JP7245457B2 - Fire extinguishing equipment for detached houses - Google Patents
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有史以来、人は火事と言えば、即水を使う消火を思い浮かべる。本発明は低層の戸建て建屋において火災が発生した場合、人的及び物的被害を最小限に抑えるため従来の水を使う湿式防消火法に代わり、窒素を使う乾式防消火法を提供する。 Since the beginning of recorded history, when people think of a fire, they think of extinguishing it with water immediately. The present invention provides a dry fire extinguishing method using nitrogen instead of the conventional wet fire extinguishing method using water to minimize human and property damage when a fire breaks out in a low-rise detached building.
本発明の発想の発端は近年、従来までの湿式消火法では対処できない事例が幾つか散見されたことにある。この背景には最新の建築業界では消火の対象となる建屋が桁違いに大型化かつ高層化し、今までの消火技術では追い付けない実状が挙げられる。例えば２０１７年に埼玉県三芳町で起きたアスクル社の超大型物流倉庫の火災では火炎が全倉庫内に燃え広がり、発災から鎮火まで１２日間を要する大火災となった。 The origin of the idea of the present invention is that in recent years, several cases have been found that cannot be dealt with by conventional wet fire extinguishing methods. The background to this is that in the latest building industry, the buildings to be fire extinguished are becoming larger and taller by orders of magnitude, and the existing fire extinguishing technology cannot keep up. For example, in 2017, a fire occurred at a super-large distribution warehouse of ASKUL in Miyoshi, Saitama Prefecture.
更に世界的な文化財産が火災により失われた災害も幾つか発生している。一件は２０１９年のパリ・ノートルダムダム寺院の火災である。この事例では パリ全市の消防隊による必死の消火活動にも拘わらず、寺院の象徴であった尖塔が焼け落ちてしまった。他の一件は同じ年に起きた沖縄・首里城の火災である。この事例では火災は城の主要な建物に次々に燃え広がり、正殿を始め主要な建物は殆ど全てを消失した。両ケースとも大量の水を使った懸命の消火にも拘わらず、火炎を鎮火できなかった。 Furthermore, there have been several disasters in which global cultural assets were lost to fires. One is the 2019 Notre-Dame-Dame cathedral fire in Paris. In this case, the spire, which was the symbol of the temple, burned down despite the desperate efforts of firefighters throughout Paris to extinguish the fire. Another incident was the fire at Shuri Castle in Okinawa in the same year. In this case, the fire spread to the main buildings of the castle one after another, and almost all of the main buildings, including the Seiden, were destroyed. In both cases, the flames could not be extinguished despite extensive efforts to extinguish the fire with copious amounts of water.
現在、これ等の災害の再発防止策として検討されている改善策はその殆どが「煙検知による発災情報」と「水を使うスプリンクラー」の組み合わせである。首里城の再建計画に際しても上記方式の採用がほぼ決定的である。国内で他の木造城に関しては首里城の火災を契機に急遽、見直しが行われているが、現状では上記の防消火法に優さる代案は提言されていない。 Currently, most of the improvement measures that are being considered to prevent the recurrence of such disasters are a combination of "disaster information based on smoke detection" and "sprinklers that use water." Adoption of the above method is almost decisive for the reconstruction plan of Shurijo Castle. As for other wooden castles in Japan, the fire at Shurijo Castle led to a hasty review of their construction, but at present, no alternative proposals that are superior to the fire prevention and fire prevention law have been proposed.
一方で消火法については上記の湿式防消火法（＝以降、湿式法と略称する）と並んで、窒素や不活性ガスを使う乾式防消火法（＝以降、乾式法と略称する）が存在する。乾式法については既に一部の小規模な建屋を対象として実施されている。例えば箱根のポーラ美術館では館内の最も貴重な陳列室に、消火剤としてハロゲン系の不活性ガスを使う方式が採用されている。やや大型の施設では東京・国会図書館の書庫室に窒素ボンベを活用した乾式法が設置されている。。
済みである。On the other hand, as for fire extinguishing methods, along with the above-mentioned wet fire fighting method (hereinafter abbreviated as wet method), there is a dry fire fighting method (hereinafter abbreviated as dry method) that uses nitrogen or inert gas. . The dry method has already been implemented for some small-scale buildings. For example, at the Pola Museum of Art in Hakone, the most valuable display room in the museum uses a halogen-based inert gas as a fire extinguishing agent. In slightly larger facilities, a dry method using nitrogen cylinders is installed in the library room of the Tokyo National Diet Library. .
Already done.
上記のように乾式法は既に実績ある消火法であるが、我が国に限らず世界でもその実施例は極めて少ない。しかし最近の最新の超大型コンピュータの集中管理室や高圧電気室の消火設備としてこの方式は必須の消火法である。更に昨今は地球の温暖化防止の観点から炭化水素に代わり水素の活用が注目されている。中でも水素インフラの構築は最も重要な課題である。窒素は水素インフラの構築に際し、安全対策で不可欠な物質で、その構築には窒素の助けがどうしても必要である。窒素を使う乾式法については以上のような環境変化に併い、徐々にではあるがその見直しが行われている。 As described above, the dry method is a fire extinguishing method that has already been proven, but there are very few examples not only in Japan but also in the world. However, this system is an essential fire extinguishing method for fire extinguishing equipment in centralized control rooms and high-voltage electrical rooms of the latest ultra-large computers. Furthermore, in recent years, the use of hydrogen instead of hydrocarbons has attracted attention from the viewpoint of preventing global warming. Among them, the construction of hydrogen infrastructure is the most important issue. Nitrogen is an indispensable substance for safety measures when building a hydrogen infrastructure, and the help of nitrogen is absolutely necessary for its construction. The dry process using nitrogen is being reviewed, albeit gradually, in line with the environmental changes described above.
その一例として、下記の特許が既に公開されている。
特開２０１８－８４０４２ 「窒素インフラ システム」
この特許には導管を使用して広域な範囲に水素インフラを構築すると共に同時並行して「導管を使用する窒素インフラの構築」が提言されている。同特許には窒素を水素ステーションの安全対策に使用すると共に、容積が数万ｍ３クラスの超大型の物流倉庫での発災時に窒素を消火用として活用する事例が紹介されている。As an example, the following patents have already been published.
JP 2018-84042 "Nitrogen infrastructure system"
This patent proposes building a hydrogen infrastructure over a wide area using pipelines and concurrently "constructing a nitrogen infrastructure using pipelines." The patent describes the use of nitrogen as a safety measure for hydrogen stations and the use of nitrogen as a fire extinguisher in the event of a disaster in an ultra-large distribution warehouse with a volume of tens of thousands of square meters.
しかし同特許が対象とする建屋は容積が数万ｍ３クラスで、一般の戸建て建屋のように、容積が数百ｍ３程度の建屋は対象外としている。以上のように現状では窒素を用いる乾式法に関しては一部特殊な用途への提案は散見されるが、対象数は極めて限定的であり、本発明のように小規模の一般建屋を対象とする発明は国内は無論のこと世界でも公開されていない。 However, the buildings covered by this patent have a volume of tens of thousands of m3, and buildings with a volume of several hundred m3, such as general detached houses, are not covered. As described above, there are currently some proposals for special applications regarding the dry process using nitrogen, but the number of targets is extremely limited, and the target is small-scale general buildings like the present invention. The invention is not open to the public, not only in Japan, but also in the world.
本発明は、上記問題点に鑑みて為されたものである。目標は低層の戸建て建屋を対象に新たな防消火法を導入することである。即ち、防消火設備として従来の水を使う湿式防消火設備に代えて、窒素を用いる乾式消火法を導入する。 The present invention has been made in view of the above problems. The goal is to introduce a new fire fighting method for low-rise detached houses. That is, a dry fire extinguishing method using nitrogen is introduced instead of the conventional wet fire extinguishing equipment using water as the fire extinguishing equipment.
初めに窒素を使用して支燃性ガスを窒素で置換する際の基本的な原理について記す。窒素による防消火法は燃焼の３要素である「可燃物」「着火源」「支燃性ガス」の中で、支燃性ガスを無くする方法である。燃焼に関与するこれ等の三要素は論理上「ＡＮＤ回路」で結ばれている。窒素を使って火災周囲の支燃性ガス中の酸素濃度を限界値まで下げれば、火災は完璧に消火できる。乾式法は建屋が密閉型であるという条件さえ満たせば、着火源が幾らあろうとも火炎は完璧に消火できるので、湿式法に比べ原理が単純でかつ消火効率が極めて高い。 First, the basic principle of using nitrogen to replace a combustion-supporting gas with nitrogen will be described. The fire extinguishing method using nitrogen is a method of eliminating combustible gases among the three elements of combustion: combustibles, ignition sources, and combustible gases. These three elements involved in combustion are logically connected in an "AND circuit". Fires can be completely extinguished by using nitrogen to reduce the oxygen concentration in the combustion-supporting gas around the fire to a critical value. As long as the building is closed, the dry method can completely extinguish flames regardless of the number of ignition sources.
美術館や博物館等で貴重な美術品が水を使う消火で損傷されることを避けるため窒息性ガスを吹込んで消火する方法は 既に記述した。窒息性ガスとして実績あるガスはハロゲン系ガスと窒素である。乾式法は現在でも根強い需要があり、最新の事例では２０１４年に竣工した日本最高の高さを誇る「あべのハルカス」でも、高圧電気室やコンピュー機器の管理室には乾式法が導入されている。 We have already described the method of extinguishing a fire by blowing a suffocating gas in order to avoid damage to precious works of art in art galleries, museums, etc. due to fire extinguishing using water. Halogen-based gases and nitrogen have been proven as suffocating gases. There is still strong demand for the dry process, and the latest example is Abeno Harukas, which was completed in 2014 and boasts the highest height in Japan. .
建屋内に消火用として窒素を使用する場合は、主に次の二つの観点から検討しなければならない。第一は消火の主目的である如何に素早く鎮火させるかという消火効率の向上である。第二は副次的なマイナス影響である酸素欠乏による人的被害の防止である。この第二番目の対応ついては特に重要なので、後で詳述する。 When nitrogen is used for fire extinguishing in the building, it must be considered mainly from the following two points of view. The first is to improve fire extinguishing efficiency, which is the main purpose of extinguishing fires. The second is the prevention of human damage due to oxygen deficiency, which is a secondary negative effect. This second correspondence is particularly important and will be discussed in detail later.
建屋内に窒素を吹き込むと、内部の空気は窒素とほぼ均一に混合し、最終的には排気口を経由して大気へ放出される。学術的にはこの混合を「完全混合」と呼ぶ。窒素の吹込みにより建屋内の酸素濃度は徐々に低下し、可燃性ガスが燃焼できない濃度に達する。この時の酸素濃度を「限界酸素濃度」という。この値は可燃性ガスにより固有の値を持ち、水素や一酸化炭素の場合は各々５．０％と５．６％、メタンでは１２．１％である。 When nitrogen is blown into the building, the air inside mixes with the nitrogen almost evenly and is finally released to the atmosphere through the exhaust port. Academically, this mixing is called "complete mixing". The oxygen concentration in the building gradually decreased due to the nitrogen injection, reaching a concentration at which the combustible gas could not be burned. The oxygen concentration at this time is called "limit oxygen concentration". This value has a specific value depending on the combustible gas, and is 5.0% and 5.6% for hydrogen and carbon monoxide, respectively, and 12.1% for methane.
可燃物が固体の場合も高温により固体が分解され水素や一酸化炭素等の可燃性ガスを発生するので、燃焼を止めるには気体の場合と同様に建屋内の酸素濃度が可燃性ガスの限界酸素濃度以下になるまで窒素を吹き込めば良い。吹き込まれた窒素は建屋内の空気と混合し、建屋内の酸素濃度を徐々に低下させる。 Even if the combustible material is solid, the solid will decompose at high temperatures and generate combustible gases such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Nitrogen should be blown in until the oxygen concentration becomes lower than the oxygen concentration. The blown nitrogen mixes with the air inside the building, gradually lowering the oxygen concentration inside the building.
通常ボンベに貯蔵可能な窒素量は数ｍ３／本であるから、消火対象とする建屋の容量は概ね数１０ｍ３～１００ｍ３程度に限定される。このため従来の乾式法の対象は建屋全体ではなく、建屋の中で最も貴重な部屋に限定せざるを得なかった。従って、建屋容量で数万ｍ３クラスの大型倉庫向けに、この方式を採用するには、第一に窒素の供給量の不足がネックとなり、今までは検討される機会殆ど無かった。しかし今回の対象とする建屋はその容積が一棟で数百ｍ３程度である。この容積であれば液化窒素ローリ車を活用すれば、量的には十分に対応可能な範囲である。Since the amount of nitrogen that can be stored in a normal cylinder is several m3/tube, the capacity of the building to be extinguished is generally limited to several tens of m 3 to 100 m 3 . For this reason, the target of the conventional dry method had to be limited to the most valuable room in the building rather than the entire building. Therefore, in adopting this system for large-scale warehouses with a building capacity of several tens of thousands m3, the first bottleneck is the shortage of nitrogen supply, and there have been few opportunities to study it until now. However, the volume of the target building this time is about several hundred m3. With this volume, if a liquefied nitrogen lorry vehicle is used, it is within a range that can be adequately handled quantitatively.
液化窒素は液密度０．８０９ｋｇ／Ｌ、沸点７７°Ｋの液体で、液化窒素ローリ車とはこれを断熱された容器に充填して運搬する特殊車両を言う。この種の車両は現在国内では数百台が運行され、主に冷媒として使われている。大型の７トン車の場合、その最大搭載量は容量換算で約６，０００ｍ３／台である。消火対象を戸建て建屋とすれば、その建屋の容積は凡そ数百ｍ３程度、建屋を含む周辺の容積では高さを１０ｍと仮定すれば、全容積で２，０００ｍ３程度である。消火の対象を上記の範囲に留めることができれば、液化窒素ローリ車１台で数棟程度の戸建て建屋の防消火に対応が可能である。Liquefied nitrogen is a liquid with a liquid density of 0.809 kg/L and a boiling point of 77°K. Hundreds of vehicles of this type are currently in operation in the country and are mainly used as refrigerants. In the case of a large 7-ton truck, the maximum load is about 6,000 m 3 /vehicle in terms of capacity. Assuming that the object to be extinguished is a detached house, the volume of the building is about several hundred m3.Assuming that the surrounding volume including the building is 10m high, the total volume is about 2,000m3 . If the target of fire extinguishing can be limited to the above range, one liquefied nitrogen lorry can be used to extinguish several detached houses.
次に窒素を使って建屋内の酸素ガス濃度を低減させる方法について基本的な技術について記す。可燃物を水素、又は一酸化炭素と仮定すれば、その燃焼には、酸素濃度を５％以上に保たなければならない。逆の見方では建屋内の空気を窒素で置換して空気中の酸素濃度を５％以下すれば、水素、一酸化炭素は完璧に消炎する。本発明では建屋周辺の支燃ガス中の酸素濃度を窒素を吹き込んでこのレベル（＝５．０％）まで低減させる。 Next, the basic technology for reducing the oxygen gas concentration in the building using nitrogen will be described. Assuming that the combustible material is hydrogen or carbon monoxide, the oxygen concentration must be maintained at 5% or more for combustion. From the opposite point of view, if the air in the building is replaced with nitrogen to reduce the oxygen concentration in the air to 5% or less, hydrogen and carbon monoxide will completely extinguish the flames. In the present invention, the oxygen concentration in the combustion-supporting gas around the building is reduced to this level (=5.0%) by blowing in nitrogen.
容積（Ａｍ３）を有する建屋に容量（Ｖｍ３）の窒素を吹き込み、建屋内の同量のガスを放出させて建屋内の酸素濃度を通常濃度（ａ１＝２１％）から 目標の酸素濃度（ａ２＝５％）まで低減させる場合、その低減曲線は「完全混合式」に従い、次の関数で示される。ここでｅはネピアの数と呼ばれる定数である。
上式より空気中の酸素ａ１を限界酸素濃度ａ２まで低下させる窒素量Ｖは
次に乾式法の具体的な実施手順について記す。本発明の消火法は建屋を含む周囲全体の空間をそのままそっくり全体を窒素の雰囲気にして、酸素を絶って消火させるという提案である。手順の第一は建屋の外周に建屋を囲う空間を設けることから始める。 この作業は消防士の手で実施される。空間を設けるために用意するものは現場で容易に組み立てが可能なフレームと耐火布である。フレームは予め適当な長さに分割し、現地で連結して耐火布を張るための支柱とする。 Next, a specific implementation procedure of the dry method will be described. The fire extinguishing method of the present invention is a proposal to extinguish the fire by making the entire surrounding space including the building as it is in a nitrogen atmosphere to cut off the oxygen. The first procedure starts with creating a space surrounding the building around the perimeter of the building. This work is carried out by firefighters. A frame and fireproof cloth that can be easily assembled on site are prepared to provide space. The frames are pre-divided into appropriate lengths and connected on-site to form supports for the fireproof cloth.
耐火布とは高熱に耐える繊維で出来た布の略称で、既に数種類の耐火布が実用化されおり、更にアルミ混紡のアラミド繊維など、１，０００°Ｃ以上の高熱に耐える新素材が開発中である。耐火布はこの材質で出来た布を適当なサイズに裁断し、消防車に搭載して発災現場まで運び、現地で繋げて耐火用の天膜とする。耐火布は現地で簡単に繋ぎ合わせができるよう、予め必要な留め具を装着して置く。 Fire-resistant cloth is an abbreviation for cloth made of fibers that can withstand high temperatures. Several types of fire-resistant cloth have already been put into practical use, and new materials that can withstand high temperatures of 1,000°C or higher, such as aramid fibers made from aluminum blends, are under development. is. The fire-resistant cloth is made of this material and cut into a suitable size, mounted on a fire truck, transported to the disaster site, and connected at the site to form a fire-resistant canopy. The fire-resistant cloth is placed with the necessary fasteners attached in advance so that it can be easily connected on site.
消火対象となる建屋を囲う空間の形状は通常は長方形の立方体である。縦横の長さは建屋の大きさによるが、都市部の多くは一辺が１０ｍ～２０ｍの矩形である。建屋を囲む空間部は２階建てと仮定すれば、高さは１０ｍ前後で空間容積は約１，５００ｍ３程度となる。この空間を組み立てるイメージは、建屋の外装塗装を行う際に見かけるように建屋の周囲に防護ネットを張る感覚であるが、防護ネットの場合とは異なり、組み立てに際し若干の工夫を施す。 The shape of the space surrounding the building to be extinguished is usually a rectangular cube. The length and breadth depend on the size of the building, but most of the buildings in urban areas are rectangular with sides of 10m to 20m. Assuming that the space surrounding the building is a two-story building, the height is about 10m and the space volume is about 1,500m3. The image of assembling this space is like putting a protective net around the building, as you see when painting the exterior of the building.
それは立方体の形状を「下部面積に比べて上部面積を狭くする」ことである。上部に向かって緩やかな形状にすることは空間部への空気の逆流を防いで、窒素による置換効果を高める。上部の面積を狭める程度は緩やかでよい。この際、１段で狭めても良いし、途中でおり曲げて２段で折り曲げても良い。この工夫により、空間部に吹き込んだ窒素はショートパスすることなしに内部の空気と十分に混合し、大気へ放出される。この結果、予め準備したフレームと耐火布を用いて建屋周囲に、上部に開放部を持つ一時的な空間部を設けることができる。この空間部へ窒素を吹き込む。建屋の周囲に窒素を吹き込む概要を［図２］に示す。また［図２］には同じ気化器を経由して窒素ガスをホースを用いて建屋内に吹き込む図も併せて提示している。That is, the shape of the cube is to "narrow the top area compared to the bottom area". The gently sloping shape toward the top prevents the backflow of air into the space and enhances the replacement effect with nitrogen. The extent to which the area of the upper portion is narrowed may be gradual. At this time, it may be narrowed in one step, or bent halfway and bent in two steps. With this device, the nitrogen blown into the space is sufficiently mixed with the internal air without short-passing, and is released to the atmosphere. As a result, a temporary space with an open top can be provided around the building using a frame and fireproof cloth prepared in advance. Nitrogen is blown into this space . [Fig. 2] shows an outline of nitrogen blowing around the building. [Fig. 2] also shows a diagram of blowing nitrogen gas into the building using a hose through the same vaporizer .
消火に必要な窒素は建屋近郊の窒素供給所から液化窒素ローリ車を使用して受け入れる。この液化窒素は別途現地に設置した気化器により、中低圧の窒素ガスとなる。液化窒素は超低温なので、外気温度により容易に気化する。気化に際し気化器に過剰に液化窒素を供給することは急速な圧力上昇を招くので危険である。場合によっては、急激な圧力上昇を回避するため安全弁を設置することが望ましい。 Nitrogen required for fire extinguishing is received from a nitrogen supply station near the building using a liquefied nitrogen truck. This liquefied nitrogen is turned into medium-low pressure nitrogen gas by a vaporizer separately installed on site. Since liquefied nitrogen is extremely cold, it is easily vaporized by the ambient temperature. Supplying an excessive amount of liquefied nitrogen to the vaporizer during vaporization is dangerous because it causes a rapid pressure rise. In some cases, it is desirable to install a safety valve to avoid a sudden pressure rise.
気化器を出た窒素ガスは二方向に分配されて、空間内に吹き込まれる。一つは空間部の下部に設置した窒素ガス吹込み用のヘッダーを経由し、ヘッダーに取り付けた複数の吹き出しノズルから建屋周囲の空間に吹き込まれる。この窒素は建屋外部の空気中の酸素濃度を低減させるため使われる。 Nitrogen gas leaving the vaporizer is distributed in two directions and blown into the space. One is through a nitrogen gas blowing header installed in the lower part of the space, and is blown into the space around the building from multiple blowing nozzles attached to the header. This nitrogen is used to reduce the oxygen concentration in the air outside the building.
他の一つはホース等を使って、建屋本体の内部の酸素濃度を低下させるために使われる。この窒素の吹込み口は建屋の玄関、換気口、小窓等を利用して行う。この際、建屋内に吹き込まれた窒素により建屋本体が過圧されないよう、排気口を確保して置く。以上の二個所からの窒素吹込み操作により建屋は内外共に徐々に窒素で置換されて、最終的には前記の限界酸素濃度（＝５．０％）に達する。限界酸素濃度の環境下では全ての可燃物は完璧に消火する。この消火設備の概略を［図１］に示す。 The other is used to lower the oxygen concentration inside the main building using a hose or the like. This nitrogen blowing port is carried out using the entrance of the building, a ventilation port, a small window, etc. At this time, secure an exhaust port so that the building body is not over-pressurized by the nitrogen blown into the building. By the nitrogen blowing operation from the above two points, both the inside and outside of the building are gradually replaced with nitrogen, and finally reach the aforementioned limit oxygen concentration (=5.0%). All combustible materials are completely extinguished in an environment of limiting oxygen concentration. An outline of this fire extinguishing system is shown in [Fig. 1].
本発明の消火操作に要する時間は窒素の吹込み開始から１時間以内と推定される。この根拠は次の通りである。液化窒素ローリ車には液化窒素（＝ガス量換算６，０００ｍ３）の荷下ろしを１時間程度で終えるポンプが搭載されている。このポンプを使い既に記載した空間容積２，０００ｍ３を窒素で置換する時間は計算上では２０分である。今回は通常の荷下ろしとは違い、気化器を経由した荷下ろしであるが、設備的には上記の時間は達成可能な数値である。この時間は湿式法と比べ驚異的な短時間である。以上の推定から乾式法は消火効率が極めて高いこと及び消火時間を律速するのは消火作業自体に費やす時間ではなく、準備作業であることが解かる。 The time required for the fire extinguishing operation of the present invention is estimated to be within one hour from the start of nitrogen blowing. The grounds for this are as follows. The liquefied nitrogen lorry is equipped with a pump that can unload liquefied nitrogen (6,000 m3 of gas equivalent) in about one hour. Using this pump, the time required to replace the already described space volume of 2,000 m3 with nitrogen is calculated to be 20 minutes. Unlike normal unloading, this time it is unloading via a carburetor, but the above time is an achievable figure in terms of equipment. This time is astonishingly short compared to the wet method. From the above estimation, it is clear that the dry method has extremely high extinguishing efficiency, and that the rate-limiting time for extinguishing is not the time spent on the extinguishing work itself, but the preparatory work.
乾式法の長所を最大限に活かすためには準備作業に要する時間を如何に短縮できるかに懸かっている。この準備作業に類似した作業は日常生活でも度々見かける。例えばビルの新築現場では周囲に落下物による被害をなくすため防護壁が設置される。小規模なケースでは住宅の外層塗装に際し周囲にネットを廻らす。現状ではこれ等の作業に費やす時間は決して短くない。しかし組み立てに係る技能は用具と施工方法の改善により確実に向上する。 In order to make the most of the advantages of the dry method, it depends on how much the time required for the preparation work can be shortened. Work similar to this preparatory work is often seen in daily life. For example, at a new building site, protective walls are installed to prevent damage from falling objects. In a small-scale case, when painting the outer layer of a house, a net is placed around it. At present, the time spent on these tasks is by no means short. However, assembly skills will certainly improve with improved tools and construction methods.
日本の消防士の技能はこの分野では折り紙付きで、今後現地での組み立て作業を短時間で完了させることは十分に期待できる。立地により建屋周辺に障害物があるケースでも、組み立て構造が簡単であり、対応は可能である。また都市部を中心に現在、進行中の電柱を地下に埋める無電柱化は本作業の時間短縮に有効である。目標は劇場の舞台でカーテンを引くように、建屋の周囲に耐火布を一気に廻らすこと。この時間を短縮できれば、本発明はその長所を最大限に発揮することが出来る。 The skills of Japanese firefighters are proven in this field, and we can fully expect to complete on-site assembly work in a short time in the future. Even if there are obstacles around the building due to the location, the assembly structure is simple and it is possible to deal with it. In addition, the removal of utility poles, which is currently in progress mainly in urban areas, is effective in shortening the time required for this work. The goal is to wrap the fireproof fabric around the building in a single stroke, like pulling a curtain on a theater stage. If this time can be shortened, the advantages of the present invention can be maximized.
乾式法の導入により消防士の役割は今迄とは一変する。従来までの消防士の業務は「消火ホースを使って火炎を鎮火させる」という消火活動そのものであった。今後この消火業務は大幅に軽減される。消火に必要な作業は気化器からの窒素の供給元弁を開くだけである。乾式法の導入に伴う消防士の役目は消火活動に先立ち、建屋の周りにフレームと耐火布を使って臨時の空間部を設けること、液化窒素を気化器を経由して窒素ガスを空間部に吹き込むことの二つの作業に移行する。 With the introduction of the dry method, the role of firefighters will change completely. Until now, the work of firefighters was nothing but fire extinguishing activities, such as ``extinguishing flames with fire hoses''. This fire extinguishing work will be greatly reduced in the future. All that is required to extinguish the fire is to open the nitrogen source valve from the vaporizer. With the introduction of the dry method, the role of firefighters is to create a temporary space around the building using a frame and fireproof cloth before extinguishing the fire, and to fill the space with liquefied nitrogen via a vaporizer. Moving on to the two tasks of blowing.
一方、新たに重要な業務が加わる。それは居住者を火災エリアから退避させて、万一の酸欠事故から住民を守ることである。この結果、発災時に多数の消防車や消火のための消防士が出動することは一切不要となり、通常の規模の火災であれば、戸建て建屋１棟の火災に際し、１台の液化窒素ローリ車と数人の消防士で十分に対応することが可能となる。 On the other hand, an important new task will be added. It is to evacuate the residents from the fire area and protect the residents from an oxygen deficiency accident. As a result, there is no need to dispatch a large number of fire engines or firefighters to extinguish fires in the event of a disaster. and a few firefighters will be sufficient.
代わりに建屋の周囲に空間を設けるため、専用の資材を運搬する工作車と現地でこれを組み立てる工作員が新たに必要となる。消火のスピードはこの工作部隊の活動の如何に懸かっている。更に窒素の供給源は地域の窒素供給所から消防署に移管され、近い将来地域の消防署には水を使う消防車と並んで、気化器付きの液化窒素ローリ車が配備される日がやって来る。 Instead, in order to create a space around the building, a new work vehicle to transport special materials and operatives to assemble it on site will be required. The speed of extinguishing the fire depends on the activity of this task force. Furthermore, the nitrogen supply source will be transferred from the local nitrogen supply station to the fire department, and in the near future, the local fire department will be equipped with a liquefied nitrogen lorry equipped with a vaporizer, along with fire engines that use water.
最後に本発明に付随するマイナス効果ともいえる酸素欠乏症について記す。この症状は窒素を取り扱う全ての人が絶対に忘れてはいけない危険症状である。大気中の酸素濃度は２１％であるが、この濃度が１８％位であれば、人の行動には全く問題は生じない。しかしこの濃度以下に低下すると人間は体調に異変を来たす。 Finally, anoxia, which can be said to be a negative effect associated with the present invention, will be described. This symptom is a dangerous symptom that all people who handle nitrogen must never forget. The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is 21%, but if this concentration is around 18%, there will be no problems with human behavior. However, when the concentration drops below this level, the physical condition of humans changes.
症状の程度には個人差はあるが、一般的には酸素濃度が１２％程度までは、人は不自由ではあるが何とか行動することは可能である。しかし酸素濃度が１０％を切ると危険状態に陥る。酸素濃度８％では意識を失い、本発明が目標としている濃度（＝５．０％）では全ての人が数回の呼吸で死に至る。 Although the severity of the symptoms varies from person to person, in general, people are incapacitated but are able to function when the oxygen concentration is up to about 12%. However, if the oxygen concentration falls below 10%, it will fall into a dangerous state. At an oxygen concentration of 8%, one loses consciousness, and at the concentration targeted by the present invention (=5.0%), all people die after a few breaths.
低層の戸建て建屋の火災の場合は被災する住民の人数が限られており、避難には最初に居住者自身による確認が行われるので、退避を見落とすような事態が発生する確率は小さい。一方で消火に窒素を使う経験は一般の人々にとって全く新しい経験である。「窒素ガスを吸い込めば 窒息死する」という朧げな感覚はあっても、その意識の定着には今後かなりの年月を要することを覚悟しなければならない。 In the case of a fire in a low-rise detached house, the number of affected residents is limited, and since the residents themselves first confirm the evacuation, the probability of failing to evacuate is small. On the other hand, the experience of using nitrogen for fire extinguishing is a completely new experience for ordinary people. Even if you have a vague sense that you will suffocate if you inhale nitrogen gas, you must be prepared to take many years to establish that consciousness.
酸欠事故の防止には当たっては「消火対象内に滞留者がいない」と判定する消防士の再確認は極めて重要な仕事である。消防士による確認はフレームと耐火布を使って空間部の設定が終了した時点で行われる。この段階で建屋に残留者がいる確率は低いが、特異の例として一度退避した人が再び忘れ物を取りに入居する等のケースに対応するためである。この再確認が完了した時点で初めて建屋の内外に向けて窒素の吹込みが開始される。 In order to prevent oxygen deficiency accidents, it is extremely important to reconfirm the firefighter's judgment that "there are no people staying in the fire extinguishing target". Confirmation by firefighters is performed when the space section is completed using the frame and fireproof cloth. Although the probability that there will be people staying in the building at this stage is low, this is to deal with cases such as people who have evacuated once and move back in to pick up forgotten items as a peculiar example. When this reconfirmation is completed, nitrogen blowing into the inside and outside of the building is started for the first time.
このように確認を幾重にも実施する理由は、空間内に人間がいることを絶対に見落さないよう配慮したためである。消防士は一度組み立てた空間内には消防士以外の人は絶対に立ち入らせてはいけない。消防隊による、この一連の作業は消防隊長の指揮の元で規律正しく行う。この際、消防隊は万一逃げ遅れた人の救助に備えて、酸素ボンベ付きの呼吸用保護具と酸素救命具を常備して置く。 The reason why this confirmation is carried out repeatedly is to ensure that the presence of a person in the space is never overlooked. Firefighters must never allow anyone other than firefighters to enter the space once assembled. This series of work by the fire brigade will be done in a disciplined manner under the command of the fire brigade chief. At this time, the fire brigade should always have respiratory protective equipment with oxygen tanks and oxygen lifesaving equipment in preparation for rescuing people who failed to escape.
以上の戸建て建屋の酸欠防止対策は必ず実行されなければならない。この実践は本発明を実施するための最良かつ必須の形態である。この対策なしで本発明を実行することは非常に危険である。安全を確保するために導入した窒素が人命を奪う凶器となってはならない。 The above oxygen deficiency prevention measures for detached houses must be implemented without fail. This practice is the best and essential mode of carrying out the invention. It is very dangerous to implement the present invention without this measure. Nitrogen introduced to ensure safety must not become a deadly weapon.
窒素を使う乾式法が低層の戸建て建屋の防消火に適用できれば、その対象数は極めて多い。乾式法の最大の長所は水を使う従来の湿式法に比べて、消火に必要な時間を劇的に短縮できることである。更に乾式法は建屋内の内装や家具が水濡れする心配は全くない。前項で紹介したアスクル社の火災では倉庫内に在庫していた約１００億円の商品は放水による水濡れで全滅した。 If the dry method using nitrogen can be applied to low-rise detached houses to prevent fires, the number of targets will be extremely large. The greatest advantage of the dry method is that it can dramatically shorten the time required for extinguishing fire compared to the conventional wet method that uses water. Furthermore, with the dry method, there is absolutely no concern that the interior and furniture in the building will get wet. In the fire at Askul, which was introduced in the previous section, about 10 billion yen of products that were in stock in the warehouse were wiped out by water spraying.
一方、戸建て建物への窒素の拙速な導入は酸欠事故という人間の生命に関わる深刻な問題に直結する。「建屋に窒素を吹き込めばに人間は窒息死する」この根強い懸念が長い間、窒素を使う乾式防消火法の導入を妨げて来た最大の理由であった。この懸念は現時点でも間違っていない。窒素は無味無臭で、使い方を誤れば「サイレント・キラー・ガス」となる。 On the other hand, the hasty introduction of nitrogen into detached buildings directly leads to serious problems related to human life, such as oxygen deficiency accidents. This deep-rooted concern that "if nitrogen is blown into a building, people will suffocate to death" has long been the greatest reason why the introduction of the dry fire prevention method using nitrogen has been hindered. This concern is still valid. Nitrogen is tasteless and odorless, and can be a "silent killer gas" if used improperly.
２１世紀、新たな水素時代を迎えてるに当たり、窒素によるバックアップがその発展の成否を握ると言われている。窒素が「災害を防止する安全ガス」となるか又は「窒息死を招く殺人ガス」となるのか、今世紀はその決断が求められている。特に戸建て建屋のような一般住宅への導入に当たっては、地道な啓蒙活動が求められる。 As the 21st century welcomes a new era of hydrogen, it is said that backup with nitrogen will determine the success or failure of its development. Whether nitrogen will be a "safe gas to prevent disasters" or a "killing gas that causes suffocation" must be decided in this century. In particular, steady enlightenment activities are required for introduction to general housing such as detached houses.
繰り返しとなるが、本発明に付随する「酸欠事故の対する安全確認」は絶対に避けることが出来ない必須の対策である。本発明を推進する際のキイワードは窒素。２０世紀、エネルギーの主役は炭化水素、全ての産業がその恩恵を享受した。反面、副生する炭酸ガスに起因する地球の温暖化現象を招きつつある。この代替えエネルギーとして環境にクリーンな水素が注目されている。 Again, the "safety confirmation against oxygen deficiency accident" associated with the present invention is an absolutely unavoidable and essential countermeasure. Nitrogen is the key word in promoting the present invention. In the 20th century, hydrocarbons were the main source of energy, and all industries enjoyed its benefits. On the other hand, the phenomenon of global warming caused by the carbon dioxide produced as a by-product is being invited. Environmentally clean hydrogen is attracting attention as an alternative energy.
しかし水素は着火し易く、単独ガスとして一般市場で普及するには危険度が高か過ぎる。水素社会の到来にはどうしても窒素の助けが必要である。現在、水素社会の到来に備え、その危険防止策の一つとして、水素を単独ではなく水素・窒素の混合ガスとして供給する水素インフラの構築が検討されている。この新たなインフラが完成すれば、水素と共に多量の窒素の供給が可能となり、同時に窒素の新たな需要が喚起される。 However, hydrogen is easily ignited and is too dangerous to spread in the general market as a single gas. The advent of the hydrogen society will require the help of nitrogen. Currently, in preparation for the advent of the hydrogen society, construction of a hydrogen infrastructure that supplies hydrogen as a mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen, not alone, is being considered as one of its risk prevention measures. When this new infrastructure is completed, it will be possible to supply a large amount of nitrogen along with hydrogen, and at the same time, new demand for nitrogen will be stimulated.
２１世紀は水素時代の到来と共に今まで脇役であった窒素がその主役になる変革の時代を迎える。特に有効な敷地が狭く、木造の戸建て建屋が密集している我が国において窒素を活用する乾式法は大きな発展性を秘めている。 一方で窒素の持つ潜在的な危険性を広く一般の人々に周知して頂くには今暫く時間が懸るかも知れない。 本発明がその一端を担うことを静かに見守りたい。With the advent of the hydrogen age, the 21st century will usher in an age of change in which nitrogen, which has played a supporting role until now, will play a leading role. In particular, in Japan, where effective sites are narrow and wooden detached houses are densely packed, the dry process using nitrogen has great potential for development. On the other hand, it may take some time for the general public to become widely aware of the potential dangers of nitrogen. I would like to quietly watch over the fact that the present invention plays a part in this.
１． 液化窒素ローリ車
２ 液化窒素 気化器．
３． 戸建て建屋
４． 窒素ガスの吹き込みホース
５． 開放部
６． 窒素ガスの吹き出しノズル
７． 耐火布
８． フレーム1.
3.
6. Nitrogen gas blowout nozzle7. Fire resistant cloth8. flame
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| JP2002224232A (en) | 2001-01-30 | 2002-08-13 | Bunka Shutter Co Ltd | Fire preventing section forming system |
| JP5177008B2 (en) | 2009-02-20 | 2013-04-03 | 株式会社安川電機 | Robot control device and robot |
| JP6188755B2 (en) | 2010-01-24 | 2017-08-30 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | Display device |
| JP2018175730A (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2018-11-15 | 富永 淳 | Nitrogen infrastructure system |
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| JPS52139246A (en) * | 1976-05-15 | 1977-11-21 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Smoke-proof sutter using air bubble layer |
| JPH0346775Y2 (en) * | 1985-06-03 | 1991-10-03 | ||
| JPS63277068A (en) * | 1987-04-10 | 1988-11-15 | 井原 稔 | Fire extinguishing and fire spreading preventing method |
| JP2648829B2 (en) * | 1991-05-23 | 1997-09-03 | 防災エンジニアリング株式会社 | Fire extinguishing method for cable in canal and foam fire extinguisher |
| JP3799560B2 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 2006-07-19 | 能美防災株式会社 | Robot for extinguishing foam in the zone |
| JP7327926B2 (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2023-08-16 | ホーチキ株式会社 | Disaster prevention equipment |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002224232A (en) | 2001-01-30 | 2002-08-13 | Bunka Shutter Co Ltd | Fire preventing section forming system |
| JP5177008B2 (en) | 2009-02-20 | 2013-04-03 | 株式会社安川電機 | Robot control device and robot |
| JP6188755B2 (en) | 2010-01-24 | 2017-08-30 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | Display device |
| JP2018175730A (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2018-11-15 | 富永 淳 | Nitrogen infrastructure system |
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