JP5449161B2 - オンボード診断装置 - Google Patents
オンボード診断装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5449161B2 JP5449161B2 JP2010522455A JP2010522455A JP5449161B2 JP 5449161 B2 JP5449161 B2 JP 5449161B2 JP 2010522455 A JP2010522455 A JP 2010522455A JP 2010522455 A JP2010522455 A JP 2010522455A JP 5449161 B2 JP5449161 B2 JP 5449161B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- sensor
- monolith substrate
- catalyst
- exhaust system
- composition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 111
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 85
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 79
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 22
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 22
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 methane hydrocarbon Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 2
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002089 NOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001959 inorganic nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Natural products C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004092 self-diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003748 yttrium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
- F01N3/2825—Ceramics
- F01N3/2828—Ceramic multi-channel monoliths, e.g. honeycombs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
- F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/0295—Control according to the amount of oxygen that is stored on the exhaust gas treating apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2510/00—Surface coverings
- F01N2510/06—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
- F01N2510/068—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction characterised by the distribution of the catalytic coatings
- F01N2510/0682—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction characterised by the distribution of the catalytic coatings having a discontinuous, uneven or partially overlapping coating of catalytic material, e.g. higher amount of material upstream than downstream or vice versa
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/022—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting CO or CO2
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/023—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting HC
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/025—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting O2, e.g. lambda sensors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Description
実際のエンジン空燃比/化学量論的エンジン空燃比 (1)
により定義される排ガスのラムダ(λ)であり、ここで、ラムダ値1は、化学量論的にバランスがとれた(または化学量論的な)排ガス組成を表し、ラムダ値>1は、過剰のO2及びNOxを表し、この組成物は、「リーン」と呼ばれ、ラムダ値<1は、過剰HC及びCOを表し、この組成物は「リッチ」と呼ばれる。この分野では、空燃比が発生させる排ガス組成物に応じて、エンジンが作動する空燃比を、「化学量論的」、「リーン」または「リッチ」、従って、化学量論的に作動するエンジンまたはリーンバーンガソリンエンジンと呼ぶことも一般的である。
4NO+4NH3+O2 → 4N2+6H2O (2)
4NH3+5O2 → 4NO+6H2O (3)
4NH3+4NO+3O2 → 4N2O+6H2O (4)
{HC}+NOx → N2+CO2+H2O (5)
{HC}+O2 → CO2+H2O (6)
(a)触媒で被覆されたモノリス基材、該モノリス基材は、複数の実質的に平行な通路を備えてなり、各通路が、上流末端から下流末端に至る長さを有し、及び
(b)該モノリス基材の外壁により部分的に限定された孔の中に配置された第一センサーを備えてなる排気システムであって、該モノリス基材が、該上流末端から伸びる通路の長さの少なくとも一部における触媒組成物が、該モノリス基材の残りの部分における触媒組成物と比較して、該触媒組成物が意図する反応に対する活性が増加している部分を備えてなり、該センサーが、活性を増加させた該触媒組成物と最初に接触した排ガスとのみ実質的に接触するように配置されている、排気システムを提供する。
(i)モノリス基材の残りの部分におけるTWC組成物より、高い酸素貯蔵成分装填量、及び
(ii)モノリス基材の残りの部分におけるTWC組成物より、高い総白金族金属装填量の一方または両方を有する。
Claims (14)
- 内燃機関用の排気システムであって、
(a)触媒で被覆されたモノリス基材(10)と、及び
(b)前記モノリス基材の外壁内の孔(16)の中に配置された第一センサーとを備えてなるものであり、
前記モノリス基材が、複数の平行な通路を備えてなり、各通路が、上流末端から下流末端に至る長さを有してなり、
前記上流末端から伸びる前記モノリス基材の第1部分における触媒組成物が、前記モノリス基材の第2部分における触媒組成物と比較して、前記触媒組成物が意図した反応に対して活性を増加させてなるものであり、
前記第一センサーが、増加された活性を有する前記触媒組成物と最初に接触した排ガスとのみ接触するように、配置されてなり、
前記第一センサーが、ラムダセンサー、炭化水素センサー、酸素センサー、窒素酸化物(NOx)センサー、一酸化炭素センサー、又は粒子状物質センサーである、排気システム。 - 前記モノリス基材の第2部分の体積が、前記モノリス基材の第1部分の体積の半分よりも大きい、請求項1に記載の排気システム。
- 前記モノリス基材の第1部分の形状が輪状である、請求項1又は2に記載の排気システム。
- 前記モノリス基材の第1部分の形状がセグメントである、請求項1又は2に記載の排気システム。
- 前記触媒組成物が、酸素貯蔵成分を包含する三元触媒(TWC)であり、
前記モノリス基材の第1部分における前記TWC組成物の酸素貯蔵活性が、前記モノリス基材の第2部分における前記TWC組成物と比較して増加されてなる、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の排気システム。 - 前記酸素貯蔵活性を増加させたTWC組成物が、
(i)前記モノリス基材の第2部分における前記TWC組成物より高い酸素貯蔵成分装填量、及び
(ii)前記モノリス基材の第2部分における前記TWC組成物より、高い総白金族金属装填量の一方又は両方を有するものである、請求項5に記載の排気システム。 - 前記第一センサーがラムダセンサーである、請求項5又は6に記載の排気システム。
- 前記触媒組成物が、ディーゼル酸化触媒、リーンNOx触媒、選択的接触還元触媒、粒子状物質燃焼触媒、又はNOx吸収剤触媒である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 前記モノリス基材がフィルターである、請求項8に記載の排気システム。
- 前記第一センサーが、炭化水素センサー、酸素センサー、窒素酸化物(NOx)センサー、一酸化炭素センサー又は粒子状物質センサーである、請求項8又は9に記載の排気システム。
- 前記モノリス基材の外壁内の孔(18)の中に配置された第二センサーを備えてなる、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 内燃機関及び請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の排気システムを備えてなる、装置。
- 請求項12に記載の装置を備えてなる、車両。
- モノリス基材(10)であって、
触媒組成物で被覆された複数の通路を備えてなり、
各通路が、第一末端から第二末端に至るまでの長さを有してなり、
前記複数の通路の一の部分(12)における前記第一末端から伸びる通路の長さの一の部分が触媒組成物で被覆されてなり、
前記触媒組成物が、前記モノリス基材の通路の長さの他の部分における触媒組成物と比較して、前記触媒組成物が意図した反応に対してより活性を増加させてなるものであり、
前記モノリス基材の外壁が、センサーを受容する為の孔(16)を有してなり、および
前記センサーが、ラムダセンサー、炭化水素センサー、酸素センサー、窒素酸化物(NOx)センサー、一酸化炭素センサー、又は粒子状物質センサーである、モノリス基材。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB0716833.9A GB0716833D0 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2007-08-31 | On board diagnostic system |
GB0716833.9 | 2007-08-31 | ||
PCT/GB2008/050740 WO2009027737A1 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2008-08-27 | On board diagnostic system |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2010538196A JP2010538196A (ja) | 2010-12-09 |
JP5449161B2 true JP5449161B2 (ja) | 2014-03-19 |
Family
ID=38616965
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2010522455A Expired - Fee Related JP5449161B2 (ja) | 2007-08-31 | 2008-08-27 | オンボード診断装置 |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8205437B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2181257B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5449161B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20100082827A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101802357B (ja) |
BR (1) | BRPI0815924A2 (ja) |
GB (2) | GB0716833D0 (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2464429C2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2009027737A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB0603942D0 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2006-04-05 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Exhaust system for a spark-ignited internal combustion engine |
GB0603898D0 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2006-04-05 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Exhaust system comprising catalysed soot filter |
GB0716833D0 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2007-10-10 | Nunn Andrew D | On board diagnostic system |
US8437943B2 (en) | 2010-01-28 | 2013-05-07 | Deere & Company | NOx control during load increases |
US8875501B2 (en) | 2012-09-15 | 2014-11-04 | Caterpillar Inc. | Power system for controlling phosphorus aging |
AU2013358074B2 (en) * | 2012-12-13 | 2016-05-19 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Fault diagnosis device for exhaust purification system |
CN105308279B (zh) * | 2013-05-30 | 2017-11-03 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 排气净化装置的异常诊断装置 |
US9599005B2 (en) | 2013-10-01 | 2017-03-21 | Cummins Inc. | Systems and methods for on-board diagnostics of a particulate matter filter |
JP6446445B2 (ja) * | 2013-10-15 | 2018-12-26 | ジョンソン、マッセイ、パブリック、リミテッド、カンパニーJohnson Matthey Public Limited Company | 触媒化された基材のための車載式診断システム |
US10190472B2 (en) * | 2014-11-07 | 2019-01-29 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Systems and methods for sensing particulate matter |
US10493434B2 (en) * | 2015-03-03 | 2019-12-03 | Basf Corporation | NOx adsorber catalyst, methods and systems |
JP6287968B2 (ja) * | 2015-06-19 | 2018-03-07 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 異常診断装置 |
DE102016200017A1 (de) * | 2016-01-05 | 2017-07-06 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Alterungszustandes eines Katalysators |
CN111322142A (zh) * | 2018-12-17 | 2020-06-23 | 联合汽车电子有限公司 | 基于网联信息的预测型三元催化器诊断控制***及方法 |
US11636870B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-04-25 | Denso International America, Inc. | Smoking cessation systems and methods |
US12017506B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2024-06-25 | Denso International America, Inc. | Passenger cabin air control systems and methods |
US11881093B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2024-01-23 | Denso International America, Inc. | Systems and methods for identifying smoking in vehicles |
US11760169B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-09-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Particulate control systems and methods for olfaction sensors |
US11813926B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-11-14 | Denso International America, Inc. | Binding agent and olfaction sensor |
US11828210B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-11-28 | Denso International America, Inc. | Diagnostic systems and methods of vehicles using olfaction |
US11932080B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2024-03-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Diagnostic and recirculation control systems and methods |
US11760170B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-09-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Olfaction sensor preservation systems and methods |
Family Cites Families (39)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10020170C1 (de) * | 2000-04-25 | 2001-09-06 | Emitec Emissionstechnologie | Verfahren zum Entfernen von Rußpartikeln aus einem Abgas und zugehöriges Auffangelement |
DE2330749A1 (de) * | 1972-05-26 | 1975-01-09 | Volkswagenwerk Ag | Anordnung zur verringerung der schadstoffanteile in den abgasen einer brennkraftmaschine |
DE2643739C2 (de) * | 1976-09-29 | 1986-03-13 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Verfahren zur Überwachung der Aktivität von Katalysatoren für die Abgasreinigung |
US5100632A (en) * | 1984-04-23 | 1992-03-31 | Engelhard Corporation | Catalyzed diesel exhaust particulate filter |
DE3841685A1 (de) * | 1988-12-10 | 1990-06-13 | Daimler Benz Ag | Verfahren zur erkennung des zustandes von katalysatoren |
DE8816154U1 (de) | 1988-12-29 | 1989-02-09 | Süddeutsche Kühlerfabrik Julius Fr. Behr GmbH & Co KG, 7000 Stuttgart | Trägerkörper für einen katalytischen Reaktor zur Abgasreinigung |
US5172320A (en) * | 1989-03-03 | 1992-12-15 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Air-fuel ratio feedback control system having single air-fuel ratio sensor downstream of or within three-way catalyst converter |
DE3912915C1 (ja) | 1989-04-20 | 1990-12-13 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt, De | |
US5232889A (en) * | 1989-11-27 | 1993-08-03 | Rhone-Poulenc Chimie | Supported catalysts |
FR2654953B1 (fr) | 1989-11-27 | 1994-02-04 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Catalyseurs supportes et procede de fabrication de ceux-ci. |
DE4100241A1 (de) | 1990-01-11 | 1991-07-18 | Volkswagen Ag | Katalysatoranordnung, insbesondere fuer das abgassystem einer brennkraftmaschine |
DE4022546A1 (de) * | 1990-07-16 | 1992-01-23 | Emitec Emissionstechnologie | Messfuehler fuer ein abgassystem und verfahren zu seinem betrieb |
JPH0549940A (ja) | 1991-08-13 | 1993-03-02 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | 排気ガス浄化システム |
US5363091A (en) * | 1991-08-07 | 1994-11-08 | Ford Motor Company | Catalyst monitoring using ego sensors |
US5177464A (en) * | 1991-09-04 | 1993-01-05 | Ford Motor Company | Catalyst monitoring using a hydrocarbon sensor |
US5408215A (en) * | 1991-09-04 | 1995-04-18 | Ford Motor Company | Catalyst monitoring using a hydrocarbon sensor |
WO1993007363A1 (fr) | 1991-10-03 | 1993-04-15 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Dispositif pour purifier les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne |
US6248684B1 (en) * | 1992-11-19 | 2001-06-19 | Englehard Corporation | Zeolite-containing oxidation catalyst and method of use |
EP0658368A1 (en) | 1993-12-17 | 1995-06-21 | N.E. Chemcat Corporation | NOx removal catalyst and method of purifying exhaust gas by using the same |
JPH0814029A (ja) | 1994-06-24 | 1996-01-16 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気ガス浄化装置 |
US6037183A (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2000-03-14 | Corning Incorporated | Automotive hydrocarbon sensor system |
JPH10252450A (ja) * | 1997-03-15 | 1998-09-22 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 排気中の可燃成分検出装置および触媒活性能力判定装置 |
JP3876506B2 (ja) * | 1997-06-20 | 2007-01-31 | 株式会社デンソー | ガス濃度の測定方法及び複合ガスセンサ |
GB9802504D0 (en) | 1998-02-06 | 1998-04-01 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Improvements in emission control |
GB9805815D0 (en) | 1998-03-19 | 1998-05-13 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Manufacturing process |
FI107828B (fi) | 1999-05-18 | 2001-10-15 | Kemira Metalkat Oy | Dieselmoottoreiden pakokaasujen puhdistusjärjestelmä ja menetelmä dieselmoottoreiden pakokaasujen puhdistamiseksi |
DE19946044C1 (de) | 1999-09-25 | 2001-01-25 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Abgasreinigungsanlage |
US6632764B2 (en) * | 2000-01-19 | 2003-10-14 | Volkswagen Ag | Method for controlling the regeneration of an NOx storage converter |
KR100593240B1 (ko) * | 2001-06-18 | 2006-06-26 | 도요타지도샤가부시키가이샤 | 내연 기관의 공연비 제어 장치 |
US6898930B2 (en) * | 2001-08-08 | 2005-05-31 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Exhaust gas purification device |
US20040001781A1 (en) * | 2002-06-27 | 2004-01-01 | Engelhard Corporation | Multi-zone catalytic converter |
ATE487858T1 (de) | 2003-01-07 | 2010-11-15 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Unterstützungssystem zur regeneration einesteilchenfilters in einer auslassleitung eines dieselmotors |
FR2854923B1 (fr) * | 2003-05-12 | 2006-06-23 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | SYSTEME D'AIDE A LA REGENERATION D'UN PIEGE A NOx |
DE10345896A1 (de) * | 2003-09-30 | 2005-04-21 | Emitec Emissionstechnologie | Beschichteter Wabenkörper mit Messfühler |
DE10360072A1 (de) | 2003-12-20 | 2005-07-14 | Audi Ag | Abgasanlage für eine Brennkraftmaschine eines Fahrzeuges, insbesondere eines Kraftfahrzeuges |
DE102005020963B4 (de) | 2005-05-06 | 2007-05-24 | Audi Ag | Abgaskatalysator für eine Brennkraftmaschine |
DE102005044545A1 (de) * | 2005-09-17 | 2007-03-22 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Abgasreinigungsbauteil zur Reinigung eines Brennkraftmaschinenabgases |
GB0603942D0 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2006-04-05 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Exhaust system for a spark-ignited internal combustion engine |
GB0716833D0 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2007-10-10 | Nunn Andrew D | On board diagnostic system |
-
2007
- 2007-08-31 GB GBGB0716833.9A patent/GB0716833D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2008
- 2008-04-10 GB GB0806502A patent/GB2452354A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-08-27 BR BRPI0815924-6A2A patent/BRPI0815924A2/pt active Search and Examination
- 2008-08-27 US US12/675,913 patent/US8205437B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-08-27 KR KR1020107006919A patent/KR20100082827A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2008-08-27 RU RU2010112429/06A patent/RU2464429C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-08-27 WO PCT/GB2008/050740 patent/WO2009027737A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-08-27 CN CN2008801045835A patent/CN101802357B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-08-27 EP EP08788711A patent/EP2181257B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2008-08-27 JP JP2010522455A patent/JP5449161B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2464429C2 (ru) | 2012-10-20 |
RU2010112429A (ru) | 2011-10-10 |
JP2010538196A (ja) | 2010-12-09 |
US8205437B2 (en) | 2012-06-26 |
EP2181257B1 (en) | 2013-03-27 |
US20110036071A1 (en) | 2011-02-17 |
GB0716833D0 (en) | 2007-10-10 |
WO2009027737A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
EP2181257A1 (en) | 2010-05-05 |
GB0806502D0 (en) | 2008-05-14 |
KR20100082827A (ko) | 2010-07-20 |
BRPI0815924A2 (pt) | 2015-02-18 |
CN101802357A (zh) | 2010-08-11 |
CN101802357B (zh) | 2012-11-28 |
GB2452354A (en) | 2009-03-04 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5449161B2 (ja) | オンボード診断装置 | |
US8904760B2 (en) | Exhaust gas treatment system including an HC-SCR and two-way catalyst and method of using the same | |
US7861516B2 (en) | Methods of controlling reductant addition | |
KR101133009B1 (ko) | 압축 점화 엔진 및 그것을 위한 배기 시스템 | |
KR101060125B1 (ko) | 희박 연소 ic 엔진용 배기 시스템 | |
CN103097682B (zh) | 用于从柴油机的废气中去除氮氧化物的催化剂 | |
US8635855B2 (en) | Exhaust gas treatment system including a lean NOx trap and two-way catalyst and method of using the same | |
US9061245B2 (en) | Method for reducing nitrogen oxides in diesel-engine exhaust gases and exhaust gas aftertreatment system for carrying out the method | |
KR101572824B1 (ko) | 배기 가스 내의 NOx를 처리하기 위한 방법 및 그를 위한 시스템 | |
US8475753B2 (en) | Exhaust-gas aftertreatment system with catalytically active wall-flow filter with storage function upstream of catalytic converter with identical storage function | |
KR101718574B1 (ko) | 차량용 포지티브 점화 내연 기관 엔진을 위한 배기 시스템 | |
US20110120093A1 (en) | Process and apparatus for purifying exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine | |
US6276132B1 (en) | Exhaust gas purifying system | |
US9138686B2 (en) | Carbon monoxide-selective oxidation catalysts | |
US20100223919A1 (en) | Nox reduction catalyst and exhaust system using the same | |
JP2013503284A5 (ja) | ||
KR20130038211A (ko) | NOx 저장 촉매 및 촉매화된 매연 필터를 포함하는 배기 시스템 | |
US8099946B2 (en) | Method, device and computer program product for diagnosing an oxidation catalyst | |
JP5771634B2 (ja) | 火花点火式内燃機関用の排気機構 | |
WO2003037507A1 (en) | Exhaust line for an internal combustion engine | |
JPH06229236A (ja) | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20110810 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20120910 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20120928 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20121226 |
|
RD03 | Notification of appointment of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7423 Effective date: 20130125 |
|
RD04 | Notification of resignation of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7424 Effective date: 20130215 |
|
A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20130611 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20131011 |
|
A911 | Transfer to examiner for re-examination before appeal (zenchi) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A911 Effective date: 20131018 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20131210 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20131224 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 5449161 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |