JP4709558B2 - 内燃機関の有害排気ガスの低減方法 - Google Patents
内燃機関の有害排気ガスの低減方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4709558B2 JP4709558B2 JP2005031419A JP2005031419A JP4709558B2 JP 4709558 B2 JP4709558 B2 JP 4709558B2 JP 2005031419 A JP2005031419 A JP 2005031419A JP 2005031419 A JP2005031419 A JP 2005031419A JP 4709558 B2 JP4709558 B2 JP 4709558B2
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/011—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more purifying devices arranged in parallel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
- F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
- F01N3/0878—Bypassing absorbents or adsorbents
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
- F01N2410/04—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device during regeneration period, e.g. of particle filter
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
- F01N2430/06—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics by varying fuel-air ratio, e.g. by enriching fuel-air mixture
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
- F01N2430/08—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics by modifying ignition or injection timing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/04—Sulfur or sulfur oxides
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/14—Nitrogen oxides
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/16—Oxygen
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Description
吸蔵体の再生のために、排気ガス内にリッチな雰囲気が設定される。硝酸塩は分解し、且つ放出された窒素酸化物は窒素分子N2に還元される。リッチな雰囲気は、エンジン内部におけるリッチなエンジン運転により、またはエンジン後方における排気系内のNOx吸蔵触媒の手前への燃料の噴射により、形成可能である。エンジン後方における再生のために、さらに、排気ガス全流れのリッチ化と排気ガス部分流れのリッチ化との間では区別可能である。部分流れ系においては、ドイツ特許公開第10150170号に示されているように、排気ガス流れは、弁等により2つの同じNOx触媒に分割される。2つの触媒の一方の再生のために、弁により排気ガスのより小さい部分(典型的には、5…20%)のみが流れるように弁が設定される。このとき、このより小さい部分流れをリッチ化するためには、きわめて少ない還元剤が必要とされるにすぎない。
前記再生サイクルの変化が、NOx吸蔵体の所定のまたは設定可能な温度が得られるように実行されることにより、再生作業が容易となる。
提示された線図形状は、基本的に、全流れのリッチ化に対してのみならず部分流れのリッチ化に対しても同様に適しているが、この場合、部分流れリッチ化により、前記のように再生のより好ましい適合可能性が得られ、例えば再生サイクルの異なる線図もまた選択可能である。
図3に示されているように、本方法を実行するための装置において、エンジン制御装置1から、エンジン回転速度n、実際噴射量m_e、吸蔵触媒の運転時間数T_Kat、および最終脱硫からの時間T_Sulfが読み取られる。第1の特性曲線群2において、内燃機関ないしエンジンの実際NOxエミッションmsNOxがエンジン運転点の関数として記憶されている。代替態様として、NOxセンサが使用されてもよい。例えば総和要素(∫dt)4内におけるNOxエミッションの時間積分から、吸蔵触媒内の実際NOx質量msNOx,Spがわかる。この実際NOx質量が第2の特性曲線群3を介して設定されるしきい値msNOx,Grを超えているとき、炭化水素ないし還元剤例えば軽油の配量が開始されることにより、再生が開始され、および配量時間TDos後に配量が再び遮断される。配量時間TDos内において配量質量流量が一定に保持されても、または例えば図1に示すように時間的に変化されてもよい。
図3がさらに示すように、運転時間数T_Katおよび最終脱硫からの時間T_Sulfのしきい値msNOx,Grへの割当のために第2の特性曲線群3が設けられている。実際NOx質量と所定のしきい値msNOx,Grとの比較は比較段5内において行われ、比較段5の出力信号は、配量ユニット7の開始ないし遮断のために接続装置6に伝送される。この場合、吸蔵触媒内の実際質量msNOx,Spが所定のしきい値msNOx,Grより大きいかまたは等しいとき、再生開始信号が接続装置6に与えられる。第3および第4の特性曲線群8、9のデータは、結合段10を介して、配量ユニット7に伝送するための接続装置6に供給される。
2、3、8、9 特性曲線群
4 総和要素
5 比較段
6 接続装置
7 配量ユニット
10 結合段
a、b 値
BPH 蓄積過程
m_e 実際噴射量
msNOx 実際NOxエミッション
msNOx,Gr しきい値
msNOx,Sp 吸蔵触媒内の実際NOx質量
msReg,ch 再生質量流量の、化学反応のために必要な部分
msReg,λ 再生質量流量の、λを希望値に設定するための部分
MS 再生質量流量(配量質量流量)
n エンジン回転速度
RT、RTK 再生期間
R1、R2 再生サイクル
TD 配量経過
T_Kat 吸蔵触媒の運転時間数
T_Sulf 最終脱硫からの時間
Claims (10)
- 再生過程において、NOx吸蔵体を空にするために還元剤が時間的に可変に供給される、NOx吸蔵触媒を有する内燃機関の有害排気ガスの低減方法において、
前記還元剤が、少なくとも2つの別々の部分流れに時間的に交互に供給され、この場合、再生サイクルにおける還元剤の再生質量流量又はリッチ化量対時間の線図の時間変化が、別々の部分流れ内において、選択的に同じ線図形状でまたは異なる線図形状で実行されることを特徴とする内燃機関の有害排気ガスの低減方法。 - 前記還元剤が、エンジン後方に供給されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の低減方法。
- 前記少なくとも2つの部分流れへの前記還元剤の供給が、直接相前後して続くように制御されるか、または再生サイクルから再生サイクルまでの時間間隔が制御されることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の低減方法。
- 再生サイクル過程は、還元剤の再生質量流量又はリッチ化量の値が、比較的高い値で開始し、次第に低下してより低い値で終了することを特徴とする請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載の低減方法。
- 再生サイクル過程の期間と、或る再生サイクルとその隣の再生サイクルとの間にあるNOx吸蔵触媒の蓄積期間と、還元剤の再生質量流量のうちのいずれかが、前記内燃機関の運転点の関数として変化されることを特徴とする請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の低減方法。
- 前記再生サイクルにおける還元剤の再生質量流量又はリッチ化量の変化が、内燃機関温度、触媒温度、回転速度、排気ガス質量流量、NOx吸蔵体の蓄積状態及び触媒の劣化という条件のうちの少なくともいずれかの関数として、またはこれらの条件の少なくとも2つの組み合わせにより行われることを特徴とする請求項1ないし5のいずれかに記載の低減方法。
- 相前後して続く再生サイクルの時間間隔が、前記条件のうちの少なくともいずれかの関数として適合されることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の低減方法。
- NOx吸蔵体の過剰蓄積を排除するために、1つまたは複数の再生サイクルにおける還元剤の再生質量流量又はリッチ化量の一時的変化が、より多くの還元剤の供給により実行されることを特徴とする請求項1ないし7のいずれかに記載の低減方法。
- 前記再生サイクルにおける還元剤の再生質量流量又はリッチ化量の変化が、NOx吸蔵体の所定のまたは設定可能な温度が得られるように実行されることを特徴とする請求項1ないし8のいずれかに記載の低減方法。
- 前記再生サイクルが、測定触媒温度の関数として、その経過特性およびその頻度の少なくともいずれかにおいて変化されることを特徴とする請求項6ないし9のいずれかに記載の低減方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102004006877.1 | 2004-02-12 | ||
DE102004006877A DE102004006877A1 (de) | 2004-02-12 | 2004-02-12 | Verfahren zur Reduzierung schädlicher Abgase einer Brennkraftmaschine |
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JP2005226646A JP2005226646A (ja) | 2005-08-25 |
JP4709558B2 true JP4709558B2 (ja) | 2011-06-22 |
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JP2005031419A Expired - Fee Related JP4709558B2 (ja) | 2004-02-12 | 2005-02-08 | 内燃機関の有害排気ガスの低減方法 |
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JP (1) | JP4709558B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE102004006877A1 (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2866672B1 (ja) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH06129238A (ja) * | 1992-10-14 | 1994-05-10 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JPH07259541A (ja) * | 1994-03-28 | 1995-10-09 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP2000345831A (ja) * | 1999-03-26 | 2000-12-12 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
DE10150170A1 (de) * | 2001-03-16 | 2002-09-26 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Steuerungselement zur gleichzeitigen Steuerung von Gasströmen |
JP2003293751A (ja) * | 2002-04-05 | 2003-10-15 | Toyota Motor Corp | 排気ガス浄化装置及び排気ガス浄化方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5522218A (en) * | 1994-08-23 | 1996-06-04 | Caterpillar Inc. | Combustion exhaust purification system and method |
JPH1071325A (ja) * | 1996-06-21 | 1998-03-17 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | エンジン排ガス系の制御方法および触媒/吸着手段の劣化検出方法 |
DE19915793A1 (de) | 1999-04-08 | 2000-10-19 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Verfahren zur Desorption eines Stickoxidadsorbers einer Abgasreinigungsanlage |
EP1055806A3 (en) * | 1999-05-28 | 2003-03-12 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | NOx trap and particulate filter system for an internal combustion engine |
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2004
- 2004-02-12 DE DE102004006877A patent/DE102004006877A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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2005
- 2005-02-08 JP JP2005031419A patent/JP4709558B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-02-10 FR FR0550391A patent/FR2866672B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH06129238A (ja) * | 1992-10-14 | 1994-05-10 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JPH07259541A (ja) * | 1994-03-28 | 1995-10-09 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP2000345831A (ja) * | 1999-03-26 | 2000-12-12 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
DE10150170A1 (de) * | 2001-03-16 | 2002-09-26 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Steuerungselement zur gleichzeitigen Steuerung von Gasströmen |
JP2003293751A (ja) * | 2002-04-05 | 2003-10-15 | Toyota Motor Corp | 排気ガス浄化装置及び排気ガス浄化方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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FR2866672A1 (fr) | 2005-08-26 |
FR2866672B1 (fr) | 2012-08-10 |
JP2005226646A (ja) | 2005-08-25 |
DE102004006877A1 (de) | 2005-09-15 |
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