JP7281430B2 - Method for promoting seed germination of difficult-to-germ plants - Google Patents
Method for promoting seed germination of difficult-to-germ plants Download PDFInfo
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本発明は、植物栽培方法の技術に関する。特に、発芽に長期間を要する植物の種子の発芽に関する。 The present invention relates to the technology of plant cultivation methods. In particular, it relates to seed germination of plants that require a long period of germination.
植物の種子は発芽プロセスや環境によって発芽する。種子には発芽に適した条件下においても発芽しない種子休眠という特性がある場合もあり、播種しても発芽しない種子がある。こうした植物の種子の発芽には、植物ごとに特有な休眠条件を解除する必要がある。例えば休眠には、秋に結実しても冬季の低温を経過しないと発芽しないようにプロセスすることにより、春に発芽するはずの種子が環境の似た秋に発芽してしまい冬の間に枯死することが防止されるという防衛機能があるが、発芽のコントロールには障害になる。そのため植物を人為的に利用促進するために各種の休眠打破が開発されている。
今日の農業などの植物栽培において、休眠があると随時栽培の障害となるので、休眠が無いまたは休眠期間の短い品種の育成も行われている。人工的な処理を施すことにより植物の休眠を打破する方法も開発されてきた。
Plant seeds germinate depending on the germination process and environment. Seeds sometimes have the characteristic of seed dormancy, in which they do not germinate even under conditions suitable for germination, and some seeds do not germinate even when sown. In order for the seeds of such plants to germinate, dormancy conditions unique to each plant must be released. For example, in dormancy, even if the seeds bear fruit in autumn, they do not germinate until after the low temperatures of winter have passed. As a result, seeds that should germinate in spring germinate in autumn when the environment is similar, and wither during the winter. Although it has a defense function that prevents the plant from germinating, it is an obstacle to controlling germination. Therefore, various methods for breaking dormancy have been developed to artificially promote the use of plants.
In today's plant cultivation such as agriculture, dormancy is a hindrance to cultivation at any time. Methods have also been developed to break the dormancy of plants by applying artificial treatments.
在来樹木のうち、ガマズミやエゴノキといった樹種は形態生理的休眠の一形態で非常に深い休眠である上胚軸休眠という性質を備えている。胚が未熟なまま種子が形成され、胚が成熟し発芽に適した時期になるまで種子は休眠しており、発芽までに長期間を要することが知られている。例えば、ガマズミの種子は10～12月に採取されるが、果肉を除去するなど精選したのち屋外に播種する、あるいは低温保存したのち春になって苗床に播種すると、発芽してくるのは翌年の春（採種からほぼ１年半後）になってしまう。上胚軸休眠を備えた植物には、カタクリやイチリンソウなどがある。
一般的に、休眠性の深い種子の発芽を促進するのに、湿層処理という方法がよく行われている。湿らせた脱脂綿や砂で種子を包み、0～5℃の冷温下で数か月保存して（冷温湿層処理）から播種する方法である。また、冷温湿層処理を施す前に、15～35℃程度の温度で一定期間加温する暖温湿層処理を組み合わせることもある。但し、ガマズミの場合、暖温湿層処理を180～240日間施して発根させたのち、冷温湿層処理を90日間行うことによって、ようやく発芽すると報告されている。すなわちガマズミは、湿層処理を施しても発芽にいたるまでに270～330日を要してしまう。参考文献１ Giersbach J. (1937) Germination and seedling production of species Viburnum. Contribution from Boyce Thompson Institute, 9:79-90 。
他方、植物由来の化合物が種子発芽を促進することが知られている。例えば、土壌中に蓄積した動植物由来の有機物が微生物に分解され生成される腐植分のうち、アルカリに溶けてpH2以下で不溶化するフミン酸はコムギ種子の発芽を促進することが報告されている。参考文献２ Hassan Ali, et al. (2014) Effect of humic acid on root elongation and percent seed germination of wheat seeds. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 196-201.。
また、特許文献１には、木材を炭化しない温度で加熱し、その過程で生成される成分や木材から溶出する成分の水溶液、いわゆる木酢液も種子発芽を促進することが認められている。
特許文献２には、アニジンやチアメトキサムといった化合物を含む水にイネの種子を浸漬する、あるいは噴霧することによってイネ種子の発芽を促進する方法が開発されている。
なお、これら化合物が形態生理的休眠を備えた種子の休眠を打破し、発芽を促進するかどうかについては記されていない。
Among indigenous trees, tree species such as Viburnum and Styrax have the property of epicotyl dormancy, which is a form of morphophysiological dormancy and very deep dormancy. It is known that a seed is formed while the embryo is immature, and the seed remains dormant until the embryo matures to a time suitable for germination, and it takes a long time to germinate. For example, viburnum seeds are collected from October to December, but after careful selection such as removing the pulp, they are sown outdoors, or if they are stored in low temperature and sown in the nursery in the spring, they will germinate the following year. It will be spring (almost a year and a half after seed collection). Plants with epicotyl dormancy include dogtooth violet and ichirinso.
In general, wet layer treatment is often used to promote germination of deeply dormant seeds. In this method, the seeds are wrapped in damp absorbent cotton or sand, stored at a temperature of 0 to 5°C for several months (cold-temperature moist layer treatment), and then sown. In addition, before applying the cold and hot humid layer treatment, it is sometimes combined with a warm and hot humid layer treatment in which the water is heated at a temperature of about 15 to 35°C for a certain period of time. However, in the case of viburnum, it has been reported that after 180 to 240 days of warm and warm wet layer treatment to root, followed by 90 days of cold and warm wet layer treatment, germination finally occurs. In other words, viburnum requires 270 to 330 days to germinate even after wet layer treatment. Reference 1 Giersbach J. (1937) Germination and seedling production of species Viburnum. Contribution from Boyce Thompson Institute, 9:79-90.
On the other hand, plant-derived compounds are known to promote seed germination. For example, it has been reported that humic acid, which dissolves in alkali and becomes insoluble at pH 2 or less, promotes the germination of wheat seeds. Reference 2 Hassan Ali, et al. (2014) Effect of humic acid on root elongation and percent seed germination of wheat seeds. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 196-201.
In addition, in Patent Document 1, it is recognized that wood is heated at a temperature that does not carbonize, and an aqueous solution of components generated in the process and components eluted from the wood, so-called pyroligneous acid, also promotes seed germination.
Patent Document 2 discloses a method for promoting germination of rice seeds by soaking or spraying rice seeds in water containing compounds such as anidine and thiamethoxam.
It is not reported whether these compounds break dormancy of seeds with morphophysiological dormancy and promote germination.
本発明は、種子を採取してから発芽に至るまで人の手を加えなければ1年半以上を要し、上胚軸休眠を備え難発芽性として知られているガマズミやエゴノキなどに対して、任意の時期に種子発芽を促進し育苗期間を短縮する方法を提供し、苗木の安定供給を図るものである。 The present invention is applied to viburnum, styrax, etc., which require more than one and a half years from seed collection to germination without human intervention, and are known to have epicotyl dormancy and to be difficult to germinate. , to provide a method for promoting seed germination at an arbitrary time and shortening the seedling-raising period, thereby stably supplying seedlings.
本発明者らはガマズミの発芽促進方法を検討する過程で、腐植分を多く含む黒ボク土や赤土に包んで暖温湿層処理すると、砂で包んだときと比べて発根までに要する期間が短縮されること、滅菌した黒ボク土を使っても発根促進効果は変わらないことが明らかとなった。その結果に基づいて、腐植分を多く含む土壌、あるいはフミン酸を添加した土壌で種子を包み暖温湿層処理することによって、ガマズミなど形態生理的休眠性を備えた樹木種子の発芽を促進する方法を開発するにいたった。
本発明の主な構成は次のとおりである。
１．難発芽性の植物の種子を、
室温程度の恒温条件で腐植分を含む土壌を媒体とした暖温湿層処理を行い、
暖温湿層処理した種子を苗床に播種して、苗床を高温・明条件、低温・暗条件で、発根するまで繰り返す明暗処理を行い、
発根した種子を冬季の温度程度の低温で、恒温、暗条件で冷温湿層処理を行い、
冷温湿層処理した種子を春から初夏程度の温度で培養して発芽させる発芽処理を行うこと
を特徴とする発芽促進方法。
２．難発芽性の植物は、上胚軸休眠を備えた植物であることを特徴とする１．記載の発芽促進方法。
３．腐植分を含む土壌は、黒ボク土又は赤土を主とする土壌であることを特徴とする１．又は２．記載の発芽促進方法。
４．次の工程により、難発芽性の植物の種子の発芽を促進することを特徴とする発芽促進方法。
第１工程：採取した果実から果肉を取り除いた種子を乾燥させて、低温下で保管する工程。
第２工程：保管していた種子を湿潤状態の腐植分を含む黒ボク土又は腐植分を含む赤土に埋めて、密封する。
第３工程：密封された状態の種子を、暗条件下、２０～２５℃の恒温で５～１５日間暖温湿層処理する。
第４工程：暖温湿層処理後、黒ボク土又は赤土から種子を取り出して、水洗いして、そのままあるいは殺菌処理後に苗床に播種する。
第５工程：播種した苗床を、高温（２０℃以上）・明条件、低温（２０℃以下）暗条件で繰り返し培養、発根させる。
第６工程：発根した種子の苗床を低温（０～１０℃）、高湿、暗条件で約１ケ月冷温湿層処理を行う。
第７工程：冷温湿層処理した苗床を初夏の温度条件下で培養して発芽させる。
５．１．～４．に記載のいずれかの発芽促進方法によって発芽させた稚苗を植栽土に移植して育苗し、栽培することを特徴とする難発芽性の植物の栽培方法。
In the process of studying methods for promoting the germination of viburnum, the present inventors found that when wrapped in black soil or red soil containing a large amount of humus and treated in a warm and humid layer, the period required for rooting is longer than when wrapped in sand. It was clarified that the rooting promotion effect does not change even if the sterilized black soil is used. Based on the results, the germination of tree seeds with morphophysiological dormancy, such as viburnum, is promoted by covering the seeds with soil containing a lot of humus or soil containing humic acid and treating them in a warm and humid layer. I have developed a method.
The main configuration of the present invention is as follows.
1. Seeds of difficult-to-germinate plants,
Perform warm and humid layer treatment using soil containing humus as a medium under constant temperature conditions of about room temperature,
The seeds that have been treated with a warm and humid layer are sown in the nursery bed, and the nursery bed is subjected to high temperature/light conditions and low temperature/dark conditions repeatedly until rooting.
Rooted seeds are subjected to a cold-hot-humid layer treatment at a low temperature of winter temperature, constant temperature and dark conditions,
A method for promoting germination, which comprises performing a germination treatment in which seeds that have been treated with a cold/hot humid layer are cultured at a temperature from spring to early summer to germinate.
2. 1. The difficult-to-germinate plant is a plant with epicotyl dormancy. The described method of promoting germination.
3. 1. The soil containing humus is characterized in that it is mainly composed of black soil or red soil. or 2. The described method of promoting germination.
4. 1. A method for promoting germination, which comprises promoting germination of seeds of difficult-to-germinate plants through the following steps.
1st step: A step of drying the seeds obtained by removing the pulp from the harvested fruits and storing them at a low temperature.
Second step: The stored seeds are buried in wet humus-containing black soil or humus-containing red soil and sealed.
Third step: The sealed seeds are warm-humidified for 5-15 days at a constant temperature of 20-25° C. under dark conditions.
4th step: After the warm and humid layer treatment, the seeds are taken out from the black soil or red soil, washed with water, and sown directly or after sterilization in a nursery bed.
Fifth step: The sown seedbed is repeatedly cultured under high temperature (20° C. or higher)/light conditions and low temperature (20° C. or lower) and dark conditions for rooting.
Sixth step: The seed bed of the rooted seeds is subjected to cold-hot-humid layer treatment under low temperature (0 to 10° C.), high humidity, and dark conditions for about one month.
7th step: The seedbed treated with cold and hot humid layers is cultured under temperature conditions in early summer to germinate.
5.1. ~ 4. 3. A method for cultivating a difficult-to-germ plant, which comprises transplanting young seedlings germinated by any of the germination-enhancing methods described in 1 to planting soil, raising the seedlings, and cultivating the seedlings.
１．上胚軸休眠を備えた難発芽性とされるガマズミやエゴノキ、カタクリ、イチリンソウなどに対して本発明を適用することにより、発芽までに要する期間、および育苗する期間を短縮することができる。無処理では通常１年半以上の発芽期間が必要となるが、本発明では、２００日程度に発芽期間を半減することができた。
２．難発芽性とされるガマズミやエゴノキ、カタクリ、イチリンソウなどに対して、本発明を適用することによって発芽率が高くなり、苗木生産の歩留まりが向上する。
３．採取後、乾燥して冷蔵保管していた種子を使って、本発明を適用することによって、任意の時期に発芽を誘導し苗木生産に着手することができるため、苗木供給の安定化が図れる。
４．緑化に在来の樹種や草本を用いることが求められる際、計画地に生えていた在来植物の種子から本発明によって短期間で苗木を育成し、これを適用することができる。また、大面積にて自然植生を復元する際、本発明によって発芽促進処理された在来植物の種子を用いて吹付け緑化工を行い、早期に定着させることも可能となる。
５．都市部にて再開発事業を行う際に、周囲の自然環境に配慮し生物多様性の保全を目的として、在来植物を用いて緑化する事例が多くなっている。一般的に緑化に使われる在来植物の苗木は、生産業者が周囲に自生している樹木から採取した種子を使って生産される。但し、在来種にはガマズミやエゴノキなどのように、発芽率が低く、かつ播種してから発芽するまで時間を要してしまう樹種や野草がある。そのため、そういった植物を常時調達することは難しく発芽しにくい植物についても安定的に供給できる体制を整えることができる。
1. By applying the present invention to viburnum, Styrax japonicum, dogtooth violet, ichrinsou, etc., which are considered to be difficult to germinate and have epicotyl dormancy, the period required for germination and the period for raising seedlings can be shortened. Normally, a germination period of one and a half years or more is required without treatment, but in the present invention, the germination period could be halved to about 200 days.
2. When the present invention is applied to viburnum, styrax, dogtooth violet, ichrinsou, and the like, which are considered to be difficult to germinate, the germination rate is increased, and the yield of seedling production is improved.
3. By applying the present invention to seeds that have been dried and stored in a cold storage after harvesting, germination can be induced at any time and seedling production can be started, thereby stabilizing the supply of seedlings.
4. When it is required to use native tree species or herbs for greening, seedlings can be grown in a short period of time from the seeds of native plants grown on the planned site according to the present invention. In addition, when restoring natural vegetation over a large area, it is possible to perform spray greening using the seeds of native plants that have undergone germination promotion treatment according to the present invention, so that the seeds can be established at an early stage.
5. When redevelopment projects are carried out in urban areas, there are many cases of greening using native plants for the purpose of conserving biodiversity in consideration of the surrounding natural environment. Indigenous plant seedlings, which are commonly used for greening, are produced using seeds collected by growers from trees growing naturally in the surrounding area. However, native species include tree species and wild grasses such as viburnum and styrax, which have a low germination rate and take a long time to germinate after sowing. Therefore, it is difficult to constantly procure such plants, and it is possible to establish a system that can stably supply even plants that are difficult to germinate.
本発明は、ガマズミやエゴノキなどの上胚軸休眠を備えた難発芽性の樹種や野草の種子の発芽を促進する方法である。
本発明は、主に、次の処理を行うことにより発芽を促進する。
植物には、胚が未熟なまま種子が登熟し、温度条件などが整わないと胚の発達や種子発芽が進まないという形態生理的休眠という性質を備えた難発芽性の植物種がある。また、形態生理的休眠を備えた植物種は、胚の発達や発根・発芽に至る温度条件によって９つのグループに分けられるが、その中でも、胚の発達を促す温度条件と発芽を誘導する温度条件が異なっている上胚軸休眠を備えた植物は発芽までに時間がかかるグループの一つである。
本発明は、上胚軸休眠を備えた植物種のなかで、緑化にもよく使われるガマズミやエゴノキ、カタクリ、イチリンソウに対して、難発芽性の種子を任意の時期に短期間で発芽させる方法を提供するものである。本発明は、主に、次の処理を行うことにより発芽を促進する。
１．低温下で保存していた種子を播種前に、黒ボク土や赤土といった腐植分を含む土壌を保水材料として室温程度の温度条件で加温処理（以下「暖温湿層処理」と記載する）すること。
２．暖温湿層処理した種子を苗床に播種して、苗床を高温・明条件、低温・暗条件で、発根するまで繰り返す明暗処理を行うこと。
３．発根した種子を冬季の温度程度の低温で、高湿、暗条件で冷温湿層処理を行うこと。
４．冷温湿層処理した苗床を春から初夏程度の温度で培養して発芽させる発芽処理を行うこと。
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention is a method for promoting germination of seeds of difficult-to-germinate tree species and wild grasses with epicotyl dormancy such as viburnum and styrax.
The present invention mainly promotes germination by performing the following treatments.
Among plants, there are plant species that are resistant to germination and have the property of morphophysiological dormancy, in which the seeds ripen while the embryos are immature, and embryo development and seed germination do not proceed unless temperature conditions are met. Plant species with morphophysiological dormancy are divided into nine groups according to the temperature conditions leading to embryonic development, rooting, and germination. Plants with epicotyl dormancy under different conditions are one of the groups that take longer to germinate.
The present invention provides a method for germinating difficult-to-germ seeds of viburnum, styrax, dogtooth violet, and capsicum, which are often used for greening among plant species with epicotyl dormancy, at any time and in a short period of time. It provides The present invention mainly promotes germination by performing the following treatments.
1. Before seeding, the seeds stored at low temperature are heated at room temperature using soil containing humus such as black soil and red soil as a water-retaining material (hereinafter referred to as "warm and humid layer treatment"). to do.
2. Seeds treated with a warm and humid layer are sown in a nursery bed, and the nursery bed is subjected to light and dark conditions repeatedly under high temperature/light conditions and low temperature/dark conditions until rooting.
3. Rooted seeds are subjected to a cold-hot-humidity layer treatment at a low temperature equivalent to winter temperature, high humidity, and dark conditions.
4. Germination treatment is performed by culturing a seedbed that has been subjected to a cold-heat-humidity layer treatment at a temperature from spring to early summer to germinate.
ガマズミやエゴノキ、カタクリ、イチリンソウの種子は、常時販売されていないので、種ができる時期に採取して、果肉を取り除き、乾燥させて、０～７℃程度の低温で保管する。
この保管しておいた種子を、播種前に暖温湿層処理をする。暖温湿層処理は、湿潤状態にして、暗条件で、２０～２５℃程度の室温に５日以上（５日～１ケ月程度）とする。期間は１～２週間で十分である。恒温室を用いて、温度管理をすることができる。湿潤状態を保つために、保水できる材料を使用する。保水材料としては、栽培土壌や綿などを使用し、乾燥しないように密封できる容器に収納する。保水材料として、湿らせた脱脂綿や砂などでも処理効果が確認されたが、発根まで至る期間を短縮させるためには腐食分を含む黒ボク土や赤土が適している。黒ボク土などは、弱酸性で腐植分を含む土を使用する。保水材料は、滅菌処理などを施しても良い。
The seeds of viburnum, styrax, dogtooth violet, and capsicum are not available for sale at all times, so they should be collected when the seeds are ready, the pulp removed, dried, and stored at a low temperature of about 0 to 7°C.
The stored seeds are warm-humidified before sowing. Warm and humid layer treatment is carried out in a wet state in the dark at room temperature of about 20 to 25° C. for 5 days or more (about 5 days to 1 month). A period of one to two weeks is sufficient. Temperature can be controlled using a constant temperature room. Use water-retaining materials to keep it moist. Cultivated soil, cotton, etc. are used as the water-retaining material, and stored in a container that can be sealed so as not to dry out. As a water-retaining material, moistened absorbent cotton or sand was also found to be effective in treatment, but black soil and red soil containing corrosive matter are suitable for shortening the period until rooting. Kuroboku soil is weakly acidic and contains humus. The water retaining material may be sterilized or the like.
暖温湿層処理した種子を、その後、保水材料から取り出して、水洗いなどをして保水材料を取り除き、さらに、必要に応じて殺菌処理を行って、苗床に播種する。苗床は、播種用の箱やポットなど通常の育苗材料を使用する。
苗床用の土壌は、赤玉土などを主とした通常の植栽土を用いることができる。植栽土には、赤玉土のほか、砂、黒ボク土、ピートモスなどを混ぜて調整することができる。調整済みの人工軽量土壌などの一般的な緑化土壌を使用することもできる。
殺菌剤として希釈ベンレート剤を使用して、殺菌処理することができる。
播種した苗床を、高温・明条件、低温・暗条件で、発根するまで繰り返す明暗処理を行う。
明暗条件は、基本的に２４時間サイクルで、明条件１２時間、暗条件１２時間で設定するのが一般的だが、明条件の時間を暗条件に比べて長くすることも可能である。
明条件では、２０～３０℃程度の温度とする。暗条件では、１０～２０℃程度の温度とする。温度差は、５～１５℃程度、好ましくは１０℃程度に設定する。
明暗処理は、温度管理と照明管理ができる環境となるので、設定温度は、高温２５℃、低温１５℃、１２時間サイクルなどと設定する。
発根までの期間は、暖温湿層処理条件や明暗処理条件にも影響されるので、一概には言えないが、ガマズミを用いた実施例では、３～４月間であった。発根後、根が成長する期間としてさらに１ケ月程度同じ条件で培養を継続する。
The seeds that have been subjected to the warm-temperature and humidity layer treatment are then taken out from the water-retaining material, washed with water to remove the water-retaining material, further sterilized as necessary, and sown in a nursery bed. For the nursery, use normal seedling materials such as seeding boxes and pots.
As the soil for the nursery bed, ordinary planting soil such as Akadama soil can be used. The planting soil can be adjusted by mixing sand, black soil, peat moss, etc., in addition to Akadama soil. Common greening soils such as conditioned artificial light soils can also be used.
It can be sterilized using a diluted Benlate agent as a sterilizing agent.
The sown seedbed is subjected to a light-dark treatment that is repeated under high temperature/light conditions and low temperature/dark conditions until rooting.
The light/dark conditions are basically set in a cycle of 24 hours, with 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness.
Under light conditions, the temperature is about 20 to 30°C. Under dark conditions, the temperature is about 10 to 20°C. The temperature difference is set to about 5 to 15°C, preferably about 10°C.
Since the light-dark processing provides an environment in which temperature control and lighting control can be performed, the set temperature is set to a high temperature of 25° C., a low temperature of 15° C., and a cycle of 12 hours.
The period until rooting is affected by warm and humid layer treatment conditions and light and dark treatment conditions, so it cannot be generalized, but in the example using viburnum, it took 3 to 4 months. After rooting, culture is continued under the same conditions for about one month as a period for root growth.
発根した種子（苗床）を冬季の温度程度の低温で、高湿、暗条件で冷温湿層処理を行う。
苗床が小さい場合は、発根した種子を栽培用の土壌を詰めた植栽用の容器（育苗用のポットなど）に移して、冷温湿層処理を行う。
温度は、５℃を中心に０～１０℃程度とする。さらに、0～５℃が適当である。土は乾燥しないように給水し湿度を十分に保つ。この低温、高湿条件を暗条件下で１ケ月程度培養処理する。温度管理をする必要があれば、恒温室を使用し、５℃程度に設定する。
Rooted seeds (seedbeds) are subjected to a cold-hot-humid layer treatment at a low temperature equivalent to winter temperatures, high humidity, and dark conditions.
If the nursery bed is small, the rooted seeds are transferred to a planting container (such as a pot for raising seedlings) filled with soil for cultivation, and then subjected to cold-hot-humid layer treatment.
The temperature is about 0 to 10°C, with 5°C as the center. Furthermore, 0 to 5°C is suitable. Keep the soil moist by watering it so that it does not dry out. This low temperature, high humidity condition is cultured for about one month under dark conditions. If it is necessary to control the temperature, use a constant temperature room and set it to about 5°C.
冷温湿層処理したのち苗床を春から初夏程度の発芽適温で培養して発芽させる発芽処理を行う。
温度は、１５～２５℃程度である。適宜給水して栽培すると１ケ月程度で発芽する。発芽後育苗を継続して、苗を育てる。
以上の発芽処理を行うことにより、暖温湿層処理を始めてから発芽まで２００日程度に短縮することができる。
After the cold-hot-humidity layer treatment, germination treatment is performed by culturing the seedbed at a suitable germination temperature from spring to early summer to germinate.
The temperature is about 15-25°C. If watered appropriately and cultivated, it will germinate in about a month. Seedlings are grown by continuing seedling-raising after germination.
By performing the germination treatment described above, it is possible to shorten the period from the start of the warm-humid layer treatment to germination to about 200 days.
本発明で用いる土壌は、通常の栽培土壌を用いることができる。
栽培用の基本土には、黒ボク土（黒土）、赤玉土、鹿沼土、日向土、荒木田土、ケト土、川砂、富士砂、桐生砂、水苔などがある。これに、改良材料として、腐植土、堆肥、燻炭、バーミキュライト、パーライト、ピートモス、ゼオライト、珪酸塩白土、軽石などがある。
暖温湿層処理用の材料としては、保湿性のある水苔や砂なども利用できるが、腐葉土分と弱酸性の黒ボク土に適性が認められた。また、腐植分を含む赤土でも発芽を確認することができた。
黒ボク土は、別名黒土とも呼ばれる黒色の火山灰土で、ふかふかしており、畑の土として利用される事が多い。火山灰と枯れた植物でできた土で、土自体の肥料成分は少ない。保水性・保肥性が良いが通気性・排水性が悪く、弱酸性である。ふかふかした土壌になり、根菜の栽培に向く。また、リン酸を吸着する性質があるため花や実を付けリン酸を多く消費する植物には不向きとされている。
黒ボク土や赤土で恒温、室温程度の暖温湿層処理を行ったあとの植栽土壌としては、通常の調整した栽培土壌を使用することができる。例えば、赤玉土を中心とした腐葉土、ピートモス、黒ボク土などを混合して調整する。
As the soil used in the present invention, ordinary cultivation soil can be used.
Basic soils for cultivation include Kuroboku soil (black soil), Akadama soil, Kanuma soil, Hinata soil, Arakida soil, Keto soil, Kawasuna, Fuji sand, Kiryu sand, and water moss. In addition, improving materials include humus, compost, charcoal, vermiculite, perlite, peat moss, zeolite, silicate clay, and pumice stone.
Moisture-retaining moss and sand can also be used as materials for treating warm and humid layers, but humus and weakly acidic black soil were found to be suitable. In addition, germination was confirmed even in red soil containing humus.
Kuroboku soil, also known as black soil, is a black volcanic ash soil that is soft and fluffy, and is often used as soil for fields. The soil is made up of volcanic ash and dead plants, and the soil itself contains little fertilizer. It has good water retention and fertilizer retention, but poor ventilation and drainage, and is weakly acidic. The soil becomes fluffy and suitable for growing root vegetables. In addition, since it has the property of adsorbing phosphoric acid, it is not suitable for plants that have flowers and fruits and consume a lot of phosphoric acid.
As the planting soil after performing constant temperature, warm and humid layer treatment at about room temperature with black soil or red soil, normal adjusted cultivation soil can be used. For example, it is prepared by mixing leaf mulch, mainly Akadama soil, peat moss, and Kuroboku soil.
＜ガマズミの発芽処理について＞
ガマズミは、スイカズラ科ガマズミ属に属する、日当たりのよい山野や林縁部に自生する落葉性の低木で、緑化材料として使われる在来の植物である。５、６月ごろに散房花序を出し、多数の白い花をつける。秋に果実をつけ初冬には赤くなって食べられるが、強い酸味がある。果実は核果で、果肉が薄く大きな種子が一つ入っている。晩秋に紅葉し、落葉したのちに赤い実が目立つ。果実酒にも利用される。ガマズミの花と実を図８に示す。
果実のなかに薄い果肉に覆われた種子が1粒入っているが、一般的に果肉が腐り始める晩秋に採取するのが望ましい。採取した果実を数日間水に浸漬して、種子から果皮や果肉を取り除いたのち、種子を腐らせず発芽勢を維持するため、風通しのいい室内に数日間種子を放置し乾燥させる。この過程でガマズミ種子は休眠に入る。乾いた種子はジップロック（登録商標）など密封できる保存用袋に入れ、０～５℃に設定した冷蔵庫にて長期間保管することができる。
<Regarding germination treatment of viburnum>
Viburnum is a deciduous shrub that belongs to the genus Viburnum of the family Loniceraceae and grows naturally in sunny mountains and fields, and is a native plant used as a greening material. The corymbs are produced around May and June, and many white flowers are attached. It bears fruit in autumn, and in early winter it turns red and can be eaten, but it has a strong sour taste. The fruit is a drupe, with thin flesh and one large seed. The leaves turn red in late autumn, and after the leaves have fallen, red berries stand out. It is also used for fruit wine. Fig. 8 shows flowers and fruits of viburnum.
The fruit contains a single seed covered with a thin pulp, but it is generally desirable to collect it in late autumn when the pulp begins to rot. After soaking the collected fruit in water for several days to remove the pericarp and pulp from the seeds, the seeds are left to dry in a well-ventilated room for several days in order to keep the seeds from rotting and to maintain germination. During this process, viburnum seeds enter dormancy. The dried seeds can be placed in a sealable storage bag such as Ziplock (registered trademark) and stored in a refrigerator set at 0 to 5°C for a long period of time.
保管していたガマズミ種子を発芽させるには、新たに用意した保管用バックに黒ボク土を入れ、その中に種子を埋めて、封を閉じる。このとき保管用バックに入れる土壌は、手で握ると水が浸み出てくる程度に湿っていることが望ましい。次いで、種子を入れた保管用バックごと暗条件で２０～２５℃に設定した恒温器に入れ、５～１５日（１、２週間）ほど暖温湿層処理する。発芽を促進するにあたって１週間程度、加温すれば十分だが、処理期間を２週間程度まで伸ばすことが望ましい。 To germinate stored viburnum seeds, fill a freshly prepared storage bag with black soil, bury the seeds in it, and close the seal. At this time, it is desirable that the soil to be put into the storage bag is so moist that water seeps out when it is gripped by hand. Next, the seeds are placed in a constant temperature chamber set at 20 to 25° C. under dark conditions together with the storage bag containing the seeds, and subjected to a warm and humid layer treatment for 5 to 15 days (1 or 2 weeks). Heating for about one week is sufficient to promote germination, but it is desirable to extend the treatment period up to about two weeks.
処理後、黒ボク土の中から種子を取り出して、水洗いしたのち、赤玉土など植栽土を敷いた苗床に播種する。このとき用いる土壌は赤玉土だけでなく、砂、黒ボク土、ピートモスなど土壌改良材を含む人工軽量土壌といった、一般的な緑化用土壌を使ってもよい。また、種子を７００倍程度に希釈したベンレート（殺菌剤）に浸して種子表面についたカビなどを殺菌してもよい。さらに、播種する際、種子が苗床表面に浮いてこないよう、厚さ５～１０ｍｍ程度で覆土することが望ましい。
ついで、種子を播いた苗床を明条件：１２時間（２５℃）、暗条件：１２時間（１５℃）に設定した恒温器に移して、種子を培養する。なお、培養期間中、適宜給水し常に苗床が湿っているよう留意する。また、時々種子を掘り起こして、発根しているかどうか確認する。
After the treatment, the seeds are taken out from the black soil, washed with water, and then sown on a nursery bed covered with planting soil such as Akadama soil. The soil used at this time is not limited to Akadama soil, and general greening soil such as artificial lightweight soil containing a soil improver such as sand, black soil, and peat moss may be used. Alternatively, the seeds may be immersed in Benlate (a fungicide) diluted about 700 times to sterilize the fungi and the like on the surface of the seeds. Furthermore, when sowing, it is desirable to cover the seed bed with a thickness of about 5 to 10 mm so that the seeds do not float on the surface of the seed bed.
Next, the seed bed in which the seeds are sown is transferred to a thermostat set to light conditions: 12 hours (25° C.) and dark conditions: 12 hours (15° C.), and the seeds are cultured. It should be noted that, during the culturing period, care should be taken to ensure that the seedbed is always moist by watering appropriately. Also, dig up the seeds from time to time to see if they have rooted.
ガマズミの種子を黒ボク土に包んで暖温湿層処理したのち苗床に播種すると、通常、１００日程度で発根し始めるが、根を十分に伸長させるため、発根してから１ヶ月ほど同じ条件で培養を継続する。根が十分に伸びてから、恒温器に苗床を移し、０～５℃、暗条件で冷温湿層処理を１ケ月ほど施す。その後、苗床を発芽に適した温度条件（１５～２５℃）に設定した温室、あるいは屋外に移して適宜給水すれば、１ヶ月程度で発芽に至る。
以上のような工程で、黒ボク土に包んで暖温湿層処理したガマズミ種子を培養することによって、処理を開始してから発芽に至るまでの期間を２００日程度に短縮することが可能となった。
When viburnum seeds are wrapped in black soil and treated in a warm and humid layer and then sown in a nursery bed, they usually start to root in about 100 days. Continue culturing under the same conditions. After the roots have grown sufficiently, the seedbed is transferred to a constant temperature vessel and subjected to cold and warm wet layer treatment in the dark at 0 to 5°C for about one month. After that, the seedbed is transferred to a greenhouse set to a temperature condition suitable for germination (15 to 25° C.) or outdoors, and if it is appropriately watered, germination will occur in about one month.
By cultivating viburnum seeds that have been wrapped in black soil and treated in a warm and humid layer in the above process, it is possible to shorten the period from the start of treatment to germination to about 200 days. became.
＜エゴノキの発芽処理について＞
エゴノキは、エゴノキ科エゴノキ属に属する落葉高木である。幹は太くならず、明るい林に多い。初夏に白い清楚な花が、枝いっぱいに咲くので、梅雨時の雑木林が一時明るくなる。果実は卵球形の核果で灰白色。１０月ころ熟すと、果皮が裂けて種子が落下する。果皮にエゴサポニンを多く含むので石鹸の代わりにしたり、魚毒性があるので、すりつぶして毒流し漁に使ったとされる。ヤマガラが種子を好むとされている。エゴノキの花と実を図９に示す。
エゴノキの種子もガマズミと同様の処理を施すことにより、発芽を促進することができた。
<Regarding germination treatment of styrax>
Styrax is a deciduous tree belonging to the genus Styrax in the family Styrax. The trunk is not thick and is common in bright forests. In early summer, neat white flowers bloom on the branches, brightening up the thickets during the rainy season. The fruit is an egg-shaped drupe and grayish white. When the fruit ripens around October, the pericarp splits and the seeds drop. It is said that the pericarp contains a lot of egosaponin, so it can be used as a substitute for soap, and because it is toxic to fish, it is ground and used for poison fishing. The variety is said to prefer seeds. Fig. 9 shows flowers and fruits of Styrax.
Germination of styrax seeds was also promoted by the same treatment as for viburnum.
本発明の効果を検証するために、横浜市内の自然林に繁茂するガマズミより１２月に採取した種子を使って発芽試験を行った。 In order to verify the effect of the present invention, a germination test was conducted using seeds collected in December from viburnum growing in natural forests in Yokohama City.
採取した果実を実験室に持ち帰り、バケツに入れた水の中に３日間ほど漬けたままにした。水に漬けていたことによって、ふやけてきた果皮や果実から種子をむき出し、新聞紙の上に広げて、乾燥するまで室内に放置した。乾燥後、種子を袋に入れて封を閉じ、発芽試験を行うまで０～５℃に設定した冷蔵庫内で保管した。保管中のガマズミの種子を図１に示す。 The collected fruits were brought back to the laboratory and left to soak in a bucket of water for about three days. The seeds were peeled from the pericarp and fruit that had become soggy due to being soaked in water, spread out on newspaper, and left indoors until dry. After drying, the seeds were bagged, sealed and stored in a refrigerator set at 0-5°C until the germination test was performed. Viburnum seeds during storage are shown in FIG.
翌年の１１月より発芽試験を実施した。
なお、発芽試験を行う前に、保管期間中に発芽率が低下しなかったか確認するため、外部試験機関に委託して早期発芽力検定法により発芽率を調べた。その結果、前年の１２月に採取したガマズミ種子の発芽率は３０％程度で、既往研究に報告されているガマズミ種子の発芽率と大きく変わらなかった。木本植物種子の早期発芽力検定法は、日緑工誌３０（１）、第２６１～２６４ページに紹介されている。また、特許第３５２７２１０号公報にも開示されている。
A germination test was carried out from November of the following year.
Before the germination test, the germination rate was examined by an early germination test method outsourced to an external testing organization in order to confirm whether the germination rate had decreased during the storage period. As a result, the germination rate of viburnum seeds collected in December of the previous year was about 30%, which was not significantly different from the germination rate of viburnum seeds reported in previous studies. A method for testing early germination of woody plant seeds is introduced in Nichiryoku Koshi 30(1), pp. 261-264. It is also disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3527210.
本発明の効果を検証するにあたって、表１に示すよう１５試験区分を設定した。
１２試験区として、下記の１．～３．の処理を行った試験区（試験区１～１２）。
下記４．の処理を行う２試験区（試験区１３、１４）、下記５．の無処理の対照区（試験区１５）として１試験区。
１．種子を包む媒体２種類：黒ボク土、水
なお、水媒体は、１５ｍｌ程度の実験用チューブ（ビン）に種子を入れて、そこに水を加えて水に漬けた状態。
２．処理温度３ 条件：１５℃、２０℃、２５℃
３．処理期間２ 条件：１週間、２週間
４．砂、滅菌した黒ボク土を使って２０℃で２週間加温する２試験区
５．無処理の対照区：加温処理（暖温湿層処理）をせずに、明暗処理を実施
In verifying the effects of the present invention, 15 test categories were set as shown in Table 1.
As 12 test plots, the following 1. ~3. (Test plots 1 to 12).
4 below. 2 test plots (test plots 13 and 14) for the treatment of 5 below. 1 test group as an untreated control group (test group 15).
1. Two types of medium for wrapping seeds: black soil and water The water medium is a state in which the seeds are placed in an experimental tube (bottle) of about 15 ml, water is added, and the seeds are immersed in water.
2.
3. Treatment period 2 Conditions: 1 week, 2
試験区ごとに異なる媒体を袋に入れ、冷蔵庫に保管していたガマズミ種子を３０粒ずつ埋めて、試験区ごとに設定された温度（１５℃、２０℃、２５℃）と期間（１週間、２週間）にしたがって暖温湿層処理を行った。
なお、袋に入れる黒ボク土、滅菌した黒ボク土、砂については含水量が同等になるよう加水したものを使用した。処理を行う状態を図２に示す。
Put a different medium for each test plot in a bag, bury 30 viburnum seeds that had been stored in the refrigerator, and set the temperature (15 ° C, 20 ° C, 25 ° C) and period (1 week, 2 weeks).
The kuboku soil, the sterilized kuboku soil, and the sand to be put in the bag were added with water so that the water contents were equal to each other. FIG. 2 shows the state of processing.
暖温湿層処理終了後、各試験区より取り出した種子を水洗いし、径９ｃｍのシャーレに濡れたろ紙を敷いて、１試験区あたり１０粒ずつ３シャーレに分けて置床した。シャーレを明条件（１２ 時間、２５℃）、暗条件（１２ 時間、１５℃）に設定した小型育苗装置に入れ、種子を培養した。図３参照。
定期的に観察することによって各シャーレにて最初に発根が観察された日にちを記録するとともに、育苗装置にて培養を開始してから４ヶ月後に各シャーレにおける発根数を計測した。その結果を表１に示す。発根状態を図４に示す。先に発根が行われ芽はまだ伸びていない。
なお、試験は1試験区、３枚のシャーレに１０粒ずつ播種して、シャーレごとに最初に発根が確認された日にちと、４ヶ月後に発根数を計測し、その３シャーレの平均値をデータ化して示す。そのため、４ヶ月後に１枚、あるいは２枚のシャーレで発根が確認されても、もう１枚のシャーレで１２０日以降に発根が観察された場合には、平均して発根までにかかる日数が１２０日を超えることがある。
試験区１５の１２０日後の発根数は０粒であった。
After the completion of the warm-humidity layer treatment, the seeds taken out from each test plot were washed with water, a wet filter paper was spread on a petri dish of 9 cm in diameter, and 10 seeds per test plot were placed on the floor in three petri dishes. The petri dish was placed in a small seedling-raising apparatus set to light conditions (12 hours, 25°C) and dark conditions (12 hours, 15°C), and the seeds were cultured. See FIG.
The date on which rooting was first observed in each petri dish was recorded by regular observation, and the number of rooting in each petri dish was counted 4 months after the start of culturing in the seedling-raising apparatus. Table 1 shows the results. Fig. 4 shows the state of rooting. Rooting takes place first and the buds have not yet grown.
In the test, 10 grains were sown in 3 petri dishes in 1 test plot, and the number of roots was measured on the date when rooting was first confirmed for each petri dish, and after 4 months, the average value of the 3 petri dishes. are shown as data. Therefore, even if rooting is confirmed in one or two petri dishes after 4 months, if rooting is observed in the other petri dish after 120 days, it will take an average of 120 days to root. The number of days may exceed 120 days.
After 120 days, the number of roots in Test Plot 15 was 0 grains.
試験区ごとに、培養を始めてから発根が確認されるまでの日数を平均したところ、試験区間で有意な差が認められた。
無処理区（試験区１５）では発根までに１５０日を要したのに対して、種子を黒ボク土で包んで２５℃で２週間暖温湿層処理した試験区では９６．３日であった。
また、種子を包む媒体によって発根までにかかる日数に差が認められた。黒ボク土で種子を包んで加温した６試験区では発根までに平均して１１２．９日を要したが、水に入れて加温した６ 試験区では１２８．６日だった。
また、砂で種子を包み２０℃で２週間加温した試験区では１３９．０日かかったのに対して、滅菌した黒ボク土を使った試験区にて発根までに要した日数は１０９日と、滅菌していない黒ボク土を用いた試験区とほぼ同等だった。
When the number of days from the start of culturing to confirmation of rooting was averaged for each test section, a significant difference was observed between the test sections.
In the untreated area (test area 15), it took 150 days to root, while in the test area where the seeds were wrapped in black soil and treated at 25 ° C for 2 weeks in a warm and humid layer, it took 96.3 days. there were.
In addition, there was a difference in the number of days required for rooting depending on the medium in which the seeds were wrapped. It took 112.9 days on average for rooting in the 6 test plots in which the seeds were wrapped in black soil and heated, but it took 128.6 days in the 6 test plots in which the seeds were placed in water and heated.
In addition, it took 139.0 days in the test plot in which the seeds were wrapped in sand and heated at 20 ° C. for 2 weeks, whereas in the test plot using sterilized black soil, the number of days required for rooting was 109. It was almost the same as the test plot using non-sterilized black soil.
また、培養を始めてから４ヶ月後に各試験区にて発根数を計測した結果を表１に示す。
発根までに要した日数と同様に、発根数にも試験区間で有意な差が認められた。
発根数が最も多かったのは種子を黒ボク土で包んで２５℃で２週間加温した試験区で、シャーレ当たり４．０粒が発根し、無処理区における発根数（０粒）に比べて有意に多かった。
また、水を媒体に使った６試験区に比べて、黒ボク土を使った６試験区における発根数が有意に多かった。
Table 1 shows the results of measuring the number of roots in each test plot after 4 months from the start of culture.
Similar to the number of days required for rooting, a significant difference in the number of roots was observed between the test sections.
The highest number of roots was found in the test section where the seeds were wrapped in black soil and heated at 25 ° C for 2 weeks. ) were significantly higher.
In addition, the number of roots in the 6 test plots using the black soil was significantly higher than that in the 6 test plots using water as a medium.
以上の結果から、ガマズミ種子を土で包んで１５℃以上の温度で１週間程度加温することによって、発根に至るまでの期間が短縮され、発根する種子数も増えることが明らかとなった。
なお、滅菌した黒ボク土でも発根を促進することができたため、土に含まれる微生物ではなく、なんらかの化合物が発根に影響していると考えられた。
また、発根した種子を植栽土に移植し１ヶ月間冷温処理したのち、温室に移して発芽状況を確認したところ、発根した種子は全て発芽し、発芽するまでの期間に、種子を包む媒体や加温する温度、期間による影響は認められなかった。発芽状態を図５、６に示す。
From the above results, it was clarified that by wrapping viburnum seeds in soil and heating them at a temperature of 15°C or higher for about one week, the period up to rooting was shortened and the number of seeds that rooted was increased. rice field.
Rooting was promoted even with sterilized black soil, suggesting that not microorganisms contained in the soil, but some kind of compound, affected rooting.
In addition, when the rooted seeds were transplanted to the planting soil and subjected to cold treatment for one month, they were transferred to a greenhouse and the germination status was confirmed. No effect was observed by the wrapping medium, heating temperature, or duration. The state of germination is shown in FIGS.
冷蔵庫にて保管していたエゴノキ種子についても、袋に詰めた黒ボク土に種子を埋めて、暗所にて２０℃で２週間暖温湿層処理したのち、植栽土を詰めたポットに種子を移植して、明条件：１２ 時間、２５℃、暗条件：１２ 時間、１５℃に設定した小型育苗装置にて培養したところ、１２０日ほどで発根にいたった。また、発根した種子を１ヶ月間冷温処理したのち温室に移したところ、発芽させることができた。 For styrax seeds stored in the refrigerator, the seeds were buried in black soil packed in a bag, treated in a dark place at 20 ° C for 2 weeks in a warm and humid layer, and then placed in a pot filled with planting soil. The seeds were transplanted and cultured in a small seedling-raising apparatus set at 25° C. for 12 hours in light and 15° C. for 12 hours in darkness, and rooted in about 120 days. In addition, when the rooted seeds were cold-treated for one month and then transferred to a greenhouse, they could be germinated.
Claims (5)
室温程度の恒温条件で腐植分を含む土壌を媒体とした暖温湿層処理を行い、
暖温湿層処理した種子を苗床に播種して、苗床を高温・明条件、低温・暗条件で、発根するまで繰り返す明暗処理を行い、
発根した種子を冬季の温度程度の低温で、恒温、暗条件で冷温湿層処理を行い、
冷温湿層処理した種子を春から初夏程度の温度で培養して発芽させる発芽処理を行うこと
を特徴とする発芽促進方法。 Seeds of difficult-to-germinate plants,
Perform warm and humid layer treatment using soil containing humus as a medium under constant temperature conditions of about room temperature,
The seeds that have been treated with a warm and humid layer are sown in the nursery bed, and the nursery bed is subjected to high temperature/light conditions and low temperature/dark conditions repeatedly until rooting.
Rooted seeds are subjected to a cold-hot-humid layer treatment at a low temperature of winter temperature, constant temperature and dark conditions,
A method for promoting germination, which comprises performing a germination treatment in which seeds that have been treated with a cold/hot humid layer are cultured at a temperature from spring to early summer to germinate.
第１工程：採取した果実から果肉を取り除いた種子を乾燥させて、低温下で保管する工程。
第２工程：保管していた種子を湿潤状態の腐植分を含む黒ボク土又は腐植分を含む赤土に埋めて、密封する。
第３工程：密封された状態の種子を、暗条件下、２０～２５℃の恒温で５～１５日間暖温湿層処理する。
第４工程：暖温湿層処理後、黒ボク土又は赤土から種子を取り出して、水洗いして、そのままあるいは殺菌処理後に苗床に播種する。
第５工程：播種した苗床を、高温（２０℃以上）・明条件、低温（２０℃以下）暗条件で繰り返し培養、発根させる。
第６工程：発根した種子の苗床を低温（０～１０℃）、高湿、暗条件で約１ケ月冷温湿層処理を行う。
第７工程：冷温湿層処理した苗床を初夏の温度条件下で培養して発芽させる。 1. A method for promoting germination, which comprises promoting germination of seeds of difficult-to-germinate plants through the following steps.
1st step: A step of drying the seeds obtained by removing the pulp from the harvested fruits and storing them at a low temperature.
Second step: The stored seeds are buried in wet humus-containing black soil or humus-containing red soil and sealed.
Third step: The sealed seeds are warm-humidified for 5-15 days at a constant temperature of 20-25° C. under dark conditions.
4th step: After the warm and humid layer treatment, the seeds are taken out from the black soil or red soil, washed with water, and sown directly or after sterilization in a nursery bed.
Fifth step: The sown seedbed is repeatedly cultured under high temperature (20° C. or higher)/light conditions and low temperature (20° C. or lower) and dark conditions for rooting.
Sixth step: The seed bed of the rooted seeds is subjected to cold-hot-humid layer treatment under low temperature (0 to 10° C.), high humidity, and dark conditions for about one month.
7th step: The seedbed treated with cold and hot humid layers is cultured under temperature conditions in early summer to germinate.
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