JP4148697B2 - How to bake a waiting stone - Google Patents

How to bake a waiting stone Download PDF

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JP4148697B2
JP4148697B2 JP2002127084A JP2002127084A JP4148697B2 JP 4148697 B2 JP4148697 B2 JP 4148697B2 JP 2002127084 A JP2002127084 A JP 2002127084A JP 2002127084 A JP2002127084 A JP 2002127084A JP 4148697 B2 JP4148697 B2 JP 4148697B2
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章隆 藤原
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株式会社日本海技術コンサルタンツ
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、来待石原石や原石加工品などの石材に燻し状の模様を施すことができる焼成方法に関する。また本発明は、焼成した板状来待石の石板焼き用具に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
天然石材製の壁面飾りや置物などに着色を施して変化を与えて商品価値を付加することは以前から行われている。例えば、特開平6−144954公報や特開平8−253379号公報などに示されるように、石材に紬薬を塗布して焼成する方法が一般的である。一方、特開2000−143366号公報に示されている技術は、凝灰質砂岩(来待石)について、紬薬など着色用剤を塗布することなく、単に焼成温度を選択することで、赤乃至赤茶色(1000〜1100℃)、赤茶色乃至こげ茶色(1100〜1200度)、こげ茶色乃至黒色(1200〜1300℃)のいずれかの色を選択的に着色することができると言う技術が開示されている。
【0003】
しかし、石に塗装することは平面的で変化に乏しく、また紬薬での呈色は陶器ような外観になり、石独自の面白さには乏しい。これに対し、焼成温度の違いで様々な色を施す技術は、凝灰質砂岩に限定されているとはいえ、石独特の呈色方法として画期的なものである。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記した焼成温度の違いによる呈色方法は、自然の風合いを持った色彩でも赤色から茶色、さらに黒色へと変化する一系統の着色であった。また、石全体が同じ色に着色され、変化に乏しい嫌いがある。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
そこで本発明者は、着色に変化を与えるため種々研究した結果、燻しに着目し、本発明を完成させたものである。燻しとは、焼き物の表面に炭素を付着、吸着させて黒色系統の色に呈色させるもので、燻し瓦や備前焼が有名である。
【0006】
即ち本発明者は、来待石原石や原石加工品などの石材を焼成するに際し、炭、タドン、豆炭、わら等の炭素含有物を該石材に密着するかその近傍に載置して、焼成してみた。すると驚くべきことに、焼成物全体は赤色から茶色に呈色するが(焼成温度は800〜1180℃)、炭素含有物に接した近傍は灰色や黒色に呈色した。この黒色は、石材の内部まで達していた。
【0007】
これは、後述するように、来待石を焼成すると減量が激しくまた吸水量が増大することから、内部に連続した空隙が生じ、この空隙を伝って炭素(煤)が石材内部まで移動することによると思われる。このことは、碗状の石材加工品の内部に別の加工品を収容し、碗状石材加工品の外側に炭素含有物を載置して焼成した場合に、内部に収容した別の加工品にまで炭素が付着(吸着)していることからもうなづかれる。
【0008】
しかもこの炭素は、焼成窯内部の空気の流れによって移動し、また、空気の流れ自体が変動するので、赤〜茶系統の色のなかで、全く予期しない黒〜灰色の付着模様を表出する。
【0009】
もっとも、この黒系統の着色は、炭素付着による以外に、炭素含有物の燃焼による部分的な温度上昇に起因することも考えられる。即ち、炉内温度は設定温度(例えば1120℃や1150℃)に設定されていても、炭素含有物の燃焼による酸化焔が部分的に1180℃や1200℃になっていれば、その部分の石材表面は焦げ茶色や黒色に呈色する可能性がある。尚、炭素含有物の燃焼による還元焔が当たる部分、例えば炭に覆われた石材の部分は、還元燃焼により赤〜茶系統の色が薄くて色あせた状態に呈色される。
【0010】
従って、本発明によれば、焼成温度による赤〜茶系統の着色の他に、炭素の付着、吸着による鈍い銀色光沢を発する灰黒色から黒色の着色、部分的な昇温焼成による焦げ茶色や黒色の呈色、及び還元燃焼による色あせた赤〜茶系統の着色と言った様々な色が、石材表面に表出できる。
【0011】
更に、石材表面に釉薬を塗布して焼成すると、釉薬の種類や施釉量、施釉箇所などによって、更には前記着色との組み合わせによって、実に様々な色や模様を現出することができる。
【0012】
ところで、本発明が対象とする来待石は、島根県に存在する宍道湖の南岸に広く分布する新第三紀中新世出雲層群下位層来待層を構成する凝灰質砂岩のことを言い、良質のものは、塊状凝灰質粗粒砂岩のうち特に淘汰の良い岩相の所に集中し、八束郡玉湯町から宍道町にかけての東西約10km、幅1〜2kmの範囲に存在する。この来待石は、石質が柔らかく採掘、加工が容易で、出雲石灯ろうは伝統工芸品に指定されている。
【0013】
この来待石は、多種多様な岩石片や結晶片、それらを埋める基質から構成されている。岩石片のサイズは径0.5mm〜1.0mmが多く、最大でも1.5mm程度である。岩石片や結晶片の占める割合が80%と多い。岩石片としては、安山岩、石英安山岩、流紋岩、花崩岩、多種類の凝灰岩などが確認されている。結晶片としては、斜長石、輝石、角閃石、黒雲母、不透明鉱物、火山ガラス、変質鉱物が確認されている。また、基質としては、変質によってできた沸石、緑泥石、炭酸塩鉱物が確認されている。
【0014】
来待石には、来待錆石、来待白石とがあり、前記説明は来待錆石についてのものである。一方、来待白石は年代が古く、流紋岩系でモンモリロナイトに変質した部分が多い。そのため、焼成するとバラバラになって石の形を留めないので、本発明には使用できないものである。表1に、両者の分析値を示す(島根県発行「島根の地質」)が、焼成して赤や茶色に呈色するのは中に含まれる鉄のためである。尚、表中数値は重量パーセントを示す。
【表1】

Figure 0004148697
【0015】
次に、焼成温度について説明する。本発明における焼成温度は、800℃〜1180℃である。800℃以下だと、鉱物のガラス化ができずもろくなる。また、1200℃を越えると、来待錆石は1200℃では融解(溶融)してボロボロになってしまう。1180℃が、石の形を保つ限界である。1120℃〜1150℃が強度的には好ましい。焼成温度が低いほど石材の変形が少ないのことからみて、保形性からは1120℃前後、強度からは1150℃前後が最適な焼成温度ということができる。これらの温度は、本発明が電気炉を使用して慎重に測定したものである。従って、800〜900℃(〜1000℃)の温度は、釉薬を塗布する場合の下焼(素焼き)として好ましく使用され、1100〜1180℃の温度は、釉薬を塗布した場合の本焼き或いは釉薬を使用しない場合の焼成に好ましく使用される。尚、1180℃以下の焼成では、焼成前の形状に対して焼成物の形状変化はほとんど認められない。
【0016】
そして、800℃で黄土色と言うか薄赤や薄茶色を呈する。900〜1100℃位で次第に強い赤色となり、1150℃まででこげ茶色となり、1180℃を越えると黒色を帯びてくる。尚、ここに言う温度は最高温度を意味する。即ち、図1は本発明における焼成温度パターンの一例を示すが、常温から徐々に昇温して1120℃に至り、しばらく1120℃(最高温度)に維持した後降温する。この場合の焼成温度を、1120℃と言う。この昇温は、常温から2時間かけて100℃、次の2時間(累積4時間)で200℃、次の4時間(累積8時間)で500℃、次の4時間(累積12時間)で800℃、次の3.5時間(累積15.5時間)で1120℃にする。そして、そののち0.5時間の間1120℃を保ち、その時点で電源を切る。ここまでの累積時間は16時間である。その後自然放冷で約2日(48時間)後に常温まで冷却する(累積時間約64時間)。尚、この焼成温度パターンは一例であるが、最高温度が1150℃や1180℃の場合も、ほぼ同様のパターンで焼成する。
【0017】
次に、来待石(来待錆石)を各温度で焼成した場合の減量の程度と吸水率を表2に示す。吸水率は、ほぼ空隙率に等しい。まず、供試体を準備する。供試体は、縦・横・高さ(厚み)が5cm・10cm・3cmの来待石ブロックで、原石のままと、800℃、1120℃、1150℃、1200℃の各温度で焼成するもの5種類を、各種類6個ずつの計30個を作成した(重量は、平均で約332g)。
【表2】
Figure 0004148697
【0018】
そして、浸漬時間0分の欄に示すように、800℃焼成で重量の減量割合は4.82%(対原石)、1120℃で10.52%、1150℃で11.00%、それぞれ減少する。尚、1200℃では溶融して部分的にではあるが石の形を留めなかった(原石、各焼成温度分とも、各々6個の平均)。尚、焼成時間は、図1に従った。即ち、1100〜1180℃の焼成で、原石重量の約10%が減少する。これは、来待石には焼失する物質が多く含まれ、またガラス化に伴う岩片、鉱物等の粒子結合による空隙の拡大によるものと思われる。この空隙は連続空隙であると思われる。また焼成物の表面は目視、触感でも焼成温度を上げるにつれてザラザラ感を増し焼成による多孔質組織に変化していた。
【0019】
次に、この原石と各焼成物を、20分、40分及び60分の間水に浸漬し、引き揚げてその重量を測定した(1200℃焼成品を除く)。浸漬時間により吸水率は増えるが、60分で略平衡となる。その結果、原石では2.59%の吸水率を示したが、この吸水率は略空隙率と等しいと見て差し支えない。吸水率は、800℃焼成で3.17%となるが、原石とあまり変わらない。これに比べて、1120℃焼成や1150℃焼成では、10.68%、11.84%と吸水率即ち空隙率が急激に増大する。そして、この空隙(連続空隙)を伝って、炭素原子が移動し、石材に燻し模様を表出することになる。
【0020】
上述した各焼成温度は、電気窯により測定したものであるが、本発明は電気窯に限らず、石油やガス、薪などの燃料を使用する窯も当然に用いられる。また、単独窯のほか登り窯や連続窯でも焼成可能である。
【0021】
炭素含有物は、炭のほか、タドン、豆炭、木材、松根、松葉、わら、籾殻等、貧酸素状態(還元状態)で炭素原子を放出する物質が使用される。これらの炭素含有物は、石材の燻し模様を表出したいと思う箇所に密着させるか、或いはその近傍に載置する。或いはプロパンなどの炭化水素ガスを吹き付けて、部分的に貧酸素雰囲にして焼成するようにしてもよい。
【0022】
次に、施釉焼成について説明する。来待石に釉薬を塗布して焼成した場合には、施釉しない場合と同様に、来待石の内部に連続空隙ができる。そのため、通常の施釉焼き物とは異なって、施釉面に細かな小孔が生じるし焼成物自体も多孔質となる。そこで、施釉焼成については、二つの方向が考えるれる。一つは、下焼と言うか素焼きと言うか施釉焼成の前に1100〜1180℃の高温で一度焼成して内部のガス化を完全に行わせた後、その表面に施釉して再度同様の高温で焼成するものである。この場合には、釉薬面には細かな小孔は生ぜず、通常の焼き物と同様に水が漏れるようなこともない。但し、その表面は釉薬に覆われており、表面にはザラ感というか細かい凹凸は感じられるが通常の陶磁器と同じような外観を与える。
【0023】
もう一つは、素焼きをしないかせいぜい800〜900℃程度の低温で素焼きを行い、その後に施釉して焼成する方法である。この場合、施釉しない場合と同様に施釉面にも連続孔が生じるので、炭素含有物を置いて燻しを行うと、炭素(煤)が釉薬面にも付着し、えもいわれない複雑な色調模様の表出が可能となる。勿論、炭素含有物の配置の仕方によって、炭素の影響のない釉薬面も得ることができる。但し、この場合石材の全面を釉薬で覆ったとしても、水漏れするので、そのままでは花器などには使用できない。素焼きを行わずに施釉して焼成することも当然にできる。
【0024】
ところで、本発明で使用する釉薬は、一般に使用される陶器容の釉薬とは異り、低温溶融することが必要になる。一般の陶器での本焼温度は1200〜1300℃であるが、本発明での石材の焼成温度が1120℃〜1180℃である(素焼きは除く)ところから、その程度の温度で溶融してガラス状表面を作る釉薬であることが必要である。
【0025】
そこで、本発明者は、来待石(来待錆石と来待白石)の粉末に硼砂を加えたものを使用してみたところ、来待石との相性も抜群で、黒褐色の光沢も優れた釉薬が得られた。ここで、来待白石は透明釉として作用する。釉薬としては、その他、長石やカオリンに硼砂を加えたものに呈色用の各種金属酸化物を添加した種々なものが使用できる。
【0026】
次に、酸処理について説明する。来待錆石は、表1に示すように5〜6%のCaOを含んでいる。実際はCaCO3 の形で存在しているが、石材中に均一に分布しているのではなく、粒状或いは層状となって偏在している。そして、水分を含むとCa(OH)2 となって膨張し、石材や石材加工品を破損することがある。しかも、CaCO3 は1200℃以下の温度では他の鉱物等と結合したりせず、CaOの形で残るので、水分を含むとCa(OH)2 となって膨張する。
【0027】
従って、石材製品の破損防止として、石材を酢酸などの有機酸で処理してCaCO3 を除去することが望ましい。CaCO3 は多くの酸に溶けるが、無機酸では焼成時に濃度が濃くなって悪影響を及ぼすので、焼成で分解する有機酸を使用する。酢酸の代わりに木酢液や竹酢液も使用できる。来待錆石は焼成しなくても多孔質であるので、酢酸液に浸漬したり刷毛塗りすると石内部まで浸透してCaCO3 を融解し、水洗により除去できる。その後、乾燥して焼成、或いは施釉・焼成すると、割れの無い製品が得られる。
【0028】
本発明の実施対象は、適宜大きさに切り出した来待石原石の他、灯籠や手水鉢、その他庭の置物なども含まれるが、余りに大きいものは焼成に時間がかかる焼成時に温度歪みが生じて破損する恐れもある。最も好ましいのは、植木鉢や寄せ植え皿、小型の置物、飾り物、花瓶等の花器など、一辺が20〜40cm以下程度の大きさのものである。更に、タイルや敷石など建築材料も含まれる。尚、本発明の焼成来待石は原則として多孔であるので、水を入れる花器や置物の場合、漏れ止めを行ったり水を入れる別容器を内蔵するようにしたり、或いは高温焼成のあと施釉して同様に高温焼成をするなどをする必要がある。
【0029】
そして、これらの置物や植木鉢、飾り物、花器等は、1120℃〜1180℃の焼成による赤〜焦げ茶色に、燻しによる部分的な鈍い銀色光沢を有する灰黒色〜黒色の呈色、還元焔による退色した赤〜焦げ茶色などが組合わさって、非常に趣のあるものが得られる。これに釉薬を加えると変化は更に大きくなる。
【0030】
尚、燻しとは無関係であるが、同様に焼成した板状の来待錆石は、鉄板焼に使う鉄板の代わりに使用できる。この石板焼き用具は、板状にした加工品を1120〜1180℃の高温で焼成するか、或いは石材を高温で焼成した後板状に加工して得られる。この石板焼き用具は、素材が鉱物であるので、遠赤外線放射して、内部まで熱が浸透する。遠赤外線放射の点では陶板も同様であるが、陶板は鉄板と同様に孔がないので、焼肉など脂身の多いものを調理する場合、脂が除去されずに脂が多い料理となり、栄養上好ましくなし食味も悪くなる。これにら対し、本発明の石板焼き用具は、連続多孔質であるので、脂が除去できる利点がある。しかも、網や孔開鉄板のように火が直接当たって肉が焦げることもない。尚、石板焼き用具の場合も、施釉したり燻しを施して変化を付けることも当然に行える。
【0031】
【実施例】
(実施例 1)
次に、図面に基づいて、本発明を更に詳細に説明する。図2は、本発明方法により得られた壺型置物の一例を示す。この壺型置物1は、来待錆石の壺型加工品1Aを図3に示すように電気炉2に収納し、その根元に炭3を密着積み上げて焼成したものである。電気炉2は、内法寸法が60×60×63cm、最高焼成温度1300℃のもので、断熱材21の内側にヒーター22を配置している。符号23は蓋、24は通気孔である。壺型加工品1Aは、他の複数の加工品(図示略)とともにセラミック製台25やセラミック製板上に載せられて積み込み収納されている。
【0032】
この状態で電気炉2内部を図1に示す焼成温度パターンで加熱すると、炭3が貧酸素状態で還元燃焼して遊離炭素が発生する。と同時に或いは前後して、壺型加工品Aは減量を始めて内部に空隙が生じはじめる。そして、発生した炭素は空気の流れに従って壺型加工品1Aの一部に突き当たり、表面のみならず空隙を伝って内部にも浸透して付着する。その結果、図2の壺型置物1には、積み上げた炭3よりも上側の位置に、燻し模様11が表出される。また、積み上げた炭3の位置近傍には、還元焔による退色した薄褐色(還元色)模様12が現れる。尚、還元色模様12の中には、一部炭素が付着した薄灰色も見られる。壺型置物1の他の部分は、来待錆石が焼成により発色する赤〜茶系統の色(焼成色)となる。尚、なぜか理由は不明であるか、壺型置物1の下半分の焼成色13に比べて、上半分の焼成色14の方が色が濃く表れていた。
【0033】
(実施例 2)
図4は、部分的に施釉して焼成した角型花瓶4を示す。この角型花瓶4は、4面の内相対する2面に釉薬を塗布し、他の2面は石材の生地そのままにして、前記例と同様にして根元に炭をおいて焼成したものである。釉薬は、来待錆石65%と硼砂35%の割合で混ぜて粉砕したもので、これを薄く釉掛けした。その結果、釉薬を塗布した面は艶のない黒褐色の釉色41を呈し、生地そのままの面は、前記例同様に焼成色42に発色した。そして、その下方には前記例同様に燻し模様43、44、還元色模様45、46が表れたが、燻し模様43、還元色模様45は釉色41と重なって更に異なった色となった。そのため、この角形花瓶4では全部で6種類の色、しかもそれぞれの中も微妙に異なる複雑な色を表出することとなった。
【0034】
(実施例 3)
図5は、前記各例とは異なり、燻しは使用せず、全体に施釉して焼成した丸型花瓶5を示す。この丸型花瓶5は、釉薬として来待錆石42%、来待白石23%、硼砂35%の割合で混ぜて粉砕したもので、前記例の釉薬と比較して艶がある点が異なる。この艶は来待白石に起因する。また、焼成温度は1150℃で、焼成温度パターンは、図1に従った。尚、図中符号51は釉薬色、52は釉薬に金属酸化物を加えて青に呈色する釉薬を試しに塗布した跡、53は釉薬を厚塗りしたための釉薬とび跡、54は、石材中の鉄分と釉薬が化合して黒色に呈色した斑点である。
【0035】
(実施例 4)
次に、石板焼き用具について説明する。図6(a)に示す石板焼き用具6は、まな板状に加工した来待錆石を図1の焼成温度パターンに従って焼成したもので、全体が赤褐色に呈色している。符号61は把手用の透孔である。この石板焼き用具6は、図6(b)に示すように、細かな連続空隙62が全体的に開いており、肉や野菜を調理した場合に脂や水分が連続空隙62を通って下部に落ちるので、脂の少ない焼肉や良く焼けた野菜ができる。また、遠赤外線を放射するので肉や野菜が内部から加熱される上、火に直接当たらないので焦げることもないなど多くの利点を有する。
【0036】
(実施例 5)
図7は、前記例と同じく石板焼き用具を示すが、この石板焼き用具7は図7(a)に示すように中高の円盤状で、中心から周縁にかけて螺旋溝71を刻設した点が異なる。螺旋溝71は、深さ巾とも約2mmである。また最外側には脂受け溝72を設けている。符号73は連続空隙である。
【0037】
【発明の効果】
以上詳述したように、本発明は凝灰質砂岩の一種である来待錆石の原石や加工品などの石材を焼成するに際し、炭やわら、籾殻等の炭素含有物を石材に密着させたり近傍に載置して部分的に貧酸素雰囲気にして焼成するものである。
【0038】
従って、焼成品は焼成による赤〜茶系統の呈色に加えて、燻しによる部分的な鈍い銀色光沢を有する灰黒色〜黒色の呈色、還元焔による退色した赤〜焦げ茶色などが加わって、様々な色彩に仕上がることとなる。しかも、燻しや還元焔による退色の程度や規模は、炭素含有物の量や置き方、近傍の空気の流れ、石材の形状によって様々に変化し、2つとして同じ模様は得られない。また、焼成色や燻し色は石材の表面のみならず内部まで到達し、万一石材表面が少々破損しても目立たないものである。
【0039】
更に、石材表面に施釉を施した上で燻しを掛けると、上記に加えて釉色、燻し釉色が加わり、変化は更に大きくなる。また、施釉焼成は燻しをかけずに行うこともできる。この場合、素焼きの温度によって、施釉箇所が微細空隙を持ったり微細空隙がないものが得られる。
【0040】
また、石材を焼成する前に有機酸で処理すると、経時破損の原因となる水酸化カルシウムが除去でき、より安定性の高い製品が得られる。
【0041】
本発明の石板焼き用具は、来待錆石の板状加工品を1200℃以下の温度で焼成するか、或いは来待石原石や原石加工品などの石材を1200℃以下の温度で焼成した後板状に加工したものである。そのため、微細な連続空隙が多数でき、肉や野菜を調理した場合に脂や水分がこの連続空隙を通って除去できるので、脂の少ない焼肉や良く焼けた野菜ができる。また、直接火が当たらず、遠赤外線放射ができる利点がある。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】焼成温度パターンを示すグラフである。
【図2】本発明方法により得られた、壺型置物の一例を示す正面図である。
【図3】電気炉の一例を示す断面図である。
【図4】本発明方法により得られた、他の例を示す角型花瓶の斜視図である。
【図5】本発明方法により得られた、更に異なる他の例を示す丸型花瓶の斜視図である。
【図6】本発明の石板焼き用具の一例を示すもので、(a)は平面図、(b)は同図(a)に於けるX−X線断面図である。
【図7】本発明の石板焼き用具の他の例を示すもので、(a)は平面図、(b)は同図(a)に於けるY−Y線断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 壺型置物
11 燻し模様
12 還元色模様
13 焼成色
14 焼成色
1A 壺型加工品
2 電気炉
21 断熱材
22 ヒーター
23 蓋
24 通気孔
25 セラミック製台
3 炭
4 角型花瓶
41 釉色
42 焼成色
43 燻し模様
44 燻し模様
45 還元色模様
46 還元色模様
5 丸型花瓶
51 釉薬色
52 釉薬跡
53 釉薬とび跡
54 斑点
6 石板焼き用具
61 把手用透孔
62 連続空隙
7 石板焼き用具
71 螺旋溝
72 脂受け溝
73 連続空隙[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a firing method capable of applying a lacquer-like pattern to a stone material such as a rough stone or a processed raw stone. Moreover, this invention relates to the stone plate baking tool of the baked plate-shaped waiting stone.
[0002]
[Prior art]
It has been practiced to add value to products by coloring and decorating natural stone wall decorations and figurines. For example, as disclosed in JP-A-6-144554 and JP-A-8-253379, a method of applying a glaze to a stone and baking it is common. On the other hand, the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-143366 discloses a technique for red tuff by simply selecting a firing temperature without applying a coloring agent such as glaze for tuff sandstone (Kuruishi). A technique is disclosed that can selectively color any one of red brown (1000 to 1100 ° C.), red brown to dark brown (1100 to 1200 ° C.), dark brown to black (1200 to 1300 ° C.). Has been.
[0003]
However, painting on stone is flat and poor in change, and the coloration with glaze has a ceramic appearance, and the unique fun of the stone is poor. On the other hand, the technique of applying various colors depending on the firing temperature is epoch-making as a unique coloration method of stone, although it is limited to tuff sandstone.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the coloration method based on the difference in the firing temperature described above is a system of coloring that changes from red to brown and further to black even in colors with a natural texture. In addition, the whole stone is colored in the same color, and there is a dislike to change.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Therefore, the present inventor has completed the present invention by paying attention to the tanning as a result of various studies to change the coloring. Tanning is a method that attaches and adsorbs carbon to the surface of the baked goods to give it a black color. Famous tiles and Bizen ware are famous.
[0006]
That is, the present inventor, when firing a stone material such as a rough stone or rough processed stone, the carbon-containing material such as charcoal, tadon, bean charcoal, straw, etc. is in close contact with the stone material or placed in the vicinity thereof, and calcined. I tried to. Surprisingly, the entire fired product was colored from red to brown (firing temperature was 800 to 1180 ° C.), but the vicinity in contact with the carbon-containing product was colored gray or black. This black color reached the inside of the stone.
[0007]
This is because, as will be described later, when the waiting stone is fired, the weight loss is drastically increased and the water absorption increases, so that a continuous void is formed inside, and carbon (soot) moves to the inside of the stone material through this void. It seems that. This means that when another processed product is housed inside the bowl-shaped stone processed product and the carbon-containing material is placed on the outside of the bowl-shaped stone processed product and fired, another processed product housed inside It is already borne out by the fact that carbon has adhered (adsorbed).
[0008]
Moreover, this carbon moves due to the air flow inside the firing kiln, and the air flow itself fluctuates, so that an unexpected black-gray adhesion pattern appears in the red-brown color. .
[0009]
However, this black coloration may be due to a partial temperature increase due to combustion of the carbon-containing material, in addition to carbon adhesion. That is, even if the furnace temperature is set to a set temperature (for example, 1120 ° C. or 1150 ° C.), if the oxidized soot due to combustion of the carbon-containing material is partially 1180 ° C. or 1200 ° C., the stone material in that portion The surface may be dark brown or black. In addition, the part to which the reduction | restoration soot by combustion of a carbon containing material hits, for example, the part of the stone covered with charcoal, is colored in the state which the color of red-brown system was light and faded by reduction combustion.
[0010]
Therefore, according to the present invention, in addition to the red to brown coloration depending on the firing temperature, the carbon deposition, the blackish-black color that emits a dull silvery luster due to adsorption, and the dark brown or black color due to partial temperature rise firing Various colors such as coloration of red and browning of faded red to brown lines due to reduction combustion can be expressed on the stone surface.
[0011]
Furthermore, when a glaze is applied to the surface of the stone material and fired, various colors and patterns can appear depending on the type of glaze, the amount of glaze, the location of the glaze, and the combination with the coloration.
[0012]
By the way, the visiting stones targeted by the present invention are the tuff sandstones that make up the lower layer of the Neogene Miocene Izumo Group in the Shimane Prefecture. In other words, the high-quality ones are concentrated in the place where the rocky facies are particularly good among the massive tuff coarse-grained sandstones, and they exist in the range of about 10 km east-west from Yatsuka-gun Tamyu-cho to Shinji-cho, and a width of 1-2 km. This stone is soft and easy to mine and process, and Izumo stone lantern is designated as a traditional craft.
[0013]
This waiting stone is composed of a wide variety of rock fragments and crystal fragments, and a substrate for filling them. The size of the rock fragments is often 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm in diameter, and is about 1.5 mm at the maximum. The proportion of rock and crystal fragments is as high as 80%. As rock fragments, andesite, quartz andesite, rhyolite, flowering rock, and various types of tuff have been confirmed. As crystal fragments, plagioclase, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, opaque minerals, volcanic glass, and altered minerals have been confirmed. In addition, zeolites, chlorite and carbonate minerals produced by alteration have been confirmed as substrates.
[0014]
Visiting stones include visiting rust stones and visiting shiraishi stones, and the above description is about visiting rust stones. On the other hand, Kakumachi Shiroishi is old and has a lot of rhyolite-type montmorillonite. Therefore, when fired, it will fall apart and will not retain the shape of the stone, so it cannot be used in the present invention. Table 1 shows the analytical values of both (published by Shimane Prefecture, “Shimane Geology”). In addition, the numerical value in a table | surface shows weight percent.
[Table 1]
Figure 0004148697
[0015]
Next, the firing temperature will be described. The firing temperature in the present invention is 800 ° C to 1180 ° C. If it is 800 ° C. or lower, the mineral cannot be vitrified and become brittle. Moreover, when it exceeds 1200 degreeC, an incoming rust stone will melt | dissolve (melt) at 1200 degreeC, and will become tattered. 1180 ° C. is the limit to keep the stone shape. 1120 ° C to 1150 ° C is preferable in terms of strength. In view of the fact that the lower the firing temperature, the less the deformation of the stone material, the optimum firing temperature can be said to be around 1120 ° C. from the shape retention and around 1150 ° C. from the strength. These temperatures are carefully measured by the present invention using an electric furnace. Accordingly, a temperature of 800 to 900 ° C. (up to 1000 ° C.) is preferably used as a pre-baking (unglazed) in the case of applying glaze, and a temperature of 1100 to 1180 ° C. is the main baking or glaze in the case of applying glaze. It is preferably used for firing when not used. In addition, in baking below 1180 degreeC, the shape change of a baked product is hardly recognized with respect to the shape before baking.
[0016]
And at 800 ° C., it is called ocher or light red or light brown. It gradually becomes strong red at about 900 to 1100 ° C., becomes dark brown up to 1150 ° C., and becomes black after exceeding 1180 ° C. In addition, the temperature said here means the maximum temperature. That is, FIG. 1 shows an example of a firing temperature pattern in the present invention. The temperature is gradually raised from room temperature to 1120 ° C., and after maintaining for a while at 1120 ° C. (maximum temperature), the temperature is lowered. The firing temperature in this case is referred to as 1120 ° C. This temperature rise is 100 ° C over 2 hours from room temperature, 200 ° C for the next 2 hours (cumulative 4 hours), 500 ° C for the next 4 hours (cumulative 8 hours), and 4 hours (cumulative 12 hours). 800 ° C, then 1120 ° C in the next 3.5 hours (cumulative 15.5 hours). After that, the temperature is kept at 1120 ° C. for 0.5 hours, and the power is turned off at that time. The accumulated time so far is 16 hours. Then, it is naturally cooled and cooled to room temperature after about 2 days (48 hours) (cumulative time is about 64 hours). Although this firing temperature pattern is an example, firing is performed in a substantially similar pattern when the maximum temperature is 1150 ° C. or 1180 ° C.
[0017]
Next, Table 2 shows the degree of weight loss and the water absorption rate when calcined stones (regular rust stones) are fired at various temperatures. The water absorption is approximately equal to the porosity. First, prepare a specimen. The specimen is a waiting stone block with a length, width, height (thickness) of 5 cm, 10 cm, and 3 cm, which is fired at temperatures of 800 ° C., 1120 ° C., 1150 ° C., and 1200 ° C. as it is. 5 A total of 30 types of 6 types were prepared (weight was about 332 g on average).
[Table 2]
Figure 0004148697
[0018]
And, as shown in the column of 0 minute immersion time, the weight loss rate after burning at 800 ° C decreases by 4.82% (vs. rough), 10.5% at 1120 ° C, 11.00% at 1150 ° C. . In addition, although it melted at 1200 degreeC, it did not retain the shape of a stone although it was partially (the average of six each for a rough stone and each calcination temperature part). In addition, the baking time followed FIG. That is, by firing at 1100-1180 ° C., about 10% of the raw stone weight is reduced. This is thought to be due to the expansion of voids due to the bonding of particles such as rock fragments and minerals that accompany vitrification. This void appears to be a continuous void. Also, the surface of the fired product was visually and tactilely increased in roughness as the firing temperature was increased, and changed to a porous structure by firing.
[0019]
Next, this raw stone and each fired product were immersed in water for 20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes, and then lifted to measure the weight (excluding the fired product at 1200 ° C.). Although the water absorption increases with the immersion time, it becomes substantially equilibrated in 60 minutes. As a result, the raw stone showed a water absorption rate of 2.59%, but this water absorption rate can be regarded as substantially equal to the porosity. The water absorption is 3.17% when calcined at 800 ° C., but is not much different from the rough. Compared with this, in 1120 degreeC baking and 1150 degreeC baking, a water absorption rate, ie, a porosity, will increase rapidly 10.68% and 11.84%. Then, carbon atoms move through this void (continuous void), and a hazy pattern is displayed on the stone.
[0020]
Each firing temperature described above is measured with an electric kiln. However, the present invention is not limited to an electric kiln, and a kiln using a fuel such as oil, gas, or firewood is naturally used. In addition to a single kiln, it can also be fired in climbing kilns and continuous kilns.
[0021]
In addition to charcoal, carbon-containing materials include substances that release carbon atoms in an anoxic state (reduced state) such as tadon, bean charcoal, wood, pine root, pine needles, straw, rice husks, and the like. These carbon-containing materials are brought into close contact with a place where it is desired to reveal a stone pattern, or placed in the vicinity thereof. Alternatively, a hydrocarbon gas such as propane may be sprayed and partially fired in an oxygen-poor atmosphere.
[0022]
Next, glazing firing will be described. When the glaze is applied to the visiting stone and baked, continuous voids are formed inside the waiting stone as in the case where no glaze is applied. Therefore, unlike ordinary glazed baked products, fine small holes are formed on the glazed surface, and the baked product itself is also porous. Therefore, two directions can be considered for glazing firing. One is pre-fired or unglazed or fired once at a high temperature of 1100 to 1180 ° C. prior to glazing and firing to completely gasify the interior, and then glazed on the surface and re-similar. It is fired at a high temperature. In this case, no fine pores are formed on the glaze surface, and water does not leak as in the case of ordinary pottery. However, the surface is covered with glaze, and the surface feels rough or has fine irregularities, but gives the same appearance as ordinary ceramics.
[0023]
The other is a method in which unbaking is performed at a low temperature of about 800 to 900 ° C., followed by glazing and baking. In this case, continuous holes are formed on the glazed surface in the same way as when no glazing is applied. Therefore, when glazing with a carbon-containing material, the carbon (fog) adheres to the glaze surface, and a complicated color pattern that can be said to be unpleasant. Expression is possible. Of course, the glaze surface which does not have the influence of carbon can also be obtained by the arrangement | positioning method of a carbon containing material. However, in this case, even if the entire surface of the stone is covered with glaze, water leaks, so it cannot be used as it is for vases. Naturally, it is possible to perform glazing and baking without performing unglazed baking.
[0024]
By the way, the glaze used in the present invention is different from the commonly used ceramic glaze and needs to be melted at a low temperature. The firing temperature in general pottery is 1200 to 1300 ° C, but since the firing temperature of the stone material in the present invention is 1120 to 1180 ° C (excluding unglazed), it is melted at that temperature to glass. It must be a glaze that creates a surface.
[0025]
Therefore, the present inventor tried to use a powder of visitor stones (a visitor rust stone and a visitor white stone) to which borax was added, and the compatibility with the visitor stones was excellent, and the black-brown luster was also excellent. A glaze was obtained. Here, the coming Shiraishi acts as a transparent cage. In addition, various types of glazes may be used in which various metal oxides for coloring are added to feldspar or kaolin added with borax.
[0026]
Next, the acid treatment will be described. The incoming rust stone contains 5 to 6% CaO as shown in Table 1. Although it actually exists in the form of CaCO 3 , it is not uniformly distributed in the stone, but is unevenly distributed in the form of particles or layers. When moisture is contained, it becomes Ca (OH) 2 and expands, which may damage stones and stone products. Moreover, CaCO 3 does not bind to other minerals or the like at a temperature of 1200 ° C. or less, and remains in the form of CaO. Therefore, when it contains moisture, it expands as Ca (OH) 2 .
[0027]
Therefore, it is desirable to remove CaCO 3 by treating the stone with an organic acid such as acetic acid to prevent damage to the stone product. CaCO 3 is soluble in many acids, but an inorganic acid has an adverse effect due to its high concentration during firing, so an organic acid that decomposes upon firing is used. Wood vinegar or bamboo vinegar can be used instead of acetic acid. Since the incoming rust stone is porous even if it is not fired, it can penetrate into the inside of the stone when it is dipped in an acetic acid solution or applied with a brush to melt the CaCO 3 and can be removed by washing with water. Thereafter, drying and baking, or glazing and baking, a product having no cracks is obtained.
[0028]
The object of implementation of the present invention includes ganjo stones cut out to an appropriate size, lanterns, hand basins, other garden ornaments, etc., but too large ones cause temperature distortion during firing, which takes time to fire. May be damaged. Most preferable are flower pots, group planting dishes, small figurines, ornaments, vases such as vases, and the like having a side of about 20 to 40 cm or less. Furthermore, building materials such as tiles and paving stones are also included. In addition, since the fire-welding stone of the present invention is porous in principle, in the case of a vase or figurine that contains water, it can be leak-tightened, or a separate container for containing water can be built in, or glazed after high-temperature baking. Similarly, it is necessary to carry out high-temperature firing.
[0029]
And these figurines, flower pots, ornaments, vases, etc. are red to dark brown by baking at 1120 ° C. to 1180 ° C., grayish black to black with partial dull silver luster due to tanning, and fading by reducing wrinkles The combination of red to dark brown gives a very quaint one. If you add glaze to this, the change is even greater.
[0030]
Although not related to tanning, similarly baked plate-shaped incoming rust stones can be used in place of the iron plate used for iron plate firing. This stone plate baking tool is obtained by baking a plate-like processed product at a high temperature of 1120 to 1180 ° C., or baking a stone material at a high temperature and then processing it into a plate shape. Since the material of this stone plate baking tool is mineral, it radiates far infrared rays and heat penetrates into the inside. The ceramic plate is the same in terms of far-infrared radiation, but the ceramic plate does not have a hole like the iron plate, so when cooking a fat thing such as grilled meat, it becomes a fat-rich dish without removing the fat, which is preferable for nutrition. None tastes bad. On the other hand, since the stone plate baking tool of the present invention is continuous porous, there is an advantage that fat can be removed. Moreover, the meat is not burnt by being directly hit by fire like a net or perforated iron plate. In the case of a stone baking tool, it is naturally possible to apply a change by applying glazing or tanning.
[0031]
【Example】
(Example 1)
Next, the present invention will be described in more detail based on the drawings. FIG. 2 shows an example of a saddle-type figurine obtained by the method of the present invention. This saddle-type figurine 1 is a product in which a saddle-type processed product 1A made of waiting rust stones is stored in an electric furnace 2 as shown in FIG. The electric furnace 2 has an internal size of 60 × 60 × 63 cm and a maximum firing temperature of 1300 ° C., and a heater 22 is disposed inside the heat insulating material 21. Reference numeral 23 is a lid, and 24 is a vent hole. The saddle-shaped processed product 1A is placed on a ceramic base 25 or a ceramic plate together with a plurality of other processed products (not shown).
[0032]
When the inside of the electric furnace 2 is heated in this state with the firing temperature pattern shown in FIG. 1, the charcoal 3 is reduced and burned in an oxygen-poor state to generate free carbon. At the same time or before and after, the vertical processed product A starts to lose weight and begins to form voids. The generated carbon hits a part of the vertical processed product 1A according to the air flow, penetrates and adheres not only to the surface but also to the inside through the gap. As a result, in the vertical figurine 1 in FIG. 2, the tanned pattern 11 is exposed at a position above the stacked charcoal 3. Further, a light brown (reduced color) pattern 12 faded by reducing soot appears near the position of the stacked charcoal 3. In the reduced color pattern 12, a light gray color with a part of carbon attached is also seen. The other part of the saddle-type figurine 1 has a red to brown color (firing color) in which the incoming rust stones are colored by firing. For some reason, the reason is unknown, and the upper half of the baking color 14 appears darker than the lower half of the baking color 13.
[0033]
(Example 2)
FIG. 4 shows a square vase 4 that has been partially glazed and baked. This square vase 4 is obtained by applying glaze to two opposite surfaces of the four surfaces and leaving the other two surfaces as they are, and burning them with charcoal at the base in the same manner as in the above example. . The glaze was crushed by mixing 65% rust stones and 35% borax. As a result, the surface on which the glaze was applied exhibited a matte black-brown amber color 41, and the surface of the fabric as it was developed into a baked color 42 as in the previous example. In the lower part, the haze patterns 43 and 44 and the reduction color patterns 45 and 46 appear as in the above example, but the haze pattern 43 and the reduction color pattern 45 overlap with the haze 41 and have different colors. Therefore, in this square vase 4, a total of 6 different colors are displayed, and each of them has a slightly different and complicated color.
[0034]
(Example 3)
FIG. 5 shows a round vase 5 that is glazed and baked on the whole without using a tan, unlike the above examples. The round vase 5 is a glaze mixed with 42% rust stones, 23% shiraishi stones, and 35% borax and pulverized, and is different from the glaze of the above example. This gloss is attributed to the coming Shiroishi. The firing temperature was 1150 ° C., and the firing temperature pattern was in accordance with FIG. In the figure, reference numeral 51 is a glaze color, 52 is a trace of a glaze that is colored blue by adding a metal oxide to the glaze, 53 is a trace of a glaze that has been thickly applied, and 54 is a stone This is a spot that is colored black by combining iron and glaze.
[0035]
(Example 4)
Next, the stone plate baking tool will be described. The stone plate grilling tool 6 shown in FIG. 6A is obtained by firing the incoming rust stone processed into a cutting board shape according to the firing temperature pattern of FIG. 1, and the whole is colored reddish brown. Reference numeral 61 denotes a handle through hole. As shown in FIG. 6 (b), the stone plate grilling tool 6 has a fine continuous gap 62 as a whole, and when meat and vegetables are cooked, fat and moisture pass through the continuous gap 62 and enter the lower part. Because it falls, you can make grilled meat with less fat and well-baked vegetables. In addition, since far-infrared rays are radiated, meat and vegetables are heated from the inside, and since they do not directly hit the fire, they have many advantages.
[0036]
(Example 5)
FIG. 7 shows a stone baking tool similar to the above example, but this stone baking tool 7 is a medium-high disk shape as shown in FIG. 7A, and is different in that a spiral groove 71 is engraved from the center to the periphery. . The spiral groove 71 has a depth of about 2 mm. A grease receiving groove 72 is provided on the outermost side. Reference numeral 73 is a continuous gap.
[0037]
【The invention's effect】
As described in detail above, the present invention is a kind of tuff sandstone, and when firing stones such as raw rust stones and processed products, such as charcoal, straw, rice husks, etc. It is placed in the vicinity and partially fired in an oxygen-poor atmosphere .
[0038]
Therefore, in addition to the red-brown coloration by baking, the baked product has a grayish black-black coloration with a partial dull silvery luster due to tanning, a reddish-burnt brown color faded by a reduced wrinkle, etc. It will be finished in various colors. In addition, the degree and scale of fading due to tanning and reducing soot vary depending on the amount and placement of carbon-containing materials, the flow of air in the vicinity, and the shape of the stone, and the same pattern cannot be obtained as two. In addition, the firing color and the tan color reach not only the surface of the stone but also the inside, and even if the surface of the stone is damaged a little, it is inconspicuous.
[0039]
Further, if the stone surface is glazed and then glazed, in addition to the above, a fading color and a tanning color are added, and the change is further increased. Moreover, glazing baking can also be performed without applying tanning. In this case, depending on the temperature of the unglazing, a glazed portion having fine voids or no fine voids can be obtained.
[0040]
In addition, when the stone is treated with an organic acid before firing, calcium hydroxide that causes damage over time can be removed, and a more stable product can be obtained.
[0041]
The stone plate baking tool of the present invention is obtained by firing a plate-like processed product of a visit rust stone at a temperature of 1200 ° C. or lower, or baking a stone material such as a raw stone or rough processed product at a temperature of 1200 ° C. or less. It is processed into a plate shape. Therefore, many fine continuous gaps are formed, and when meat or vegetables are cooked, fat and moisture can be removed through the continuous gaps, so that grilled meat with less fat and well-baked vegetables can be made. Moreover, there is an advantage that far-infrared radiation can be emitted without direct fire.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing a firing temperature pattern.
FIG. 2 is a front view showing an example of a saddle-type figurine obtained by the method of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of an electric furnace.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a square vase showing another example obtained by the method of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a round vase showing still another example obtained by the method of the present invention.
6A and 6B show an example of a stone baking tool according to the present invention, in which FIG. 6A is a plan view, and FIG. 6B is a sectional view taken along line XX in FIG.
7A and 7B show another example of the stone baking tool of the present invention, in which FIG. 7A is a plan view and FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view taken along line YY in FIG.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Saddle-type figurine 11 Rinse pattern 12 Reduction color pattern 13 Firing color 14 Firing color 1A Sculpture processed product 2 Electric furnace 21 Heat insulating material 22 Heater 23 Lid 24 Vent 25 Ceramic base 3 Charcoal 4 Square vase 41 Scarlet 42 Firing color 43 Haze Pattern 44 Hook Pattern 45 Reduced Color Pattern 46 Reduced Color Pattern 5 Round Vase 51 Glaze Color 52 Glaze Trace 53 Glaze Fly Mark 54 Spot 6 Stone Plate Baking Tool 61 Handle Hole 62 Continuous Gap 7 Stone Plate Baking Tool 71 Spiral Groove 72 Grease receiving groove 73 Continuous gap

Claims (5)

来待石原石や来待原石加工品を800℃〜1180℃の温度で焼成するに際し、炭、タドン、豆炭、木材、松根、松葉、わら、籾殻の内一種以上の炭素含有物を該来待石原石や来待原石加工品に密着乃至はその近傍に載置することにより部分的に貧酸素雰囲気にして焼成することにより、焼成温度の違いによる黄土色〜赤色〜焦げ茶色の呈色と、炭素含有物に接した部分或いは近傍の還元炎による色あせた赤〜茶系統色及び酸化炎による焦げ茶〜黒色の呈色とともに、炭素含有物から生じた炭素(煤)が、焼成により来待石に生じた連続空隙内部まで浸透付着して燻模様となる部分的な灰色〜黒色の呈色を生じさせることを特徴とする、来待石の焼成方法。When firing raw stones and processed rough stones at a temperature of 800 ° C to 1180 ° C, one or more carbon-containing substances of charcoal, tadon, bean charcoal, wood, pine root, pine needles, straw, and rice husks will be received. By sticking to stone stone or processed rough stone or placing it in the vicinity of it and partially baking it in an oxygen-poor atmosphere, ocher color to red to dark brown coloration due to differences in firing temperature, Along with the red or brown system color due to the reducing flame in contact with or near the carbon-containing material, and the dark brown to black coloration due to the oxidation flame, the carbon (amber) generated from the carbon-containing material is converted into a waiting stone by firing. A method for firing visiting stones, characterized in that partial gray to black coloration that penetrates and adheres to the inside of the generated continuous voids to form a wrinkle pattern is generated. 来待石原石や来待原石加工品そのもの、或いはこれらを800℃〜900℃で素焼きしたものの一部或いは全面に、1120℃〜1180℃で溶融してガラス化する釉薬を塗布した後1120℃〜1180℃の温度で焼成するものである、請求項1記載の来待石の焼成方法。  After applying a glaze that melts and vitrifies at 1120 ° C to 1180 ° C on a part or the whole surface of the raw stone or rough processed stone itself or those that have been unglazed at 800 ° C to 900 ° C, The method for firing a waiting stone according to claim 1, wherein the firing is performed at a temperature of 1180 ° C. 来待石原石や来待原石加工品を1100℃〜1180℃で焼成した後、その一部或いは全面に、1120℃〜1180℃で溶融してガラス化する釉薬を塗布した後1120℃〜1180℃の温度で焼成することを特徴とする来待石の焼成方法。  After firing the raw stone or rough processed stone at 1100 ° C to 1180 ° C, a part or the whole is coated with a glaze that melts and vitrifies at 1120 ° C to 1180 ° C, and then 1120 ° C to 1180 ° C. A method for firing a visiting stone characterized by firing at a temperature of 5 ° C. 釉薬は、来待石(来待錆石と来待白石)の粉末に硼砂を加えたものを用いるものである、請求項2又は請求項3記載の来待石の焼成方法。4. The method of firing a waiting stone according to claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the glaze uses a powder of a visiting stone (a visiting rust stone and a visiting stone) added with borax. 来待石原石や来待原石加工品に有機酸を塗布したり有機酸に浸漬した後水洗し、次いで焼成するものである、請求項1、請求項2、又は請求項4記載の来待石の焼成方法。  The stone according to claim 1, claim 2, or claim 4, wherein an organic acid is applied to or is immersed in an organic acid on a rough stone or a processed rough stone, then washed with water and then fired. Firing method.
JP2002127084A 2001-05-01 2002-04-26 How to bake a waiting stone Expired - Fee Related JP4148697B2 (en)

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