JP5073227B2 - Hazardous substance treatment agent - Google Patents

Hazardous substance treatment agent Download PDF

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JP5073227B2
JP5073227B2 JP2006141311A JP2006141311A JP5073227B2 JP 5073227 B2 JP5073227 B2 JP 5073227B2 JP 2006141311 A JP2006141311 A JP 2006141311A JP 2006141311 A JP2006141311 A JP 2006141311A JP 5073227 B2 JP5073227 B2 JP 5073227B2
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treating agent
hazardous substance
substance
harmful substance
treatment agent
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充則 人見
剛志 山田
正雄 石井
隆範 北村
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Kuraray Chemical Co Ltd
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Description

本発明は有害物質処理剤に関する。さらに詳しくは、ダイオキシンなどの有機ハロゲン化合物で汚染された煙道、煙突、ボイラー、排煙洗浄塔等の解体時、シックハウス症候群を引き起こすホルムアルデヒド、ビスフェノールなどの有害物質であるPRTR対象物質が含有される建造物の解体時、ゴミ焼却場で発生するダイオキシン含有飛灰の運搬あるいは処理作業時などに発生する有害物質や、空中に浮遊する粉塵に含まれる有害物質を処理するための有害物質処理剤に関する。   The present invention relates to a hazardous substance treating agent. More specifically, it contains PRTR substances that are harmful substances such as formaldehyde and bisphenol that cause sick house syndrome when decomposing flue, chimneys, boilers, flue gas cleaning towers, etc. contaminated with organic halogen compounds such as dioxin. It relates to a hazardous substance treatment agent for treating harmful substances that are generated during the dismantling of buildings, transporting or processing dioxin-containing fly ash generated at garbage incineration sites, and harmful substances contained in dust floating in the air. .

従来、都市ゴミや下水汚泥などの産業廃棄物などを焼却することにより発生する排ガス中や粉塵中にはダイオキシン類などの有機ハロゲン化合物が含有されていることがあり、これらの有機ハロゲン化合物は猛毒であるため、人の健康及び生態系への影響が懸念されている。   Conventionally, organic halogen compounds such as dioxins may be contained in exhaust gas and dust generated by incineration of industrial waste such as municipal waste and sewage sludge. These organic halogen compounds are extremely toxic. Therefore, there are concerns about the impact on human health and ecosystems.

また、一般廃棄物焼却炉、産業廃棄物焼却炉、鉄鋼焼却炉などから発生する煙道排ガス中にもダイオキシン類などの有機ハロゲン化合物が含有されており、焼却炉や煙突の内壁面にも有機ハロゲン化合物が多く付着しており、内壁面アスベスト層に付着している煤塵や飛灰にもダイオキシン類が多く含まれている。   Also, flue gas generated from general waste incinerators, industrial waste incinerators, steel incinerators, etc. also contains organic halogen compounds such as dioxins, and the inner walls of incinerators and chimneys are also organic. A lot of halogen compounds are attached, and soot and fly ash adhering to the inner wall asbestos layer are also rich in dioxins.

さらに詳しく述べると、煙道、煙突、ボイラー、排煙洗浄塔等の燃焼構造物では、その内壁面を構成しているコンクリート、レンガ、鋼板、アスベスト及びその他表面に煤塵や飛灰が大量に付着しており、ビル等建造物では、その内壁面を構成しているコンクリート、レンガ、鋼板、木材、アスベスト及びその他表面にシックハウス症候群の原因となるホルムアルデヒドやビスフェノールなど人体に影響を及ぼす薬剤が付着している。   More specifically, in combustion structures such as flues, chimneys, boilers, and flue gas cleaning towers, large amounts of dust and fly ash adhere to the concrete, brick, steel plate, asbestos and other surfaces that make up the inner wall surface. In buildings and other buildings, concrete, bricks, steel plates, wood, asbestos and other surfaces that make up the inner wall of the building are exposed to drugs that affect the human body, such as formaldehyde and bisphenol, which cause sick house syndrome. ing.

これらのアスベスト、煤塵、飛灰などにはダイオキシン類が多く含まれた状態であり、建造物材料にはシックハウス症候群の原因となるホルムアルデヒド等が多く含まれている。これらの汚染された建造物の解体時やリノベーション工事の際には、有害物質を含有する粉塵の飛散防止や作業員の安全を強く求められることから、養生を施したり、汚染物を固化して無害化処理を図りながら施工されているが、固化物から有害物質が再放出することが懸念され、作業者の暴露や大気汚染は依然として危惧されている。   These asbestos, dust, fly ash, and the like are in a state that contains a large amount of dioxins, and the building materials contain a lot of formaldehyde that causes sick house syndrome. When disassembling or renovating these contaminated buildings, it is strongly required to prevent dust from containing harmful substances from being scattered and to ensure the safety of workers. Although it is being constructed with detoxification treatment, there are concerns about the release of harmful substances from the solidified material, and there is still concern about worker exposure and air pollution.

これまで、排ガスや飛灰を処理する方法として、消石灰と酸化マグネシウムと、無機酸化物の多孔性物質及び/又は非晶質水酸化アルミニウムからなる処理剤を焼却炉の煙道排ガス中に吹き込み、酸性ガスやダイオキシン類を排ガスから除去するとともに、回収された飛灰に塩化マグネシウムを添加、混練する排ガス及び飛灰の処理方法が知られている(特許文献1)。しかしながら、この方法は集塵機で飛灰を分離し、飛灰に塩化マグネシウム水溶液と水を添加して固化する必要があり煩雑な処理工程が必要である。また、集塵機出口のダイオキシン類の排出濃度は低下するとされているが皆無とはいえない。
特開2000−051645公報
Until now, as a method of treating exhaust gas and fly ash, a treatment agent composed of slaked lime and magnesium oxide, a porous material of inorganic oxide and / or amorphous aluminum hydroxide is blown into flue exhaust gas of an incinerator, An exhaust gas and fly ash treatment method is known in which acid gas and dioxins are removed from exhaust gas and magnesium chloride is added to and kneaded with the recovered fly ash (Patent Document 1). However, in this method, it is necessary to separate fly ash with a dust collector and add a magnesium chloride aqueous solution and water to the fly ash to solidify it, which requires complicated processing steps. In addition, although the concentration of dioxins emitted from the dust collector outlet is said to decrease, it cannot be said that there is nothing.
JP 2000-051645 A

また、ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)を用いて粉塵の飛散を防止する方法が知られており、例えば、ゴミ焼却炉から排出された固体廃棄物に対し、PVAを含有する水溶液を混練する方法が提案されており(特許文献2)、PVAなどの水溶液をダイオキシン含有粉塵が浮遊している空間に噴霧する方法も知られている(特許文献3)。
特開2005−296729公報 特開2002−119818公報
In addition, a method for preventing scattering of dust using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is known. For example, a method for kneading an aqueous solution containing PVA to solid waste discharged from a garbage incinerator is proposed. (Patent Document 2), and a method of spraying an aqueous solution such as PVA into a space where dioxin-containing dust is floating is also known (Patent Document 3).
JP 2005-296729 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-19818

しかしながら、PVAを用いる方法のほとんどは粉塵を固めることによって粉塵の飛散を防ぐものであり、有害物質の捕捉が完全ではないため有害物質の再放出が懸念されるが、これまで有害物質の飛散をも併せて抑制する方法について提案されたものは見受けられず、依然として解体工事周辺への環境暴露や作業者への暴露が危惧されているのが現状である。したがって、本発明の目的は、大気中に飛散して汚染問題及び健康問題を発起しているダイオキシン類、ホルムアルデヒド等が含まれている粉塵等を容易に捕集して、有害物質を吸着剤により吸着捕捉し、解体工事周辺環境の汚染や作業者の暴露問題の危惧を解消することのできる有害物質処理剤を提供することにある。   However, most of the methods using PVA prevent dust scattering by hardening the dust. Since the capture of harmful substances is not complete, there is concern about the release of harmful substances. At the same time, there has been no suggestion of a method to suppress this, and there are still concerns about environmental exposure around the dismantling work and exposure to workers. Therefore, the object of the present invention is to easily collect the dust containing dioxins, formaldehyde and the like that are scattered in the atmosphere and cause pollution problems and health problems, The object is to provide a toxic substance treatment agent that can absorb and capture the environmental pollution surrounding the demolition work and the fear of worker exposure problems.

本発明者らは鋭意検討し、多孔質物質を含む高分子化合物水溶液により上記目的を達成することができることを見出し本発明に到達した。すなわち本発明は、多孔質物質を含む高分子化合物水溶液からなる有害物質処理剤である。   The inventors of the present invention diligently studied and found that the above object can be achieved by an aqueous polymer compound solution containing a porous material, and reached the present invention. That is, the present invention is a harmful substance treating agent comprising an aqueous polymer compound solution containing a porous substance.

本発明の有害物質処理剤は、解体前の焼却炉あるいはビル等建造物に噴霧・固
化することによって粉塵の飛散を防止することができる。また、本発明の有害物
質処理剤を、例えば、有害物質を含有するアスベストなどに噴霧し固化させる
だけで、アスベストを建造物から剥離させても有害物質が再放出されることは
なく、作業効率が大幅にアップするとともに、作業者の暴露問題や大気汚染へ
の危惧を解消することができる。
The harmful substance treating agent of the present invention can prevent dust from being scattered by spraying and solidifying on an incinerator or a building such as a building before dismantling. In addition, the hazardous substance treating agent of the present invention is sprayed and solidified on, for example, asbestos containing a hazardous substance, and the harmful substance is not re-released even if the asbestos is peeled off from the building. As a result, the exposure problems of workers and concerns about air pollution can be resolved.

本発明の有害物質処理剤に用いられる多孔質物質としては、活性炭、ゼオライト、シリカゲル、アルミナ、シリカ−アルミナ、モルデナイトなどを挙げることができる。これらは混合して使用してもよい。なかでも、活性炭、ゼオライト、シリカゲル、アルミナ又はこれらの混合物が好ましい。多孔質物質の形状は限定されるものではないが、PVAなどの高分子化合物の水溶液に混合して用いられるので粉末状のものが好ましい。多孔質物質の平均粒子径は、吸着性能を上げる観点及びスプレーノズルの閉塞を防止する観点から小さい方が好ましく、50μm以下が好ましい。平均粒子径はレーザー回折粒度分布計等によって求めることができる。   Examples of the porous substance used in the hazardous substance treating agent of the present invention include activated carbon, zeolite, silica gel, alumina, silica-alumina, and mordenite. These may be used as a mixture. Of these, activated carbon, zeolite, silica gel, alumina or a mixture thereof is preferable. The shape of the porous material is not limited, but is preferably in the form of a powder because it is used by mixing with an aqueous solution of a polymer compound such as PVA. The average particle size of the porous material is preferably smaller from the viewpoint of increasing the adsorption performance and preventing the spray nozzle from being blocked, and is preferably 50 μm or less. The average particle diameter can be determined by a laser diffraction particle size distribution meter or the like.

多孔質物質のなかでも活性炭、ゼオライト、シリカゲル、アルミナ又はこれらの混合物が好ましいが、有害物質の吸着性の点でとくに比表面積500m/g以上、好ましくは800〜1500m/gの活性炭が好ましい。 Activated carbon Among porous substance, zeolite, silica gel, and alumina or mixtures thereof are preferred, hazardous substances terms of adsorption of in particular a specific surface area of 500 meters 2 / g or more, preferably activated carbon 800~1500m 2 / g .

活性炭としては、木材、鋸屑、ヤシ殻、クルミ殻などの果実殻、果実種子、パルプ製造副生物、リグニン、廃糖蜜などの植物系、泥炭、草炭、亜炭、褐炭、レキ青炭、無煙炭、コークス、コールタール、石炭ピッチ、石油蒸留残渣、石油ピッチなどの鉱物系、フェノール、サラン、アクリル樹脂などの合成素材、再生繊維(レーヨン)などの天然素材を原料とし、従来公知の条件により炭化、賦活された各種活性炭を例示することができる。   Activated carbon includes wood, sawdust, palm shell, walnut shell and other fruit shells, fruit seeds, pulp production by-products, lignin, molasses, and other plant systems, peat, grass charcoal, lignite, lignite, lignite, anthracite, coke , Coal tar, coal pitch, petroleum distillation residue, mineral pitch such as petroleum pitch, synthetic materials such as phenol, saran, acrylic resin, natural materials such as recycled fiber (rayon), and carbonization and activation under known conditions Examples of the various activated carbons can be given.

本発明の有害物質処理剤に用いられる高分子化合物としては、PVA、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウムなどのポリアクリル酸塩、カルボキシメチルセルロース、メチルセルロース、寒天、アルギン酸ナトリウム、アルギン酸カルシウムなどのアルギン酸塩、グリコールキトサン、メチルグリコールキトサンなどのキトサン類、イソブチレン無水マレイン酸コポリマー、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリアクリルアミド、カラギーナンなどの水溶性高分子化合物を挙げることができる。これらは混合して用いることができる。   Examples of the polymer compound used in the hazardous substance treating agent of the present invention include PVA, polyacrylate such as sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, agar, sodium alginate, alginates such as calcium alginate, glycol chitosan, methyl Examples thereof include chitosans such as glycol chitosan, water-soluble polymer compounds such as isobutylene maleic anhydride copolymer, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, and carrageenan. These can be mixed and used.

高分子化合物としては、溶液粘度、多孔質物質の分散性、噴霧・固化後の膜強度の点などからPVA、ポリアクリル酸塩、カルボキシメチルセルロース又はこれらの混合物が好ましい。なかでもPVAが好ましい。PVAとしては、PVAを基本構成単位とするものであればよく、エチレン、プロピレン、1−ブテン、イソブテン、1−ヘキセン等をコモノマー単位とする変性PVAなどを例示することができる。変性割合は本発明の効果を損なわない範囲であれば特に制限されないが、通常PVAに対して20モル%以下で使用される。とくに、平均重合度が500以下、好ましくは100以上、ケン化度70〜100モル%のPVAが好ましい。   As the polymer compound, PVA, polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, or a mixture thereof is preferable from the viewpoint of solution viscosity, dispersibility of the porous material, and film strength after spraying and solidification. Of these, PVA is preferable. As PVA, what has PVA as a basic structural unit may be used, and modified PVA having ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1-hexene or the like as a comonomer unit can be exemplified. The modification ratio is not particularly limited as long as it does not impair the effects of the present invention, but is usually used at 20 mol% or less relative to PVA. In particular, PVA having an average polymerization degree of 500 or less, preferably 100 or more, and a saponification degree of 70 to 100 mol% is preferable.

本発明の有害物質処理剤は、水100重量部、好ましくは温水100重量部にに対して、高分子化合物1〜30重量部、好ましくは10〜20重量部を溶解し、多孔質物質を0.1〜15重量部、好ましくは1〜10重量部混合分散させることによって得ることができる。このようにして得られた有害物質処理剤は、塗料などの噴霧に用いられるスプレーガンを用いて有害物質を含有する解体前の建造物などに噴霧され、固化される。固化は−5℃〜50℃、1〜72時間放置することによって行われるが、温度を調整して固化時間を短縮することも可能である。本発明の有害物質処理剤は空中に浮遊する有害物質含有粉塵に噴霧してもよい。   The hazardous substance treating agent of the present invention dissolves 1 to 30 parts by weight, preferably 10 to 20 parts by weight of a polymer compound in 100 parts by weight of water, preferably 100 parts by weight of hot water, and 0% of a porous substance. It can be obtained by mixing and dispersing 1 to 15 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight. The harmful substance treating agent thus obtained is sprayed and solidified on a building before demolition containing harmful substances using a spray gun used for spraying paint or the like. Solidification is carried out by leaving it at −5 ° C. to 50 ° C. for 1 to 72 hours, but it is also possible to adjust the temperature to shorten the solidification time. The hazardous substance treating agent of the present invention may be sprayed on harmful substance-containing dust floating in the air.

PVA水溶液に少量の活性炭を加えた有害物質処理剤を対象とする建造物に噴霧、固化させるだけで簡単に有害物質を封じ込めることができることは驚くべきことであり、本発明の有害物質処理剤を使用することにより、作業者の暴露問題や大気汚染への危惧がなくなることは作業者の精神的負担を大幅に軽減する。以下、実施例により本発明を具体的に説明するが本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。   It is surprising that a hazardous substance treating agent obtained by adding a small amount of activated carbon to a PVA aqueous solution can be easily contained by simply spraying and solidifying the target building with the hazardous substance treating agent. By using it, eliminating the worker's exposure problems and concerns about air pollution greatly reduces the worker's mental burden. EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

実施例1
水100重量部に対して、高分子化合物として重合度200、ケン化度88モル%のPVA(株式会社クラレ製KN205)17.86重量部を溶解し、さらに多孔質物質としてBET比表面積1200m/gの石炭を原料とした活性炭(クラレケミカル株式会社製KW)を粒子径45μm以下に粉砕したもの1.19重量部を混合し分散させて本発明の有害物質処理剤とした。活性炭の粒子径は島津製作所製のレーザー回折粒度分布計SALD−3000Sを使用して測定した。
Example 1
17.100 parts by weight of PVA having a polymerization degree of 200 and a saponification degree of 88 mol% (Kuraray Co., Ltd., KN205) 17.86 parts by weight is dissolved in 100 parts by weight of water, and a BET specific surface area of 1200 m 2 as a porous substance. 1.19 parts by weight of activated carbon (KW manufactured by Kuraray Chemical Co., Ltd.) made from coal / g of coal as a raw material was pulverized to a particle size of 45 μm or less, and dispersed to prepare a hazardous substance treating agent of the present invention. The particle diameter of the activated carbon was measured using a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer SALD-3000S manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.

有機ハロゲン化合物の代表例としてクロロベンゼンを使用し、クロロベンゼン
の除去効果の確認を行った。上記した有害物質処理剤100mLに、1200p
pmの濃度に調整したクロロベンゼンエタノール溶液0.1mLを添加した後、
容器を密閉し25℃で振とうした後、ヘッドスペース法によりクロロベンゼンの
除去率を調べた。結果を図1に示すが、4時間で除去率100%に到達した。実
使用においては有害物質処理剤を噴霧後、24時間以上自然乾燥を行うので、有
害物質処理剤を噴霧して固化するまでにクロロベンゼンは充分吸着除去されるこ
とがわかる。
Chlorobenzene was used as a representative example of the organic halogen compound, and the removal effect of chlorobenzene was confirmed. To 100mL of the above hazardous substance treatment agent, 1200p
After adding 0.1 mL of chlorobenzene ethanol solution adjusted to the concentration of pm,
After sealing the container and shaking at 25 ° C., the removal rate of chlorobenzene was examined by the headspace method. The result is shown in FIG. 1, and the removal rate reached 100% in 4 hours. In actual use, after drying the harmful substance treating agent, it is naturally dried for 24 hours or more, so that it is understood that chlorobenzene is sufficiently adsorbed and removed before the harmful substance treating agent is sprayed and solidified.

実施例2〜3、比較例1〜3
比表面積が1200m/gのクラレケミカル株式会社製のヤシ殻活性炭GWを用いて実施例1と同様にして調製した有害物質処理剤(実施例2)、及び実施例1と同じ有害物質処理剤(実施例3)の各々100mLについて、1200ppmの濃度に調整したクロロベンゼンエタノール溶液100μlを添加した後、容器を密閉し25℃で24時間振とうした後、ヘッドスペース法によりクロロベンゼンの除去率を調べた。比較のために多孔質物質を使用しない例を比較例1、Tが添加された市販の粉塵抑制剤を比較例2、Feが添加された市販の粉塵抑制剤を比較例3としてクロロベンゼンの除去率を調べ併せて表1に示した。
この結果から、本発明の有害物質処理剤によりクロロベンゼンは容易に吸着除去され、再放出されないことがわかる。
Examples 2-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3
Hazardous substance treatment agent (Example 2) prepared in the same manner as Example 1 using coconut shell activated carbon GW manufactured by Kuraray Chemical Co., Ltd. having a specific surface area of 1200 m 2 / g, and the same harmful substance treatment agent as in Example 1 For each 100 mL of (Example 3), 100 μl of a chlorobenzene ethanol solution adjusted to a concentration of 1200 ppm was added, the container was sealed and shaken at 25 ° C. for 24 hours, and then the chlorobenzene removal rate was examined by the headspace method. . Comparing commercial dust suppressant to comparative examples that do not use a porous material Example 1, T i O 2 compares the commercial dust suppressant agent added is Example 2, Fe 3 O 4 was added for Comparative Example Table 3 shows the removal rate of chlorobenzene as 3.
From this result, it is understood that chlorobenzene is easily adsorbed and removed by the hazardous substance treating agent of the present invention and is not re-released.

Figure 0005073227
Figure 0005073227

実施例4
1000ppmの濃度に調整したクロロベンゼンエタノール溶液5mLを含
浸させたアスベストをデシケータ中に設置し、実施例2で使用した有害物質処理剤をスプレーガンを用いてアスベストに噴霧した。乾燥固化後、デシケータ内クロロベンゼン濃度を測定したがクロロベンゼンは検出されなかった。
Example 4
Asbestos impregnated with 5 mL of a chlorobenzene ethanol solution adjusted to a concentration of 1000 ppm was placed in a desiccator, and the hazardous substance treating agent used in Example 2 was sprayed on the asbestos using a spray gun. After drying and solidifying, the chlorobenzene concentration in the desiccator was measured, but no chlorobenzene was detected.

本発明により、有害物質処理剤を提供することができる。本発明の有害物質処理剤は、解体前の焼却炉あるいはビル等建造物に噴霧・固化することによって粉塵の飛散を防止するとともに、粉塵に含有されている有機ハロゲン化合物などの有害物質を捕捉することによって作業者の暴露問題や大気汚染への危惧を解消することができ、産業上有用である。   According to the present invention, a hazardous substance treating agent can be provided. The hazardous substance treating agent of the present invention prevents dust from being scattered by spraying and solidifying on an incinerator or a building such as a building before dismantling and captures harmful substances such as organic halogen compounds contained in the dust. As a result, the exposure problems of workers and the concern about air pollution can be solved, which is industrially useful.

クロロベンゼンの除去率と吸着時間の関係を示すグラフである。It is a graph which shows the relationship between the removal rate of chlorobenzene, and adsorption time.

Claims (7)

活性炭を含むポリビニルアルコール水溶液からなる有害物質処理剤であって、該有害物質処理剤の重量組成が、水100重量部に対して、ケン化度が70〜88モル%であるポリビニルアルコール1〜30重量部、活性炭0.1〜15重量部である有害物質処理剤。 A harmful substance treatment agent comprising a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution containing activated carbon, wherein the weight composition of the harmful substance treatment agent has a saponification degree of 70 to 88 mol% with respect to 100 parts by weight of water. Hazardous substance treating agent that is 0.1 to 15 parts by weight of activated carbon. 該活性炭の平均粒子径が50μm以下である請求項1記載の有害物質処理剤。   The hazardous substance treating agent according to claim 1, wherein the activated carbon has an average particle size of 50 μm or less. 該活性炭の比表面積が500m/g以上である請求項1または2に記載の有害物質処理剤。 The hazardous substance treating agent according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the activated carbon has a specific surface area of 500 m 2 / g or more. 該ポリビニルアルコールの重合度が500以下である請求項1〜3いずれかに記載の有害物質処理剤。   The harmful substance treating agent according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol is 500 or less. 該ポリビニルアルコールの重合度が100〜200である請求項1〜4いずれかに記載の有害物質処理剤。The degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol is 100 to 200. The hazardous substance treating agent according to any one of claims 1 to 4. 請求項1〜5いずれかに記載の有害物質処理剤を有害物質に噴霧し、該有害物質処理剤を固化させることを特徴とする有害物質の処理方法。   A method for treating a hazardous substance, comprising spraying the harmful substance treatment agent according to any one of claims 1 to 5 onto the harmful substance and solidifying the harmful substance treatment agent. 請求項1〜5いずれかに記載の有害物質処理剤を空中に浮遊する有害物質含有粉塵に噴霧することを特徴とする有害物質の処理方法。   A method for treating a hazardous substance, comprising spraying the harmful substance treating agent according to any one of claims 1 to 5 onto dust containing a harmful substance floating in the air.
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