JP5369585B2 - Thick steel material with excellent fatigue crack resistance and its manufacturing method - Google Patents

Thick steel material with excellent fatigue crack resistance and its manufacturing method Download PDF

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JP5369585B2
JP5369585B2 JP2008254139A JP2008254139A JP5369585B2 JP 5369585 B2 JP5369585 B2 JP 5369585B2 JP 2008254139 A JP2008254139 A JP 2008254139A JP 2008254139 A JP2008254139 A JP 2008254139A JP 5369585 B2 JP5369585 B2 JP 5369585B2
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照輝 貞末
聡 伊木
高宏 久保
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a thick steel material superior in fatigue-crack generation resistance. <P>SOLUTION: A base steel material has a composition containing, by mass%, 0.02-0.4% C, 0.01-0.55% Si, 0.1-3.0% Mn, 0.2% or less P, 0.05% or less S, 0.1% or less Al, 0.005% or less N and the balance Fe with unavoidable impurities. The method for manufacturing the thick steel material includes: reheating the base steel material to a temperature of (A<SB>c3</SB>transformation point +100&deg;C) or higher; hot-rolling the steel material with a cumulative rolling reduction of 50% or more in a temperature range of higher than the A<SB>c3</SB>transformation point; then cooling the steel material through a first stage of cooling the material for 5 seconds or longer at a cooling rate of less than 10&deg;C/s in a temperature range of (A<SB>r3</SB>transformation point) to (A<SB>r3</SB>transformation point -300&deg;C) and through a second stage of cooling the material to the A<SB>c1</SB>transformation point or lower at a cooling rate of 10&deg;C/s or more, which follows the first stage. Thereby, soft phases disperse in a matrix formed of a hard phase in the surface layer, and the fatigue-crack generation resistance is enhanced. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

本発明は、構造安全性が強く求められる、橋梁、船舶、建築物、海洋構造物、タンク、パイプなどの溶接構造物や、建設、輸送、採掘、掘削などに使用する機械、機器等に用いて好適な、厚鋼材に係り、とくに、耐疲労き裂発生特性の改善に関する。なお、ここでいう「厚鋼材」は、肉厚:6mm以上の厚鋼板、形鋼等を含むものとする。   The present invention is used for welding structures such as bridges, ships, buildings, marine structures, tanks, pipes, machines and equipment used for construction, transportation, mining, excavation, etc., where structural safety is strongly required. In particular, the present invention relates to a thick steel material, and particularly, to improvement of fatigue crack resistance. Note that the “thick steel material” here includes thick steel plates, section steels and the like having a thickness of 6 mm or more.

橋梁、船舶、建築物、海洋構造物、タンク、パイプなどの溶接構造物や、建設、輸送、採掘、掘削などに使用する機械、機器に使用される鋼材は、強度、靭性などの機械的性質や溶接性に優れていることはもちろんであるが、稼動時における定常の繰返し荷重や、風、地震等の震動に起因する非定常の繰返し荷重に対しても、構造物の構造安全性を確保できる特性を有することが要求される。   Welded structures such as bridges, ships, buildings, offshore structures, tanks, pipes, etc., machines used for construction, transportation, mining, excavation, etc., steel materials used in equipment, mechanical properties such as strength and toughness In addition to being excellent in weldability, the structural safety of the structure is ensured even against steady cyclic loads during operation and unsteady cyclic loads caused by vibrations such as wind and earthquake. It is required to have characteristics that can be achieved.

繰返し荷重に対しては、耐疲労特性に優れていることが要求される。一般的に、溶接構造物においては、定常あるいは非定常の繰返し荷重により、溶接止端部やスカラップなどの局所的な応力集中部から、多数の微小疲労き裂(数μm〜数100μm)が発生し、それらが連結して大きな疲労き裂となり、鋼材全体へと進展して、部材の終局的な破断に至ることが知られている。   For repeated loads, excellent fatigue resistance is required. Generally, in welded structures, many micro fatigue cracks (several μm to several 100 μm) are generated from local stress concentration parts such as weld toes and scallops due to steady or unsteady repeated loads. However, it is known that when they are connected, a large fatigue crack is formed, which progresses to the entire steel material, leading to a final fracture of the member.

疲労き裂の発生の抑制には、応力集中の低減が重要であり、そのような手法としてはTIG溶接等によるドレッシングや、ピーニング処理などが効果的であることが広く知られている。しかし、溶接構造物には、規模に応じて、数百あるいは数千もの応力集中個所が存在するため、このような処理を工業的な規模で実施することは、施工時間や施工コストの観点からも、非現実的であると言える。   In order to suppress the occurrence of fatigue cracks, it is important to reduce stress concentration. As such a technique, it is widely known that dressing such as TIG welding or peening is effective. However, depending on the scale, there are hundreds or thousands of stress concentration points in the welded structure, so performing such treatment on an industrial scale is from the viewpoint of construction time and construction cost. Is unrealistic.

新設された溶接構造物では、定期的に検査が行われるため、現状では、目視で識別できる大きさの疲労き裂(数mm〜数10mm)が検出された際には、補修を繰返して、構造物の安全性を保持していくことが行われている。しかし、このような検査や補修は、莫大な費用と手間を必要とする。このため、微小疲労き裂が発生したとしても、それが大きな疲労き裂に成長しないように、鋼材に疲労き裂発生抑制効果を持たせることが重要となる。   New welded structures are regularly inspected, so at present, when a fatigue crack (several mm to several tens of mm) of a size that can be visually identified is detected, repairs are repeated, The safety of the structure is being maintained. However, such inspection and repair require enormous costs and labor. For this reason, even if a micro fatigue crack occurs, it is important to give the steel material an effect of suppressing the occurrence of fatigue cracks so that it does not grow into a large fatigue crack.

例えば、特許文献1には、疲労き裂が進展しにくい性質を有する鋼板が記載されている。特許文献1に記載された鋼板は、硬質部の素地とこの素地に分散した軟質部とからなる組織を有し、これら硬質部と軟質部の硬度差がビッカース硬さで150HV以上である鋼板である。この鋼板は、中程度のΔK領域において疲労き裂進展抑制特性に優れており、例えば溶接部から発生した疲労き裂の進展抑制効果を有し、この鋼板を使用した溶接構造物では、疲労寿命の延長が期待できるとしている。なお、特許文献1に記載された鋼板は、鋼材組成と圧延後の熱処理条件を適正に組合せる方法で製造できるとしている。   For example, Patent Document 1 describes a steel sheet having a property that fatigue cracks are difficult to propagate. The steel sheet described in Patent Document 1 is a steel sheet having a structure composed of a base of a hard part and a soft part dispersed in the base, and the hardness difference between the hard part and the soft part is 150 HV or more in Vickers hardness. is there. This steel sheet is excellent in fatigue crack growth suppression characteristics in a moderate ΔK region, and has, for example, an effect of suppressing the growth of fatigue cracks generated from a welded portion. In a welded structure using this steel sheet, the fatigue life is reduced. Is expected to be extended. In addition, it is supposed that the steel plate described in patent document 1 can be manufactured with the method of combining a steel material composition and the heat processing conditions after rolling appropriately.

また、特許文献2には、耐疲労き裂伝播特性に優れた厚鋼材が記載されている。特許文献2に記載された厚鋼材は、軟質相と該軟質相を網目状に囲む硬質第二相からなる二相組織を有し、軟質相が、フェライト、焼戻しベイナイト、焼戻しマルテンサイトの1種または2種以上から構成されかつ平均ビッカース硬さが150HV以下、かつ硬質第二相がベイナイト、マルテンサイト、焼戻しベイナイト、焼戻しマルテンサイトの1種または2種以上から構成され、かつ平均ビッカース硬さが250HV以上、かつ硬質第二相の粒界占有率(硬質第二相が占めている粒界長さの総和/総粒界長さ)が0.5以上を、満足する厚鋼材であり、母材の疲労き裂進展速度を、いずれのき裂進展方向においても顕著に抑制できるとしている。なお、特許文献2に記載された厚鋼材は、予め鋼片に1200〜1350℃で2〜100hの拡散熱処理を施したのち、AC3変態点〜1250℃に加熱し、圧延後にAr3変態点以上から400℃以下まで加速冷却する熱間圧延を施し、さらに二相域に加熱した後400℃以下まで加速冷却する処理を施すか、鋼片を熱間圧延したのち、1150〜1250℃で2〜100hの拡散熱処理を施し、さらに二相域に加熱した後400℃以下まで加速冷却する処理を施すことにより、製造できるとしている。 Patent Document 2 describes a thick steel material having excellent fatigue crack propagation characteristics. The thick steel material described in Patent Document 2 has a two-phase structure composed of a soft phase and a hard second phase surrounding the soft phase in a network, and the soft phase is one of ferrite, tempered bainite, and tempered martensite. Or it is composed of two or more types, the average Vickers hardness is 150HV or less, and the hard second phase is composed of one or more of bainite, martensite, tempered bainite, tempered martensite, and the average Vickers hardness is It is a thick steel material that satisfies 250HV or higher and the grain boundary occupancy ratio of the hard second phase (total grain boundary length occupied by the hard second phase / total grain boundary length) of 0.5 or more. The fatigue crack growth rate can be significantly suppressed in any crack propagation direction. The thickness steel described in Patent Document 2, after subjected to diffusion heat treatment 2~100h advance in billet at 1200 to 1350 ° C., heated to A C3 transformation point to 1250 ° C., A r3 transformation point after rolling From the above, hot rolling to accelerate cooling to 400 ° C or lower is applied, and after further heating to a two-phase region, accelerated cooling to 400 ° C or lower or hot rolling of the steel slab, 1250 to 1250 ° C at 2 It is said that it can be produced by subjecting it to a diffusion heat treatment of ˜100 h, further heating it to a two-phase region, and then subjecting it to accelerated cooling to 400 ° C. or lower.

また、特許文献3には、「疲労強度に優れた厚鋼板」が記載されている。特許文献3に記載された厚鋼板は、フェライトと硬質第二相とを含む組織を有し、かつ、表面に平行な断面組織において、硬質第二相が、分率:20〜80%、平均ビッカース硬さ:250〜800HV、硬質第二相の平均円相当径:10〜200μm、硬質第二相間の最大間隔:500μm以下を満足し、硬質第二相の組織がベイナイト、マルテンサイトのいずれか又は両者の混合である鋼板であり、疲労き裂の進展抑制効果を有するとしている。なお、特許文献3に記載された厚鋼板は、1150〜1300℃で1〜100h保持する拡散熱処理を施したのち、AC3変態点〜1250℃に加熱し、圧下比が2以上の熱間圧延を行い、熱間圧延後、0.1〜2℃/sの冷却速度でフェライト分率が10%以上となる温度まで冷却し、さらに500℃以下まで5〜100℃/sで急冷する方法で製造できるとしている。 Patent Document 3 describes “a thick steel plate excellent in fatigue strength”. The thick steel plate described in Patent Document 3 has a structure containing ferrite and a hard second phase, and in the cross-sectional structure parallel to the surface, the hard second phase has a fraction: 20 to 80%, average Vickers hardness: 250 to 800 HV, average equivalent circle diameter of hard second phase: 10 to 200 μm, maximum distance between hard second phases: 500 μm or less, hard second phase structure is either bainite or martensite Or it is the steel plate which is a mixture of both, and is supposed to have the effect of suppressing the growth of fatigue cracks. The thickness steel sheet described in Patent Document 3, after having been subjected to diffusion heat treatment to 1~100h maintained at 1150 to 1300 ° C., heated to A C3 transformation point to 1250 ° C., the reduction ratio of 2 or more hot rolling And after hot rolling, it is cooled to a temperature at which the ferrite fraction becomes 10% or more at a cooling rate of 0.1 to 2 ° C./s, and further quenched to 5 ° C./s to 500 ° C. or less. It is said.

また、疲労き裂伝播挙動に及ぼす微視組織の影響については、例えば非特許文献1に報告がある。非特許文献1に記載された報告では、特殊な熱処理を繰り返して特殊な微視組織を得て、疲労き裂伝播特性を調査している。使用した組織は、ビッカース硬さが148HVの軟質相(フェライト相)中に、平均サイズ:149μmで、ビッカース硬さ565HVの硬質相(マルテンサイト相)を分率:36.4%で均一分散させた組織(鋼A)と、ビッカース硬さが546HVの硬質相(マルテンサイト相:分率:39.2%)が、ビッカース硬さが149HVの軟質相(フェライト相)を網目状に取り囲んだ組織(鋼B)と、の2種の鋼材について疲労き裂伝播特性を調査している。その結果、鋼Aより、鋼Bのほうが、疲労き裂伝播速度が低減するとしている。   Further, for example, Non-Patent Document 1 reports on the influence of the microstructure on the fatigue crack propagation behavior. In the report described in Non-Patent Document 1, a special microscopic structure is obtained by repeating special heat treatment, and fatigue crack propagation characteristics are investigated. The structure used is a structure in which a hard phase (martensite phase) with an average size of 149μm and a Vickers hardness of 565HV is uniformly dispersed at a fraction of 36.4% in a soft phase (ferrite phase) with a Vickers hardness of 148HV. (Steel A) and a structure in which a hard phase (martensite phase: fraction: 39.2%) with a Vickers hardness of 546HV surrounds a soft phase (ferrite phase) with a Vickers hardness of 149HV (steel B) The fatigue crack propagation characteristics of two types of steel materials are investigated. As a result, the steel B has a lower fatigue crack propagation rate than the steel A.

また、特許文献4には、C:0.01〜0.10%、Si:0.04〜0.6%、Mn:0.50〜2.0%、Al:0.003〜0.06%、さらにTi:0.001〜0.10%を含み、炭素当量Ceq値が0.28〜0.65%で、鋼板表面から板厚方向に2mmの深さまでの領域の清浄度が0.005〜0.1%であることを特徴とする継手疲労強度に優れた溶接用耐疲労亀裂鋼板が記載されている。特許文献4に記載された技術は、実施例に記載されているように、表層の介在物と疲労特性とが相関があることを見出したことに基づいており、連続鋳造鋳型内の溶鋼流動を適正な状態に維持するか、適正な組成のモールドフラックスを用いることにより達成できるとしている。
特許2962134号 特許3785392号 特許3860763号 特開2007−182611号公報 H.SUZUKI and A.J.McEVILY:Metallurgical Transactions, Vol.10A(1979), p475〜481.
Patent Document 4 includes C: 0.01 to 0.10%, Si: 0.04 to 0.6%, Mn: 0.50 to 2.0%, Al: 0.003 to 0.06%, and Ti: 0.001 to 0.10%, and a carbon equivalent Ceq value. Is a fatigue-resistant cracked steel sheet for welding with excellent joint fatigue strength, characterized in that the cleanliness in the region from the steel sheet surface to the depth of 2 mm in the thickness direction is 0.005 to 0.1%. ing. The technique described in Patent Document 4 is based on the finding that there is a correlation between the inclusions on the surface layer and the fatigue characteristics as described in the Examples, and the flow of molten steel in the continuous casting mold is controlled. It can be achieved by maintaining an appropriate state or using a mold flux having an appropriate composition.
Patent No. 2962134 Japanese Patent No. 3785392 Patent 3860763 JP 2007-182611 A H.SUZUKI and AJMcEVILY : Metallurgical Transactions, Vol.10A (1979), p475 ~ 481.

しかしながら、特許文献1に記載された技術では、上記した組織の鋼板を製造するために、圧延後、組成に応じて、直接焼入れ、再加熱焼入れ処理、あるいは二相域加熱焼入れ、さらには焼戻し等の特別な熱処理を必要とし、製造工程が複雑となり、工業的な製造においては問題を残していた。
また、特許文献2に記載された技術では、長時間の拡散熱処理、二相温度域での加熱・冷却処理等、製造工程が複雑となり、工業的な製造において問題を残していた。
However, in the technique described in Patent Document 1, in order to produce a steel sheet having the above structure, depending on the composition after rolling, direct quenching, reheating quenching treatment, or two-phase region heating quenching, and further tempering, etc. Special heat treatment is required, and the manufacturing process becomes complicated, leaving problems in industrial manufacturing.
Further, the technique described in Patent Document 2 has complicated manufacturing processes such as long-time diffusion heat treatment and heating / cooling treatment in a two-phase temperature range, and has left problems in industrial production.

また、特許文献3に記載された技術では、特許文献3の実施例に記載されているように、鋼材の板厚方向への疲労き裂の進展は抑制する場合があると考えられるが、熱間圧延後の冷却途中に、急冷を必要としているため、鋼材の長手方向や幅方向での耐疲労き裂伝播特性の劣化が懸念される。また、特許文献3に示された組織分率や硬さの組み合わせでは、疲労き裂進展抑制効果が全くみられない場合があることも本発明者らは確認している。   Moreover, in the technique described in Patent Document 3, it is considered that the progress of fatigue cracks in the thickness direction of the steel material may be suppressed as described in the Examples of Patent Document 3, Since rapid cooling is required during cooling after cold rolling, there is a concern about deterioration of fatigue crack propagation characteristics in the longitudinal direction and width direction of the steel material. In addition, the present inventors have confirmed that the combination of the structure fraction and the hardness shown in Patent Document 3 may not show a fatigue crack growth suppressing effect at all.

また、非特許文献1に記載された技術では、所望の組織を得るために、5段階にわたる特殊な熱処理を必要とし、工業的規模での生産に適した技術とは言えない。また、特許文献4に記載された技術は、実施例に記載されているように、同じ条件で処理しても、表層の介在物分布を適正な範囲内に調整できない場合が生じ、安定性に欠けるという問題がある。   Further, the technique described in Non-Patent Document 1 requires special heat treatment in five stages to obtain a desired structure, and cannot be said to be a technique suitable for production on an industrial scale. In addition, as described in the Examples, the technique described in Patent Document 4 may not be able to adjust the distribution of inclusions in the surface layer within an appropriate range even when processed under the same conditions. There is a problem of lacking.

本発明は、かかる従来技術の問題に鑑み、微小な疲労き裂(数μm〜数100μm)の発生を抑制できる、耐疲労き裂発生特性に優れた厚鋼材を提供することを目的とする。なお、ここでいう「微小な疲労き裂」とは、非特許文献2(田中ら:材料、第31巻、第343号、p.376〜382(1982).)に示されているような、結晶粒界と相互作用をもたらすような微小な疲労き裂(表面長さで数μm〜数100μm)をいうものとする。また、ここでいう「耐疲労き裂発生特性に優れた」とは、応力比が0を超え0.50以下の高サイクル疲労試験における、繰返し回数が200万回で破断しなかった最大の応力振幅での最大応力σWmaxが、静的引張試験における0.2%耐力σ0.2の0.8倍以上である場合をいうものとする。 The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems of the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a thick steel material excellent in fatigue crack resistance and capable of suppressing the generation of minute fatigue cracks (several μm to several hundred μm). The “small fatigue crack” referred to here is as shown in Non-Patent Document 2 (Tanaka et al .: Materials, Vol. 31, No. 343, p. 376-382 (1982)). In addition, a minute fatigue crack (several μm to several hundred μm in surface length) that causes an interaction with a crystal grain boundary is meant. In addition, “excellent in fatigue crack resistance” is the maximum stress amplitude that did not break at a cycle number of 2 million in a high cycle fatigue test with a stress ratio exceeding 0 and not exceeding 0.50. The maximum stress σ Wmax is 0.8 times the 0.2% proof stress σ 0.2 in the static tensile test.

なお、本発明が目的とする厚鋼材は、耐疲労き裂発生特性に優れるとともに、構造物用鋼材として、引張強さTS:490MPa以上の強度と、シャルピー衝撃試験(JIS Z 2242の規定に準拠)の破面遷移温度vTrsが0℃以下の高靭性を有する。   In addition, the thick steel material targeted by the present invention is excellent in fatigue crack resistance, and as a structural steel material, it has a tensile strength of TS: 490 MPa or more and a Charpy impact test (conforms to the provisions of JIS Z 2242. ) Fracture surface transition temperature vTrs has a high toughness of 0 ° C. or less.

本発明者らは、上記した目的を達成するために、微小な疲労き裂の発生に及ぼす微細組織の影響について鋭意研究を行った。その結果、表層近傍の領域(表面から板厚の1/10までの領域)において、硬質相からなる基地(マトリックス)中に軟質相を分散させ、かつ硬質相と軟質相とのビッカース硬さの差ΔHV(=(硬質相のビッカース硬さHV)−(軟質相のビッカース硬さHV))と軟質相の平均粒径d(μm)とが特定の関係を満足する組織を含むことにより、厚鋼材の耐疲労き裂発生特性が顕著に向上することを新規に見出した。 In order to achieve the above-described object, the present inventors have intensively studied the influence of the microstructure on the occurrence of a minute fatigue crack. As a result, in the area near the surface layer (area from the surface to 1/10 of the plate thickness), the soft phase is dispersed in the matrix (matrix) made of the hard phase, and the Vickers hardness of the hard phase and the soft phase is The difference ΔHV (= (Vickers hardness HV h of the hard phase) − (Vickers hardness HV s of the soft phase)) and the average particle diameter d (μm) of the soft phase include a structure that satisfies a specific relationship. The present inventors have newly found that the fatigue crack initiation characteristics of thick steel materials are significantly improved.

そして、本発明者らの更なる検討により、上記した微細組織を有する厚鋼材は、圧延後の冷却を適正に施すことにより、工業的規模でも製造可能であるという知見を得た。
まず、本発明者らが行った、本発明の基礎となった実験結果について説明する。
種々の組成および製造方法で作成した種々の鋼材について、JIS Z 2273の規定に準拠して、大気中、応力比:0.1で、周波数:10Hzとするsine波形の応力を負荷する高サイクル疲労試験を実施した。そして、疲労試験における、繰返し回数が200万回で破断しなかった最大の応力振幅での最大応力σWmaxを疲労強度(200万回疲労強度)として求めた。そして、得られた疲労強度と、静的引張試験時の0.2%耐力σ0.2との比、σwmax/σ0.2を算出した。また、使用した鋼材について、組織を観察して、軟質相の平均粒径d(μm)を測定するとともに、硬質相および軟質相のビッカース硬さをそれぞれ測定し、硬質相と軟質相との硬さ差ΔHVを算出した。
As a result of further studies by the present inventors, it has been found that the above-mentioned thick steel material having a fine structure can be produced on an industrial scale by appropriately cooling after rolling.
First, a description will be given of experimental results performed by the present inventors and serving as the basis of the present invention.
For various steel materials created with various compositions and manufacturing methods, in accordance with the provisions of JIS Z 2273, a high-cycle fatigue test is performed in which a stress of sine waveform with a stress ratio of 0.1 and a frequency of 10 Hz is applied in the atmosphere. Carried out. In the fatigue test, the maximum stress σ Wmax at the maximum stress amplitude at which the number of repetitions was 2 million times and did not break was determined as the fatigue strength (2 million times fatigue strength). Then, the ratio of the obtained fatigue strength to the 0.2% proof stress σ 0.2 in the static tensile test, σ wmax / σ 0.2 was calculated. In addition, for the steel materials used, the microstructure is observed, the average particle diameter d (μm) of the soft phase is measured, the Vickers hardness of the hard phase and the soft phase are measured, and the hardness of the hard phase and the soft phase is measured. A difference ΔHV was calculated.

得られた結果を、σwmax/σ0.2と(ΔHV)/dとの関係で、図1に示す。
図1から、(ΔHV)/dが400以上となる場合に、σwmax/σ0.2が0.8以上となり、耐疲労き裂発生特性が向上することがわかる。
本発明は、かかる知見に基づき、さらに検討を加えて完成されたものである。
すなわち、本発明の要旨は次の通りである。
(1)質量%で、C:0.02〜0.4%、Si:0.01〜0.55%、Mn:0.1〜3.0%、P:0.2%以下、S:0.05%以下、Sol.Al:0.1%以下、T.N:0.005%以下を含み、残部Feおよび不可避的不純物からなる組成を有し、表面から板厚方向に板厚の1/10までの領域において、JIS G 0551(2005)の規定に準拠した線分法を用いて測定した軟質相と硬質相の境界数Bshと全境界数Btとの比、Bsh/Btの最大値が0.73以上である硬質相からなる基地中に軟質相が分散した組織でかつ前記軟質相の平均粒径d(μm)と前記硬質相のビッカース硬さと前記軟質相のビッカース硬さとの差ΔHVとが次(1)式
(ΔHV)/d ≧ 400 ‥‥‥(1)
(ここで、ΔHV:硬質相のビッカース硬さと軟質相のビッカース硬さとの差、d:軟質相の平均粒径d(μm))
を満足する組織を含むことを特徴とする耐疲労き裂発生特性に優れた厚鋼材。
(2)(1)において、前記組成に加えてさらに、質量%で、Cu:0.01〜2.0%、Cr:0.01〜3.0%、Mo:0.01〜2.0%、Nb:0.1%以下、V:0.1%以下、Ti:0.1%以下、B:0.01%以下のうちから選ばれた1種または2種以上を含有する組成とすることを特徴とする厚鋼材。
(3)(1)または(2)において、前記組成に加えてさらに、質量%で、Ni:0.01〜10.0%を含有する組成とすることを特徴とする厚鋼材
)質量%で、C:0.02〜0.4%、Si:0.01〜0.55%、Mn:0.1〜3.0%、P:0.2%以下、S:0.05%以下、Sol.Al:0.1%以下、T.N:0.005%以下を含み、残部Feおよび不可避的不純物からなる組成の鋼素材を、(Ac3変態点+100℃)以上の温度に再加熱し、Ac3変態点を超える温度域における累積圧下率が50%以上となる熱間圧延を施したのち、(Ar3変態点)〜(Ar3変態点−300℃)の温度域における冷却速度が10℃/s未満である冷却を5s以上含む第一段の冷却と、該第一段の冷却に引続き、10℃/s以上の冷却速度でAc1変態点以下まで冷却する第二段の冷却とからなる冷却を施すことを特徴とする耐疲労き裂発生特性に優れた厚鋼材の製造方法。
)()において、前記組成に加えてさらに、質量%で、Cu:0.01〜2.0%、Cr:0.01〜3.0%、Mo:0.01〜2.0%、Nb:0.1%以下、V:0.1%以下、Ti:0.1%以下、B:0.01%以下のうちから選ばれた1種または2種以上を含有する組成とすることを特徴とする厚鋼材の製造方法。
)()または()において、前記組成に加えてさらに、質量%で、Ni:0.01〜10.0%を含有する組成とすることを特徴とする厚鋼材の製造方法
)()ないし()のいずれかにおいて、前記冷却を施したのち、さらにAc1変態点未満の温度で焼戻する焼戻処理を施すことを特徴とする厚鋼材の製造方法。
The obtained results are shown in FIG. 1 in relation to σ wmax / σ 0.2 and (ΔHV) 2 / d.
FIG. 1 shows that when (ΔHV) 2 / d is 400 or more, σ wmax / σ 0.2 is 0.8 or more, and fatigue crack resistance is improved.
The present invention has been completed based on such findings and further studies.
That is, the gist of the present invention is as follows.
(1) By mass%, C: 0.02 to 0.4%, Si: 0.01 to 0.55%, Mn: 0.1 to 3.0%, P: 0.2% or less, S: 0.05% or less, Sol. Al: 0.1% or less, T. N: A line containing 0.005% or less, having a composition consisting of the balance Fe and inevitable impurities, and in accordance with the provisions of JIS G 0551 (2005) in the region from the surface to 1/10 of the plate thickness in the plate thickness direction The ratio of the boundary number Bsh between the soft phase and the hard phase measured using the fraction method and the total boundary number Bt, and the structure in which the soft phase is dispersed in the base composed of a hard phase with a maximum Bsh / Bt of 0.73 or more in, and a difference Delta] HV between Vickers hardness of the average particle diameter d ([mu] m) and Vickers of the hard phase hardness and the soft phase of the soft phase is following (1) formula (ΔHV) 2 / d ≧ 400 ‥‥‥ (1)
(Here, ΔHV: difference between Vickers hardness of the hard phase and Vickers hardness of the soft phase, d: average particle diameter d (μm) of the soft phase)
A thick steel material with excellent fatigue crack initiation characteristics characterized by including a structure satisfying
(2) In (1), in addition to the above composition, Cu: 0.01 to 2.0%, Cr: 0.01 to 3.0%, Mo: 0.01 to 2.0%, Nb: 0.1% or less, V: 0.1% Hereinafter, a thick steel material having a composition containing one or more selected from Ti: 0.1% or less and B: 0.01% or less.
(3) In (1) or (2), in addition to the said composition, it is set as the composition containing Ni: 0.01-10.0% by the mass% further, The thick steel material characterized by the above-mentioned .
( 4 ) By mass%, C: 0.02 to 0.4%, Si: 0.01 to 0.55%, Mn: 0.1 to 3.0%, P: 0.2% or less, S: 0.05% or less, Sol. Al: 0.1% or less, T. N: Renewed steel material containing 0.005% or less and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities to a temperature of (A c3 transformation point + 100 ° C) or higher, and the cumulative reduction ratio in the temperature range exceeding the A c3 transformation point After the hot rolling is performed at a temperature of 50% or more, the cooling rate is less than 10 ° C./s in the temperature range of (A r3 transformation point) to (A r3 transformation point−300 ° C.). Fatigue resistance, characterized by performing cooling consisting of one-stage cooling and second-stage cooling following the first-stage cooling at a cooling rate of 10 ° C./s or more to the A c1 transformation point or less. A method for producing thick steel with excellent crack initiation characteristics.
( 5 ) In ( 4 ), in addition to the above composition, Cu: 0.01 to 2.0%, Cr: 0.01 to 3.0%, Mo: 0.01 to 2.0%, Nb: 0.1% or less, V: 0.1% Hereafter, it is set as the composition containing 1 type, or 2 or more types chosen from Ti: 0.1% or less and B: 0.01% or less, The manufacturing method of the thick steel materials characterized by the above-mentioned.
( 6 ) A method for producing a thick steel material according to ( 4 ) or ( 5 ), wherein, in addition to the above composition, the composition further contains Ni: 0.01 to 10.0% by mass% .
( 7 ) The method for producing a thick steel material according to any one of ( 4 ) to ( 6 ), wherein after the cooling is performed, a tempering treatment is further performed at a temperature lower than the A c1 transformation point.

本発明によれば、微小な疲労き裂(数μm〜数100μm)の発生を抑制できる、耐疲労き裂発生特性に優れた厚鋼板を、現状の製造条件の適切な制御を行うことで、容易にしかも安定して製造でき、産業上格段の効果を奏する。また、本発明によれば、仮に応力集中部に微小疲労き裂が発生しても、それが大きな疲労き裂(数mm〜数十mm)となることを抑制でき、鋼構造物や機械・機器等の寿命延長や補修工程の省力化に繋がるという効果もある。   According to the present invention, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of minute fatigue cracks (several μm to several hundreds μm), a thick steel plate excellent in fatigue crack resistance characteristics, by appropriately controlling the current production conditions, It can be manufactured easily and stably, and has a remarkable industrial effect. In addition, according to the present invention, even if a micro fatigue crack occurs in the stress concentration part, it can be prevented from becoming a large fatigue crack (several mm to several tens of mm). There is also an effect that it leads to the extension of the life of equipment and labor saving of the repair process.

まず、本発明厚鋼材の組成限定理由について説明する。なお、以下、とくに断わらない限り質量%は、単に%で記す。
C:0.02〜0.4%
Cは、鋼の強度を増加させる作用を有する元素であり、本発明ではとくに硬質相の強度増加に寄与し、疲労強度を顕著に増加させる作用を有する。このような効果を得るためには、0.02%以上の含有を必要とする。一方、0.4%を超えて含有すると、延性や曲げ加工性を低下させるとともに、溶接性が低下する。このため、Cは0.02〜0.4%の範囲に限定した。
First, the reasons for limiting the composition of the thick steel material of the present invention will be described. Hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, mass% is simply expressed as%.
C: 0.02-0.4%
C is an element having an effect of increasing the strength of steel. In the present invention, C particularly contributes to an increase in the strength of the hard phase and has an effect of remarkably increasing the fatigue strength. In order to obtain such an effect, a content of 0.02% or more is required. On the other hand, when it contains exceeding 0.4%, ductility and bending workability will be reduced, and weldability will fall. For this reason, C was limited to the range of 0.02 to 0.4%.

Si:0.01〜0.55%
Siは、脱酸剤として作用するとともに、固溶して鋼の強度を増加させる作用を有する元素である。このような効果を得るためには、0.01%以上の含有を必要とする。一方、0.55%を超える含有は、靭性を低下させるとともに、溶接性を低下させる。このため、Siは0.01〜0.55%の範囲に限定した。なお、好ましくは0.05〜0.45%である。
Si: 0.01-0.55%
Si is an element that acts as a deoxidizer and has the effect of increasing the strength of steel by solid solution. In order to acquire such an effect, 0.01% or more of content is required. On the other hand, the content exceeding 0.55% reduces toughness and weldability. For this reason, Si was limited to the range of 0.01 to 0.55%. In addition, Preferably it is 0.05 to 0.45%.

Mn:0.1〜3.0%
Mnは、焼入れ性の向上を介し、鋼の強度を増加させるとともに、靭性を向上させる作用を有する。このような効果を得るためには、0.1%以上の含有を必要とする。一方、3.0%を超える含有は、溶接性を低下させる。このため、Mnは0.1〜3.0%の範囲に限定した。なお、好ましくは0.5〜3.0%以上である。
Mn: 0.1-3.0%
Mn has the effect of increasing the strength of steel and improving toughness through the improvement of hardenability. In order to obtain such an effect, the content of 0.1% or more is required. On the other hand, the content exceeding 3.0% lowers the weldability. For this reason, Mn was limited to the range of 0.1 to 3.0%. In addition, Preferably it is 0.5 to 3.0% or more.

P:0.2%以下
Pは、耐候性を向上させる元素であるが、Pの多量含有は、靭性の劣化に繋がるため、できるだけ低減することが望ましいが、0.2%までは許容できる。このため、Pは、0.2%以下に限定した。なお、好ましくは0.1%以下である。
S:0.05%以下
Sは、鋼中では、介在物として存在し延性、靭性等を劣化させるため、できるだけ低減することが望ましいが、0.05%までは許容できる。このようなことから、Sは0.05%を上限とした。なお、好ましくは0.03%以下である。
P: 0.2% or less P is an element that improves the weather resistance. However, since a large amount of P leads to deterioration of toughness, it is desirable to reduce it as much as possible, but it is acceptable up to 0.2%. For this reason, P was limited to 0.2% or less. In addition, Preferably it is 0.1% or less.
S: 0.05% or less S is present as an inclusion in steel and deteriorates ductility, toughness, etc., so it is desirable to reduce it as much as possible, but 0.05% is acceptable. Therefore, the upper limit of S is 0.05%. In addition, Preferably it is 0.03% or less.

Sol.Al:0.1%以下
Alは、脱酸剤として作用するとともに、結晶粒の微細化にも寄与する元素であるが、0.1%を超える過剰の含有は、靭性の低下に繋がる。このため、Sol.Alは0.1%以下に限定した。なお、好ましくは0.05%以下である。
T.N:0.005%以下
T.N(全N量)は、Cと同様に、固溶強化により鋼の強度を増加させる元素であるが、過剰な含有は靭性の低下を招くため、本発明ではT.Nは0.005%以下に限定した。
Sol.Al: 0.1% or less
Al is an element that acts as a deoxidizing agent and contributes to refinement of crystal grains, but excessive content exceeding 0.1% leads to a decrease in toughness. For this reason, Sol.Al was limited to 0.1% or less. In addition, Preferably it is 0.05% or less.
T.N: 0.005% or less
T.N (total N amount) is an element that increases the strength of the steel by solid solution strengthening, as in C. However, excessive content causes a decrease in toughness, so in the present invention T.N is 0.005%. Limited to:

上記した成分が基本の成分であるが、本発明では上記した基本の組成に加えてさらに、必要に応じて、Cu:0.01〜2.0%、Cr:0.01〜3.0%、Mo:0.01〜2.0%、Nb:0.1%以下、V:0.1%以下、Ti:0.1%以下、B:0.01%以下のうちから選ばれた1種または2種以上、および/または、Ni:0.01〜10.0%、および/または、Ca:0.01%以下、REM:0.1%以下のうちから選ばれた1種または2種を含有してもよい。   Although the above-mentioned components are basic components, in the present invention, in addition to the basic composition described above, if necessary, Cu: 0.01 to 2.0%, Cr: 0.01 to 3.0%, Mo: 0.01 to 2.0%, Nb: 0.1% or less, V: 0.1% or less, Ti: 0.1% or less, B: one or more selected from 0.01% or less, and / or Ni: 0.01 to 10.0%, and / or , Ca: 0.01% or less, REM: One or two selected from 0.1% or less may be contained.

Cu:0.01〜2.0%、Cr:0.01〜3.0%、Mo:0.01〜2.0%、Nb:0.1%以下、V:0.1%以下、Ti:0.1%以下、B:0.005%以下のうちから選ばれた1種または2種以上
Cu、Cr、Mo、Nb、V、Ti、Bはいずれも、強度を増加させる作用を有する元素であり、必要に応じて、選択して含有できる。
Cuは、固溶強化を介して鋼の強度を増加させる作用を有する元素である。このような効果を確保するためには、0.01%以上の含有を必要とする。一方、2.0%を超える含有は、溶接性が低下するとともに、鋼材製造時に疵が生じやすくなる。このため、含有する場合には、Cuは0.01〜2.0%の範囲に限定することが好ましい。なお、より好ましくは、0.01〜1.0%である。
Cu: 0.01-2.0%, Cr: 0.01-3.0%, Mo: 0.01-2.0%, Nb: 0.1% or less, V: 0.1% or less, Ti: 0.1% or less, B: 0.005% or less 1 type or 2 types or more
Cu, Cr, Mo, Nb, V, Ti, and B are all elements that have the effect of increasing the strength, and can be selected and contained as necessary.
Cu is an element having an action of increasing the strength of steel through solid solution strengthening. In order to ensure such an effect, the content of 0.01% or more is required. On the other hand, if the content exceeds 2.0%, weldability is lowered and flaws are likely to occur during the production of the steel material. For this reason, when it contains, it is preferable to limit Cu to 0.01 to 2.0% of range. In addition, More preferably, it is 0.01 to 1.0%.

Crは、焼入れ性の向上や焼戻軟化抵抗の増加を介して鋼の強度を増加させる作用を有する元素である。このような効果は、0.01%以上の含有で認められる。一方、3.0%を超える含有は、溶接性と靭性を低下させる。このため、含有する場合には、Crは0.01〜3.0%に限定することが好ましい。なお、より好ましくは、0.01〜2.5%である。
Moは、焼入れ性の向上や焼戻軟化抵抗の増加を介して鋼の強度を増加させる作用を有する元素である。このような効果は、0.01%以上の含有で認められる。一方、2.0%を超える含有は、溶接性と靭性を低下させる。このため、含有する場合には、Moは0.01〜2.0%に限定することが好ましい。なお、より好ましくは、0.01〜1.0%である。
Cr is an element that has the effect of increasing the strength of steel through improving hardenability and increasing temper softening resistance. Such an effect is recognized when the content is 0.01% or more. On the other hand, the content exceeding 3.0% decreases weldability and toughness. For this reason, when contained, Cr is preferably limited to 0.01 to 3.0%. In addition, More preferably, it is 0.01 to 2.5%.
Mo is an element that has the effect of increasing the strength of steel through improving hardenability and increasing temper softening resistance. Such an effect is recognized when the content is 0.01% or more. On the other hand, the content exceeding 2.0% decreases weldability and toughness. For this reason, when it contains, it is preferable to limit Mo to 0.01 to 2.0%. In addition, More preferably, it is 0.01 to 1.0%.

Nbは、焼戻時に炭化物として析出し、析出強化を介して鋼の強度を増加させる元素である。また、Nbは圧延・焼入れ時のオーステナイト粒を細粒化する作用も有するが、0.1%を超える含有は、靭性を低下させる。このため、含有する場合には、Nbは0.1%以下に限定することが好ましい。なおより好ましくは0.05%以下である。
Vは、焼戻時に炭化物として析出し、析出強化を介して鋼の強度を増加させる元素である。また、Vは、圧延・焼入れ時のオーステナイト粒を細粒化する作用も有するが、0.1%を超える含有は、靭性を低下させる。このため、含有する場合には、Vは0.1%以下に限定することが好ましい。なおより好ましくは0.05%以下である。
Nb is an element that precipitates as carbide during tempering and increases the strength of the steel through precipitation strengthening. Nb also has the effect of refining austenite grains during rolling / quenching, but inclusion exceeding 0.1% reduces toughness. For this reason, when it contains, it is preferable to limit Nb to 0.1% or less. More preferably, it is 0.05% or less.
V is an element that precipitates as carbides during tempering and increases the strength of the steel through precipitation strengthening. V also has the effect of refining austenite grains during rolling / quenching, but the content exceeding 0.1% lowers toughness. For this reason, when it contains, it is preferable to limit V to 0.1% or less. More preferably, it is 0.05% or less.

Tiは、焼戻時に炭化物として析出し、析出強化を介し、鋼の強度を増加させるとともに、TiNが溶接熱影響部の旧オーステナイト粒を微細化し、靭性を向上させる。しかし、0.1%を超える含有は、靭性を低下させるとともに、鋼材コストの高騰を招く。このため、Tiは0.1%以下に限定することが好ましい。なお、より好ましくは0.05%以下である。
Bは、少量の含有で焼入れ性を向上させ、焼入れ性の向上を介して鋼の強度を増加させる作用を有する元素である。しかし、0.01%を超える含有は、溶接性を低下させる。このため、含有する場合には、Bは0.01%以下に限定することが好ましい。なお、より好ましくは0.005%以下である。
Ti precipitates as carbides during tempering and increases the strength of the steel through precipitation strengthening, while TiN refines the prior austenite grains in the weld heat affected zone and improves toughness. However, if the content exceeds 0.1%, the toughness is lowered and the steel material cost is increased. For this reason, Ti is preferably limited to 0.1% or less. In addition, More preferably, it is 0.05% or less.
B is an element that has the effect of improving the hardenability by containing a small amount and increasing the strength of the steel through the improvement of the hardenability. However, the content exceeding 0.01% lowers the weldability. For this reason, when it contains, it is preferable to limit B to 0.01% or less. More preferably, it is 0.005% or less.

Ni:0.01〜10.0%
Niは、低温靭性を向上させる作用を有するとともに、Cu含有時にCuによる熱間脆性の発生を防止する作用を有する元素であり、必要に応じて含有できる。このような効果は0.01%以上の含有で認められるが、10.0%を超える含有は、鋼材コストの高騰を招くとともに、溶接性が低下する。このため、Niは含有する場合には0.01〜10.0%に限定することが好ましい。
Ni: 0.01-10.0%
Ni is an element having an effect of improving low temperature toughness and an effect of preventing the occurrence of hot brittleness due to Cu when Cu is contained, and can be contained as necessary. Such an effect is recognized with a content of 0.01% or more. However, a content exceeding 10.0% causes a rise in the cost of steel materials and lowers weldability. For this reason, when it contains Ni, it is preferable to limit to 0.01 to 10.0%.

Ca:0.01%以下、REM:0.1%以下のうちから選ばれた1種または2種
Ca、REMはいずれも、溶接熱影響部靭性を向上させる元素であり、必要に応じて選択して1種または2種を含有できる。
Caは、溶接熱影響部靭性を向上させる元素であるが、0.01%を超える含有は、CaS介在物が増加し靭性を低下させる悪影響を及ぼす。このため、含有する場合は0.01%以下に限定することが好ましい。
One or two selected from Ca: 0.01% or less, REM: 0.1% or less
Both Ca and REM are elements that improve the weld heat-affected zone toughness, and can be selected as necessary to contain one or two kinds.
Ca is an element that improves the toughness of the heat affected zone of the weld. However, if its content exceeds 0.01%, CaS inclusions increase and the toughness is adversely affected. For this reason, when it contains, it is preferable to limit to 0.01% or less.

REMは、含有元素との相互作用で、溶接熱影響部靭性を向上させる元素であるが、0.1%を超えて含有すると靭性が低下する。このため、REMは0.1%以下に限定することが好ましい。なお、ここではREMは、希土類元素であるY、Ce等の総称で、ここでいう含有量はこれら元素の総量を意味する。
上記した成分以外の残部は、Feおよび不可避的不純物である。
REM is an element that improves the toughness of the weld heat affected zone by interaction with the contained elements, but if it exceeds 0.1%, the toughness decreases. For this reason, it is preferable to limit REM to 0.1% or less. Here, REM is a generic name for rare earth elements Y, Ce and the like, and the content here means the total amount of these elements.
The balance other than the above components is Fe and inevitable impurities.

次に、本発明厚鋼材の組織限定理由について説明する。
本発明厚鋼材は、表面から板厚方向に板厚の1/10までの領域において、硬質相からなる基地中に軟質相が分散した組織を含む。なお、ここでいう「表面」とは、図2に示す鋼材の表面に生成された酸化膜(いわゆるスケール)下の地鉄(鋼材)表面を意味する。ここでいう「硬質相」とは、ベイナイト、焼戻ベイナイト、焼戻マルテンサイト、マルテンサイトのうちの1種または2種以上をいうものとする。また、軟質相は、フェライト、ベイナイト、焼戻ベイナイトのうちの1種または2種以上をいうものとする。なお、硬質相からなる基地中に軟質相が分散した組織は、スケール直下の領域に存在することがより好ましい。
Next, the reason for limiting the structure of the thick steel material of the present invention will be described.
The thick steel material of the present invention includes a structure in which a soft phase is dispersed in a matrix composed of a hard phase in a region from the surface to 1/10 of the plate thickness in the plate thickness direction. Here, the “surface” means the surface of the ground steel (steel material) under the oxide film (so-called scale) generated on the surface of the steel material shown in FIG. Here, the “hard phase” means one or more of bainite, tempered bainite, tempered martensite, and martensite. Further, the soft phase refers to one or more of ferrite, bainite, and tempered bainite. In addition, it is more preferable that the structure in which the soft phase is dispersed in the matrix composed of the hard phase exists in a region immediately below the scale.

そして、上記した硬質相からなる基地中に軟質相が分散した組織は、軟質相の平均粒径d(μm)と硬質相と軟質相の硬さの差ΔHV(=(硬質相のビッカース硬さHV)−(軟質相のビッカース硬さHV))とが下記(1)式
(ΔHV)/d ≧ 400 ‥‥‥(1)
(ここで、ΔHV:硬質相のビッカース硬さと前記軟質相のビッカース硬さとの差、d:軟質相の平均粒径d(μm))
を満足する組織とする。
The structure in which the soft phase is dispersed in the matrix composed of the hard phase described above has an average particle diameter d (μm) of the soft phase and a difference ΔHV (= (Vickers hardness of the hard phase) of the hard phase and the soft phase. HV h ) − (Vickers hardness of soft phase HV s )) is expressed by the following formula (1) (ΔHV) 2 / d ≧ 400 (1)
(Here, ΔHV: difference between the Vickers hardness of the hard phase and the Vickers hardness of the soft phase, d: average particle diameter d (μm) of the soft phase)
An organization that satisfies

dとΔHVとが、(1)式を満足することにより、σwmax/σ0.2が0.8以上となる、所望の耐疲労き裂発生特性を確保することができる。これは、軟質相に発生するき裂の長さが軟質相の微細化にともない小さくなること、および、軟質相と硬質相の硬さ差ΔHVが大きくなるとともに、軟質相に発生したき裂が硬質相に進展しにくくなることによるためと考えられる。dとΔHVとが、(1)式を満足しない場合には、所望の耐疲労き裂発生特性を確保することができなくなる。 When d and ΔHV satisfy the expression (1), it is possible to ensure desired fatigue crack initiation characteristics in which σ wmax / σ 0.2 is 0.8 or more. This is because the crack length generated in the soft phase decreases as the soft phase becomes finer, and the hardness difference ΔHV between the soft phase and the hard phase increases, and the crack generated in the soft phase increases. This is thought to be due to the difficulty of progressing to the hard phase. If d and ΔHV do not satisfy the formula (1), the desired fatigue crack resistance cannot be ensured.

なお、軟質相の硬さ、硬質相の硬さは、ビッカース硬さ試験に際し使用する荷重により変化するため、図3に示すように、軟質相内または硬質相内で、圧痕が、K>Hとなるように、荷重を選択して測定するものとする。
つぎに、上記した組成と組織を有する本発明厚鋼材の好ましい製造方法について説明する。なお、以下、とくに断らない限り、温度は、鋼素材、厚鋼材の表面温度を用いるものとする。
Since the hardness of the soft phase and the hardness of the hard phase vary depending on the load used in the Vickers hardness test, as shown in FIG. 3, the indentation in the soft phase or the hard phase is K> H. The load shall be selected and measured so that
Below, the preferable manufacturing method of this invention thick steel material which has an above-described composition and structure | tissue is demonstrated. Hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, the temperature is the surface temperature of a steel material or a thick steel material.

本発明厚鋼材の好ましい製造方法は、上記した鋼素材に、特定条件の熱間圧延とその後に特定条件の冷却を施す。使用する鋼素材の製造方法は特に限定する必要はないが、上記した組成を有する溶鋼を、転炉等の常用の溶製法で溶製し、さらに連続鋳造法等の常用の鋳造方法でスラブ等の鋼素材とすることが好ましい。
まず、上記した組成の鋼素材を、(Ac3変態点+100℃)以上の温度に再加熱し、Ac3変態点を超える温度域における累積圧下率が50%以上となる熱間圧延を施す。
The preferable manufacturing method of this invention thick steel material gives the above-mentioned steel raw material the hot rolling of specific conditions, and cooling of specific conditions after that. The manufacturing method of the steel material to be used is not particularly limited, but the molten steel having the above composition is melted by a conventional melting method such as a converter, and further a slab or the like by a conventional casting method such as a continuous casting method. It is preferable to use a steel material.
First, the steel material having the above composition is reheated to a temperature of (A c3 transformation point + 100 ° C.) or higher, and hot rolling is performed so that the cumulative rolling reduction in the temperature range exceeding the A c3 transformation point is 50% or more.

熱間圧延のための再加熱温度が、(Ac3変態点+100℃)未満では、鋼素材に、所望の累積圧下率を付与する熱間圧延を施すことができなくなる。また、Ac3変態点を超える温度域における累積圧下率が50%未満では、所望の強度、靭性を確保できなくなる。このため、鋼素材に施す熱間圧延は、(Ac3変態点+100℃)以上の温度に再加熱し、Ac3変態点を超える温度域における累積圧下率が50%以上となる熱間圧延とすることが好ましい。 If the reheating temperature for hot rolling is less than ( Ac3 transformation point + 100 ° C.), hot rolling that imparts a desired cumulative rolling reduction to the steel material cannot be performed. On the other hand, when the cumulative rolling reduction in the temperature range exceeding the A c3 transformation point is less than 50%, desired strength and toughness cannot be ensured. For this reason, the hot rolling applied to the steel material is re-heating to a temperature of (A c3 transformation point + 100 ° C) or higher, and the cumulative rolling reduction in the temperature range exceeding the A c3 transformation point is 50% or more. It is preferable to do.

なお、Ac3変態点は、各成分の含有量に基づいて、次式で算出できる。
c3変態点(℃)=854−180C+44Si−14Mn−17.8Ni−1.7Cr、
ここで、C、Si、Mn、Ni、Crは各元素の含有量(質量%)である。
上記した熱間圧延後、冷却を施される。
冷却は、(Ar3変態点)〜(Ar3変態点−300℃)の温度域における冷却速度が10℃/s未満である冷却を5s以上含む第一段の冷却と、該第一段の冷却に引続き、10℃/s以上の冷却速度でAc1変態点以下まで冷却する第二段の冷却とからなる冷却とすることが好ましい。
The Ac3 transformation point can be calculated by the following equation based on the content of each component.
A c3 transformation point (℃) = 854-180C + 44Si- 14Mn-17.8Ni-1.7Cr,
Here, C, Si, Mn, Ni, and Cr are the contents (mass%) of each element.
After the hot rolling described above, cooling is performed.
The cooling includes the first-stage cooling including 5s or more of cooling at a cooling rate of less than 10 ° C./s in the temperature range of (A r3 transformation point) to (A r3 transformation point−300 ° C.), Subsequent to the cooling, it is preferable that the cooling comprises a second-stage cooling in which the cooling is performed at a cooling rate of 10 ° C./s or more to the A c1 transformation point or less.

上記した第一段の冷却により、とくに表層において、オーステナイトからフェライトに代表される軟質相が生成する。なお、(Ar3変態点)〜(Ar3変態点−300℃)の温度域における冷却速度が10℃/s以上では、軟質相が生成しなくなる。また、(Ar3変態点)〜(Ar3変態点−300℃)の温度域における10℃/s未満の冷却が5s未満では、軟質相が生成しなくなる。また、10℃/s未満である冷却を5s以上含む温度域が、(Ar3変態点−300℃)未満の温度域では、軟質相が生成されず、所望の特性を確保できなくなる。 By the first stage cooling described above, a soft phase typified by ferrite is formed from austenite, particularly in the surface layer. When the cooling rate in the temperature range of (A r3 transformation point) to (A r3 transformation point−300 ° C.) is 10 ° C./s or more, the soft phase is not generated. In addition, when the cooling at less than 10 ° C./s in the temperature range of (A r3 transformation point) to (A r3 transformation point−300 ° C.) is less than 5 s, the soft phase is not generated. In addition, when the temperature range including 5 s or more of cooling that is less than 10 ° C./s is less than ( Ar 3 transformation point−300 ° C.), a soft phase is not generated, and desired characteristics cannot be secured.

また、上記した第二段の冷却により、残部のオーステナイトがベイナイト、マルテンサイト等の硬質相に変態する。これにより、ΔHVが大きくなる。第二段の冷却の冷却停止温度が、Ac1変態点超えの場合、あるいは冷却速度が10℃/s未満では、オーステナイトがパーライトへ変態するため、ΔHVが小さくなるとともに、軟質相の粒径dが大きくなり、所望の特性を確保できなくなる。 Moreover, the remaining austenite is transformed into a hard phase such as bainite or martensite by the second-stage cooling described above. This increases ΔHV. When the cooling stop temperature of the second stage cooling exceeds the A c1 transformation point, or when the cooling rate is less than 10 ° C./s, since austenite transforms to pearlite, ΔHV is reduced and the particle size d of the soft phase is reduced. As a result, the desired characteristics cannot be secured.

なお、Ac1変態点、Ar3変態点は、各成分の含有量に基づいて、次各式で算出できる。
c1変態点(℃)=723−14Mn+22Si−14.4Ni+23.3Cr、
r3変態点(℃)=910−310C−80Mn−20Cu−15Cr−55Ni−80Mo
ここで、C、Si、Mn、Cu,Ni、Cu,Cr、Moは各元素の含有量(質量%)である。
The A c1 transformation point and the A r3 transformation point can be calculated by the following equations based on the content of each component.
A c1 transformation point (° C.) = 723−14Mn + 22Si−14.4Ni + 23.3Cr
A r3 transformation point (℃) = 910-310C-80Mn- 20Cu-15Cr-55Ni-80Mo
Here, C, Si, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Mo are the contents (mass%) of each element.

上記した冷却を施したのち、さらにAc1変態点未満の温度で焼戻する焼戻処理を施すことができる。焼戻処理を施すことにより、延性、靭性が向上し、所望の強度および靭性に調整することができる。なお、焼戻温度がAc1変態点以上では、島状マルテンサイトが生成し靭性が低下する。
以下、実施例に基づいてさらに本発明を詳細に説明する。
After performing the above-described cooling, a tempering treatment in which tempering is performed at a temperature lower than the Ac1 transformation point can be performed. By performing the tempering treatment, the ductility and toughness are improved and the desired strength and toughness can be adjusted. Note that when the tempering temperature is equal to or higher than the A c1 transformation point, island martensite is generated and toughness is lowered.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail based on examples.

表1に示す組成の鋼素材に、表2に示す条件で熱間圧延を施し、板厚12〜100mmの厚鋼板(厚鋼材)とした。これら厚鋼板について、組織観察、硬さ試験、引張試験、靭性試験、疲労試験を実施した。試験方法はつぎのとおりとした。
(1)組織観察
得られた厚鋼板から、表面から板厚方向に少なくとも板厚の1/10までの領域を含むように組織観察用試験片を採取した。組織観察用試験片の、圧延方向に平行な断面を観察面として鏡面研磨し、3%ナイタール腐食液によりエッチングし、金属組織を観察し、組織の同定を行った。なお、金属組織の観察は、光学顕微鏡(倍率:50〜400倍)を用いて、ランダムに視野数:20視野で行った。そして、各視野で、JIS G 0551(2005)の規定に準拠した線分法(切断法)を用いて、軟質相の粒径dを圧延方向と板厚方向についてそれぞれ測定し、それらの平均値を該厚鋼板の各視野における粒径とし、これら各視野における値の算術平均をその厚鋼板の軟質相の平均粒径dとした。
The steel material having the composition shown in Table 1 was hot-rolled under the conditions shown in Table 2 to obtain a thick steel plate (thick steel material) having a thickness of 12 to 100 mm. These thick steel plates were subjected to structure observation, hardness test, tensile test, toughness test, and fatigue test. The test method was as follows.
(1) Microstructure observation A specimen for microstructural observation was collected from the obtained thick steel plate so as to include at least 1/10 of the plate thickness in the thickness direction from the surface. The cross section parallel to the rolling direction of the test piece for structure observation was mirror-polished as an observation surface, etched with a 3% nital etchant, the metal structure was observed, and the structure was identified. In addition, observation of the metal structure was performed randomly using 20 optical fields using an optical microscope (magnification: 50 to 400 times). In each field of view, the particle size d of the soft phase was measured in the rolling direction and the plate thickness direction using the line segment method (cutting method) in accordance with the provisions of JIS G 0551 (2005). Is the grain size in each field of view of the thick steel plate, and the arithmetic average of the values in each field of view is the average grain size d of the soft phase of the thick steel plate.

なお、上記した組織観察の各視野で、JIS G 0551(2005)の規定に準拠した線分法を用いて、軟質相と硬質相の境界数Bshと全境界数Btとを測定し、BshとBtとの比、Bsh/Bt、を算出した。そして、Bsh/Btが0.70以上である視野が1つ以上存在する場合を硬質相(基地)中に軟質相が分散している組織を含む組織であると判定した。なお、表中には得られたBsh/Btの最大値を示した。Bsh/Btが0.70未満では、総境界数中に占める軟質相/軟質相の境界数が多くなることとなり、軟質相が分散しているのではなく、基地として存在すると判定した。   In addition, in each field of view of the structure observation described above, the boundary number Bsh and the total boundary number Bt between the soft phase and the hard phase were measured using a line segment method compliant with JIS G 0551 (2005). The ratio with Bt, Bsh / Bt, was calculated. And it determined with the structure | tissue containing the structure | tissue in which the soft phase has disperse | distributed in the hard phase (base) when one or more visual fields which Bsh / Bt is 0.70 or more exist. In the table, the maximum value of Bsh / Bt obtained is shown. When Bsh / Bt was less than 0.70, the number of soft phase / soft phase boundaries in the total number of boundaries increased, and it was determined that the soft phases were not dispersed but existed as a base.

(2)硬さ試験
得られた厚鋼板から、表面から板厚方向に少なくとも板厚の1/10までの領域を含むように硬さ測定用試験片を採取した。硬さ測定用試験片の、圧延方向に平行な断面を測定面として鏡面研磨し、ビッカース硬さ計を用いて、硬質相と軟質相の硬さをそれぞれ測定した。なお、軟質相と硬質相の硬さ測定に当たっては、図3に示すように、K>Hとなるように、各試験片ごとに、荷重を選択して測定した。硬さ測定は、各厚鋼材についてBsh/Btが最大値を示した位置で、軟質相と硬質相を各10ヶ所行い、それらの値の算術平均を、各厚鋼材の軟質相の硬さ(HVs)および硬質相の硬さ(HVh)とした。そして、各厚鋼材における、硬質相と軟質相の硬さの差ΔHV(=HVh−HVs)を算出した。
(2) Hardness test A specimen for hardness measurement was collected from the obtained thick steel plate so as to include at least 1/10 of the plate thickness in the thickness direction from the surface. The test piece for hardness measurement was mirror-polished using a cross section parallel to the rolling direction as a measurement surface, and the hardness of the hard phase and the soft phase was measured using a Vickers hardness meter. In the measurement of the hardness of the soft phase and the hard phase, as shown in FIG. 3, the load was selected and measured for each test piece so that K> H. Hardness is measured at the position where Bsh / Bt shows the maximum value for each thick steel material, each of the soft phase and the hard phase at 10 locations, and the arithmetic average of these values is taken as the hardness of the soft phase of each thick steel material ( HVs) and the hardness of the hard phase (HVh). And the difference (DELTA) HV (= HVh-HVs) of the hardness of a hard phase and a soft phase in each thick steel material was computed.

(3)引張試験
得られた厚鋼板から、JIS Z 2201(1998)の規定に準拠して、引張方向が鋼板の圧延方向と直角方向となるように、全厚のJIS 5号引張試験片を採取した。引張試験は、JIS Z 2241(1998)に準拠して行い、0.2%耐力σ0.2、引張強さσTSを求め、静的引張時の引張特性を評価した。
(3) Tensile test In accordance with the provisions of JIS Z 2201 (1998), a full-thickness JIS No. 5 tensile test piece is used so that the tensile direction is perpendicular to the rolling direction of the steel plate. Collected. The tensile test was performed in accordance with JIS Z 2241 (1998), and 0.2% proof stress σ 0.2 and tensile strength σ TS were obtained, and the tensile properties during static tension were evaluated.

(4)靭性試験
得られた厚鋼板から、JIS Z 2242(2005)の規定に準拠して、長手方向が圧延方向に平行方向となるように、Vノッチ試験片を採取し、破面遷移温度vTrsを求め、靭性を評価した。なお、試験片は、板厚が20mm以上の場合は、T/4位置、板厚が20mm未満の場合はT/2位置から採取した。
(4) Toughness test V-notch specimens were taken from the obtained thick steel plate in accordance with the provisions of JIS Z 2242 (2005) so that the longitudinal direction was parallel to the rolling direction, and the fracture surface transition temperature was obtained. vTrs was determined and toughness was evaluated. The test piece was collected from the T / 4 position when the plate thickness was 20 mm or more, and from the T / 2 position when the plate thickness was less than 20 mm.

(5)疲労試験
得られた厚鋼板から、長手方向が圧延方向に直角方向となるようにJIS Z 2201(1998)の規定に準拠して全厚のJIS 5号引張試験片を採取した。これら試験片を用いて、JIS Z 2273(1978)の規定に準拠して疲労試験を実施し、疲労強度を求めた。疲労試験は、大気中にて応力比:0.1で、周波数10Hzのsine波形の応力を負荷して行い、繰返し数が200万回で破断しなかった最大の応力振幅での最大応力σwmaxを求め、疲労強度とした。図4に負荷応力波形を模式的に示す。
(5) Fatigue test A full-thickness JIS No. 5 tensile test piece was collected from the resulting thick steel plate in accordance with the provisions of JIS Z 2201 (1998) so that the longitudinal direction was perpendicular to the rolling direction. Using these test pieces, a fatigue test was carried out in accordance with the provisions of JIS Z 2273 (1978) to determine the fatigue strength. The fatigue test is performed in the atmosphere with a stress ratio of 0.1 and a stress of sine waveform with a frequency of 10 Hz, and the maximum stress σ wmax at the maximum stress amplitude that did not break after 2 million cycles was obtained. The fatigue strength was determined. FIG. 4 schematically shows a load stress waveform.

得られた結果を表3に示す。   The obtained results are shown in Table 3.

本発明例はいずれも、表面から板厚方向に板厚の1/10までの領域に、所望の組織が含まれ、σWmax/σ0.2が0.8以上で、耐疲労き裂発生特性に優れ、しかも、引張強さTS:490MPa以上の強度と、シャルピー衝撃試験の破面遷移温度vTrsが0℃以下の高靭性を有する厚鋼板となっている。
一方、本発明の範囲を外れる比較例は、σWmax/σ0.2が0.8未満で耐疲労き裂発生特性が低下しているか、強度が不足しているか、あるいは靭性が低下しているか、あるいは両者とも劣化している。
In all of the examples of the present invention, a desired structure is included in the region from the surface to 1/10 of the plate thickness in the plate thickness direction, and σ Wmax / σ 0.2 is 0.8 or more, and excellent fatigue crack generation characteristics, Moreover, the steel sheet has a tensile strength TS: 490 MPa or more and a high toughness with a fracture surface transition temperature vTrs of Charpy impact test of 0 ° C. or less.
On the other hand, in the comparative examples that are outside the scope of the present invention, σ Wmax / σ 0.2 is less than 0.8, and the fatigue crack initiation characteristics are reduced, the strength is insufficient, the toughness is reduced, or both Both have deteriorated.

C含有量が本発明範囲を低く外れる厚鋼板No.11は、強度が不足し、さらに(1)式を満足せずσWmax/σ0.2が0.8未満と、耐疲労き裂発生特性が低下している。また、C、P、S含有量が本発明範囲を高く外れる厚鋼板No.12は、靭性が低下している。
また、熱間圧延条件のうち、再加熱温度、圧下率が本発明の好適範囲外となる厚鋼板No.13は、靭性が低下し、(1)式を満足せず、耐疲労き裂発生特性が低下している。また、冷却条件のうち、第一の冷却が本発明の好適範囲外となる厚鋼板No.14は、軟質相が生成せず、所望の組織となっていないため、(1)式を満足せず、耐疲労き裂発生特性が低下している。
Thick steel plate No. 11 whose C content deviates from the scope of the present invention is insufficient in strength, and further satisfies the formula (1), and σ Wmax / σ 0.2 is less than 0.8. ing. Further, the thick steel plate No. 12 whose C, P, and S contents deviate from the scope of the present invention has a high toughness.
Further, among the hot rolling conditions, the thick steel plate No. 13 whose reheating temperature and reduction ratio are outside the preferred ranges of the present invention has reduced toughness and does not satisfy the formula (1), and fatigue cracking is generated. The characteristics are degraded. Further, among the cooling conditions, the thick steel plate No. 14 in which the first cooling is outside the preferred range of the present invention does not generate a soft phase and does not have a desired structure, and therefore satisfies the formula (1). However, the fatigue crack resistance is reduced.

また、冷却条件のうち、第二段の冷却が本発明の好適範囲外となる厚鋼板No.15は、強度が不足し、(1)式を満足せず、耐疲労き裂発生特性が低下している。また、焼戻処理が本発明の好適範囲外となる厚鋼板No.16は、靭性が低下している。   Among the cooling conditions, the thick steel plate No. 15 in which the second stage cooling is outside the preferred range of the present invention has insufficient strength, does not satisfy the formula (1), and the fatigue crack resistance is reduced. doing. In addition, the thick steel plate No. 16 in which the tempering treatment is outside the preferred range of the present invention has reduced toughness.

200万回疲労強度σWmaxと静的引張時の0.2%耐力σ0.2との比と、(ΔHV)/dとの関係を示すグラフである。It is a graph which shows the relationship between (ΔHV) 2 / d and the ratio between the 2 million fatigue strength σ Wmax and the 0.2% yield strength σ 0.2 during static tension. 本発明で定義する鋼材表面の位置を示す写真である。It is a photograph which shows the position of the steel material surface defined by this invention. 軟質相または硬質相の硬さ測定方法を模式的に示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows typically the hardness measuring method of a soft phase or a hard phase. 実施例で使用した疲労試験時の負荷応力の波形を模式的に示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows typically the waveform of the load stress at the time of the fatigue test used in the Example.

Claims (7)

質量%で、
C:0.02〜0.4%、 Si:0.01〜0.55%、
Mn:0.1〜3.0%、 P:0.2%以下、
S:0.05%以下、 Sol.Al:0.1%以下、
T.N:0.005%以下
を含み、残部Feおよび不可避的不純物からなる組成を有し、表面から板厚方向に板厚の1/10までの領域において、JIS G 0551(2005)の規定に準拠した線分法を用いて測定した軟質相と硬質相の境界数Bshと全境界数Btとの比、Bsh/Btの最大値が0.73以上である硬質相からなる基地中に軟質相が分散した組織で、かつ前記軟質相の平均粒径d(μm)と、前記硬質相のビッカース硬さと前記軟質相のビッカース硬さとの差ΔHVとが下記(1)式を満足する組織を含むことを特徴とする耐疲労き裂発生特性に優れた厚鋼材。

(ΔHV)/d ≧ 400 ‥‥‥(1)
ここで、ΔHV:硬質相のビッカース硬さと軟質相のビッカース硬さとの差
d:軟質相の平均粒径d(μm)
% By mass
C: 0.02 to 0.4%, Si: 0.01 to 0.55%,
Mn: 0.1 to 3.0%, P: 0.2% or less,
S: 0.05% or less, Sol.Al: 0.1% or less,
T.N: Contains 0.005% or less, has a composition consisting of remaining Fe and inevitable impurities, and conforms to the provisions of JIS G 0551 (2005) in the region from the surface to 1/10 of the plate thickness in the plate thickness direction. The ratio of the number Bsh of the soft phase to the hard phase measured using the line segment method and the total number Bt of the soft phase, the soft phase is dispersed in the base composed of the hard phase with a maximum Bsh / Bt of 0.73 or more. And an average particle diameter d (μm) of the soft phase and a difference ΔHV between the Vickers hardness of the hard phase and the Vickers hardness of the soft phase includes a structure satisfying the following expression (1): A thick steel material with excellent fatigue crack resistance.
(ΔHV) 2 / d ≧ 400 (1)
Where ΔHV: difference between Vickers hardness of hard phase and Vickers hardness of soft phase
d: Average particle diameter d (μm) of the soft phase
前記組成に加えてさらに、質量%で、Cu:0.01〜2.0%、Cr:0.01〜3.0%、Mo:0.01〜2.0%、Nb:0.1%以下、V:0.1%以下、Ti:0.1%以下、B:0.01%以下のうちから選ばれた1種または2種以上を含有する組成とすることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の厚鋼材。   In addition to the above composition, Cu: 0.01 to 2.0%, Cr: 0.01 to 3.0%, Mo: 0.01 to 2.0%, Nb: 0.1% or less, V: 0.1% or less, Ti: 0.1% or less, B: Thick steel material according to claim 1, characterized in that the composition contains one or more selected from 0.01% or less. 前記組成に加えてさらに、質量%で、Ni:0.01〜10.0%を含有する組成とすることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の厚鋼材 The thick steel material according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising Ni: 0.01 to 10.0% by mass% in addition to the composition . 質量%で、
C:0.02〜0.4%、 Si:0.01〜0.55%、
Mn:0.1〜3.0%、 P:0.2%以下、
S:0.05%以下 Sol.Al:0.1%以下、
T.N:0.005%以下
を含み、残部Feおよび不可避的不純物からなる組成の鋼素材を、(Ac3変態点+100℃)以上の温度に再加熱し、Ac3変態点を超える温度域における累積圧下率が50%以上となる熱間圧延を施したのち、(Ar3変態点)〜(Ar3変態点−300℃)の温度域における冷却速度が10℃/s未満である冷却を5s以上含む第一段の冷却と、該第一段の冷却に引続き、10℃/s以上の冷却速度でAc1変態点以下まで冷却する第二段の冷却とからなる冷却を施すことを特徴とする耐疲労き裂発生特性に優れた厚鋼材の製造方法。
% By mass
C: 0.02 to 0.4%, Si: 0.01 to 0.55%,
Mn: 0.1 to 3.0%, P: 0.2% or less,
S: 0.05% or less Sol.Al: 0.1% or less,
T.N: Re-heating steel material with a composition containing less than 0.005% and the balance Fe and unavoidable impurities to a temperature of (A c3 transformation point + 100 ° C) or higher, and accumulation in a temperature range exceeding the A c3 transformation point After performing hot rolling with a reduction rate of 50% or more, cooling at a cooling rate of less than 10 ° C./s in the temperature range of (A r3 transformation point) to (A r3 transformation point−300 ° C.) is 5 s or more. Including the first stage cooling and the second stage cooling to cool to the A c1 transformation point or less at a cooling rate of 10 ° C./s or more following the first stage cooling. A method for manufacturing thick steel materials with excellent fatigue crack resistance.
前記組成に加えてさらに、質量%で、Cu:0.01〜2.0%、Cr:0.01〜3.0%、Mo:0.01〜2.0%、Nb:0.1%以下、V:0.1%以下、Ti:0.1%以下、B:0.01%以下のうちから選ばれた1種または2種以上を含有する組成とすることを特徴とする請求項に記載の厚鋼材の製造方法。 In addition to the above composition, Cu: 0.01 to 2.0%, Cr: 0.01 to 3.0%, Mo: 0.01 to 2.0%, Nb: 0.1% or less, V: 0.1% or less, Ti: 0.1% or less, B: The method for producing a thick steel material according to claim 4 , wherein the composition contains one or more selected from 0.01% or less. 前記組成に加えてさらに、質量%で、Ni:0.01〜10.0%を含有する組成とすることを特徴とする請求項またはに記載の厚鋼材の製造方法 The method for producing a thick steel material according to claim 4 or 5 , further comprising a composition containing Ni: 0.01 to 10.0% by mass% in addition to the composition . 前記冷却を施したのち、さらにAc1変態点未満の温度で焼戻する焼戻処理を施すことを特徴とする請求項ないしのいずれかに記載の厚鋼材の製造方法。 The method for producing a thick steel material according to any one of claims 4 to 6 , wherein after the cooling, a tempering process is further performed in which tempering is performed at a temperature lower than the A c1 transformation point.
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