JP4285478B2 - 反応装置 - Google Patents
反応装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4285478B2 JP4285478B2 JP2005375537A JP2005375537A JP4285478B2 JP 4285478 B2 JP4285478 B2 JP 4285478B2 JP 2005375537 A JP2005375537 A JP 2005375537A JP 2005375537 A JP2005375537 A JP 2005375537A JP 4285478 B2 JP4285478 B2 JP 4285478B2
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- B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
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Description
請求項13記載の発明は、請求項1〜12に記載の反応装置において、前記反応装置本体部は、排出した前記生成物を、該生成物により電気を生成する燃料電池に供給することを特徴とする。
まず、本発明に係る反応装置の第1の実施の形態について説明する。
図1は、本発明に係る反応装置1における反応装置本体部2の概略構成を示す側面図である。
反応装置1は、燃料電池に使用する水素ガスを生成するものであり、後述の断熱パッケージ6内に図1に示す反応装置本体部2を備えている。
気化部3は、触媒燃焼によって熱(燃焼熱)を発する燃焼器30と、燃焼器30における燃焼熱によって外部から供給される水および液体燃料を気化させる気化器31とを有している。
CH3OH+H2O→3H2+CO2 …(1)
2CH3OH+H2O→5H2+CO+CO2 …(2)
樹脂製弁900は、熱可塑性樹脂などによって形成されており、1MPa程度の圧力に耐えるようになっている。なお、樹脂製弁900に適用可能な樹脂としては、ガス不透過性に優れた樹脂が好ましく、具体的には、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)材をポリ塩化ビニリデン(PVDC)でコーティングしたもの等を用いることができる。
この樹脂製弁900の内部には、異常検知装置8のヒータ83が埋設されており、樹脂製弁900を加熱可能となっている。
水タンク91,92は水を貯留しており、本実施の形態においては、例えば、水タンク91内の水の体積は約1cc、水タンク92内の水の体積は約4cc、水タンク91,92の側壁の厚さは約0.1mmとなっている。これら水タンク91,92には、空気タンク90と反対の側に管材94,95が接続されており、図2に示すように、管材94は管材23aに連通し、管材95は管材26に連通している。
図5は、本発明に係わる反応装置1を備える発電ユニット100の一例を示す斜視図であり、図6は、発電ユニット100を電源として用いる電子機器110の一例を示す斜視図である。
この図に示すように、発電ユニット100は、例えば、フレーム101と、フレーム101に対して着脱可能な燃料容器102と、流路、ポンプ、流量センサ及びバルブ等を有する流量制御ユニット103と、上述の反応装置1と、燃料電池を有する発電モジュール104と、反応装置1及び発電モジュール104に空気(酸素)を供給するエアポンプ105と、外部の機器に対して電気的に接続するための外部インターフェース等を有する電源ユニット106とを具備して構成される。なお、発電モジュール104には、燃料電池を加湿する加湿器及び燃料電池で生成された副生成物を回収する回収器等が具備される。また、電源ユニット106には、発電モジュールで生成された電気を蓄電する二次電池や、電圧の変換を行うDC−DCコンバータなどが具備される。
まず、液体燃料および水の混合液が燃料容器102から気化器31に供給されて、当該気化器31において気化される。このとき、気化器31には、燃焼器30で発生する反応熱(燃焼熱)が加えられる。
まず、上記の正常動作中に反応装置1に異常が生じて断熱パッケージ6の外面温度が例えば90℃を超えると、異常検知装置8のスイッチ81がオンとなり、内蔵電池82からヒータ83に電力が供給される。
また、上記においては、異常発生時における反応装置1における緊急冷却装置7の動作についてのみ説明したが、異常発生時には、緊急冷却装置7を動作させるとともに、更に、燃料容器102から気化器31への水および液体燃料の供給、燃焼器30、40へ空気及び燃焼用の気体燃料の供給、及び、一酸化炭素除去器50への空気の供給を停止させる構成を備えることが好ましい。
次に、本発明に係る反応装置の第2の実施の形態について説明する。なお、上記第1の実施の形態との間で互いに対応する部分が同一に構成されている場合には、同一の符号を付して、その説明を省略する。
図9に示すように、上述の図1と同様に、反応装置1Aは、反応装置本体部2Aを備えている。この反応装置本体部2Aの一酸化炭素除去器50には、管材(第4の流路)24aから空気が供給され、一酸化炭素除去器50内で一酸化炭素が除去された混合気は管材(第2の流路)25aを介して燃料電池の燃料極に供給されるようになっている。
緊急制御装置70は、電磁バルブ24c,25cと接続されており、異常検知装置8によって異常が検知されたときに電磁バルブ25cを閉め、電磁バルブ24cを開けることにより、異常が検知されない場合と比較して、反応装置本体部2における反応物や生成物が流路中を流れる経路を変化させるようになっている。
図10に示す結果は、本実施の形態に対応して、20℃の水を管材94Aに0.43cc/secの流量で連続的に流し、管材95に0.79cc/secの流量で連続的に流した場合の、各反応部の温度変化を計算した結果を示すグラフである。図10に示すように、この場合には、水を流し始めてから約4秒後には、管材94A,95を介して3.16cc,1.72ccの水が反応装置本体部2に流入し、改質部4の温度は約60℃、一酸化炭素除去部5の温度は約50℃、気化部3の温度は約20℃となり、反応装置1の温度が60℃以下となる。このように、本実施の形態における構成によれば、異常検知装置8が異常を検知してから数秒程度で、各反応部を60℃以下とすることができる。
2 反応装置本体部
6 断熱パッケージ
8 異常検知装置
9 冷却装置
23a,23b 管材(第3の流路)
24a 管材(第4の流路)
24b 管材(排出経路)
24c 電磁バルブ(第2の開閉手段)
25,25a 管材(第2の流路)
25c 電磁バルブ(第1の開閉手段)
26 管材(第1の流路)
31 気化器(化学反応器)
40 燃焼器
41 改質器(化学反応器)
50 一酸化炭素除去器(化学反応器)
70 緊急制御装置(経路制御装置)
91,92 水タンク(保持容器)
Claims (13)
- 水と炭化水素系の液体燃料との混合液を含む反応物が供給されて反応を起こし、該反応により生成される水素を含む生成物を排出する反応装置本体部と、
前記反応装置本体部を内部に収容する断熱パッケージと、
異常を検知する異常検知装置と、を備える反応装置であって、
前記断熱パッケージと前記反応装置本体部との間の空間は真空圧とされ、
前記異常検知装置は、前記断熱パッケージの外面または内面の温度またはその温度変化を検知し、
前記異常検知装置によって前記温度またはその温度変化の異常が検知されたときに前記反応装置本体部内に冷却用流体を流入させる冷却装置をさらに備えることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 水と炭化水素系の液体燃料との混合液を含む反応物が供給されて反応を起こし、該反応により生成される水素を含む生成物を排出する反応装置本体部と、
前記反応装置本体部を内部に収容する断熱パッケージと、
異常を検知する異常検知装置と、を備える反応装置であって、
前記異常検知装置は、前記反応装置本体部の温度またはその温度変化、前記断熱パッケージの外面または内面の温度またはその温度変化、前記断熱パッケージに印加される加速度、または前記反応装置内での燃料漏れまたは水素漏れのうちいずれか一つを検知し、
前記異常検知装置によって前記温度、前記温度変化、または前記加速度の異常、または前記燃料漏れまたは前記水素漏れのうちいずれか一つが検知されたときに前記反応装置本体部内に冷却用流体を流入させる冷却装置をさらに備えることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項1または2記載の反応装置において、
前記冷却用流体は水であることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の反応装置において、
前記異常検知装置は、前記断熱パッケージの外面の温度の異常を検知し、
前記冷却装置は、前記異常検知装置により前記温度の異常が検知されたときに、前記反応装置本体部内に前記冷却用流体を流入させることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項4記載の反応装置において、
前記反応装置本体部は、互いに連通された複数の化学反応器と、燃焼用燃料及び空気が供給され、燃焼用触媒を有して前記燃焼用燃料を触媒燃焼させ、燃焼熱により前記複数の化学反応器を所定の温度に設定する燃焼器とを備え、
前記反応装置本体部は、少なくとも、前記複数の化学反応器に前記反応物を供給する第1の流路と、前記生成物を排出する第2の流路と、前記燃焼器に前記燃焼用燃料及び空気の何れかを供給する第3の流路とを有し、
前記冷却装置は、前記異常検知装置により前記温度の異常が検知されたときに、前記第1乃至第3の流路の少なくとも何れかを介して、前記冷却用流体を前記反応装置本体部内に流入させることにより、当該反応装置本体部における反応を終了させることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項5記載の反応装置において、
前記冷却装置は、前記冷却用流体を保持する保持容器と、前記異常検知装置により前記温度の異常が検知されたときに、前記保持容器内に保持された前記冷却用流体を前記反応装置本体部内に流入させる手段と、を備えることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項5記載の反応装置において、
前記複数の化学反応器は、前記混合液を気化して混合気を生成する気化器と、前記混合気から水素を含むガスを生成する改質反応を起こす改質器と、前記改質反応における副生成物の一酸化炭素を二酸化炭素に変えて除去する一酸化炭素除去器とを互いに連通させて備えることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項5記載の反応装置において、
前記冷却装置は、前記異常検知装置により前記温度の異常が検知されたときに、前記第1及び第3の流路を介して、前記冷却用流体を、前記複数の化学反応器及び前記燃焼器内に流入させることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項8記載の反応装置において、
前記冷却装置は、前記第1,第3の流路、前記複数の化学反応器及び前記燃焼器内を満たす以上の量の前記冷却用流体を保持する保持容器と、前記異常検知装置により前記温度の異常が検知されたときに、前記保持容器内に保持された前記冷却用流体を前記反応装置本体部内に流入させる手段と、を備えることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項5記載の反応装置において、
前記冷却装置は、前記異常検知装置により前記温度の異常が検知されたときに、前記第1及び第2の流路を介して、前記冷却用流体を、前記複数の化学反応器内に流入させることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項10記載の反応装置において、
前記冷却装置は、前記第1,第2の流路、前記複数の化学反応器内を満たす以上の量の前記冷却用流体を保持する保持容器と、前記異常検知装置により前記温度の異常が検知されたときに、前記保持容器内に保持された前記冷却用流体を前記反応装置本体部内に流入させる手段と、を備えることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項10記載の反応装置において、
前記反応装置本体部は、更に、前記複数の化学反応器の何れかに、当該化学反応器における反応を行わせるための空気を供給する第4の流路を有し、
前記冷却装置は、前記第2の流路から前記生成物を排出する経路を開閉する第1の開閉手段と、前記第4の流路に前記冷却用流体を排出するための排出経路を設け、該排出経路を開閉する第2の開閉手段とを制御する経路制御装置を備え、
前記異常検知装置により前記温度の異常が検知されたときに、前記経路制御装置により前記第2の流路から前記生成物を排出する経路を遮断するとともに前記排出経路を開放し、前記第1の流路から前記反応物が供給される方向と同方向に前記冷却用流体を流し、前記第2の流路から前記生成物が排出される方向とは逆方向に前記冷却用流体を流し、前記排出経路から前記冷却用流体を排出させることを特徴とする反応装置。 - 請求項1〜12に記載の反応装置において、
前記反応装置本体部は、排出した前記生成物を、該生成物により電気を生成する燃料電池に供給することを特徴とする反応装置。
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