JP6592751B2 - Hiv/aids補助療法としてのビスホスホネートの使用 - Google Patents
Hiv/aids補助療法としてのビスホスホネートの使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6592751B2 JP6592751B2 JP2016567549A JP2016567549A JP6592751B2 JP 6592751 B2 JP6592751 B2 JP 6592751B2 JP 2016567549 A JP2016567549 A JP 2016567549A JP 2016567549 A JP2016567549 A JP 2016567549A JP 6592751 B2 JP6592751 B2 JP 6592751B2
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- bisphosphonate
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- hiv
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Description
本発明は、HIV/AIDSの治療または管理用に設計された組成物の使用に関する。本発明の方法は、単球および/またはマクロファージの作用を阻害するため、および/または炎症を抑えるため、および/またはHIVリザーバー(reservoirs)を減らすために有効量のビスホスホネートを含む製剤を投与することを含む。この組成物の使用により高活性抗レトロウイルス療法(HAART)のような抗ウイルス療法を補完できるだろう。
ヒト免疫不全ウイルス感染症/後天性免疫不全症候群(human immunodeficiency virus infection: HIV / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: AIDS)は、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)の感染により引き起こされるヒトの免疫系の疾患である。1980年代初頭に発見されてから、AIDSは、世界的に流行し、死者は2500万人以上に達した。世界中で約3500万人が現在HIV/AIDS患者として生活しており、この疾患の有効かつ費用的にも無理のない長期にわたる治療と管理が喫緊の課題となっている。
本発明は、HIV/AIDSの治療または管理のための、特にTI期間中あるいは抗ウイルス療法中断後に抗ウイルス療法の効果を補助し持続させるための、薬物組成物の使用に関する。本発明の方法は、食細胞の作用の抑制および/または数の減少を実現すべく設計された製剤として一種または多種の治療剤を有効量投与することを含む。この食細胞には、マクロファージおよび単球を含むが、これらに限定されない。治療剤は、好ましくは、ビスホスホネートを含む。本発明による前記投与は、抗ウイルス療法とTIの期間中にHIVリザーバー(潜在リザーバーを含む)を抑制ないし枯渇させること、および、末梢CD4+T細胞レベルの向上を助けることで、ウイルスのリバウンドを(特にTIが指示されたときに)防止または遅らせることを目的とするものである。
単球およびマクロファージは、HIVに感染しやすく、感染した単球およびマクロファージは、そのゲノムにウイルスのDNAが組み込まれている。単球およびマクロファージは、長寿命で、サイクルを頻繁に繰り返すことはないので、抗ウイルス療法期間中にHIVのリザーバーとしての役割を担い、未成熟HIVビリオンを潜伏させるので、未成熟HIVビリオンが抗ウイルス療法の中断時に放出される可能性がある。また、単球およびマクロファージは、HIV感染のさらなる拡散を助長するさまざまなケモカインを分泌する。
製剤に使用される治療剤は、ビスホスホネートまたはその類似体である。本明細書において用いているビスホスホネート(bisphosphonates)という用語は、ジェミナル(germinal)ビスホスホネートおよび非ジェミナル(non-germinal)ビスホスホネートの両方を指す。また、この治療剤は、その範囲に、ビスホスホネートまたはピロホスフェートのポリマー鎖、特に、40単位以下のビスホスホネートモノマーからなるポリマー鎖を含むものである。一実施形態において、ビスホスホネートは、下記の式(I)となる:
本発明の製剤は、専らあるいは主として食作用による細胞の内在化に適した粒径を有するように、調製することで、マクロファージおよび単球等の食細胞に対する特異性を付与することができる。本発明のビスホスホネートを含有する製剤は、好ましくは、専らあるいは主として食作用によって内在化される粒径、すなわち、好ましくは0.03ミクロンより大きい粒径を有するように、調製される。たとえば、そのような製剤としては、粒径を、たとえば平均粒径で、約0.03〜1.0ミクロン、または約0.1〜0.3ミクロン、または約0.1〜0.18ミクロン、または約0.07〜0.5ミクロン、または約0.07〜0.15ミクロンとすることができる。必要な患者への投与前の製剤粒径測定には、当該技術分野において公知の任意の方法を使用することができる。たとえば、レーザー光の散乱を利用したNicomp Submicron Particle Sizer (model 370, Nicomp、カリフォルニア州サンタバーバラ)を用いることができる。
本発明は、HIV/AIDSを治療または管理するために、1回または複数回の投与計画で1種類ないし複数種類のビスホスホネートを有効量含有する製剤を投与することを含むことが意図されている。採用される投与回数は、所望の効果を達成するために必要なだけ、たとえば、1回、3回、5回、8回、10回、または、1日1回、1日2回(b.i.d.)、1日4回(q.i.d.)、あるいは、一定期間継続して注入を行う場合のような連続投与とすることができる。本発明の製剤は、他の医薬品と組み合わせて投与してもよい。「組み合わせて(in combination)」という用語は、正確に同じタイミングで医薬品を投与する方法に限らず、むしろ、本発明の製剤と他の医薬品とを、一定期間内に患者に順次投与することで、そうしなかった場合よりもメリットが大きくなるように協調して作用することが可能となるような場合が意図されている。たとえば、本発明の製剤および他の医薬品を同時に投与してもよいし、任意の順序で異なる時点で順次投与してもよいが、同時に投与されない場合には、それらが所望の治療効果をもたらすよう充分時間的に近接したタイミングで投与しなければならない。本発明の製剤の投与は、他の医薬品と組み合わせるか否かを問わず、それぞれ個別に、適切もしくは所望の作用部位に効果的に治療剤が搬送されるよう任意の適切な形態かつ任意の適切な投与経路で実施される。本発明の製剤の投与の好ましい方式としては、経静脈投与(i.v.)および経動脈投与(i.a.)が挙げられる。他の適切な投与方式としては、筋肉内投与(i.m.)、皮下投与(s.c.)、腹腔内投与(i.p.)、経口投与(per os)が挙げられる。このような投与は、大量瞬時投与(ボーラス)または注入によるものとすることができる。他の投与方式としては、経血管周囲デリバリーによるものもある。上記した投与経路のいずれかの組み合わせを、本発明にしたがって採用することができる。
一実施形態において、単球/マクロファージの作用を阻害しまたは減少させ、および/または、単球/マクロファージを除去しまたはその数を減少させることがもたらす望ましい治療効果は、充分長い期間にわたる、HIVウイルス量の抑制、および/または、CD4+T細胞の増加である。充分長い期間は、TI期間全体であってもよい。特定の場合、充分長い期間は、TI期間全体よりも長くてもよく、短くてもよい。
コレステロールとDSPCとDSPGとを含有するリポソームにカプセル封入され、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水の溶液に分散させたリポソームアレンドロネートを1リットルバッチ分製造した。リポソームアレンドロネートは、臨床上の便宜を見込んで、無菌白色リポソーム分散系として5mg/mlおよび0.5mg/mlという2種類の濃度で、用意してもよい。これらの濃度は、さらに、特定の体積中に所望の量の治療剤が得られるように配合してもよい。脂質材料は、コレステロールとDSPCとDSPGとから構成した。分散系は、pH調整と注入適合性確保のため、および、等張性維持のために、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水を含有するものともした。最終生産物中の薬剤の少なくとも96%がリポソームにカプセル封入された。投与に供するために、バイアルの中身(または、必要に応じその一部)を生理食塩水賦形剤で希釈し、注入液として投与した。特定の前臨床実施例の一つにおいて、適切な質量のLA(体重で測定)を、室温の1X PBSで、最終体積20mlになるまで希釈し、経静脈(伏在静脈)注射または腹腔内注射によって4ml/分で投与した。
このように、LAがヒト以外の霊長類モデルにおける単球および組織マクロファージの消耗の安全かつ効果的な手段であることが、示されるのは初めてである。肝要なのは、CD14+CD16−単球およびCD14−CD16+単球がCD14+CD16+サブセットと比較して強い消耗を示すという、選択的な単球サブセットの消耗が、ここに、初めて実証されているということである。LAの投与は、一貫して、肝臓および結腸における絶対単球数および組織マクロファージ度数を減少させた。この消耗は、骨髄における単球生成の著しい増加と関連付けられたのであり、DNA BrdU組み込みによって測定される血液中の単球ターンオーバー増加によって根拠づけられる知見である。
HAART休止後の血漿ウイルス量および末梢CD4+T細胞数に対するリポソームアレンドロネートの効果を動物モデルにおいて評価した。具体的に、HIVリザーバーを減少ないし消耗させるLAの能力を、AIDSのインドアカゲザルモデルにおいて検査した。アカゲザルは、AIDS研究では広く利用されてきており、この種は、HIV/AIDSに対するヒト以外の霊長類モデルとして最良の特徴を備えたものの一つである。(Pereira, L.E. et al., Immunodeficiency, Ch. 15参照、http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53556にて入手可能。)2体のアカゲザル(macaques)をハイブリッド型サル/ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(SHIV)に感染させ、血漿ウイルス量および末梢CD4+T細胞数が長期的に追跡された。この研究で使用されたSHIVであるSHIV DH12のクローン7は、ヒトにおけるHIV感染の後慢性期と同様に、全身的にCD4+T細胞を消耗させてからマクロファージにおいて複製を開始する。図9および10に示すように、動物は、ウイルスがマクロファージの中で複製を開始するSHIV感染後8週間近くから始まるウイルス複製を抑制するため、HAARTを施された。
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Claims (18)
- ビスホスホネートを有効量、それを必要とする個体に、抗ウイルス療法を補助するものとして投与することを含むHIV/AIDSの治療または管理のための、ビスホスホネートを含む製剤であって、0.03〜1.0ミクロンの範囲の粒径を有する製剤。
- 前記ビスホスホネートが、前記製剤粒子にカプセル封入されていることを特徴とする請求項1の製剤。
- カプセル封入している前記製剤粒子がリポソームであることを特徴とする請求項2の製剤。
- 前記ビスホスホネートが、前記製剤粒子に包埋されていることを特徴とする請求項1の製剤。
- 包埋している前記製剤粒子が、微粒子、ナノ粒子、ミクロスフェア、ナノスフェアからなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする請求項4の製剤。
- 前記製剤粒子が粒子形態のビスホスホネートであることを特徴とする請求項1の製剤。
- 前記粒子形態が、集合体、凝集体、コロイド、ポリマー鎖、不溶性塩、不溶性錯体からなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする請求項6の製剤。
- 前記ビスホスホネートが、式(I)の化合物を含む請求項1〜7のいずれか一項の製剤。
[ここで、R1は、H、OHまたはハロゲン基であり、
R2は、
ハロゲン、または、
直鎖または側鎖のC1−C10アルキルまたはC2−C10アルケニル(任意選択的にヘテロアリールまたはヘテロシクリルC1−C10アルキルアミノまたはC3−C8シクロアルキルアミノによって置換される)、または、
−NHY(ここでYは水素、C3−C8シクロアルキル、アリールまたはヘテロアリールである)、または、
−SZ(ここでZはクロロ置換フェニルまたはピリジニルである)である。] - 前記ビスホスホネートが、クロドロネート、エチドロネート、チルドロネート、パミドロネート、アレンドロネート、リセンドロネートからなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか一項の製剤。
- 前記ビスホスホネートが窒素ビスホスホネートであることを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか一項の製剤。
- 前記ビスホスホネートがアレンドロネートであることを特徴とする請求項10の製剤。
- 前記製剤粒子が0.07〜0.15ミクロンの粒径を有することを特徴とする請求項1〜11のいずれかの製剤。
- 前記ビスホスホネート製剤が、前記抗ウイルス療法中に投与されることを特徴とする請求項1〜12のいずれかの製剤。
- 前記ビスホスホネート製剤が前記抗ウイルス療法の中断前の短期間内に投与され、当該短期間が、3日間、5日間、7日間、10日間からなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする請求項13の製剤。
- 前記ビスホスホネート製剤が、前記抗ウイルス療法の中断中に、または、前記抗ウイルス療法中と前記抗ウイルス療法中断中の両方で、投与されることを特徴とする請求項1〜12のいずれかの製剤。
- 前記抗ウイルス療法が高活性抗レトロウイルス療法(HAART)であることを特徴とする請求項13〜15のいずれか一項の製剤。
- 前記投与が、経静脈、経動脈、筋肉内、皮下、経口からなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする請求項1〜16のいずれかの製剤。
- 前記製剤が、さらに、非ビスホスホネート治療剤を含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜17のいずれかの製剤。
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