage averaging method, in which the peak value Vp of the voltage applied to a selected picture element and the bias voltage are The ratio a (=Vp/Vb) to the peak value Vb of (, /
This is a driving method for a liquid crystal display device characterized by satisfying the following range: W+t)/1.1>a>c4+t)/2.
く作 用〉
本発明に従えば、従来の最適化バイアス法と異って、選
択絵素に印加する電圧の波高値Ｖｐトバイアス電圧の波
高値Ｖｂとの比ａ −Ｖ ｐ ／ Ｖ ｂ を適切な範
囲内に設定し得るので、応答速度の速い液晶素子を用い
てフレーム周波数を低周波領域まで変化させても、透過
率電圧特性の急峻比を悪化させることがない。Effects> According to the present invention, unlike the conventional optimization bias method, the ratio a −V p /V b of the peak value Vp of the voltage applied to the selected picture element to the peak value Vb of the bias voltage is determined appropriately. Therefore, even if the frame frequency is changed to a low frequency range using a liquid crystal element with a fast response speed, the steepness ratio of the transmittance-voltage characteristic will not deteriorate.
〈実施例〉
本発明の駆動方式を適用する液晶表示装置は従来例と同
様の構成を有し、第５図に示す駆動回路を有する。液晶
パネルは、ＮＸＭ木の這明電極を有する２層型の５ＴＮ
−ＬＣＤを用いる。この２層型５ＴＮ−ＬＣＤの製造方
法を以下に示す（第６図参照）。駆動セル４は、ガラス
上にスパッタ装置を用いてＩＴＯを約ｘｏｏｏＡ蒸着し
、フォトプロセスを用いて工・ノチングして第５図に示
す走査電極２と信号電極８を構成する。その上に５ｉＯ
１などの無機絶縁膜を堆積した後、ポリイミド配向膜を
塗布しラビングする。以上のように処理した上下の基板
をガラスファイバー等のスベ−サをはさんで約５μｍ厚
とする。ここにフェニン
ル本クロヘキサン系のネマチ１り液晶と左捩れの光学活
性物質を混合した液晶８を注入する。液晶分子配向の捩
れ角度は２４００であり、液晶の粘度は約２０ｃｐであ
る。<Embodiment> A liquid crystal display device to which the driving method of the present invention is applied has a configuration similar to that of a conventional example, and has a driving circuit shown in FIG. The liquid crystal panel is a 2-layer 5TN with NXM wooden electrodes.
-Using an LCD. A method for manufacturing this two-layer type 5TN-LCD is shown below (see FIG. 6). For the drive cell 4, ITO is deposited on glass using a sputtering device to approximately xoooA, and then etched and notched using a photo process to form the scanning electrode 2 and signal electrode 8 shown in FIG. 5iO on top of that
After depositing an inorganic insulating film such as No. 1, a polyimide alignment film is applied and rubbed. The upper and lower substrates treated as described above are sandwiched with a spacer such as glass fiber to give a thickness of about 5 μm. A liquid crystal 8 which is a mixture of a phenyl-chlorohexane-based nematic liquid crystal and a left-handed optically active substance is injected here. The twist angle of the liquid crystal molecular alignment is 2400, and the viscosity of the liquid crystal is about 20 cp.
この駆動セルの上節に装着する光学補償用セル５は、電
極部分を有さず、液晶としては駆動用セルと同一のネマ
チ・ツク液晶に駆動セルとは逆の右捩れの光学活性物質
を混合した液晶９を注入する。The optical compensation cell 5 attached to the upper section of the drive cell does not have an electrode part, and the liquid crystal is the same nematic liquid crystal as the drive cell, but has an optically active material with a right-handed twist opposite to that of the drive cell. Inject the mixed liquid crystal 9.
セル厚は駆動セルと同様に約５μｍである。駆動セル４
と光学補償用セル５の位置関係と各々の液晶分子配向の
捩れ角度の関係を第６図に示してふ・く。なお６ａ、６
ｂは偏光板であり、７は駆動用電源である。The cell thickness is about 5 μm, similar to the drive cell. Drive cell 4
FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the position of the optical compensation cell 5 and the twist angle of each liquid crystal molecule orientation. Note that 6a, 6
b is a polarizing plate, and 7 is a driving power source.
また本実施例の液晶表示パネルの応答速度は約１５０
ｍ５ｅｃであり、液晶の分子配向の捩れ角は２４００で
ある。Furthermore, the response speed of the liquid crystal display panel of this example is approximately 150
m5ec, and the twist angle of the molecular orientation of the liquid crystal is 2400.
選択絵素と非選択絵素の駆動波形はそれぞれ第１図！ａ
ｌｂよびｆｂｌであり１本実施例では走査線数Ｎを１０
０している。The drive waveforms of selected picture elements and non-selected picture elements are shown in Figure 1! a
lb and fbl, and in this embodiment, the number of scanning lines N is 10.
It's 0.
また選択絵素に印加する電圧の波高値Ｖｐ、非選択絵素
に印加する電圧の波高値Ｖ。及びバイアス電圧の波高値
Ｖｂ との関係を
０、０５ ＶｐぐＶｂ（０，２Ｖｐ
Ｖ ＝Ｖ −２Ｖｂ
ｐ
とした場合のコントラストと１／ａ−Ｖｂ／ｖ、との測
定結果を第３図に示す。同図より明らかにＶｂを０、Ｉ
Ｖｐから０．１８ Ｖｐの範囲に設定することにより高
いコントラストが得られることが判る。すなわち本実施
例では走査線数Ｎが１００であるかの間に設定すれば良
好な結果が得られることになる。Also, the peak value Vp of the voltage applied to the selected picture element, and the peak value V of the voltage applied to the non-selected picture element. Figure 3 shows the measurement results of the contrast and 1/a-Vb/v when the relationship with the peak value Vb of the bias voltage is 0.05 Vp × Vb (0.2Vp V = V -2Vb p From the same figure, it is clear that Vb is 0 and I
It can be seen that high contrast can be obtained by setting the range from Vp to 0.18 Vp. That is, in this embodiment, good results can be obtained if the number of scanning lines N is set within 100.
本実施例に釦いてフレーム周波数を変化した場合の透過
率電圧特性を第４図１ａ）に示す。ここではＶｂ−Ｑ、
１５ Ｖｐ としである。フレーム周波数が変化し
ても急峻性に変化のないことがよく判る。FIG. 4 1a) shows the transmittance voltage characteristics when the frame frequency is changed by pressing the button in this embodiment. Here, Vb-Q,
It is 15 Vp. It is clearly seen that there is no change in steepness even when the frame frequency changes.
比較のために第４図（ｂｌに同一の液晶表示装置を最適
化バイアス法ご駆動した場合の透過率電圧特性を示して
かぐ。For comparison, FIG. 4 (bl) shows the transmittance voltage characteristics when the same liquid crystal display device is driven using the optimized bias method.
また、走査線数Ｎが異なったパネルについても種々の実
験を行−た結果、バイアス電圧の波高値Ｖｂと選択絵素
に印加する電圧の波高値Ｖ、及び走査線数Ｎとの間に
の関係がある場合に良好なコントラストが得られること
が判明した。さらにこの範囲の中でも特にの範囲に設定
すれば更に良好な結果を得た。Furthermore, as a result of various experiments conducted on panels with different numbers of scanning lines N, we found that there is a difference between the peak value Vb of the bias voltage, the peak value V of the voltage applied to the selected picture element, and the number N of scanning lines. It has been found that good contrast can be obtained when there is a relationship. Furthermore, even better results were obtained by setting it within this range.
また液晶の分子配向の捩れ角としては１８０’〜２７０
０に設定すれば同様の効果が得られる。In addition, the twist angle of molecular orientation of liquid crystal is 180' to 270'.
A similar effect can be obtained by setting it to 0.
更に応答速度が１５０ ｍ５ｅｃ以下と高速の場合に顕
著に効果が現われた。また絵素に印加する電圧の波形は
第２図に示すものでも効果に変化はない。Furthermore, the effect was remarkable when the response speed was as high as 150 m5ec or less. Further, even if the waveform of the voltage applied to the picture element is shown in FIG. 2, the effect will not change.
以上の実施例では２層型５ＴＮ−ＬＣＤについて示した
が１通常のＳ Ｔ Ｎ −Ｌ ＣＤや、光学補償用セル
の変わりに１軸性フイルムを用いた場合についても同様
の結果が得られた。In the above examples, a two-layer 5TN-LCD was shown, but similar results were obtained with a normal STN-L CD and a case where a uniaxial film was used instead of an optical compensation cell. .
以上の結果より、液晶表示装置の電圧平均化法による駆
動方式に釦いて、選択絵素に印加する電圧の波高値Ｖ、
と非選択絵素に印加する電圧の波高値ｖｏ及びバイアス
電圧の波高値Ｖｂ並びに走査線数Ｎとの間に
の範囲を満すａに対して
ｖ５−上Ｐ
の関係を有する場合に良好な表示画像が得られることが
明らかとなった。From the above results, it is clear that when using the driving method using the voltage averaging method of the liquid crystal display device, the peak value V of the voltage applied to the selected picture element,
A good condition is obtained when the relationship of v5 - upper P is satisfied for a that satisfies the range between , the peak value vo of the voltage applied to the non-selected picture element, the peak value Vb of the bias voltage, and the number N of scanning lines. It became clear that a display image could be obtained.
〈発明の効果〉
以上説明してきたように本発明によれば、速い応答速度
を有するライステ１ドネマチフク液晶装置にかいて、比
較的低いフレーム周波数で画面表示を行った場合でも透
過率電圧特性の急峻性を悪化させることがないので、コ
ントラストの低下を伴うことなく液晶素子の応答速度の
高速化を図９得る。<Effects of the Invention> As described above, according to the present invention, even when screen display is performed at a relatively low frame frequency, the steepness of the transmittance voltage characteristic can be maintained in a liquid crystal device having a fast response speed. Therefore, the response speed of the liquid crystal element can be increased as shown in FIG. 9 without deterioration of contrast.
また本発明による駆動方式は、駆動回路構成や液晶表示
パネルは通常用いられているものを大きく変更すること
な〈実施できるので製造コストが高くなることもないと
いう効果が得られた。Further, the driving method according to the present invention has the advantage that the driving circuit configuration and the liquid crystal display panel can be implemented without greatly changing the normally used ones, so that the manufacturing cost does not increase.
第１図は本発明による絵素の駆動電圧波形を示す図、第
２図は本発明による絵素の駆動電圧波形の池の例を示す
図、第８図は本発明の駆動方法による表示特性を示す図
、第４図は本発明と従来例の表示特性を比較するための
図、第５図は駆動回路の概略構成図、第６図は液晶表示
装置の模式図、第７図は従来例の絵素の駆動電圧波形を
示す図、第８図は従来例の表示特性を示す図である。
ｌ・・・液晶セル駆動部、２・・・走査電極、８・・・
信号電極、４・・・駆動セル、５・・・光学補償用セル
。
６ａ、 トド・偏光板、７・・・駆動用電源、８．９
・・・液晶。FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a driving voltage waveform of a picture element according to the present invention, FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a driving voltage waveform of a picture element according to the present invention, and FIG. 8 is a diagram showing display characteristics according to the driving method of the present invention. 4 is a diagram for comparing the display characteristics of the present invention and the conventional example, FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the drive circuit, FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the liquid crystal display device, and FIG. 7 is the conventional example. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing drive voltage waveforms of picture elements in an example, and FIG. 8 is a diagram showing display characteristics of a conventional example. l...Liquid crystal cell drive unit, 2...Scanning electrode, 8...
Signal electrode, 4... Drive cell, 5... Optical compensation cell. 6a, sea lion polarizing plate, 7... drive power supply, 8.9
···liquid crystal.
Claims (1)
て、 選択絵素に印加する電圧の波高値Ｖｐと、バイアス電圧
の波高値Ｖｂとの比ａ（＝Ｖｐ／Ｖｂ）が、 （√（Ｎ）＋１／１．１）＞ａ＞（√（Ｎ）＋１／２）
但しＮは走査線数 の範囲を満足することを特徴とする液晶表示装置の駆動
方式。[Claims of Claims] 1. In a driving method using a voltage averaging method for a liquid crystal display device, a ratio a (=Vp/Vb) between a peak value Vp of a voltage applied to a selected picture element and a peak value Vb of a bias voltage. But, (√(N)+1/1.1)>a>(√(N)+1/2)
However, N is a driving method for a liquid crystal display device that satisfies a range of the number of scanning lines.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17031089A JPH0335217A (en) | 1989-06-30 | 1989-06-30 | Driving system for liquid crystal display device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17031089A JPH0335217A (en) | 1989-06-30 | 1989-06-30 | Driving system for liquid crystal display device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0335217A true JPH0335217A (en) | 1991-02-15 |
Family
ID=15902603
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17031089A Pending JPH0335217A (en) | 1989-06-30 | 1989-06-30 | Driving system for liquid crystal display device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0335217A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5761905A (en) * | 1996-01-25 | 1998-06-09 | Aisin Takaoka Co., Ltd. | Exhaust manifold |
| JP2011099909A (en) * | 2009-11-04 | 2011-05-19 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display device |
| JP2015207022A (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2015-11-19 | スタンレー電気株式会社 | liquid crystal display device |
-
1989
- 1989-06-30 JP JP17031089A patent/JPH0335217A/en active Pending
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5761905A (en) * | 1996-01-25 | 1998-06-09 | Aisin Takaoka Co., Ltd. | Exhaust manifold |
| JP2011099909A (en) * | 2009-11-04 | 2011-05-19 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display device |
| JP2015207022A (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2015-11-19 | スタンレー電気株式会社 | liquid crystal display device |
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