JP4518241B2 - Negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery and method for producing the same Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP4518241B2
JP4518241B2 JP2004051286A JP2004051286A JP4518241B2 JP 4518241 B2 JP4518241 B2 JP 4518241B2 JP 2004051286 A JP2004051286 A JP 2004051286A JP 2004051286 A JP2004051286 A JP 2004051286A JP 4518241 B2 JP4518241 B2 JP 4518241B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
negative electrode
carbon
lithium secondary
electrode material
secondary battery
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
JP2004051286A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP2005243410A (en
Inventor
明 近藤
智徳 田原
和男 吉川
武志 安部
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tokai Carbon Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Tokai Carbon Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tokai Carbon Co Ltd filed Critical Tokai Carbon Co Ltd
Priority to JP2004051286A priority Critical patent/JP4518241B2/en
Publication of JP2005243410A publication Critical patent/JP2005243410A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP4518241B2 publication Critical patent/JP4518241B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Description

本発明はリチウム二次電池においてリチウム担持体となる炭素質の負極材に関する。   The present invention relates to a carbonaceous negative electrode material serving as a lithium carrier in a lithium secondary battery.

リチウム二次電池は軽量でエネルギー密度が高く、携帯用小型電子機器の電源をはじめ近年ではハイブリッドカーや電気自動車などの動力用電源として期待されている。当初、リチウム二次電池の負極材には金属リチウムが用いられていたが、充電時にリチウムイオンが負極面にデンドライト状に析出、成長し、安全性にも問題があるため、この問題がない黒鉛などの炭素材を使用することが提案されてきた。   Lithium secondary batteries are lightweight and have high energy density, and in recent years, they are expected to be used as power sources for power sources of portable small electronic devices, such as hybrid cars and electric vehicles. Initially, lithium metal was used as the negative electrode material for lithium secondary batteries. However, since lithium ions were deposited and grown in a dendritic form on the negative electrode surface during charging, there was a problem with safety. It has been proposed to use carbon materials such as.

黒鉛材はリチウムイオンのドープ・アンドープ性(脱・挿入性)が優れていることから充放電の効率が高く、更に、充放電時の電位も金属リチウムとほぼ等しく、高電圧の電池が得られるなどの利点がある。しかし、黒鉛化度が高く六角網面構造が高度に発達した黒鉛材は電解液との反応が起こり易く、充放電効率が低下するなどの電池出力が損なわれる難点がある。更に、低温環境下で作動させるために融点が低い、例えば融点が−50℃と低いプロピレンカーボネート系(以下、PC系とも略記)の電解液を使用した場合にも分解しない安定性が求められる。   The graphite material has excellent lithium ion doping / undoping properties (desorption / insertion properties), so the charging / discharging efficiency is high, and the potential during charging / discharging is almost equal to that of metallic lithium, resulting in a high-voltage battery. There are advantages such as. However, a graphite material having a high degree of graphitization and a highly developed hexagonal network structure is liable to react with the electrolytic solution, and has a drawback in that battery output is impaired such as a decrease in charge / discharge efficiency. Furthermore, in order to operate in a low-temperature environment, stability that does not decompose is required even when a propylene carbonate-based (hereinafter also abbreviated as PC-based) electrolytic solution having a low melting point, for example, a low melting point of −50 ° C. is used.

すなわち、黒鉛化度の高い炭素材はPC系電解液中では結晶面間に電解液のコーインタカレーションによって黒鉛層が剥離したり、分解する現象が生じるために電池性能が低下する。一方、黒鉛化度の低い、非晶質炭素ではPC電解液との反応性は低いが、リチウムイオンのドープするサイトが少ないために電池容量が極めて低くなる。   That is, a carbon material having a high degree of graphitization deteriorates battery performance because a graphite layer peels off or decomposes due to the co-intercalation of the electrolyte between the crystal planes in the PC-based electrolyte. On the other hand, amorphous carbon having a low degree of graphitization has low reactivity with the PC electrolyte, but the battery capacity is extremely low because there are few sites doped with lithium ions.

そこで、これらの難点を解消するために黒鉛化度の高い黒鉛材の表面を黒鉛化度の低い炭素質物で被覆した複層構造の炭素材が提案されており、例えば、特許文献1には活物質となる炭素の電解液と接する表面が非晶質炭素により覆われているリチウム二次電池用炭素負極、及び非晶質炭素が乱層構造であり、C軸方向の平均面間隔が0.337〜0.360nm、アルゴンレーザーラマンスペクトルにおける1580cm-1に対する1360cm-1のピーク強度比が0.4〜1.0の二次電池用炭素負極が開示されている。 In order to solve these problems, a carbon material having a multi-layer structure in which the surface of a graphite material having a high graphitization degree is coated with a carbonaceous material having a low graphitization degree has been proposed. The carbon negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery in which the surface in contact with the carbon electrolyte as the material is covered with amorphous carbon, and the amorphous carbon has a turbulent layer structure, and the average plane spacing in the C-axis direction is 0. 337~0.360Nm, the peak intensity ratio of 1360 cm -1 relative to 1580 cm -1 in an argon laser Raman spectrum secondary battery carbon negative electrode of 0.4 to 1.0 is disclosed.

また、特許文献2には、下記(1)の条件を満たす炭素質物(A)の粒子と、下記(2)の条件を満たす有機化合物(B)の粒子を混合した後、加熱して(B)を炭素化することにより、(A)の粒子を下記(3)条件を満たす炭素質物(C)で被覆した多層構造とした電極材料が提案されている。
(1)X線広角回折におけるd002 が3.37オングストローム以下、真密度が2.10g/cm3 以上、体積平均粒径が5μm以上であること、
(2)体積平均粒径が炭素質物(A)より小さいこと、
(3)X線広角回折におけるd002 が3.38オングストローム以上、アルゴンイオンレーザー光を用いたラマンスペクトル分析において、1580〜1620cm-1の範囲のピークPA 、1350〜1370cm-1の範囲にピークPB を有し、上記PA の強度IA に対するPB の強度IB の比R=IB /IA が0.2以上であること。
In Patent Document 2, carbonaceous material (A) particles satisfying the following condition (1) and organic compound (B) particles satisfying the following condition (2) are mixed and heated (B ) Is carbonized, and an electrode material having a multilayer structure in which the particles of (A) are coated with a carbonaceous material (C) that satisfies the following (3) condition has been proposed.
(1) d002 in X-ray wide angle diffraction is 3.37 angstroms or less, true density is 2.10 g / cm 3 or more, and volume average particle diameter is 5 μm or more,
(2) The volume average particle size is smaller than the carbonaceous material (A),
(3) d002 in X-ray wide angle diffraction 3.38 angstroms, in the Raman spectrum analysis using an argon ion laser beam, a peak in the range of 1580~1620cm -1 PA, a peak PB in the range of 1350 -1 And the ratio R = IB / IA of the PB intensity IB to the PA intensity IA is 0.2 or more.

一般に、リチウムイオンのドープ・アンドープ速度を速くするためには、リチウムイオンの拡散パスを短くすることが有効であり、負極材を形成する炭素材の粒径が小さいことが望ましい。そこで、メゾフェーズカーボン小球体を負極材とする提案も行われており、例えば、特許文献3ではメゾフェーズカーボン小球体を粉砕して平均粒径を3〜10μmとし、10℃/hr以下の昇温速度で600〜700℃に昇温して熱処理した後、1000〜3000℃で焼成する方法が提案されている。   In general, in order to increase the doping / undoping speed of lithium ions, it is effective to shorten the lithium ion diffusion path, and it is desirable that the carbon material forming the negative electrode material has a small particle size. Therefore, proposals have been made to use mesophase carbon microspheres as a negative electrode material. For example, in Patent Document 3, the mesophase carbon microspheres are pulverized to an average particle size of 3 to 10 μm, and the temperature rises to 10 ° C./hr or less. A method has been proposed in which the temperature is raised to 600 to 700 ° C. at a temperature rate and heat-treated, and then fired at 1000 to 3000 ° C.

しかし、メゾフェーズカーボン小球体の粒径は3〜10μmと大きいので、リチウムイオンの拡散パスはそれほど短くならず、ドープ・アンドープ速度を速くして、高出力を得るためには不十分である。   However, since the particle diameter of the mesophase carbon microspheres is as large as 3 to 10 μm, the lithium ion diffusion path is not so short, which is insufficient to increase the doping / undoping speed and obtain a high output.

粒子径の小さい炭素質材としてはカーボンブラックがあり、例えばファーネスブラックの一次粒子径は10〜100nm程度であるため、カーボンブラックを用いたリチウム二次電池用の負極材も数多く提案されている。例えば、特許文献4には、リチウム担持体をX線回折法で求めたd002 が3.35〜3.8オングストローム、結晶子の大きさLcが10〜250オングストローム、Laが15〜250オングストローム、比表面積が50m2 /g以上のカーボンブラックから構成する非水溶媒二次電池が開示されている。 As a carbonaceous material having a small particle size, there is carbon black. For example, since the primary particle size of furnace black is about 10 to 100 nm, many negative electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries using carbon black have been proposed. For example, in Patent Document 4, d002 obtained by X-ray diffractometry of a lithium carrier is 3.35 to 3.8 angstrom, crystallite size Lc is 10 to 250 angstrom, La is 15 to 250 angstrom, ratio A non-aqueous solvent secondary battery composed of carbon black having a surface area of 50 m 2 / g or more is disclosed.

また、本出願人も、カーボンブラックで構成したリチウム二次電池の負極材について、特許文献5、特許文献6、特許文献7などを開発、提案している。
特開平04−368778号公報 特開平06−267531号公報 特開平07−272725号公報 特開昭63−285872号公報 特開平06−068867号公報 特開平06−068868号公報 特開平06−068869号公報
The present applicant has also developed and proposed Patent Document 5, Patent Document 6, Patent Document 7 and the like for a negative electrode material of a lithium secondary battery composed of carbon black.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 04-368778 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 06-267531 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 07-272725 JP-A 63-285872 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 06-068867 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 06-068868 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 06-068869

しかしながら、カーボンブラックは多数の一次粒子が不規則な鎖状に枝分かれして、三次元方向に融着・結合した複雑な凝集体(ストラクチャー)を形成しているので、リチウムイオンはこの凝集体を通して移動することになり、一次粒子径の小さいカーボンブラックでも拡散パスの短縮化には必ずしも有効に機能しない。   However, since carbon black forms a complex aggregate (structure) in which a large number of primary particles are branched into irregular chains and fused and bonded in a three-dimensional direction, lithium ions pass through these aggregates. Even carbon black having a small primary particle diameter does not necessarily function effectively for shortening the diffusion path.

一般的にリチウム二次電池の電池容量を大きくするためには、炭素質負極材の黒鉛化度を高くしてリチウムイオンのドープ・アンドープを容易にすることが有効であり、また電池という限られた空間における集電板上の充填密度を上げることが有効となる。   In general, in order to increase the battery capacity of a lithium secondary battery, it is effective to increase the graphitization degree of the carbonaceous negative electrode material to facilitate the doping / undoping of lithium ions. It is effective to increase the packing density on the current collector plate in the remaining space.

更に、ハイブリッドカーや電気自動車などの動力用電源に適用する場合には、例えば、坂道発進時などでは短時間における高出力化が要求され、リチウムイオンのドープ・アンドープ速度が速いことが必要である。また、寒冷地などでは低温環境下でも円滑に作動することが要求され、例えば、融点が−50℃のPC系電解液中においても分解しない安定性が必要となる。   Furthermore, when applied to a power source for a power source such as a hybrid car or an electric vehicle, for example, a high output in a short time is required when starting on a hill and the like, and the lithium ion doping / undoping speed is required to be high. . Further, in cold districts and the like, it is required to operate smoothly even in a low temperature environment, and for example, stability that does not decompose even in a PC electrolyte having a melting point of −50 ° C. is required.

そこで、本発明者らは、実質的に単一球状形態を有する炭素微小球を用いてリチウム二次電池の負極材を形成し、その電池性能を評価した。   Therefore, the present inventors formed a negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery using carbon microspheres having a substantially single spherical shape, and evaluated the battery performance.

その結果、カーボンブラックに比べてPC系電解液中でも安定で、リチウムイオンのドープ・アンドープ速度が速く、また電池容量も高く、更に高密度充填が可能で優れた電池性能を有することを確認した。本発明は、この知見に基づいて完成したものであり、その目的はリチウム担持体として優れた性能を有する炭素質負極材およびその製造方法を提供することにある。   As a result, it was confirmed that it was stable even in the PC-based electrolyte compared to carbon black, the lithium ion doping / undoping speed was high, the battery capacity was high, high density filling was possible, and the battery performance was excellent. This invention is completed based on this knowledge, The objective is to provide the carbonaceous negative electrode material which has the outstanding performance as a lithium carrier, and its manufacturing method.

上記の目的を達成するための本発明のリチウム二次電池用負極材は、電子顕微鏡により測定した算術平均粒子径dnが30〜900nmであり、ディスクセントリフュージ装置(DCF)により測定したストークスモード径Dstとdnとの比、Dst/dnが2以下の粒子性状を有し、X線回折法により測定した結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )が0.350nm以下、結晶子の厚み(Lc)が6nm以上の結晶性状を備え、その結晶構造が同心多面体の入れ子構造である炭素微小球からなることを構成上の特徴とする。   The negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention for achieving the above object has an arithmetic average particle diameter dn measured by an electron microscope of 30 to 900 nm, and a Stokes mode diameter Dst measured by a disc centrifuging device (DCF). And dn ratio, Dst / dn having particle properties of 2 or less, crystallite lattice spacing (d002) measured by X-ray diffraction method is 0.350 nm or less, and crystallite thickness (Lc) is 6 nm or more And the crystal structure is composed of carbon microspheres which are concentric polyhedral nested structures.

また、上記のリチウム二次電池用負極材の製造方法は、炭化水素ガスを水素ガスとともに熱分解炉の予熱帯域に導入し、引き続く加熱帯域において炭化水素ガス濃度を0.5〜40vol%、レイノルズ数を1〜20、温度を1100〜1300℃に設定して熱分解し、得られた球状炭素質物を非酸化性雰囲気中で2000℃以上の温度で熱処理することを構成上の特徴とする。   In addition, the above-described method for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery includes introducing hydrocarbon gas together with hydrogen gas into a preheating zone of a pyrolysis furnace, and setting the hydrocarbon gas concentration to 0.5 to 40 vol% and Reynolds in the subsequent heating zone. The composition is characterized in that it is thermally decomposed by setting the number to 1 to 20 and the temperature to 1100 to 1300 ° C., and heat-treating the obtained spherical carbonaceous material at a temperature of 2000 ° C. or higher in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.

本発明によれば、粒子間の凝集が極めて少なく、実質的に単一球状形態を有し、その粒子性状および結晶性状、更に結晶構造が特定された炭素微小球から形成され、リチウムイオンのドープ・アンドープ速度が速く、電池容量が高く、また高密度充填が可能で、更に低温環境下でも円滑に作動する優れた電池性能を有するリチウム二次電池用負極材とその製造方法が提供される。したがって、ハイブリッドカーや電気自動車などをはじめ、広い用途分野で使用されるリチウム二次電池用の負極材および製造方法として極めて有用である。   According to the present invention, there is very little aggregation between particles, and the particles are formed from carbon microspheres having a substantially single spherical form, whose particle properties and crystal properties, and crystal structure are specified, and which are doped with lithium ions. Provided are a negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery having a high undoped speed, a high battery capacity, high density filling, and excellent battery performance that operates smoothly even in a low temperature environment, and a method for producing the same. Therefore, it is extremely useful as a negative electrode material and manufacturing method for lithium secondary batteries used in a wide range of applications including hybrid cars and electric cars.

本発明のリチウム二次電池用負極材を形成する炭素微小球は、その粒子性状が電子顕微鏡により測定した算術平均粒子径dnが30〜900nm、ディスクセントリフュージ装置(DCF)により測定したストークスモード径Dstとdnとの比、Dst/dnが2以下であることが必要である。   The carbon microspheres forming the negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention have an arithmetic average particle diameter dn of 30 to 900 nm as measured by an electron microscope and a Stokes mode diameter Dst measured by a disc centrifuging device (DCF). The ratio of Dn / dn, Dst / dn, must be 2 or less.

本発明において、炭素微小球の算術平均粒子径dnの値を30〜900nmに特定するのは、dnが30nm未満では炭素微小球内に形成される黒鉛結晶子の六角網面に生じる歪みが大きくなり、黒鉛層間にドープするリチウムイオン量が減少するため電池容量や出力などの電池性能が低下するためである。一方、dnが900nmを越えると歪みが小さく、PC系電解液中における耐性が低くなり、次第に分解することになるからである。また、リチウムイオンのドープ・アンドープ速度はリチウムイオンの拡散パスが短い、すなわちdnが小さい方が有利であるが、dnが900nm以下であれば十分な出力を確保することができる。なお、好ましくはdnの値は50〜300nmの範囲に設定される。   In the present invention, the value of the arithmetic average particle diameter dn of the carbon microspheres is specified to be 30 to 900 nm because, if dn is less than 30 nm, the distortion generated on the hexagonal network surface of the graphite crystallite formed in the carbon microspheres is large. This is because the amount of lithium ions doped between the graphite layers is reduced, so that battery performance such as battery capacity and output is lowered. On the other hand, when dn exceeds 900 nm, the strain is small, the resistance in the PC electrolyte is lowered, and the decomposition gradually occurs. The lithium ion doping / undoping speed is advantageous when the lithium ion diffusion path is short, that is, when dn is small. However, if dn is 900 nm or less, sufficient output can be secured. The value of dn is preferably set in the range of 50 to 300 nm.

電子顕微鏡による算術平均粒子径dn(nm)は、下記の方法によって測定される値である。
炭素微小球の試料を超音波分散器により周波数28kHzで30秒間クロロホルムに分散させたのち、分散試料をカーボン支持膜に固定する(例えば「粉体物性図説」粉体工学研究会編、P68(C) "水面膜法" に記載されている)。これを電子顕微鏡で直接倍率10000倍、総合倍率100000倍に撮影し、得られた写真からランダムに1000個の粒子直径を計測し、14nmごとに区分して作成したヒストグラムから算術平均粒子直径を求める。
The arithmetic average particle diameter dn (nm) by an electron microscope is a value measured by the following method.
After a sample of carbon microspheres is dispersed in chloroform for 30 seconds at a frequency of 28 kHz using an ultrasonic disperser, the dispersed sample is fixed to a carbon support film (for example, “Powder Physical Properties”, edited by Powder Engineering Study Group, P68 (C ) As described in "Water Surface Membrane Method"). This was directly photographed with an electron microscope at a magnification of 10,000 times and a total magnification of 100,000 times, and 1000 particle diameters were randomly measured from the obtained photograph, and an arithmetic average particle diameter was obtained from a histogram created by dividing every 14 nm. .

また、本発明のリチウム二次電池用負極材を形成する炭素微小球は、粒子性状としてディスクセントリフュージ装置(DCF)により測定したストークスモード径Dstとdnとの比、Dst/dnが2以下であることが必須の要件となる。上述したように、電池容量を大きくするためには集電板上の充填密度を上げることが有効であり、そのためには炭素微小球は球体相互の凝集が少なく、単一性の粒子であることが望ましい。   The carbon microspheres forming the negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention have a particle property of a Stokes mode diameter Dst and dn measured by a disc centrifuging device (DCF), and Dst / dn is 2 or less. This is an essential requirement. As described above, in order to increase the battery capacity, it is effective to increase the packing density on the current collector plate. For this purpose, the carbon microspheres are less agglomerated between spheres and are single particles. Is desirable.

炭素微小球の単一粒子すなわち単球化の度合いを定量的に示す一般的手法は未だないので、ここでは粒子凝集体の大きさを示すストークスモード径Dstと電子顕微鏡写真から計測される算術平均粒子径dnとの比、Dst/dnにより定量化することにした。   Since there is not yet a general method for quantitatively indicating the degree of carbon microsphere single particle, that is, monocyticization, the arithmetic average measured from the Stokes mode diameter Dst indicating the size of the particle aggregate and the electron micrograph is used here. The ratio with the particle diameter dn was determined by Dst / dn.

ストークスモード径Dstは炭素微小球が凝集した凝集構造体の大きさを表す指標となるもので、この値が大きくなると凝集した炭素微小球の個数が多く、凝集体径が大きくなる。したがって、Dstとdnとの比は単一の炭素微小球に対する、炭素微小球に融着結合した凝集体の大きさを示すことになる。炭素微小球の凝集が全くなく単一粒子のみとすれば、Dst=dnとなるから、Dst/dn=1であり、凝集炭素数が多くなるにともないDst/dnの値は大きくなる。そして、本発明の炭素微小球は球体相互の凝集が極めて少なく、Dst/dnの値が2以下の粒子性状を備えており、単一粒子の存在比率が極めて高く、実質的に単一球状形態を有しているとみなせる点に特徴がある。   The Stokes mode diameter Dst serves as an index representing the size of the aggregate structure in which the carbon microspheres are aggregated. When this value increases, the number of aggregated carbon microspheres increases and the aggregate diameter increases. Therefore, the ratio of Dst and dn indicates the size of an aggregate fused and bonded to the carbon microsphere with respect to a single carbon microsphere. If there is no aggregation of carbon microspheres and only a single particle is used, Dst = dn, so Dst / dn = 1, and the value of Dst / dn increases as the number of aggregated carbons increases. The carbon microspheres of the present invention have very little aggregation between the spheres, have a particle property with a Dst / dn value of 2 or less, have a very high abundance ratio of single particles, and have a substantially single spherical shape. It is characterized in that it can be regarded as having.

なお、ストークスモード径Dst(nm)は下記の方法によって測定される。   The Stokes mode diameter Dst (nm) is measured by the following method.

乾燥した炭素微小球を少量の界面活性剤を含む20容量%エタノール水溶液と混合して炭素濃度0.1kg/m3 の分散液を作成し、これを超音波で十分に分散させて試料とする。ディスク・セントリフュージ装置(英国JoyesLobel社製)を100 s-1の回転数に設定し、スピン液(2重量%グリセリン水溶液、25℃)を0.015dm3 加えた後、0.001dm3 のバッファー液(20容量%エタノール水溶液、25℃)を注入する。次いで、温度25℃の炭素分散液0.0005dm3 を注射器で加えた後、遠心沈降を開始し、同時に記録計を作動させて図1に示す分布曲線(横軸;炭素分散液を注射器で加えてからの経過時間、縦軸;炭素試料の遠心沈降に伴い変化した特定点での吸光度)を作成する。この分布曲線より各時間Tを読み取り、次式(数1)に代入して各時間に対応するストークス相当径を算出する。 The dried carbon microspheres are mixed with a 20 volume% ethanol aqueous solution containing a small amount of a surfactant to prepare a dispersion liquid having a carbon concentration of 0.1 kg / m 3 , and this is sufficiently dispersed with ultrasound to prepare a sample. . A disk centrifuging device (manufactured by JoyesLabel, UK) was set to a rotation speed of 100 s −1 , and 0.015 dm 3 of spin solution (2% by weight glycerin aqueous solution, 25 ° C.) was added, and then a buffer solution of 0.001 dm 3 (20 volume% ethanol aqueous solution, 25 ° C.) is injected. After the addition of carbon dispersion 0.0005Dm 3 temperature 25 ° C. with a syringe to start the centrifugal sedimentation activates the recorder in the distribution curve shown in FIG. 1 (the horizontal axis at the same time; the carbon dispersion was added with a syringe Elapsed time, vertical axis; absorbance at a specific point changed with centrifugal sedimentation of the carbon sample). Each time T is read from this distribution curve and substituted into the following equation (Equation 1) to calculate the Stokes equivalent diameter corresponding to each time.

Figure 0004518241
Figure 0004518241

数1において、ηはスピン液の粘度(0.935×10-3Pa・S)、Nはディスク回転スピード(100s-1)、r1 は分散液注入点の半径(0.0456m)、r2 は吸光度測定点までの半径(0.0482m)、ρCBは炭素の密度(kg/m3 )、ρ1 はスピン液の密度(1.00178kg/m3 )である。 In Equation 1, η is the viscosity of the spin liquid (0.935 × 10 −3 Pa · S), N is the disk rotation speed (100 s −1 ), r 1 is the radius of the dispersion injection point (0.0456 m), r 2 is the radius of up to absorbance measurement point (0.0482m), ρ CB is the density of carbon (kg / m 3), ρ 1 is the density of the spin fluid (1.00178kg / m 3).

このようにして得られたストークス相当径と吸光度の分布曲線(図2)における最大頻度のストークス相当径をストークスモード径Dst(nm)とする。   The maximum Stokes equivalent diameter in the Stokes equivalent diameter and absorbance distribution curve (FIG. 2) thus obtained is defined as the Stokes mode diameter Dst (nm).

本発明のリチウム二次電池用負極材を形成する炭素微小球は、これらの粒子性状に加えて、X線回折法により測定した結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )が0.350nm以下、結晶子の厚み(Lc)が6nm以上の結晶性状を備えたものであることが必要である。すなわち、黒鉛結晶化度が高いことを特徴とする。   In addition to these particle properties, the carbon microspheres forming the negative electrode material for lithium secondary batteries of the present invention have a crystallite lattice spacing (d002) of 0.350 nm or less measured by X-ray diffraction method, The thickness (Lc) is required to have a crystalline property of 6 nm or more. That is, the graphite crystallinity is high.

結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )が0.350nmを越える場合には、黒鉛の結晶化度が低いためにリチウムイオンがドープされるサイトが少なくなり、電池容量が低下するためである。同様に結晶子の厚み(Lc)が6nmを下回るとリチウムイオンのドープ量が減り電池容量が低くなる。   This is because when the crystallite lattice spacing (d002) exceeds 0.350 nm, the crystallinity of graphite is low, so that the sites to which lithium ions are doped are reduced and the battery capacity is reduced. Similarly, if the crystallite thickness (Lc) is less than 6 nm, the amount of lithium ion dope is reduced and the battery capacity is lowered.

更に、本発明のリチウム二次電池用負極材を構成する炭素微小球は、上記の粒子性状と結晶性状に加え、その結晶構造が同心多面体の入れ子構造であることが必要である。   Further, the carbon microspheres constituting the negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention are required to have a concentric polyhedral nested structure in addition to the above-mentioned particle properties and crystal properties.

黒鉛の結晶構造が発達した炭素材はリチウムイオンのドープ・アンドープには有利であるが、PC系などの電解液中では黒鉛層の剥離が生じて分解してしまう。しかし、黒鉛の結晶構造に若干の歪みを与えると分解は回避できるものと考えられる。その典型が非晶質炭素材であり、これまでのところ非晶質炭素のみがPC系電解液中で使用可能である。   A carbon material with a developed crystal structure of graphite is advantageous for doping and undoping of lithium ions, but in an electrolytic solution such as a PC system, the graphite layer peels off and decomposes. However, it is considered that the decomposition can be avoided by giving a slight distortion to the crystal structure of graphite. A typical example is an amorphous carbon material, and so far, only amorphous carbon can be used in a PC-based electrolyte.

そこで、黒鉛の結晶構造に制御された歪みを与えることについて鋭意研究を重ねた結果、球状の炭素を2000℃以上で熱処理すると見掛け上は球状であるが、高分解能電子顕微鏡で観察すると図3、4に示したように、黒鉛の結晶構造に同心多面体の入れ子構造が観察される。なお、図3は同心多面体の入れ子構造を模式的に示したものであり、図4は同心多面体の入れ子構造を有する黒鉛材の透過型電子顕微鏡写真の一例である。   Therefore, as a result of intensive research on giving controlled strain to the crystal structure of graphite, when spherical carbon is heat-treated at 2000 ° C. or higher, it appears to be spherical, but when observed with a high-resolution electron microscope, FIG. As shown in FIG. 4, a concentric polyhedral nested structure is observed in the graphite crystal structure. FIG. 3 schematically shows a concentric polyhedron nesting structure, and FIG. 4 is an example of a transmission electron micrograph of a graphite material having a concentric polyhedron nesting structure.

すなわち、黒鉛の六角網面は元来二次元の平面状であり、多面体を構成するためには方位の異なる六角網面同士を整合させなければならない。しかし、方位の異なる六角網面を整合させると、そこには歪みが生じることになる。この歪みの大きさは多面体の粒径に依存し、粒径が大きくなると歪みは小さくなり、粒径が小さいと歪みは大きくなる。したがって、粒径を制御することにより黒鉛材に内在する歪みの大きさ(強弱)を制御することが可能となる。   That is, the hexagonal mesh surface of graphite is originally a two-dimensional planar shape, and hexagonal mesh surfaces having different orientations must be aligned to form a polyhedron. However, when hexagonal mesh surfaces having different orientations are aligned, distortion occurs there. The magnitude of this strain depends on the particle size of the polyhedron. As the particle size increases, the strain decreases, and as the particle size decreases, the strain increases. Therefore, it is possible to control the magnitude (strength) of the strain inherent in the graphite material by controlling the particle diameter.

この粒子性状、結晶性状および結晶構造を有する炭素微小球は、炭化水素ガスを水素ガスとともに熱分解炉の予熱帯域に導入し、引き続く加熱帯域において炭化水素ガス濃度を0.5〜40vol%、レイノルズ数を1〜20、温度を1100〜1300℃に設定して熱分解し、得られた球状炭素質物を非酸化性雰囲気中で2000℃以上の温度で熱処理することにより製造することができる。   The carbon microspheres having the particle property, crystal property and crystal structure are obtained by introducing hydrocarbon gas together with hydrogen gas into the preheating zone of the pyrolysis furnace, and in the subsequent heating zone, the hydrocarbon gas concentration is 0.5 to 40 vol%, Reynolds. It can be produced by thermally decomposing by setting the number to 1 to 20, the temperature to 1100 to 1300 ° C., and subjecting the obtained spherical carbonaceous material to heat treatment at a temperature of 2000 ° C. or higher in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.

図5は本発明の炭素微小球の製造方法を実施するための装置の全体構成を例示した説明図で、本出願人が先に開発、提案(特願2003−001803号)したものと同じである。11、12は高純度水素ガスが夫々充填されたガスボンベで、13、14は流量計である。15は炭化水素を貯蔵した原料タンクで、例えばトルエン等を液状で貯蔵し、水素ガスボンベ11からパイプ16を経由して所定流量の水素ガスをトルエン中に吹き込みトルエンをバブリングしてトルエンガスを水素ガスとともに加熱炉20に導入する。加熱炉20は原料である炭化水素ガスを熱分解して炭素微小球に転化するための加熱炉で、予熱帯域21と加熱帯域23とから構成されている。加熱炉20のガス導入側の外側にはヒータ22を設置して予熱帯域21とし、予熱帯域21に隣接した部分の外側にはヒータ25を設置して加熱帯域23としている。ヒータ22及びヒータ25には電熱加熱方式や高周波誘導加熱方式が適用される。   FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the overall configuration of an apparatus for carrying out the method for producing carbon microspheres of the present invention, which is the same as the one previously developed and proposed by the present applicant (Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-001803). is there. 11 and 12 are gas cylinders filled with high purity hydrogen gas, and 13 and 14 are flow meters. Reference numeral 15 denotes a raw material tank for storing hydrocarbons, for example, storing toluene in a liquid state, blowing a predetermined amount of hydrogen gas into the toluene from the hydrogen gas cylinder 11 via the pipe 16, and bubbling toluene to convert the toluene gas into hydrogen gas. At the same time, it is introduced into the heating furnace 20. The heating furnace 20 is a heating furnace for thermally decomposing hydrocarbon gas as a raw material and converting it into carbon microspheres, and is composed of a preheating zone 21 and a heating zone 23. A heater 22 is installed outside the gas introduction side of the heating furnace 20 to form a preheating zone 21, and a heater 25 is installed outside the portion adjacent to the preheating zone 21 to form a heating zone 23. For the heater 22 and the heater 25, an electrothermal heating method or a high frequency induction heating method is applied.

加熱帯域23には、混合ガスの流速を制御するために反応管24が内挿できるようになっている。反応管24の外側と加熱帯域23との間隙は断熱材で閉塞して混合ガスの侵入を阻止している。予熱帯域21の温度は熱電対で検出して温度調節器26で所定の温度に制御し、加熱帯域23の温度は放射温度計28で検出して温度調節器27で所定の温度に制御している。加熱炉20内の圧力は圧力計19、圧力制御バルブ31、真空ポンプ32により所定の圧力に制御されている。熱分解後の炭素微小球を含む分解ガスは冷却管29で冷却したのち、捕集室30で炭素微小球を分離捕集したのち、水槽33を経由して燃焼装置34で完全燃焼させて系外に排出される。   A reaction tube 24 can be inserted into the heating zone 23 in order to control the flow rate of the mixed gas. The gap between the outside of the reaction tube 24 and the heating zone 23 is closed with a heat insulating material to prevent the mixed gas from entering. The temperature of the preheating zone 21 is detected by a thermocouple and controlled to a predetermined temperature by a temperature controller 26, and the temperature of the heating zone 23 is detected by a radiation thermometer 28 and controlled to a predetermined temperature by a temperature controller 27. Yes. The pressure in the heating furnace 20 is controlled to a predetermined pressure by a pressure gauge 19, a pressure control valve 31, and a vacuum pump 32. The cracked gas containing the carbon microspheres after pyrolysis is cooled by the cooling pipe 29, and then the carbon microspheres are separated and collected in the collection chamber 30, and then completely burned by the combustion device 34 via the water tank 33. Discharged outside.

球状炭素質物は、炭化水素ガスを水素ガスとともに熱分解することにより製造され、原料となる炭化水素は、メタン、エタン、プロパン、エチレン、プロピレン、ブタジエン等の脂肪族炭化水素、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等の単環式芳香族炭化水素、ナフタレン、アントラセン等の多環式芳香族炭化水素、あるいはこれらの混合物や液化天然ガスなどが用いられる。なお、原料炭化水素が常温で液体または固体の場合には気化させて、ガス状で熱分解炉に供給される。   Spherical carbonaceous materials are produced by thermally decomposing hydrocarbon gas together with hydrogen gas, and hydrocarbons used as raw materials are aliphatic hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene and anthracene, mixtures thereof, and liquefied natural gas are used. In addition, when raw material hydrocarbon is liquid or solid at normal temperature, it vaporizes and is supplied to a pyrolysis furnace in gaseous form.

炭化水素ガスは水素ガスをキャリアガスとして水素ガスとともに熱分解炉に供給され、炭化水素ガスと水素ガスの混合ガスを比較的低温で、緩やかに熱分解させることにより、粒度分布がシャープで粒子凝集構造が小さく、実質的に単一な球状形態を有する球状炭素質物を製造することができる。   Hydrocarbon gas is supplied to the pyrolysis furnace together with hydrogen gas using hydrogen gas as carrier gas, and the mixed gas of hydrocarbon gas and hydrogen gas is gradually pyrolyzed at a relatively low temperature, resulting in sharp particle size distribution and particle aggregation A spherical carbonaceous material having a small structure and a substantially single spherical shape can be produced.

この場合、炭化水素ガスの濃度を低く設定すると、分解反応の過程における炭素微小球の前駆体である中間生成粒子の濃度も低くなり、中間生成粒子の衝突機会が少なくなる結果粒子間の結合が抑制され、粒子凝集体の形成が防止される。すなわち、単一球状で粒度分布もシャープな球状炭素質物の生成が可能となる。   In this case, if the concentration of hydrocarbon gas is set low, the concentration of intermediate product particles that are precursors of carbon microspheres in the process of decomposition reaction also decreases, resulting in fewer opportunities for collision of intermediate product particles, resulting in a bond between particles. And the formation of particle aggregates is prevented. That is, it becomes possible to produce a spherical carbonaceous material having a single spherical shape and a sharp particle size distribution.

更に、炭化水素ガスと水素ガスの混合ガスの流速が遅く、層流状態で熱分解反応させると、分解反応過程における炭素微小球の前駆体である中間生成粒子相互間の衝突機会が減少するので、粒子間の凝集が抑制され、粒度分布がシャープで単一球状形態の球状炭素質物を生成することができる。   Furthermore, if the flow rate of the mixed gas of hydrocarbon gas and hydrogen gas is slow and the thermal decomposition reaction is carried out in a laminar flow state, the chance of collision between intermediate product particles that are precursors of carbon microspheres in the decomposition reaction process is reduced. In addition, aggregation between particles can be suppressed, and a spherical carbonaceous material having a sharp particle size distribution and a single spherical shape can be generated.

このような理由により、原料となる炭化水素ガスの濃度を0.01〜40vol%に、炭化水素ガスと水素ガスの混合ガスのレイノルズ数を1〜20に、分解温度を1100〜1300℃の条件に設定して熱分解反応を行うことにより、本発明の粒子性状を有する球状炭素質物を製造することができる。   For these reasons, the concentration of the hydrocarbon gas as the raw material is 0.01 to 40 vol%, the Reynolds number of the mixed gas of hydrocarbon gas and hydrogen gas is 1 to 20, and the decomposition temperature is 1100 to 1300 ° C. By carrying out the thermal decomposition reaction with the setting, the spherical carbonaceous material having the particle properties of the present invention can be produced.

すなわち、原料炭化水素ガスの濃度〔=(炭化水素ガス流量)/(炭化水素ガス流量+水素ガス流量)〕を0.01〜40vol%に設定するのは、炭化水素ガス濃度が40Vol%を越える場合には微細な粒子径で、粒子凝集体の小さい炭素粒子を生成することができず、一方0.01Vol%を下回る低いガス濃度ではカーボンブラックの製造効率が低いばかりでなく反応ガス中における炭化水素ガスが少ないためにカーボンブラックの生成反応が円滑に進まず、粒子性状等が不均一化して、粒度分布もブロード化するためである。   That is, the concentration of the raw material hydrocarbon gas [= (hydrocarbon gas flow rate) / (hydrocarbon gas flow rate + hydrogen gas flow rate)] is set to 0.01 to 40 vol% because the hydrocarbon gas concentration exceeds 40 Vol%. In some cases, carbon particles having a fine particle size and small particle aggregates cannot be produced. On the other hand, when the gas concentration is lower than 0.01 vol%, not only the production efficiency of carbon black is low but also carbonization in the reaction gas is performed. This is because the generation reaction of carbon black does not proceed smoothly due to the small amount of hydrogen gas, the particle properties become non-uniform, and the particle size distribution becomes broad.

原料炭化水素ガスと水素ガスの混合ガスのレイノルズ数を1〜20に設定するのは、レイノルズ数が20を越える場合には中間生成粒子の相互衝突する機会が増えるために凝集粒子が形成され易くなり、単一球状形態の球状炭素質物を生成させることが困難となるからである。一方、レイノルズ数が1を下回る場合には球状炭素質物の生成効率が著しく低下することになり、また粒子性状の不均一化を招くためである。   The reason why the Reynolds number of the mixed gas of the raw material hydrocarbon gas and hydrogen gas is set to 1 to 20 is that when the Reynolds number exceeds 20, the chance of the intermediate particles to collide with each other increases, so that aggregated particles are easily formed. This is because it becomes difficult to produce a spherical carbonaceous material having a single spherical shape. On the other hand, when the Reynolds number is less than 1, the production efficiency of the spherical carbonaceous material is remarkably lowered, and the particle property is not uniform.

また、熱分解温度を1100〜1300℃の条件に設定するのは、1300℃を越える温度では熱分解反応が促進される結果、中間生成粒子の相互衝突する機会が大きくなるため粒子間の凝集が進み、単一な球体を生成させることが難しくなり、更に粒度分布もブロード化するためである。なお、分解温度が1100℃未満では球状炭素質物の生成効率の低下が著しくなるためである。   Also, the thermal decomposition temperature is set to 1100 to 1300 ° C because the thermal decomposition reaction is promoted at a temperature exceeding 1300 ° C, and as a result, the chance of intermediate collision of the intermediate product particles increases. This is because it becomes difficult to generate a single sphere, and the particle size distribution is also broadened. This is because if the decomposition temperature is lower than 1100 ° C., the production efficiency of the spherical carbonaceous material is significantly reduced.

このようにして得られた球状炭素質物を非酸化性雰囲気中で2000℃以上の温度で熱処理することにより、X線回折法により測定した結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )が0.350nm以下、結晶子の厚み(Lc)が6nm以上の結晶性状を備え、その結晶構造が同心多面体の入れ子構造を示す炭素微小球を製造することができる。なお、上記の製造方法は、本発明のリチウム二次電池用負極材を形成する炭素微小球の製造方法の一例を示したものであり、本発明のリチウム二次電池用負極材は、この製造方法に限定されるものではない。   The spherical carbonaceous material thus obtained was heat-treated at a temperature of 2000 ° C. or higher in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, whereby the crystallite lattice spacing (d002) measured by X-ray diffraction method was 0.350 nm or less, Carbon microspheres having a crystal property with a child thickness (Lc) of 6 nm or more and whose crystal structure exhibits a concentric polyhedral nested structure can be produced. In addition, said manufacturing method showed an example of the manufacturing method of the carbon microsphere which forms the negative electrode material for lithium secondary batteries of this invention, and the negative electrode material for lithium secondary batteries of this invention is this manufacture. The method is not limited.

以下、本発明の実施例を比較例と対比して詳細に説明する。   Hereinafter, examples of the present invention will be described in detail in comparison with comparative examples.

実施例1〜4、比較例1〜4
図5に示した装置において、加熱炉20の内径を145mm、長さを1500mm、予熱帯域21の長さを200mm、加熱帯域23の長さを400mm、反応管24の内径を20mm、長さを450mmとし、原料炭化水素にトルエンを用いて水素ガスによりバブリングして気化し、また水素ガス供給量を変えて加熱炉20に導入した。このようにして反応管24におけるトルエンガス濃度、トルエンガスと水素ガスの混合ガスの流速、温度などを変えて2時間熱分解した。得られた球状炭素質物をアルゴン雰囲気中で2800℃の温度で熱処理して黒鉛化した。
Examples 1-4, Comparative Examples 1-4
In the apparatus shown in FIG. 5, the inner diameter of the heating furnace 20 is 145 mm, the length is 1500 mm, the length of the preheating zone 21 is 200 mm, the length of the heating zone 23 is 400 mm, the inner diameter of the reaction tube 24 is 20 mm, and the length is 450 mm, the raw material hydrocarbon was vaporized by bubbling with hydrogen gas using toluene, and the hydrogen gas supply amount was changed and introduced into the heating furnace 20. In this way, pyrolysis was performed for 2 hours while changing the toluene gas concentration in the reaction tube 24, the flow rate of the mixed gas of toluene gas and hydrogen gas, the temperature, and the like. The obtained spherical carbonaceous material was heat-treated at 2800 ° C. in an argon atmosphere and graphitized.

このようにして製造した炭素微小球について、粒子性状として、電子顕微鏡により算術平均粒子径dnおよびディスクセントリフュージ(DCF)を用いてストークスモード径Dstを測定し、また結晶性状として、X線回折法により結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )および結晶子の厚み(Lc)を測定した。   With respect to the carbon microspheres thus produced, the particle properties were measured by an electron microscope using an arithmetic average particle size dn and a disc centrifugation (DCF), and the Stokes mode diameter Dst was measured. The crystallite lattice spacing (d002) and crystallite thickness (Lc) were measured.

比較例5
市販の天然黒鉛を粉砕し粒度調整した粉末を試料として、同様に算術平均粒子径dn、ストークスモード径Dst、結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )、結晶子の厚み(Lc)などを測定した。
Comparative Example 5
Using a powder obtained by pulverizing commercially available natural graphite and adjusting the particle size, the arithmetic average particle diameter dn, Stokes mode diameter Dst, crystallite lattice spacing (d002), crystallite thickness (Lc), and the like were similarly measured.

比較例6
市販のハードカーボンを粉砕し粒度調整した粉末を試料として、同様に算術平均粒子径dn、ストークスモード径Dst、結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )、結晶子の厚み(Lc)などを測定した。
Comparative Example 6
Using a powder obtained by pulverizing commercially available hard carbon and adjusting the particle size, the arithmetic average particle diameter dn, Stokes mode diameter Dst, crystallite lattice spacing (d002), crystallite thickness (Lc), and the like were similarly measured.

比較例7
市販のカーボンブラック(東海カーボン製、商品名シースト9H)をアルゴン雰囲気中で2800℃の温度で熱処理して試料とし、同様に算術平均粒子径dn、ストークスモード径Dst、結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )、結晶子の厚み(Lc)などを測定した。
Comparative Example 7
Commercially available carbon black (trade name Seast 9H, manufactured by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd.) was heat-treated at a temperature of 2800 ° C. in an argon atmosphere to obtain a sample. Similarly, the arithmetic average particle diameter dn, Stokes mode diameter Dst, crystallite lattice spacing (d002 ), Crystallite thickness (Lc) and the like were measured.

比較例8
市販のカーボンブラック(東海カーボン製、商品名TB#3800)をアルゴン雰囲気中で2800℃の温度で熱処理して試料とし、同様に算術平均粒子径dn、ストークスモード径Dst、結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )、結晶子の厚み(Lc)などを測定した。
Comparative Example 8
Commercially available carbon black (manufactured by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd., trade name TB # 3800) was heat-treated at a temperature of 2800 ° C. in an argon atmosphere to obtain a sample. Similarly, the arithmetic average particle diameter dn, Stokes mode diameter Dst, crystallite lattice spacing ( d002), crystallite thickness (Lc) and the like were measured.

このようにして製造した各試料にバインダーを加えて良く混練したのち、銅製の集電板に圧縮成形して負極を形成し、またその密度を測定した。   Each sample produced in this manner was added with a binder and kneaded well, and then formed into a negative electrode by compression molding on a copper current collector, and its density was measured.

次に、これらの各負極を、プロピレンカーボネートを電解液、金属リチウムを正極としてリチウム二次電池を作製して、充放電サイクル試験を実施して、耐PC性、レート特性および電池容量を測定した。
(1) 耐PC性;サイクリックボルタモグラムにより安定した充放電サイクルが得られるかどうかで判定した。
(2) レート特性;二次電池としての充放電能力を維持できる最小の充放電サイクル時間で評価した。
(3) 電池容量;充放電サイクル時間を1時間とした場合の容量を測定した。
Next, a lithium secondary battery was prepared using propylene carbonate as an electrolyte and metal lithium as a positive electrode for each of these negative electrodes, and a charge / discharge cycle test was conducted to measure PC resistance, rate characteristics, and battery capacity. .
(1) PC resistance: Judgment was made based on whether a stable charge / discharge cycle could be obtained by cyclic voltammogram.
(2) Rate characteristics: Evaluation was made with the minimum charge / discharge cycle time capable of maintaining the charge / discharge capacity as a secondary battery.
(3) Battery capacity: The capacity was measured when the charge / discharge cycle time was 1 hour.

このようにして製造した炭素微小球の製造条件を表1に、炭素微小球の粒子性状、結晶性状、および、電池性能を表2に示した。   The production conditions of the carbon microspheres thus produced are shown in Table 1, and the particle properties, crystal properties, and battery performance of the carbon microspheres are shown in Table 2.

Figure 0004518241
Figure 0004518241

Figure 0004518241
Figure 0004518241

以上の結果から、本発明の製造方法を適用して製造し、本発明で特定した粒子性状、結晶性状および結晶構造を備えた実施例1〜4の炭素微小球で負極を形成したリチウム二次電池は、耐PC性、レート特性、電池容量とも良好なレベルにあることが分かる。なお、平均粒子径がやや大きめの実施例2ではレート特性が幾分か低下し、粒子凝集形態が若干認められる実施例3、4では、充填密度がやや低くなり、電池容量が僅か低めにある。   From the above results, a lithium secondary produced by applying the production method of the present invention and having a negative electrode formed of the carbon microspheres of Examples 1 to 4 having the particle property, crystal property and crystal structure specified in the present invention. It can be seen that the battery has good levels of PC resistance, rate characteristics, and battery capacity. In Example 2 where the average particle size is slightly larger, the rate characteristics are somewhat lowered, and in Examples 3 and 4 where the particle aggregation is slightly observed, the packing density is slightly lower and the battery capacity is slightly lower. .

比較例1は平均粒子径が大きく、逆に比較例2は平均粒子径が小さいため、ともにプロピレンカーボネートの電解液中で黒鉛層が剥離し、分解したためかサイクリックボルタモグラムは収束せず、安定した充放電サイクルを得ることができなかった。また、熱処理を行わず黒鉛化処理しなかった比較例3は結晶構造が非晶質のランダム構造であるため、耐PC性は良好であるが、レート特性、電池容量とも低く、また、粒子が凝集し、Dst/dnが大きい比較例4では充填密度が低くなり、電池容量が低下した。   Since Comparative Example 1 has a large average particle size and Comparative Example 2 has a small average particle size, the cyclic voltammogram does not converge because the graphite layer was peeled and decomposed in the electrolyte solution of propylene carbonate. A charge / discharge cycle could not be obtained. Further, Comparative Example 3 in which the heat treatment was not performed and the graphitization was not performed was a random structure with an amorphous crystal structure, and thus the PC resistance was good, but the rate characteristics and the battery capacity were low, and the particles were In Comparative Example 4, which aggregated and Dst / dn was large, the packing density was low, and the battery capacity was reduced.

市販の天然黒鉛の粉砕品を用いた比較例5は黒鉛結晶性状が発達しているため、プロピレンカーボネート電解液中での分解が速く、また市販のハードカーボンの粉砕品を用いた比較例6では耐PC性は良好であったが、レート特性および電池容量が低かった。   In Comparative Example 5 using a commercially available natural graphite pulverized product, the graphite crystallinity has developed, so it decomposes quickly in a propylene carbonate electrolyte, and in Comparative Example 6 using a commercially available hard carbon pulverized product, The PC resistance was good, but the rate characteristics and battery capacity were low.

また、市販のカーボンブラックを用いた比較例7、8では、粒子が凝集しているため、Dst/dnが大きく、平均粒子径が小さい比較例7はプロピレンカーボネート電解液中で分解し、比較例8では電池容量が低位になった。   In Comparative Examples 7 and 8 using commercially available carbon black, since the particles are agglomerated, Comparative Example 7 having a large Dst / dn and a small average particle size is decomposed in a propylene carbonate electrolytic solution. In 8, the battery capacity was low.

Dstの測定時における炭素微小球試料の分散液を加えてからの経過時間と炭素微小球の遠心沈降による吸光度の変化を示した分布曲線である。It is the distribution curve which showed the change of the light absorbency by the elapsed time after adding the dispersion liquid of the carbon microsphere sample at the time of Dst measurement, and the centrifugal precipitation of the carbon microsphere. Dstの測定時に得られたストークス相当径と吸光度の関係を示す分布曲線である。It is a distribution curve which shows the relationship between the Stokes equivalent diameter obtained at the time of measurement of Dst, and a light absorbency. 炭素微小球の同心多面体の入れ子構造を例示した模式図である。It is the schematic diagram which illustrated the nested structure of the concentric polyhedron of carbon microsphere. 同心多面体の入れ子構造を有する炭素微小球の透過型電子顕微鏡写真である。2 is a transmission electron micrograph of carbon microspheres having a concentric polyhedral nested structure. 本発明の炭素微小球の製造方法を実施するための装置の全体構成を例示した説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which illustrated the whole structure of the apparatus for enforcing the manufacturing method of the carbon microsphere of this invention.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

11、12 水素ガスボンベ
13、14 流量計
15 原料タンク
16、17、18 ステンレスパイプ
19 圧力計
20 加熱炉
21 予熱帯域
22、25 ヒータ
23 加熱帯域
24 反応管
26、27 温度調節器
28 放射温度計
29 冷却管
30 捕集室
31 圧力制御バルブ
32 真空ポンプ
33 水槽
34 燃焼装置
11, 12 Hydrogen gas cylinder 13, 14 Flow meter 15 Raw material tank 16, 17, 18 Stainless steel pipe 19 Pressure gauge 20 Heating furnace 21 Preheating zone 22, 25 Heater 23 Heating zone 24 Reaction tube 26, 27 Temperature controller 28 Radiation thermometer 29 Cooling pipe 30 Collection chamber 31 Pressure control valve 32 Vacuum pump 33 Water tank 34 Combustion device

Claims (3)

電子顕微鏡により測定した算術平均粒子径dnが30〜900nmであり、ディスクセントリフュージ装置(DCF)により測定したストークスモード径Dstとdnとの比、Dst/dnが2以下の粒子性状を有し、X線回折法により測定した結晶子格子面間隔(d002 )が0.350nm以下、結晶子の厚み(Lc)が6nm以上の結晶性状を備え、その結晶構造が同心多面体の入れ子構造である炭素微小球からなることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用負極材。 The arithmetic average particle diameter dn measured by an electron microscope is 30 to 900 nm, the ratio of the Stokes mode diameter Dst to dn measured by a disc centrifuging device (DCF), and the particle property of Dst / dn being 2 or less, X Carbon microspheres having crystallinity of crystallite lattice spacing (d002) of 0.350 nm or less and crystallite thickness (Lc) of 6 nm or more measured by a line diffraction method, the crystal structure of which is a concentric polyhedral nested structure A negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery, comprising: 算術平均粒子径dnが50〜300nmである請求項1記載のリチウム二次電池用負極材。 The negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the arithmetic average particle diameter dn is 50 to 300 nm. 炭化水素ガスを水素ガスとともに熱分解炉の予熱帯域に導入し、引き続く加熱帯域において炭化水素ガス濃度を0.5〜40vol%、レイノルズ数を1〜20、温度を1100〜1300℃に設定して熱分解し、得られた球状炭素質物を非酸化性雰囲気中で2000℃以上の温度で熱処理することを特徴とする請求項1記載のリチウム二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
The hydrocarbon gas is introduced into the preheating zone of the pyrolysis furnace together with the hydrogen gas, and the hydrocarbon gas concentration is set to 0.5 to 40 vol%, the Reynolds number is set to 1 to 20, and the temperature is set to 1100 to 1300 ° C. in the subsequent heating zone. The method for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the spherical carbonaceous material obtained by thermal decomposition is heat-treated at a temperature of 2000 ° C or higher in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
JP2004051286A 2004-02-26 2004-02-26 Negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery and method for producing the same Expired - Fee Related JP4518241B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2004051286A JP4518241B2 (en) 2004-02-26 2004-02-26 Negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery and method for producing the same

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2004051286A JP4518241B2 (en) 2004-02-26 2004-02-26 Negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery and method for producing the same

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2005243410A JP2005243410A (en) 2005-09-08
JP4518241B2 true JP4518241B2 (en) 2010-08-04

Family

ID=35024923

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2004051286A Expired - Fee Related JP4518241B2 (en) 2004-02-26 2004-02-26 Negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery and method for producing the same

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JP4518241B2 (en)

Families Citing this family (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2005324995A (en) * 2004-05-17 2005-11-24 Showa Denko Kk Carbon particle, its manufacturing method and use
JP5057267B2 (en) * 2006-05-12 2012-10-24 東海カーボン株式会社 Anode material for lithium secondary battery
JP5532281B2 (en) * 2007-02-05 2014-06-25 東海カーボン株式会社 Method for producing carbon microspheres
TWI398981B (en) * 2007-05-22 2013-06-11 Tokai Carbon Kk Lithium secondary battery anode material
EP2151881B1 (en) * 2007-05-29 2012-08-08 Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd. Negative electrode material for lithium rechargeable battery
JP5169248B2 (en) * 2008-01-25 2013-03-27 東海カーボン株式会社 Carbon microsphere powder for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material and method for producing the same
JP5386666B2 (en) * 2008-11-04 2014-01-15 東海カーボン株式会社 Negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery, method for producing the same, and lithium secondary battery
JP6204004B2 (en) * 2011-08-31 2017-09-27 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 Manufacturing method of secondary battery
US10100200B2 (en) 2014-01-30 2018-10-16 Monolith Materials, Inc. Use of feedstock in carbon black plasma process
US11939477B2 (en) 2014-01-30 2024-03-26 Monolith Materials, Inc. High temperature heat integration method of making carbon black
US10138378B2 (en) 2014-01-30 2018-11-27 Monolith Materials, Inc. Plasma gas throat assembly and method
US10370539B2 (en) 2014-01-30 2019-08-06 Monolith Materials, Inc. System for high temperature chemical processing
US11304288B2 (en) 2014-01-31 2022-04-12 Monolith Materials, Inc. Plasma torch design
EP3253904B1 (en) 2015-02-03 2020-07-01 Monolith Materials, Inc. Regenerative cooling method and apparatus
CA3032246C (en) 2015-07-29 2023-12-12 Monolith Materials, Inc. Dc plasma torch electrical power design method and apparatus
KR102385213B1 (en) * 2015-09-14 2022-04-08 모놀리스 머티어리얼스 인코포레이티드 Carbon Black Made from Natural Gas
EP3448553A4 (en) 2016-04-29 2019-12-11 Monolith Materials, Inc. Secondary heat addition to particle production process and apparatus
US11492496B2 (en) 2016-04-29 2022-11-08 Monolith Materials, Inc. Torch stinger method and apparatus
CN110603297A (en) 2017-03-08 2019-12-20 巨石材料公司 System and method for producing carbon particles with heat transfer gas
EP3612600A4 (en) 2017-04-20 2021-01-27 Monolith Materials, Inc. Particle systems and methods
CA3116989C (en) 2017-10-24 2024-04-02 Monolith Materials, Inc. Particle systems and methods

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH06150930A (en) * 1992-11-12 1994-05-31 Sharp Corp Non-aqueous secondary battery
JPH06211511A (en) * 1993-01-14 1994-08-02 Sony Corp Production of carbon hyperfine particle
JPH06243867A (en) * 1993-02-16 1994-09-02 Sharp Corp Nonaqueous secondary battery
JPH0734001A (en) * 1993-07-19 1995-02-03 Tokai Carbon Co Ltd Production of carbon black
JPH10168337A (en) * 1996-12-11 1998-06-23 Tokai Carbon Co Ltd Production of carbon black
JP2000345069A (en) * 1999-04-01 2000-12-12 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp Production of carbon black and equipment for producing carbon black
JP2004211012A (en) * 2003-01-08 2004-07-29 Tokai Carbon Co Ltd Carbon microsphere and manufacturing method thereof

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH06150930A (en) * 1992-11-12 1994-05-31 Sharp Corp Non-aqueous secondary battery
JPH06211511A (en) * 1993-01-14 1994-08-02 Sony Corp Production of carbon hyperfine particle
JPH06243867A (en) * 1993-02-16 1994-09-02 Sharp Corp Nonaqueous secondary battery
JPH0734001A (en) * 1993-07-19 1995-02-03 Tokai Carbon Co Ltd Production of carbon black
JPH10168337A (en) * 1996-12-11 1998-06-23 Tokai Carbon Co Ltd Production of carbon black
JP2000345069A (en) * 1999-04-01 2000-12-12 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp Production of carbon black and equipment for producing carbon black
JP2004211012A (en) * 2003-01-08 2004-07-29 Tokai Carbon Co Ltd Carbon microsphere and manufacturing method thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2005243410A (en) 2005-09-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP4518241B2 (en) Negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery and method for producing the same
TWI430945B (en) Graphite materials, battery electrodes with carbon materials and batteries
US9093693B2 (en) Process for producing nano graphene reinforced composite particles for lithium battery electrodes
JP4844943B2 (en) Negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary battery and method for producing the same
US7008526B2 (en) Processes for producing coke, artificial graphite and carbon material for negative electrode of non-aqueous solvent type secondary battery and pitch composition used therefor
Kausar et al. Polymer/nanodiamond composites in Li-ion batteries: A review
KR20080073706A (en) Graphite material, carbon material for battery electrode and battery
JP6981203B2 (en) Negative electrode material for non-aqueous secondary batteries, negative electrode for non-aqueous secondary batteries and non-aqueous secondary batteries
JP3945928B2 (en) Method for producing carbon material for negative electrode of lithium ion secondary battery
JPWO2016121711A1 (en) Method for producing graphite powder for negative electrode material of lithium ion secondary battery, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery
JP5772939B2 (en) Carbon material for electrodes
JP5212682B2 (en) Method for producing negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary battery
JP5169248B2 (en) Carbon microsphere powder for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material and method for producing the same
JP2006066334A (en) Carbon material and nonaqueous electrolyte solution secondary cell using above
JP5057267B2 (en) Anode material for lithium secondary battery
JP4973247B2 (en) Carbon material for electrodes
JP7077721B2 (en) Negative electrode material for non-aqueous secondary batteries, negative electrode for non-aqueous secondary batteries and non-aqueous secondary batteries
JP5386666B2 (en) Negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery, method for producing the same, and lithium secondary battery
KR101377366B1 (en) Negative electrode material for lithium rechargeable battery
JP3399315B2 (en) Method for producing negative electrode for secondary battery, negative electrode for secondary battery, and secondary battery
JP2002121570A (en) Process for manufacturing bulk mesophase carbon and graphite powder
TWI398981B (en) Lithium secondary battery anode material
JP2001316105A (en) Manufacturing method of graphite powder
Rohani Boron, boron hyperdoped silicon and silicon nanoparticle synthesis by laser pyrolysis with applications in energy storage
Wu et al. Ecofriendly Synthesis of Waste-Tire-Derived Graphite Nanoflakes by a Low-Temperature Electrochemical Graphitization Process toward a Silicon-Based Anode with a High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20061110

A977 Report on retrieval

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007

Effective date: 20090911

TRDD Decision of grant or rejection written
A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

Effective date: 20100427

A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

A61 First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61

Effective date: 20100511

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130528

Year of fee payment: 3

R150 Certificate of patent or registration of utility model

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130528

Year of fee payment: 3

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

LAPS Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees