JP5603823B2 - 抗原性が低下したポリマー結合体、その調製方法および使用方法 - Google Patents
抗原性が低下したポリマー結合体、その調製方法および使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5603823B2 JP5603823B2 JP2011082665A JP2011082665A JP5603823B2 JP 5603823 B2 JP5603823 B2 JP 5603823B2 JP 2011082665 A JP2011082665 A JP 2011082665A JP 2011082665 A JP2011082665 A JP 2011082665A JP 5603823 B2 JP5603823 B2 JP 5603823B2
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Description
本発明は、蛋白質生化学、薬学および医学の分野における発明である。特に、本発明は、水溶性のポリマー(例えば、ポリ(エチレングリコール)、およびその誘導体)と生物活性成分との結合体であって、標準的なポリマー性生物活性成分の結合体と比較して、抗原性および免疫原性が低下している結合体を製造するための方法を提供する。また、本発明は、該方法によって作製された結合体、該結合体を含む組成物、該結合体および組成物を含むキット、および、さまざまな医学的および獣医学的症状の予防、診断、および治療における該結合体および組成物の使用法も提供する。
循環血における半減期が通常短いこと、ならびに抗原性および免疫原性を持つ可能性があるという2つの要素によって、組換え蛋白質を治療薬として開発することが妨げられてきた。本明細書において、また、通常、当技術分野において、「抗原性」という表現は、ある分子が既存の抗体に結合しうることを意味し、一方、「免疫原性」という表現は、インビボにおいて免疫応答を誘導できることを意味し、その応答は、抗体の形成を含むもの(「液性応答」)でも、細胞性免疫応答の促進であってもよい。組換え治療用蛋白質を投与するには、循環血での活性を最大にし、生体内利用率および分解に関する問題を最小に抑えるために静脈内(i.v.)投与がしばしば望ましい。しかし、i.v.投与後の小さな蛋白質の半減期は通常非常に短い(例えば、Mordenti,J.et al.(1991)Pharm Res 8:1351−1359;Kuwabara,T.et al.(1995)Pharm Res 12:1466−1469)を参照。健康な腎臓は、一般的に、ストークス半径およそ36Åで、分子量はおよそ66,000ダルトン(66kDa)である血清アルブミンの半径を上回る流体力学的半径を有する蛋白質を血流中に保持している。しかし、顆粒球コロニー刺激因子(「G−CSF」)やリボヌクレアーゼなど、より小さな蛋白質は、糸球体にろ過されて速やかに血流から除去される(Brenner,B.M.et al.(1978)Am J.Physiol.234:F455−F460;Venkatachalam,M.A.et al.(1978)Circ Res 43:337−347;Wilson,G.(1979)J Gen Physiol 74:495−509)。その結果、i.v.投与後に小さな組換え蛋白質を血流中において治療上有効な濃度で維持するには問題が多い。したがって、このような蛋白質はより高い濃度でより高い頻度で注射して投与しなければならない。用量率が高くなると治療費用がかさみ、患者の服薬遵守の可能性が低くなり、また、有害な副作用すなわち免疫応答が起こる可能性が高くなる。細胞性免疫応答も液性免疫応答も、注射された組換え蛋白質の循環濃度を下げて有効投与量となることを妨げるか、アナフィラキシーなどの治療を制約する結果に至ることがある(Pui,C.−H.et al.(2001)J Clin Oncol 19:697−704)。
ここで、R2は、ヒドロキシル基(またはその反応性誘導基)であり得、R1は、「PEGジオール」における場合と同様に水素、モノメトキシPEG(「mPEG」)の場合と同様にメチル基、または、例えばイソ−プロポキシPEGまたはt−ブトキシPEGおけると同様に別の低級アルキル基であり得る。このPEGの一般構造式におけるパラメータnは、ポリマーにおけるエチレンオキシド単位の数を示し、本明細書および当技術分野において「重合度」と呼ばれている。PEOおよびPEGは、直鎖状、分枝状(Fuke,I.et al.(1994)J Control Release 30:27−34)または星状(Merrill,E.W.(1993)J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 5:1−11)でありうる。PEOおよびPEGは、両親媒性、すなわち水に可溶であり、かつ一定の有機溶媒にも可溶であって、エンベロープウイルス、および動物や細菌の細胞膜などの脂質含有物質に接着することができる。一定のランダム型またはブロック型または交互型のエチレンオキシド(OCH2CH2)とプロピレンのコポリマーであって、以下の構造:
本発明は、上記で示したような必要性を解決しようとするものであり、水溶性ポリマー(例えば、ポリ(エチレングリコール)およびその誘導体)と、蛋白質などの生物活性成分、特に治療的生物活性成分との結合体の調製法を提供する。また、本発明は、該方法によって作出されたポリマーおよび結合体であって、例えばmPEGなどのアルコキシPEGによって調製された同じ生物活性成分とのアルコキシル含有ポリマーおよび結合体に比べて、低い抗原性および免疫原性を有するもポリマーおよび結合体を提供する。また、本発明は、該結合体を含む組成物、該結合体および組成物を含むキット、および、さまざまな治療用および診断用の投薬計画において該結合体および組成物を使用する方法も提供する。
別段の定義がない限り、本明細書で使用される全ての科学技術用語は、本発明の分野に属する当業者によって一般的に理解されているものと同じ意味をもつ。本発明を実施または試験する際に、本明細書に記載されている方法および材料に類似または同等のいかなる方法および材料を使用することもできるが、好適な方法および材料を以下に説明する。
約:本明細書において、いかなる数値に関するときも、「約」という語は、記載された数値の±10%の数値を意味する(例えば、「約50℃」は、45℃以上55℃以下の温度範囲を包含する。同様に、「約100mM」は、90mM以上110mM以下の濃度範囲を包含する)。
数多くの以前の研究者たちが、直鎖状または分枝状の非抗原性PEGポリマーまたはその結合体の調製法を開示している(例えば米国特許第5,428,128号、第5,621,039号、第5,622,986号、第5,643,575号、第5,728,560号、第5,730,990号、第5,738,846号、第5,811,076号、第5,824,701号、第5,840,900号、第5,880,131号、第5,900,402号、第5,902,588号、第5,919,455号、第5,951,974号、第5,965,119号、第5,965,566号、第5,969,040号、第5,981,709号、第6,011,042号、第6,042,822号、第6,113,906号、第6,127,355号、第6,132,713号、第6,177,087号および第6,180,095号を参照。また、PCT国際公開WO 95/13090、および公開米国特許出願第2002/0052443号、第2002/0061307号および第2002/0098192号を参照。これらすべての開示内容は、その全文が参照として本明細書に組み込まれる)。しかし、これら以前の報告に記載されたPEGおよび結合体は、少なくとも僅かに免疫原性が残っているため、結合体を予防、診断または治療という目的で動物に導入したとき、結合体のPEG成分に対する抗体の発生という望ましくない結果をもたらす可能性がある。そのような抗体は、PEG含有生物活性結合体の速やかな除去をもたらして、その治療用組成物の生体内利用率を低下させる可能性があり(Cheng,T.−L.,et al.(1999)前掲)、また、免疫結合体による疾患を誘発する可能性もある。さらに、請求の対象となったPEGまたはその結合体に実質的な非抗原性または非免疫原性を付与するメカニズムの開示は存在していない。
一つの態様において、本発明は、水溶性ポリマーを、1種類以上の蛋白質および具体的には1種類以上の治療用蛋白質など、1種類以上の生物活性化合物または成分に共有結合させることによって、抗原性が低下した、抗原性が実質的に低下した、または抗原性が検出できない結合体の調製法を提供する。該結合体において、選ばれるポリマーは、蛋白質−ポリマー結合体を調製するために一般的に使用される標準的なポリマーに比べると、それ自体が低抗原性、実質的に低抗原性、または検出不能な抗原性のものである。本明細書において、「低抗原性」という語は、ポリマー(例えばPAOまたはPAG、特にPEG、および最も具体的には単官能性の活性化PEG)、または該ポリマーを含むか、それを用いて合成された結合体または組成物であって、該ポリマーが、より抗原性の高いポリマー(例えばmPEG)に対して形成された抗体と反応する能力がある程度低くなっているものを意味する。該抗原性は、より抗原性の高いポリマーに比べて、好ましくは約30%以上低下しており、より好ましくは約50%以上低下しており、最も好ましくは約75%以上低下している。次に、これを拡大すると、ポリマー(または、該ポリマーを含むか、それを用いて合成された結合体または組成物)が、対応する抗原性ポリマー(例えばmPEG)の抗原性の約20%以下、より好ましくは約15%以下、さらにより好ましくは約10%以下、そして最も好ましくは約1%以下の抗原性をもつ場合には、そのポリマー(または結合体もしくは組成物)は「実質的に低抗原性」のものと言われる。最後に、当技術分野において既知の方法(例えばELISA、またはその他の抗原性検出法であって、当技術分野において既知の方法および本明細書の実施例に記載されているものなど)で測定したときに、ポリマー(または、該ポリマーを含むか、それを用いて合成された結合体または組成物)が検出可能な抗原性をもたないとき、そのポリマー、結合体または組成物は「検出不能な抗原性」をもつと言われる。
本発明に係る結合体の調製に使用するのに特に適したポリアルキレングリコールには、ポリ(エチレングリコール)、およびエチレンオキシドとプロピレンオキシドのコポリマーがあるがこれらに限定されず、特に好適なものはPEGであり、より好適なのは、単官能性の活性化ヒドロキシPEGである(例えば、一方の末端が活性化されたヒドロキシPEGであって、ヒドロキシPEG−モノカルボン酸、ヒドロキシPEG−モノアルデヒド、ヒドロキシPEG−モノアミン、ヒドロキシPEG−モノヒドラジド、ヒドロキシPEG−モノカルバゼート、ヒドロキシPEG−モノヨードアセトアミド、ヒドロキシPEG−モノマレイミド、ヒドロキシPEG−モノオルトピリジルジスルフィド、ヒドロキシPEG−モノオキシム、ヒドロキシPEG−モノフェニルカーボネート、ヒドロキシPEG−モノフェニルグリオキサール、ヒドロキシPEG−モノチアゾリジン−2−チオン、ヒドロキシPEG−モノチオエステル、ヒドロキシPEG−モノチオール、ヒドロキシPEG−モノトリアジン、およびヒドロキシPEG−モノビニルスルホン等の反応性エステルを含む)。
上記した通り、本発明に係る結合体は、1種類以上の生物活性成分に共有結合している1種類以上のPAGまたはPAOを含み、特に1種類以上のPEG鎖を含む。1種類以上のポリマー(またはその鎖)が結合している生物活性成分は、本明細書では、さまざまかつ同等のものとして「結合した生物活性成分」または「修飾された生物活性成分」などと呼ばれる。これらの語は、本明細書においては、共有結合している1種類以上のポリマーを持っていない生物活性成分をすべて意味する「非結合生物活性成分」、「初期生物活性成分」または「非修飾生物活性成分」と区別されるべき語である。別の態様において、本発明は、ポリマーを混合することによって、生物活性成分の溶液を安定化させる方法および組成物を提供する。しかし、当然ながら、「非結合」、「非修飾」または「初期」の生物活性成分は、野生型または天然型の分子と比べると、別の非ポリマー結合体または修飾を含んでいる場合があるが、それでも、本発明によれば、生物活性成分は、「非結合」、「非修飾」または「初期」であると見なされる。それは、生物活性成分が、ポリマーの結合に関して「非結合」、「非修飾」または「初期」の状態であるからである。
生物活性成分を「安定化させる」(または「安定化法」または「安定化した生物活性成分」)という語は、生物活性成分が、本発明に係る方法によって安定化されていること(すなわち、ポリマーが共有結合しているか、本発明に係る方法によって混合されている生物活性成分)を意味する。該安定化された生物活性成分は、安定化されていない生物活性成分(すなわち、ポリマーが共有結合または混合されていない生物活性成分)に比べて、一定の変化した生化学的および生物物理学的性質を示すはずである。特に酵素などの蛋白質に関する、このような改変された生化学的および生物物理学的パラメータには、自己分解の低下、および具体的には、一定の過酷な環境または実験条件下でインキュベートする際に酵素活性が維持されるということが含まれうる。本発明の一定の実施態様において、改変された生化学的および生物物理学的なパラメータは、例えばインビボにおける循環液中の半減期の延長、生体内利用率の増加などであろう。
上記したように、好ましくは、共役基との反応によって活性化されている、本発明を実施するときに使用されるPAGは、生物活性成分分子上に存在しうるいくつかの基、例えば、ペプチド結合に関与しないカルボキシル基またはアミノ基、チオール基、およびフェノールヒドロキシル(phenolic hydroxyl)基のいずれかに結合することができる。一定のペプチドまたは蛋白質にとって、活性化されたPAGが、N−末端アルファアミノ基に、および/またはリジン残基のアミノ基に、および/またはシステイン残基のスルフヒドリル基に結合するのが好適である。
50mLの0.1モル濃度のリン酸二水素カリウム+5.6から46.1mLの0.1モル濃度NaOHを100mLに希釈したもの。
50mLの0.025モル濃度ホウ酸+2.0から20.5mLの0.1モル濃度HClを100mLに希釈したもの。
50mLの0.025モル濃度ホウ酸+0.9から18.3mLの0.1モル濃度NaOHを100mLに希釈したもの。
50mLの0.05モル濃度重炭酸ナトリウム+5.0から10.7mLの0.1モル濃度NaOHを100mLに希釈したもの。
50mLの0.05モル濃度酢酸+5.0から30mLの0.1モル濃度NaOHを100mLに希釈したもの。
50mLの0.05モル濃度Tris HCl+10から50mLの0.1モル濃度トリス塩基を100mLに希釈したもの。
特定の所望のpHを提供するのに使用すべき酸または塩基の量の正確な調整は、当業者によって容易に決定しうることである。
3−(N−モルフォリノ)プロパンスルホン酸(「MOPS」)
3−(N−モルフォリノ)−2−ヒドロキシプロパンスルホン酸(「MOPSO」)
ピペルジン−N,N’−ビス(2−ヒドロキシプロパンスルホン酸)(「POPSO」
)
PAGと生物活性成分の間の反応は、通常、不活性化または変性を生じさせることのない条件下で、例えば、生物活性成分が実質的な生物活性を維持する温度で、また、反応物の適切な混合を確実に行うのに必要な程度以上の攪拌は行わないで行われる。PAGと生物活性成分の間の反応は、好ましくは約4℃から約40℃の範囲内の温度で行われる。より好ましくは、約4℃から約8℃、または室温、すなわち約20℃から約25℃で行われる。PAGと、例えばペプチドおよび生物活性有機化学物質などの非蛋白質性生物活性成分との間の反応は、PAGに結合される特定の生物活性有機化学物質の安定性に適合する場合より高いまたはより低い温度で行うことができる。
本発明は、本発明の方法によって生成される低抗原性のPEG化された生物活性成分の安定化された結合体を提供する。関連する態様において、本発明は、該結合体を1種類以上含む組成物も提供する。本発明のこの態様に係る組成物は、上記した本発明の結合体を1種類以上(例えば、1、2、3、4、5、10種類など)含む。一定の前記態様において、組成物は、1種類以上の緩衝塩、1種類以上のカオトロピック剤、1種類以上の界面活性剤、1種類以上の蛋白質(例えば1種類以上の酵素)、1種類以上のポリマーなど、1種類以上の補助成分を含むことも可能である。本発明のこの態様の組成物は、固体(例えば乾燥粉末)または溶液(特に、1種類以上の本発明の結合体を含む、生理学的に適合する緩衝塩溶液)など、どのような形態であってもよい。
本発明の一定の組成物は、具体的には、予防、診断または治療という用途に使用するための薬学的組成物として用いるために製剤される。該組成物は、典型的には、1種類以上の本発明に係る結合体および1種類以上の薬学的に許容される担体または賦形剤を含む。本明細書において「薬学的に許容される担体または賦形剤」という語は、あらゆるタイプの非毒性の固体、半固体または液体の増量剤、希釈剤、カプセル用素材、または製剤用の補助剤など、それを添加することによって生じる副作用なしに、該薬学的組成物を取り込むヒト、その他の哺乳動物などのレシピエント動物によって忍容され得るものを意味する。
本発明の結合体または組成物は、インビトロ、エクスビボ、またはインビボで細胞に投与して、活性化合物に対する免疫応答を促進することができる。当業者は、所定の活性化合物、結合体または組成物の有効用量を経験的に決定できること、および精製された形で、または、薬学的に許容される製剤またはプロドラッグという形でも、もしそのような形態が存在するのであれば使用できることを理解できよう。本発明の化合物、結合体または組成物は、獣医学的または薬学的な組成物として、1種類以上の薬学的に許容される賦形剤と組み合わせて、それを必要としている動物またはヒト患者に投与することが可能である。当然のことながら、ヒト患者に投与するときには、本発明の結合体または組成物の一日、一週または一月当たりの総使用量を、健全な医学的判断の範囲内で主治医が決定することになる。各患者にとって治療上有効な用量レベルは、目的とする細胞応答のタイプと程度、使用する具体的な化合物、結合体または組成物の実体および/または活性;患者の年齢、体重、体表面積、総合的な健康状態、性別、食事内容、および活動量;投与時間、投与経路、および活性化合物の排出率;具体的な化合物、結合体または組成物と併用または同時に使用される他の薬剤;ならびに薬学および医学分野において当業者に公知のその他の要素など、さまざまな要素によって異なる。例えば、所定の本発明の化合物、結合体または組成物の用量を、所望の治療効果を達成する場合に必要なレベルよりも低いレベルから開始して、徐々に所望の効果が達成されるレベルまで増やして行くことも、当業者が適宜行いうることである。
本発明の結合体の診断への使用は、本発明のポリマー結合抗体であって、該結合体の蛋白質成分またはポリマー成分のいずれを標識して、例えば、以下で論じるような光学的検出法、放射分析検出法、蛍光検出法または共鳴検出法による検出を可能にする結合体を投与して、動物、特にヒトの体内にある、例えば癌などの抗原性部分の位置を決めるために行われる場合がある。
(a)身体疾患に罹患したか、その素因をもつ動物(好ましくは、ヒトなどの哺乳動物)を同定するステップ;および
(b)有効量の1種類以上の、本明細書に記載したような本発明に係る化合物または組成物、特に1種類以上の生物活性成分のPAG結合体(または該結合体を含む1種類以上の薬学的組成物)を該動物に投与して、該化合物または組成物の投与によって、動物における身体疾患の発生を阻止、遅延、または診断し、またはそれを治癒または寛解を誘発するステップ。
本発明は、本発明に係る結合体および/または組成物を含むキットも提供する。該キットは、その中にバイアル、チューブ、アンプル、瓶などの容器であって、第一の容器は、典型的には、本発明に係る結合体および/または組成物を1種類以上含む容器を1個以上密封している、箱、カートン、チューブなどの運搬装置を含む。本発明の本態様に含まれる、このキットは、さらに、具体的な病気または身体疾患を診断、治療または予防するための1種類以上の成分(1種類以上の補助的な治療用化合物または組成物、1種類以上の診断用試薬、1種類以上の担体または賦形剤など)、1種類以上の本発明に係る結合体および組成物など、本発明に係る結合体および組成物の具体的な1種類以上の用途を実施するのに必要な1種類以上の補助的成分(例えば、試薬および化合物)を含むことが可能である。
PEGが免疫原性担持体蛋白質に結合している結合体で動物を免疫することによって、さまざまなPEGに対してウサギに免疫性を与えることが以前報告されている(Richter,A.W.,et al.(1983)Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 70:124−131)。マウスにβ−グルクロニダーゼのmPEG結合体を注射し、PEGに対する抗体を産生するハイブリドーマクローンを選択して、PEGのポリエーテル骨格と反応するモノクローナル抗体が開発されている(Cheng,T.−L.,et al.(1999)、前掲;Cheng,T.−L.,et al.(2000)前掲;Tsai,N.−M.et al.(2001)前掲;Roffler,S.et al.,公開米国特許出願第2001/0028881 A1号ならびに米国特許第6,596,849号および第6,617,118号;これらすべての開示内容は、それらの全文が参照として本明細書に組み込まれる)。PEGのポリエーテル骨格と反応する別のモノクローナル抗体が最近Roberts,M.J.らによって、米国特許出願第2003/001704 A1号で開示されている。
予想に反して、本発明者らは、実施例1に記載したように調製した抗PEG抗体が、主に、抗原のmPEG成分のメトキシル基に対するものであったことを確認した。図1は、96−ウェルプレートを構造的にウリカーゼとは無関係な蛋白質のmPEG結合体でコートした競合ELISAアッセイ法から得られた結果を示している。プレートを2%ヤギ血清でブロックした後、4.8−kDa mPEG(Polymer Laboratories,catalog #6570−5010)、10−kDa mPEG(Union Carbide,catalog # MPEG−10,000)、または10−kDa t−ブトキシPEG(Polymer Laboratories,catalog #29999997)を、濃度を上げながら加え、mPEG−ウリカーゼ結合体に対して形成されたウサギ抗血清の1:1,000希釈液とインキュベートした。溶液を取り除いた後、ペルオキシダーゼ結合二次抗体(ヤギ抗ウサギIgG、Calbiochem(登録商標),San Diego,catalog #401393)を用い、その後ペルオキシダーゼの基質であるo−フェニレンジアミン・ジヒドロクロライド(Sigma,St.Louis,MO;catalog #P−9781)を加えて、プレート上でmPEG−蛋白質結合体に対する抗PEG抗体の結合程度を分光光度法で測定した。各試料について、競合物質が存在しないときに観察された初期反応速度(1分当たりのミリ吸着ユニット数)を100%とした。mPEGの2つの溶液の曲線が重なるのは、PEG骨格の長さが抗原性の主要な決定因子でないことを示唆している。t−ブトキシPEGに関する曲線は、右方向に約2対数(log)単位ずれており、t−ブトキシPEGが、mPEG−蛋白質結合体に対して生成した抗体に対し、mPEGよりも約100倍低い親和性をもつことを示している。しかし、本発明者らの一部による以前の未発表の実験では、t−ブトキシPEGは、免疫原性蛋白質と結合体になると、顕著な免疫原性を示すことが分かっている。したがって、図1は、mPEGに対する抗体とは非常に低い交差反応性を示すが、PEG化治療用蛋白質の産生において、mPEGの代わりにt−ブトキシPEGを使用しても、PEG成分の免疫原性の問題を解決できないことになる。
本明細書において、「PharmaPEG」という語は、活性化されるまたは活性化されうる末端から遠位にある末端に抗原基をもたない直鎖状または分枝状のPEGを意味する。以前の実施例から、ポリマーの抗原性、したがって生物活性物質のポリマー結合体の抗原性は、ポリマー中のメトキシル基の含有量の関数であると推論できた。この推論をさらに調べるために、図1について記載したようにして、競合的ELISAアッセイを行って、抗mPEG抗体による結合について、mPEG(「4.8−kDa mPEG」)、ならびに直鎖状ポリマーの末端にメトキシル基または他のアルコキシル基をもたない、12−kDa、20−kDa、および35−kDaのPharmaPEGの能力を比較した。結果を図4に示す。図4に示された3本のPharmaPEGの曲線が、mPEGの曲線からずれているのは、抗mPEG抗体で測定した場合、PharmaPEGの抗原性が、mPEGの抗原性よりも約100倍低いことを示している。したがって、メトキシル基をもたないポリマー(例えばPharmaPEG)は、従前医薬の生物学的結合に使用されているポリマー、例えばmPEGに比べて抗原性が低下または実質的に低下している。
抗mPEG抗体が、ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(「SDS−PAGE」)存在下でポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動をした後のPEG化蛋白質結合体を検出できるかという試験において、炭酸脱水酵素(EC 4.2.1.1;「CAII」)のモノメトキシPEG結合体をモデルとして用いた。ゲルをポリビニリデン・ジフルオライド膜にエレクトロ・ブロットし、そのブロットをウサギ抗mPEG抗体(希釈率1:200)とインキュベートし、その後、アルカリホスファターゼに結合し、発色沈殿物を形成する基質に曝露した二次抗体(ヤギ抗ウサギIgG)とインキュベートした。電気泳動ゲルから膜に移された蛋白質またはポリマー−蛋白質を免疫学的に検出するこの方法は、通常「ウエスタンブロット」と呼ばれる(Tsang,V.C.W.,et al.,(1984)Anal Biochem 143:304−307)。検出手順と試薬は、実施例1のブロットについて記載したところと同じであった。結果を図5aに示す。レーン1および2は、SYPRO(登録商標)のRuby染料(Molecular Probes,Eugene,OR,catalog #S−12000)を用いて蛋白質を染色し、暗所にて302nmの照明下で橙赤色可視光フィルター((Molecular Probes,catalog #S−6655)を用いて、Kodakデジタルカメラで撮影したゲルを示す。レーン3および4は、同一の試料をウエスタンブロットしたものである。抗mPEG抗体が、PEG化した分子種のすべてで見られるが(レーン3)、非修飾の炭酸脱水酵素では見られない(レーン4)。
PEGジオールから単官能性活性化PharmaPEGを調製するための条件は以下のとおりである。合成のある段階で、PEGの一つの末端基が、その末端基を異なった数含むPEGを分離できるような性質を持っていなければならない。そのような基は、PEGまたは活性化PEGのどちらよりも疎水性が高い可能性があるので、逆相クロマトグラフィー(「RPクロマトグラフィー」)によって分離することが可能である。あるいは、そのような基は、荷電している可能性もあり、イオン交換クロマトグラフィーによって分離することが可能である。そのような基は、固相の一部である可能性もあり、非結合PEGが可溶な液体から分離することが可能である。本実施例5に記載したNPC−PEGの場合にように、活性化基を分離ベースとして使用できれば、活性化基の結合だけが合成反応に必要となる。除去可能なブロッキング基、例えばt−ブチル基またはトリフェニルメチル(「トリチル」)基が、分離の基準を提供する場合には、実施例6に記載したように、活性化されたか活性化可能な基の結合前か後にブロッキング基を加えることができる。理論上は、所望の数のブロッキング基を含むPEGを単離するために用いられる精製工程は、ブロッキング基が結合した後であれば何時でも行うことができるが、実際には、ポリマー骨格とブロッキング基の間の結合、およびポリマー骨格と活性化(または活性化可能な)基との間の結合の相対的な反応活性度によって、最適な工程の流れが指示され得る。
PharmaPEGからのモノプロピオンアルデヒド誘導体の合成法を、以下の概略図にまとめたが、ここで、KOtBuはカリウムt−ブトキシドを表し、DEPは3,3−ジエトキシプロピル基を表す。
実施例1のように、ウリカーゼのmPEG結合体による免疫について記載されているような手順で、ブタウリカーゼの同一調製物のmPEG結合体またはヒドロキシPEG結合体であって、それぞれ、ウリカーゼ1単位当たり平均約2本の10−kDa PEG鎖を含む結合体によって、3匹のウサギからなるグループを免疫した。結合体の各調製物に結合したポリマーの平均鎖数を、サイズ排除HPLC解析と、ゲルを、蛋白質については実施例4におけるように、PEGについては、2002年6月28日に出願された共同所有の同時係属米国特許出願第10/183,607号であって、その全文が参照として本明細書に組み込まれる文献に記載されている方法を用いてSDS−PAGEによって確認した。それぞれのウサギに、フロイント完全アジュバントで一度、1〜4週間の間隔をおきながら、フロイント不完全アジュバントで5回、PEG−ウリカーゼ調製物の一つを注射した。フロイント不完全アジュバントで4回目と5回目に注射してから2週間後に血液を採取した。実施例2のように、これらのウサギの血清の4倍連続希釈液をELISA解析法で試験したところ、ヒドロキシPEGを用いて調製した結合体によって誘発された抗PEG抗体の濃度は、mPEGを用いて調製した結合体によって誘発された抗PEG抗体の濃度の5%よりも低かった(図6aおよび6b参照)。これに対し、この2つのタイプのPEGから調製された結合体による抗ウリカーゼ抗体の誘発量は、2つのウサギグループで同様だった。これらのウサギの免疫前の血清は、検出可能な抗PEG抗体を含んでいなかった。
メトキシル基を末端にもつPEG(mPEG)とヒドロキシル基を末端にもつPEG(ビス−ヒドロキシPEGまたはPEGジオール)は、バイオコンジュゲーションにおける用途については同等であり、あるいは、しばしば、mPEGおよびその他の低級アルコキシルPEGの方がPEGジオールよりも優れていると報告されてきた。さらに、ビス−活性化ジオールは、架橋因子として作用して、可溶性で長期間作用して、低抗原性かつ低免疫原性の生体分子結合体(bioconjugate)を生成するのに望ましくない可能性がある。驚いたことに、本研究の結果は、mPEGが顕著に抗原性が高く、mPEGのメトキシル基に対して誘発された抗体が、mPEGを用いて調製されたPEG化蛋白質結合体に結合することを示している。このため、予想外かつ以前の報告に反して、mPEGはヒドロキシPEGと同等ではなく、高い生体内利用率、循環血中での安定性、および最小限の免疫原性をもつよう意図された、生物活性成分(蛋白質など)のポリマー結合体を調製するのに、mPEGは好適ではない。
Claims (4)
- 脂質分子とPEG分子の結合体を含むPEG−リポソーム組成物であって、
PEG成分が直鎖状の場合は、脂質分子と結合していない末端(「遠位端」)にヒドロキシル基を有し、
PEG成分が分岐状の場合は、すべての遠位体にヒドロキシル基を有し、
各PEG分子は、脂質分子上及びPEG分子上における単一の部位で、1個の脂質分子に結合し、
前記結合体の純度が95%以上である、PEG−リポソーム組成物。 - 前記結合部位が、ホスファチジルエタノールアミンのアミノ基である、請求項1に記載のPEG−リポソーム組成物。
- 前記結合部位が、ジアシルグリセロールのヒドロキシル基である、請求項1に記載のPEG−リポソーム組成物。
- 前記組成物は、前記結合体と同一の脂質分子と同一のサイズの直鎖状又は分枝状PEGとが同一の部位で結合した第2の結合体であって、前記PEGは、すべての遠位端にアルコキシル基を有する結合体、を含むPEG−リポソーム組成物に比較して、免疫反応性が低下している、又は実質的に低下している、請求項1に記載のPEG−リポソーム組成物。
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