JP5708983B2 - 照明装置 - Google Patents
照明装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5708983B2 JP5708983B2 JP2010234910A JP2010234910A JP5708983B2 JP 5708983 B2 JP5708983 B2 JP 5708983B2 JP 2010234910 A JP2010234910 A JP 2010234910A JP 2010234910 A JP2010234910 A JP 2010234910A JP 5708983 B2 JP5708983 B2 JP 5708983B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- led
- light
- led optical
- light emitting
- optical unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 135
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 26
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006059 cover glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004308 accommodation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005341 toughened glass Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
- F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
- F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
- F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
- F21V29/75—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with fins or blades having different shapes, thicknesses or spacing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S8/00—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation
- F21S8/08—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S8/00—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation
- F21S8/08—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard
- F21S8/085—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard of high-built type, e.g. street light
- F21S8/086—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard of high-built type, e.g. street light with lighting device attached sideways of the standard, e.g. for roads and highways
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
- F21W2131/10—Outdoor lighting
- F21W2131/103—Outdoor lighting of streets or roads
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2113/00—Combination of light sources
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
- F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
- Arrangement Of Elements, Cooling, Sealing, Or The Like Of Lighting Devices (AREA)
- Fastening Of Light Sources Or Lamp Holders (AREA)
Description
Claims (3)
- 基板上に発光素子が実装された発光部と;
板状の一面側に前記発光部の裏面側が熱的に接続するように配設され、他面側にヒートシンクが形成された光学ユニットと;
厚さ方向に前記光学ユニットを挿通させる挿通孔が形成され、この挿通孔の裏側に前記ヒートシンク、前側に前記発光部が位置するように前記光学ユニットが取付けられたユニット取付板と;
前記発光部からの光を透過する平板プレートを有し前記ユニット取付板を内部に固定して密閉収容されている装置本体と;
を具備していることを特徴とする照明装置。 - 前記光学ユニットは、前記発光部からの配光を制御する配光制御部材を具備していることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の照明装置。
- 前記光学ユニットは、前記取付板に着脱可能に取付られていることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の照明装置。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2010234910A JP5708983B2 (ja) | 2010-03-29 | 2010-10-19 | 照明装置 |
CN2013103726400A CN103471002A (zh) | 2010-03-29 | 2011-03-08 | 照明装置 |
CN2011100576756A CN102207271A (zh) | 2010-03-29 | 2011-03-08 | 光学单元以及照明装置 |
US13/045,831 US8511862B2 (en) | 2010-03-29 | 2011-03-11 | Optical unit and lighting apparatus |
EP11157892A EP2372228A3 (en) | 2010-03-29 | 2011-03-11 | Optical unit and lighting apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2010075518 | 2010-03-29 | ||
JP2010075518 | 2010-03-29 | ||
JP2010234910A JP5708983B2 (ja) | 2010-03-29 | 2010-10-19 | 照明装置 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2011228255A JP2011228255A (ja) | 2011-11-10 |
JP5708983B2 true JP5708983B2 (ja) | 2015-04-30 |
Family
ID=44237174
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2010234910A Expired - Fee Related JP5708983B2 (ja) | 2010-03-29 | 2010-10-19 | 照明装置 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8511862B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2372228A3 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5708983B2 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN103471002A (ja) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5747546B2 (ja) | 2010-03-29 | 2015-07-15 | 東芝ライテック株式会社 | 照明装置 |
KR101326518B1 (ko) | 2011-09-02 | 2013-11-07 | 엘지이노텍 주식회사 | 조명 장치 |
JP2013114813A (ja) * | 2011-11-25 | 2013-06-10 | Panasonic Corp | 照明器具 |
US8680755B2 (en) * | 2012-05-07 | 2014-03-25 | Lg Innotek Co., Ltd. | Lighting device having reflectors for indirect light emission |
US20170268747A1 (en) * | 2014-10-29 | 2017-09-21 | Ronald G. Holder | LED Optic for Offset Beam Generation |
JP7311770B2 (ja) * | 2018-12-12 | 2023-07-20 | 日亜化学工業株式会社 | 発光モジュールの製造方法、発光モジュール及びプロジェクタ |
Family Cites Families (53)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB487122A (en) | 1936-10-26 | 1938-06-15 | Zeiss Ikon Ag | Improvements in or relating to electric light fittings |
US2332138A (en) | 1941-06-12 | 1943-10-19 | Epstein Hirsch | Light fixture |
EP0423066A1 (de) | 1989-10-13 | 1991-04-17 | GebràDer Sulzer Aktiengesellschaft | Düse fÀ¼r eine pneumatische Webmaschine |
US6851834B2 (en) | 2001-12-21 | 2005-02-08 | Joseph A. Leysath | Light emitting diode lamp having parabolic reflector and diffuser |
JP2003203506A (ja) | 2002-01-08 | 2003-07-18 | Toshiba Lighting & Technology Corp | 屋外照明器具 |
US6641284B2 (en) | 2002-02-21 | 2003-11-04 | Whelen Engineering Company, Inc. | LED light assembly |
JP2004200102A (ja) | 2002-12-20 | 2004-07-15 | Kankyo Shomei:Kk | 白色発光ダイオード屋外照明器具 |
JP2005056941A (ja) | 2003-08-07 | 2005-03-03 | Citizen Electronics Co Ltd | 発光ダイオード |
US20050225222A1 (en) * | 2004-04-09 | 2005-10-13 | Joseph Mazzochette | Light emitting diode arrays with improved light extraction |
US7414546B2 (en) | 2004-07-08 | 2008-08-19 | Honeywell International Inc. | White anti-collision light utilizing light-emitting diode (LED) technology |
US7424959B1 (en) * | 2004-09-21 | 2008-09-16 | Biebel David R | Paint tray trolley |
US20070070628A1 (en) | 2005-05-04 | 2007-03-29 | Chia-Yi Chen | Street light with heat dispensing device |
CN2842187Y (zh) | 2005-07-12 | 2006-11-29 | 财团法人车辆研究测试中心 | 投射式led车灯 |
NO328169B1 (no) | 2005-11-01 | 2009-12-21 | Tandberg Telecom As | Belysningsinnretning |
CN100407460C (zh) * | 2005-11-16 | 2008-07-30 | 齐瀚光电股份有限公司 | 发光二极管灯组 |
JP4564917B2 (ja) | 2005-12-12 | 2010-10-20 | 株式会社東亜製作所 | Led照明灯 |
WO2007088665A1 (ja) | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-09 | Solar Wind Technology Inc. | 照明装置及び照明システム |
JP4730142B2 (ja) | 2006-03-06 | 2011-07-20 | 岩崎電気株式会社 | 照明装置 |
US20070247856A1 (en) | 2006-04-05 | 2007-10-25 | Wang Shih C | Lighting unit reflector |
US8113687B2 (en) | 2006-06-29 | 2012-02-14 | Cree, Inc. | Modular LED lighting fixture |
US7766508B2 (en) | 2006-09-12 | 2010-08-03 | Cree, Inc. | LED lighting fixture |
US7665862B2 (en) | 2006-09-12 | 2010-02-23 | Cree, Inc. | LED lighting fixture |
US20080080188A1 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-03 | Chin-Wen Wang | Modulized Assembly Of A Large-sized LED Lamp |
US7513639B2 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2009-04-07 | Pyroswift Holding Co., Limited | LED illumination apparatus |
US20090086491A1 (en) | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-02 | Ruud Lighting, Inc. | Aerodynamic LED Floodlight Fixture |
JP2008108674A (ja) | 2006-10-27 | 2008-05-08 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | Led照明灯具 |
CN101174612A (zh) * | 2006-10-31 | 2008-05-07 | 宁波安迪光电科技有限公司 | 大功率发光二极管光源装置及具有该光源装置的灯具 |
TW200823558A (en) | 2006-11-23 | 2008-06-01 | Lite On Technology Corp | Light source unit and backlight module with the light source unit |
DE202007001148U1 (de) | 2007-01-19 | 2007-03-29 | Licht Design Management Eckhard Hofmann | Außenleuchte |
US20080186695A1 (en) | 2007-02-03 | 2008-08-07 | Awai George K | Light emitting diode assemblies for illuminating refrigerated areas |
ITMI20070224A1 (it) | 2007-02-07 | 2008-08-08 | Self Water Srl | Apparato illuminante multifunzione a leds. |
US7506997B1 (en) | 2007-03-02 | 2009-03-24 | Ilight Technologies, Inc. | Illumination device for simulation neon lighting |
CN101025256A (zh) * | 2007-04-13 | 2007-08-29 | 港立设计有限公司 | 发光二极管模块及其灯具 |
CN100507357C (zh) | 2007-07-20 | 2009-07-01 | 东莞勤上光电股份有限公司 | Led路灯 |
CN101101096A (zh) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-01-09 | 江苏伯乐达光电科技有限公司 | 高效槽形反光罩及其在led路灯中的应用 |
US7434959B1 (en) | 2007-08-14 | 2008-10-14 | Augux Co., Ltd. | LED lamp device |
DE202007011385U1 (de) | 2007-08-14 | 2007-12-27 | AUGUX CO., LTD., Gueishan | LED Lampengerät |
NL2000996C2 (nl) | 2007-11-12 | 2008-09-15 | Ind Tech Verlichting B V | Van leds voorzien verlichtingsarmatuur voor verlichting van buiten gelegen openbare ruimten. |
JP5263658B2 (ja) * | 2007-11-30 | 2013-08-14 | 東芝ライテック株式会社 | 照明装置 |
DE102008007723A1 (de) | 2008-02-06 | 2009-08-20 | Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Beleuchtungsmodul, Leuchte und Verfahren zur Beleuchtung |
JP2009199924A (ja) * | 2008-02-22 | 2009-09-03 | Okamura Corp | 照明装置 |
CN201180920Y (zh) | 2008-02-27 | 2009-01-14 | 宁波燎原灯具股份有限公司 | Led路灯 |
KR100999162B1 (ko) | 2008-03-24 | 2010-12-07 | 주식회사 아모럭스 | 발광 다이오드를 사용한 조명장치 |
DE102008022414B4 (de) * | 2008-05-06 | 2013-03-14 | Rüdiger Lanz | Leuchtmittel zur Verwendung in einer Straßenbeleuchtung sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Straßenbeleuchtung |
CN201218482Y (zh) * | 2008-05-26 | 2009-04-08 | 邹永祥 | 固定角度式高亮度多晶封装发光二极管散热装置 |
CN101603656B (zh) * | 2008-06-09 | 2012-09-19 | 东芝照明技术株式会社 | 照明装置 |
JP5198165B2 (ja) * | 2008-06-24 | 2013-05-15 | 出光興産株式会社 | 照明装置用の筐体およびこれを備えた照明装置 |
EP2138758A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 | 2009-12-30 | Augux Co., Ltd. | Lamp base improvement of a street lamp |
US8529090B2 (en) | 2008-07-03 | 2013-09-10 | Ching-Miao Lu | Independently detachable light-emitting diode light source module |
CN101660708A (zh) | 2008-08-26 | 2010-03-03 | 富准精密工业(深圳)有限公司 | 导光模组及应用该导光模组的发光二极管灯具 |
GB2461935C (en) * | 2008-11-12 | 2012-03-28 | Collingwood Lighting Ltd | Lighting unit. |
JP5157836B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-12 | 2013-03-06 | 東芝ライテック株式会社 | 照明器具 |
JP5118110B2 (ja) | 2009-09-14 | 2013-01-16 | シャープ株式会社 | 発光装置 |
-
2010
- 2010-10-19 JP JP2010234910A patent/JP5708983B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-03-08 CN CN2013103726400A patent/CN103471002A/zh active Pending
- 2011-03-08 CN CN2011100576756A patent/CN102207271A/zh active Pending
- 2011-03-11 US US13/045,831 patent/US8511862B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-03-11 EP EP11157892A patent/EP2372228A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2372228A3 (en) | 2012-12-05 |
JP2011228255A (ja) | 2011-11-10 |
US20110235334A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
EP2372228A2 (en) | 2011-10-05 |
US8511862B2 (en) | 2013-08-20 |
CN103471002A (zh) | 2013-12-25 |
CN102207271A (zh) | 2011-10-05 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5747546B2 (ja) | 照明装置 | |
KR100983245B1 (ko) | 방열장치의 길이를 임의로 조정할 수 있는 등 기구 | |
KR100999162B1 (ko) | 발광 다이오드를 사용한 조명장치 | |
KR101123077B1 (ko) | 블록 조립 구조를 갖는 led 조명장치 | |
CN101772669B (zh) | 街道照明布置 | |
JP5708983B2 (ja) | 照明装置 | |
JP5147357B2 (ja) | 道路照明装置 | |
JP4492472B2 (ja) | 照明器具 | |
KR20080092575A (ko) | 가로등 등기구 | |
JP2016058330A (ja) | 照明器具 | |
KR20110007971U (ko) | Led 투광등 | |
KR20100007093A (ko) | 광 조사각의 조절이 가능한 엘이디 모듈 | |
JP6711328B2 (ja) | 照明装置 | |
KR20110093590A (ko) | 엘이디조명장치 | |
KR101144750B1 (ko) | 장방형 배광을 지닌 led 조명기구 | |
JP2010129306A (ja) | 照明装置 | |
KR101049834B1 (ko) | 눈부심 방지 및 배광조절이 용이한 엘이디조명기구 및 엘이디조명기구를 가지는 엘이디가로등 | |
KR101049831B1 (ko) | 엘이디조명장치 | |
KR20140140276A (ko) | Led 램프 모듈 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
RD01 | Notification of change of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7421 Effective date: 20111125 |
|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20130422 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20140123 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20140311 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20140512 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20140701 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20140901 |
|
A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20140924 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20141224 |
|
A911 | Transfer to examiner for re-examination before appeal (zenchi) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A911 Effective date: 20150108 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20150205 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20150218 |
|
R151 | Written notification of patent or utility model registration |
Ref document number: 5708983 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R151 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |