JP5027798B2 - 炭素煤煙中の単層カーボンナノチューブ含有量の測定方法 - Google Patents
炭素煤煙中の単層カーボンナノチューブ含有量の測定方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5027798B2 JP5027798B2 JP2008505357A JP2008505357A JP5027798B2 JP 5027798 B2 JP5027798 B2 JP 5027798B2 JP 2008505357 A JP2008505357 A JP 2008505357A JP 2008505357 A JP2008505357 A JP 2008505357A JP 5027798 B2 JP5027798 B2 JP 5027798B2
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- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N24/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects
- G01N24/08—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects by using nuclear magnetic resonance
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/24—Nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance or other spin effects or mass spectrometry
Description
アヴェティック・ハルチュンヤンおよび徳根敏生
本発明は、単層カーボンナノチューブ(SWNT)を定量する方法および工程を提供する。
特に述べない限りは、明細書、請求の範囲を含む本願において用いられる下記の語は、下記のように定義される。なお、明細書および請求の範囲において用いられる「一つの(a、an)」「その(the)」で示される単数形は、文脈から明らかとされる場合を除いては、複数形を含むものとする。一般的な化学用語の定義は、例えばCareyおよびSundberg(1992)"Advanced Organic Chemistry第3版”第A巻および第B巻、Plenum Press(ニューヨーク州);およびCotton他(1999)”Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 第6版”、Wiley(ニューヨーク州)が参照可能である。
本発明は、単層カーボンナノチューブ(SWNT)の特徴を分析し、試料中のSWNTを定量測定する方法および工程を開示する。SWNTはどのような公知の方法を用いて製造してもよい。SWNTを含有すると思われる試料を、マジック角回転(MAS)13C NMRなどの固体NMRで調べることができる。得られたNMRスペクトルは、1,1−ジフェニル−2−ピクリルヒドラジル(DPPH)などの標準物質のNMRスペクトルと比較することができる。試料中のSWNTの量は、試料と標準物質とについての曲線下の面積を比較することによって、またはMAS13C NMRにおける信号強度を比較することによって、調べることができる。
SWNTは、当業者に公知の様々な方法に従って製造することができる。例えばSWNTは、レーザ切断法(米国特許第6,280,697号)、アーク放電法(Journet他、Nature 388: 756(1997))、担持金属ナノ粒子を炭素源に反応温度で接触させる化学蒸着法(Harutyunyan他、NanoLetters 2、525(2002))などによって、製造することができる。好ましくはSWNTは、化学蒸着法により製造する。
上記のように合成したSWNTは、固体核磁気共鳴(NMR)法によって特徴を分析することができる。SWNTは非晶質炭素などの不純物を含有する試料中に含まれていてもよいし、SWNTはNMR研究の前に従来法によって精製してもよい。NMRは、外部印加磁界下で電磁波がNMR活性核との間で生ずる相互作用に基づくものである。NMR活性核は奇数の原子量または奇数の原子番号を有しており、従って核磁気モーメントを有する。利便を図るために、核の磁気特性は磁気回転比(γ)と核スピン(I)との2つの量で論じられる。NMR活性核が磁界に置かれると、その核磁気エネルギー準位が(2I+1)個の非退化エネルギー準位に***され、印加磁界強度に正比例するエネルギー差によって分離される。この分離は「ゼーマン」***と呼ばれ、またゼーマン***のエネルギーに相当する周波数は「ラーモア周波数」と呼ばれ、この周波数は磁界強度に比例する。典型的なNMR活性核の例としては、1H(プロトン)、13C、19Fおよび31Pが挙げられる。これら4個の核についてI=1/2であり、それぞれの核は2個の核磁気エネルギー準位を有する。***したレベルの間のエネルギー差が、印加した高周波量と同じになると、共鳴吸収が起こる。
NC SWNT = NC 標準 ISWNT/I標準
ここでNC SWNTはSWNTの炭素に含まれる13C同位体の濃度であり、NC 標準は標準試料中の13C同位体の濃度であり、ISWNTはSWNTにおける炭素のNMR信号強度であり、I標準は標準試料のNMR信号強度である。あるいは、標準物質の濃度をその濃度における13C信号についての曲線下の面積に対してプロットしてグラフを作成し、試料中のSWNTからの13C信号についての曲線下の面積を計算し、試料におけるSWNTの濃度をグラフから概算することができる。最後に、13C同位体の自然分布が約1.1%であることを考慮し、ナノチューブ形成に関与するC原子の総数を定量的に計算することができる。
以下に、本発明を実施する特定の実施形態の実施例を説明する。実施例は本発明を例証する目的のためだけに記載するものであり、いかなる意味においても本発明の範囲を限定するものではない。用いた数値(例えば量、温度等)の精度には注意を払ったが、多少の実験誤差や偏差はもちろん許容されるべきである。
支持体材料を金属塩溶液に含浸して触媒を調製した。典型的な手順において、Fe(NO2)2をFe:Al=1:2のモル比で用いた。窒素雰囲気下、Fe(NO2)2を水に1mM:20mMのモル比で添加した。次いで亜硝酸アルミニウムを金属塩含有水溶液に添加した。窒素雰囲気下で、機械的攪拌棒を用いて反応混合物を混合し、還流させながら90分間加熱した。溶媒を除去するために混合物上にN2ガスを流しながら、約60℃に冷却した。反応フラスコの壁にバラ模様のフィルムが形成された。黒色フィルムを回収して瑪瑙乳鉢で粉砕し、黒色の微粉を得た。
Harutyunyan他、NanoLetters 2、525(2002)に記載の実験装置を用いて、カーボンナノチューブを合成した。実施例1の触媒を用い、メタンを炭素源として、CVDにより大量のSWNTを成長させた(T=800℃、メタンガス流量=60sccm)。炭素SWNTは、約40重量%(鉄/アルミナ触媒に対する炭素の重量%)の収率で合成することができた。透過電子顕微鏡法(TEM)とλ=532nmおよびλ=785nmレーザ励起におけるラマンスペクトルとを用いてカーボンナノチューブを分析した。
実施例2で合成したカーボンナノチューブ(50mg)を石英管内に入れ、それをASX400ブルカー分光計の共鳴器に入れ、磁界9.4T、H1周波数400MHz、C13周波数100MHz、室温にて操作した。試料を5kHz〜15kHzで回転させた。スペクトルを得るパラメータは、実験サイクル間の待ち時間を5秒、90°パルス幅を4マイクロ秒、サンプリングの滞留時間を0.5マイクロ秒とした。約20分の収集時間で、1024個の点が得られ、計200の走査が得られた。SWNT含有試料についての13C NMR MASスペクトルの結果を図1に示す。DPPHの固体炭素スペクトルについての共鳴の主なピークは、100ppmからの高磁場である。
Claims (3)
- 試料中の単層カーボンナノチューブ(SWNT)の濃度を調べる方法であって、
SWNTを含む試料と既知濃度の標準物質とのマジック角回転(MAS) 13 C NMRスペクトルを得るステップ;
前記SWNTの13C NMR信号と前記既知濃度の標準物質の13C NMR信号とについての曲線下の面積を計算するステップ;および
前記試料信号と前記標準物質信号とについての曲線下の面積を比較して、前記SWNTの濃度を調べるステップを含み、
前記SWNTは 13 C濃縮試料ではなく、前記SWNTの粒径分布は実質的に平均粒径内の10%〜25%であり、前記標準物質に1,1−ジフェニル−2−ピクリルヒドラジル(DPPH)を用い、および前記試料が煤煙または非晶質炭素を更に含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 試料中の単層カーボンナノチューブ(SWNT)の濃度を調べる方法であって、
SWNTを含む試料と既知濃度の標準物質とのマジック角回転(MAS) 13 C NMRスペクトルを得るステップ;
前記SWNTの 13 C NMR信号と前記既知濃度の標準物質の 13 C NMR信号とについての曲線下の面積を計算するステップ;および
前記試料信号と前記標準物質信号とについての曲線下の面積を比較して、前記SWNTの濃度を調べるステップを含み、
前記SWNTは 13 C濃縮試料ではなく、前記SWNTの粒径分布は実質的に平均粒径内の10%〜25%であり、前記標準物質に液体を用い、および前記試料が煤煙または非晶質炭素を更に含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記標準物質がTMSであることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の方法。
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