JPH03207489A - Method for removing phosphorus in liquid - Google Patents
Method for removing phosphorus in liquidInfo
- Publication number
- JPH03207489A JPH03207489A JP100090A JP100090A JPH03207489A JP H03207489 A JPH03207489 A JP H03207489A JP 100090 A JP100090 A JP 100090A JP 100090 A JP100090 A JP 100090A JP H03207489 A JPH03207489 A JP H03207489A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- liq
- phosphorus
- added
- electrical conductivity
- stage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 23
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 5
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical class [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000009287 sand filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002367 phosphate rock Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ba+2] WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001626 barium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006114 decarboxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010840 domestic wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010800 human waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010842 industrial wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- DJFBJKSMACBYBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphane;hydrate Chemical compound O.P DJFBJKSMACBYBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Removal Of Specific Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
Ｃ産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は、下水，し尿等の生活排水，工場排水などに含
まれるリンを除去する方法に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION C. Industrial Application Field The present invention relates to a method for removing phosphorus contained in domestic wastewater such as sewage and human waste, industrial wastewater, and the like.
液中のリンを除去するに当たり、リンを含む液をカルシ
ウムイオンの存在下で、リン除去能力を有する粒状物、
例えばリン鉱石，骨炭， ＭｇＯ，スラグ類などと接触
させる方法は、接触脱リン法として確立された公知の方
法である。この接触脱リン法において、リン除去反応を
促進させるためには、リン除去反応を阻害する炭酸物質
を除去したり、促進物質としてＦイオンを添加すること
が知られている。When removing phosphorus from a liquid, a phosphorus-containing liquid is treated with granules having phosphorus removal ability in the presence of calcium ions,
For example, the method of contacting with phosphate rock, bone coal, MgO, slag, etc. is a well-known method established as a catalytic dephosphorization method. In this catalytic dephosphorization method, in order to promote the phosphorus removal reaction, it is known that carbonic acid substances that inhibit the phosphorus removal reaction are removed or F ions are added as a promoter.
しかしながら、下水二次処理水（通常リンとして１〜２
■／１含有する）を対象に接触脱リン法を適用した場合
、脱炭酸（液中の炭酸物質の除去）を行っても、処理水
のリン濃度は定常的に０．２〜０．４■／ｌにしかなら
ず、この処理水を修景用水として再利用すると、水路に
藻類が繁殖する。However, secondary treated sewage water (usually 1 to 2 phosphorus)
■ When the catalytic dephosphorization method is applied to water (containing /1), the phosphorus concentration in the treated water is constantly 0.2 to 0.4 even after decarboxylation (removal of carbonated substances in the liquid). If this treated water is reused as landscaping water, algae will grow in the waterways.
また、Ｆイオンを添加しても、せいぜい処理水のリン濃
度を０．２〜０．４■／Ｉ！にするのが限度であり、多
量に添加するとＣａＦ ｔの沈殿を生し、汚泥の発生量
を高めるという問題があった。Moreover, even if F ions are added, the phosphorus concentration of the treated water can be reduced to 0.2 to 0.4 ■/I! However, if a large amount is added, CaFt will precipitate and the amount of sludge generated will increase.
本発明は、接触脱リン法における前記従来の問題点を解
決し、極めて簡易な操作によって高いリン除去性能を違
或しうる方法を提供することを目的とするものである．
〔諜題を解決するための手段〕
本発明は、リンを含む液をカルシウムイオンの存在下で
、リン除去能力を有する粒状物と接触させてリンを除去
する接触脱リン法において、前記リンを含む液に塩類溶
液を添加して液の電気伝導度を２，０００μＩＪ ／
ｃｓ以上に調整したのち接触脱リンすることを特徴とす
る戒中のリン除去方法である。The object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems in the catalytic dephosphorization method and to provide a method that can achieve high phosphorus removal performance with extremely simple operations. [Means for Solving the Problem] The present invention provides a catalytic dephosphorization method in which phosphorus is removed by bringing a phosphorus-containing liquid into contact with particulate matter having a phosphorus removal ability in the presence of calcium ions. Add a salt solution to the liquid to increase the electrical conductivity of the liquid to 2,000μIJ/
This method of removing phosphorus in the prefecture is characterized by carrying out contact dephosphorization after adjusting the phosphorus to a level higher than cs.
［作 用］
本発明の作用を、実施態様を示す図面に基づいて説明す
れば、第１図において、例えば下水を活性汚泥処理した
処理水（下水二次処理水）１を前処理工程２に導入する
。前処理工程２では、下水二次処理水に鉱酸を添加して
空気を吹き込むことにより、液中の炭酸物質を除去（脱
炭＃）シ、その後消石灰やＣａ塩を添加し、脱リン反応
に必要なＣａｆ７４度やｐ｝ｌが調整される。さら乙こ
、この前処理工程２で塩類熔Ｗｉ．１を添加し、後続す
る脱リン工程４に流入する液の電気伝導度を２，０００
μ１Ｊ／ｃＩｎ以上乙こ調整する。例えば、通常の下水
には、５００〜１ ， ５００μび／ｃｌＩの電気導電
度があるが、塩類溶液７を流量に比例して添加すること
によって２， ０００μＶ／ＣＳ以上とするか、前処理
工程２内又は脱リン工程４への流路内に電気伝導度計を
設けて塩類溶液の注入ポンプと連動させ、２，０００μ
１１ ／ ａｎ以上の値に維持することも好ましい。[Function] To explain the function of the present invention based on drawings showing embodiments, in FIG. Introduce. In pre-treatment step 2, mineral acid is added to the secondary sewage treatment water and air is blown in to remove carbonated substances from the liquid (decarburization #), and then slaked lime and Ca salt are added to carry out the dephosphorization reaction. The Caf74 degree and p}l required for this are adjusted. In this pre-treatment step 2, salt melt Wi. 1 to increase the electrical conductivity of the liquid flowing into the subsequent dephosphorization step 4 to 2,000.
Adjust by more than μ1J/cIn. For example, normal sewage has an electrical conductivity of 500 to 1,500μV/clI, but it can be increased to 2,000μV/CS or more by adding salt solution 7 in proportion to the flow rate, or by using a pretreatment process. An electrical conductivity meter is installed in 2 or in the flow path to the dephosphorization process 4, and is linked to the saline solution injection pump.
It is also preferable to maintain a value of 11/an or more.
電気伝導度を高める塩類溶液としては、ＮａＣＩ門ｇｃ
ｌ．， ＢａＣｌ２， ＣａＣ］ｚ等の溶液や海水を使
用することができるが、海水がより好ましい。As a salt solution that increases electrical conductivity, NaCI gc
l. , BaCl2, CaC]z, or seawater can be used, but seawater is more preferable.
次いで、電気伝導度を２， ０００μｖ／ｃｍ以上に調
整した液は、砂ろ過工程３で液中の濁質を除去した後、
リン除去能力を有する粒状物を充填した脱リン工程４へ
移送される。脱リン工程４内では、リン除去能力を有す
る粒状物上でリン酸カルシウムが晶析して液中のリンが
除去され、脱リン処理水を得ることができる。脱リン工
程４は、上向流式，下向流式のいずれでも良く、また固
定床弐でも流動床弐でも良い。リン除去能力を有する粒
状物としては、リン鉱石，骨炭，軽焼マグ不シア転炉ス
ラグなどが使用できる。Next, the liquid whose electrical conductivity has been adjusted to 2,000 μv/cm or more is subjected to sand filtration step 3 to remove suspended matter in the liquid.
It is transferred to a dephosphorization step 4 filled with granules having phosphorus removal ability. In the dephosphorization step 4, calcium phosphate is crystallized on granules having phosphorus removal ability, phosphorus in the liquid is removed, and dephosphorized water can be obtained. The dephosphorization step 4 may be of an upward flow type or a downward flow type, and may be a fixed bed or a fluidized bed. As the granular material having phosphorus removal ability, phosphate rock, bone charcoal, light burnt mag inertia converter slag, etc. can be used.
なお、塩類溶液７の添加場所は、前処理工程２のみなら
ず、脱リン工程４の前であればどこでも良いが、塩類溶
液として海水を使用する時には、図示例のように砂ろ過
工程３より前に添加すれば、海水中の濁質やリンも一緒
に除去できるので、海水の浄化にもつながる。Note that the salt solution 7 may be added not only in the pretreatment step 2 but also anywhere before the dephosphorization step 4, but when seawater is used as the salt solution, it may be added from the sand filtration step 3 as in the illustrated example. If added beforehand, it can also remove turbidity and phosphorus from the seawater, helping to purify the seawater.
第２図は、第１図の砂ろ過工程３と脱リン工程４を一体
化した砂ろ過・脱リン工程６を使用した例であり、下部
に砂層、上部にリン除去能力を有する粒状物層を形威さ
せておき、前処理工程２からの流出水を通水するもので
ある。Figure 2 is an example of using sand filtration/dephosphorization process 6, which integrates sand filtration process 3 and dephosphorization process 4 in Figure 1, with a sand layer at the bottom and a granular material layer with phosphorus removal ability at the top. The effluent water from the pretreatment step 2 is passed through it.
［実施例〕
リンを２■／ｌ含有する下水二次処理水に硫酸を添加し
、ｐ｝１４．５に調整するとともに、海水を添加して電
気伝導度を各種の所定値に調整したものをそれぞれ用意
し、さらにそれぞれにＣａＣＩ．溶液（Ｃａとして２０
，０００＊／ ＋！ ）を添加してＣａを６０〜７０■
／ｌに調整し、さらにＮａＯＨ溶液を添加してｐＨ９．
０とした。[Example] Sulfuric acid was added to secondary treated sewage water containing 2 μ/l of phosphorus to adjust it to p}14.5, and seawater was added to adjust the electrical conductivity to various predetermined values. Prepare each of them, and further add CaCI. Solution (20 as Ca
,000*/+! ) to increase Ca to 60-70■
/l, and further added NaOH solution to pH 9.
It was set to 0.
一方、リンを２■／ｌ含有する純水に、ＣａＣＩ．溶液
を添加してＣａを６０〜７０■／１に調整するとともに
、海水を添加して電気伝導度を各種の所定値に調整し、
さらにそれぞれＮａＯＨ溶液を添加してｐＨ９．０とし
た。On the other hand, CaCI. A solution was added to adjust Ca to 60 to 70 /1, and seawater was added to adjust the electrical conductivity to various predetermined values.
Furthermore, a NaOH solution was added to each to adjust the pH to 9.0.
これらの各液１ｌをビーカーにとり、リン鉱石を１，０
００■／ｌ添加して１時間反応後の上澄水のリン濃度を
測定し、電気伝導度の影響をみた．これらの実験結果は
第３図に示す通りであり、電気伝導度が２， ０００μ
ぴ／ｃｓ以上になると上澄水のリン濃度が著しく低下し
た。Take 1 liter of each of these solutions in a beaker and add 1.0 liters of phosphate rock.
The phosphorus concentration of the supernatant water was measured after 1 hour of reaction after adding 00 μ/l, and the influence of electrical conductivity was examined. The results of these experiments are shown in Figure 3, and the electrical conductivity was 2,000μ.
The phosphorus concentration of the supernatant water decreased significantly when the temperature exceeded p/cs.
また、電気伝導度を調整するために、一海水に代えＮａ
Ｃ］溶液を使用した結果も第３図に併記したが、ＮａＣ
ｌ溶液より海水の方がリン除去性能が良好であった。In addition, in order to adjust the electrical conductivity, Na
The results using NaC] solution are also shown in Figure 3.
The seawater had better phosphorus removal performance than the l solution.
以上述べたように、本発明は、接触脱リン法において、
被処理液中の電気伝導度を、塩類溶液を添加することに
よって２，０００μ１Ｊ／ｃＩｌ以上に調整するという
極めて簡易な操作によって、リン除去性能を著しく向上
させることができるものである．As described above, in the catalytic dephosphorization method, the present invention provides
Phosphorus removal performance can be significantly improved by an extremely simple operation of adjusting the electrical conductivity in the liquid to be treated to 2,000 μl J/cIl or more by adding a salt solution.
第１図及び第２図はそれぞれ本発明の実施Ｌｉ様例を示
す系統説明図、第３図は実験結果における上澄水リン濃
度と電気伝導度との関係を示す線図である。
１・・・下水二次処理水、２・・・前処理工程、３・・
・砂ろ過工程、４・・・脱リン工程、５・・・脱リン処
理水、６・・・砂ろ過・脱リン工程、７・・・塩類溶液
。FIGS. 1 and 2 are system explanatory diagrams showing examples of implementation Li of the present invention, respectively, and FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between supernatant water phosphorus concentration and electrical conductivity in experimental results. 1...Secondary sewage treatment water, 2...Pre-treatment process, 3...
- Sand filtration process, 4... Dephosphorization process, 5... Dephosphorization treated water, 6... Sand filtration/dephosphorization process, 7... Salt solution.
Claims (1)
ン除去能力を有する粒状物と接触させてリンを除去する
接触脱リン法において、前記リンを含む液に塩類溶液を
添加して液の電気伝導度を２，０００μ■／ｃｍ以上に
調整したのち接触脱リンすることを特徴とする液中のリ
ン除去方法。(1) In the catalytic dephosphorization method, in which phosphorus is removed by contacting a phosphorus-containing liquid with particulate matter having a phosphorus-removing ability in the presence of calcium ions, a salt solution is added to the phosphorus-containing liquid to remove phosphorus. A method for removing phosphorus from a liquid, characterized by carrying out catalytic dephosphorization after adjusting the electrical conductivity to 2,000μ/cm or more.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP100090A JPH0675708B2 (en) | 1990-01-09 | 1990-01-09 | Method for removing phosphorus from liquid |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP100090A JPH0675708B2 (en) | 1990-01-09 | 1990-01-09 | Method for removing phosphorus from liquid |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH03207489A true JPH03207489A (en) | 1991-09-10 |
| JPH0675708B2 JPH0675708B2 (en) | 1994-09-28 |
Family
ID=11489319
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP100090A Expired - Lifetime JPH0675708B2 (en) | 1990-01-09 | 1990-01-09 | Method for removing phosphorus from liquid |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0675708B2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0647209A1 (en) * | 1992-06-23 | 1995-04-12 | Water Board | Process for the removal of phosphorous |
| KR19990083819A (en) * | 1999-08-13 | 1999-12-06 | 김기준 | Inorganic chemical treatment of waste water |
| US20120228217A1 (en) * | 2009-12-01 | 2012-09-13 | Jinmin Li | Method and apparatus for sluge treatment and use thereof in sewage biotreatment |
-
1990
- 1990-01-09 JP JP100090A patent/JPH0675708B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0647209A1 (en) * | 1992-06-23 | 1995-04-12 | Water Board | Process for the removal of phosphorous |
| EP0647209A4 (en) * | 1992-06-23 | 1995-05-31 | Water Board | Process for the removal of phosphorous. |
| KR19990083819A (en) * | 1999-08-13 | 1999-12-06 | 김기준 | Inorganic chemical treatment of waste water |
| US20120228217A1 (en) * | 2009-12-01 | 2012-09-13 | Jinmin Li | Method and apparatus for sluge treatment and use thereof in sewage biotreatment |
| US8932466B2 (en) * | 2009-12-01 | 2015-01-13 | Jinmin Li | Method and apparatus for sluge treatment and use thereof in sewage biotreatment |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0675708B2 (en) | 1994-09-28 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JPS62500009A (en) | Method and apparatus for removing suspended substances, biological nutrients and dissolved metal compounds from sewage contaminated with organic and/or inorganic substances | |
| US4721569A (en) | Phosphorus treatment process | |
| PL335720A1 (en) | Method of treating sludges for sewage treatment plants | |
| Matsumiya et al. | Phosphorus Removal from Sidestreams by Crystallisation of Magnesium‐Ammonium‐Phosphate Using Seawater | |
| JP5128735B2 (en) | Recovery and reuse of phosphorus and flocculant in wastewater | |
| JPH03207489A (en) | Method for removing phosphorus in liquid | |
| JP2002205077A (en) | Method and apparatus for treating organic sewage | |
| JPS6317513B2 (en) | ||
| Karlsson | Carbon source for denitrification from pre-precipitated sludge | |
| JP2001137889A (en) | Method and device for anaerobic treatment | |
| JP4871384B2 (en) | Treatment equipment for phosphorus-containing wastewater | |
| JPH04141293A (en) | Dephosphorization apparatus | |
| Nazari et al. | Nitrogen and phosphorous recovery from municipal wastewater and sludge | |
| JP4368159B2 (en) | Method for treating wastewater containing phosphate | |
| JPH0130554B2 (en) | ||
| BE1015801A6 (en) | Process for the purification of wastewater. | |
| JPS6345275B2 (en) | ||
| JPS61216795A (en) | Treatment of phosphorus-containing waste water | |
| CA1336623C (en) | Aqueous stream treatment process | |
| JPH0127913Y2 (en) | ||
| CN114477119A (en) | Method for enhancing recovery of phosphorus resources in municipal sludge hydrothermal carbonization liquid | |
| JPH0647114B2 (en) | Wastewater purification method | |
| Liu et al. | Chemical equilibrium modeling of phosphorus removal and recovery processes for advanced wastewater treatment | |
| JPS6193892A (en) | Fluidized bed type dephosphorization method | |
| JPS624198B2 (en) |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20080928 Year of fee payment: 14 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20080928 Year of fee payment: 14 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090928 Year of fee payment: 15 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090928 Year of fee payment: 15 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100928 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
| EXPY | Cancellation because of completion of term | ||
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100928 Year of fee payment: 16 |