JP4054824B2 - Complementary method when propulsion is impossible in underground pipe propulsion burial method - Google Patents

Complementary method when propulsion is impossible in underground pipe propulsion burial method Download PDF

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JP4054824B2
JP4054824B2 JP2005356075A JP2005356075A JP4054824B2 JP 4054824 B2 JP4054824 B2 JP 4054824B2 JP 2005356075 A JP2005356075 A JP 2005356075A JP 2005356075 A JP2005356075 A JP 2005356075A JP 4054824 B2 JP4054824 B2 JP 4054824B2
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shaft
propulsion
underground pipe
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JP2007162225A (en
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徳雄 大井
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有限会社 大正建設
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本願発明は、発進立坑から到達立坑までの間に地中管を埋設するようにした地中管推進埋設工法における推進不能時の補完方法に関するものである。   The present invention relates to a supplementary method when impossibility of propulsion in the underground pipe propulsion embedding method in which the underground pipe is embedded between the starting shaft and the reaching shaft.

下水道管のような地中管は、一般に道路の下に埋設されているが、このような地中管を地下に埋設するには、一般に図１２に示すように地中管推進埋設工法によって行われている。即ち、この図１２に示す地中管推進埋設工法は、地中管埋設予定部分の始端部に発進立坑１１を掘削する一方、その終端部に到達立坑１２を掘削し、発進立坑１１内から元押し装置１により推進機２を到達立坑１２に向けて推進させて、該推進機２に後続する多数の管体３０，３０・・からなる地中管３を埋設するようにしている。   Underground pipes such as sewer pipes are generally buried under the road, but underground pipes such as sewer pipes are generally buried by underground pipe propulsion as shown in FIG. It has been broken. That is, in the underground pipe propulsion embedding method shown in FIG. 12, the start shaft 11 is excavated at the start end portion of the underground pipe embedding portion, while the reaching shaft 12 is excavated at the end portion thereof. The propulsion device 2 is propelled toward the reaching shaft 12 by the pushing device 1, and the underground pipe 3 composed of a large number of pipe bodies 30, 30,.

尚、図１２において、符号１５は発進立坑１１の底部に設けたコンクリートベース、１６は発進架台、１７はその受台、１８は押し輪である。又、元押し装置１には油圧ジャッキ４１が使用されている。そして、実際に管体３０を推進させるには、推進機２に後続させた管体３０の後端に押し輪１８をあてがい、該押し輪１８と油圧ジャッキ４１の先端との間にストラット（図示省略）を介在させた状態で、推進機２を作動させるとともに油圧ジャッキ４１を伸長させることで行われる。尚、後続させる管体３０′（鎖線図示のもの）は発進立坑１１内おいて最後尾の管体３０の後端に連結されて順次元押し装置１により押し込まれる。   In FIG. 12, reference numeral 15 is a concrete base provided at the bottom of the start shaft 11, 16 is a start frame, 17 is a receiving base, and 18 is a push ring. Further, a hydraulic jack 41 is used in the main pushing device 1. In order to actually propel the tubular body 30, the push ring 18 is applied to the rear end of the tubular body 30 that is subsequent to the propulsion unit 2, and a strut (illustrated) is provided between the push ring 18 and the tip of the hydraulic jack 41. In this state, the propulsion unit 2 is operated and the hydraulic jack 41 is extended. The succeeding pipe body 30 ′ (shown by a chain line) is connected to the rear end of the rearmost pipe body 30 in the start shaft 11 and pushed by the forward dimension pusher 1.

この種の地中管推進埋設工法で使用される管体３０としては、一般に鋼管やコンクリート管が採用されている。又、下水道管に使用される管体３０のサイズは、各種のものがあるが、一般に外径が０.９〜１ｍ、長さが１〜１.２ｍ程度のものが多用されている。他方、元押し装置１は、小型のものでも全長（油圧ジャッキ４１の縮小状態）が１.２ｍ程度ある。   As the pipe body 30 used in this kind of underground pipe propulsion embedding method, a steel pipe or a concrete pipe is generally employed. There are various sizes of the pipe body 30 used for the sewer pipe, but generally those having an outer diameter of about 0.9 to 1 m and a length of about 1 to 1.2 m are frequently used. On the other hand, even if the main pushing device 1 is small, the total length (reduced state of the hydraulic jack 41) is about 1.2 m.

ところで、この種の地中管推進埋設工法を行うにあたり、発進立坑１１と到達立坑１２との間が長距離（５００ｍ超の場合もある）であったり、カーブ推進であったり、あるいは泥水材・可塑剤・滑剤等が希釈又は逸泥したりすることにより、計画推力よりもはるかに大きい推力を必要とする場合があり、その場合は推進機２及び元押し装置１が正常であっても途中で推進不能になることがある。   By the way, in performing this kind of underground pipe propulsion construction method, the distance between the starting shaft 11 and the reaching shaft 12 is a long distance (may be more than 500 m), curve propulsion, muddy water material, If the plasticizer / lubricant dilutes or dissipates, a thrust much larger than the planned thrust may be required. In that case, even if the propulsion device 2 and the main pushing device 1 are normal, May become impossible to propel.

そして、例えば図１２に鎖線図示するように推進機２′が途中まで進んだ位置で推進不能になった場合に、従来では状況に応じて次の各方法で補完工事が行われている。   For example, when the propulsion unit 2 ′ cannot be propelled at a position where the propulsion unit 2 ′ has advanced halfway as shown in FIG. 12, supplementary construction is conventionally performed by the following methods depending on the situation.

まず、推進機２のトラブルでなく推進能力不足で推進不能になった場合で、該推進機２の位置が到達立坑１２に近い場合は、図１３に示すように到達立坑１２側から向い掘りを行う。尚、図１３に示す向い掘り工法の公知例としては、例えば特開２００５−１５５１４７号公報（特許文献１）に示されるものがある。   First, in the case where propulsion is not possible due to a lack of propulsion capacity, and the propulsion unit 2 is close to the arrival shaft 12, if the position of the propulsion device 2 is close to the arrival shaft 12, as shown in FIG. Do. In addition, as a well-known example of the facing digging method shown in FIG. 13, there exists a thing shown by Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2005-155147 (patent document 1), for example.

図１３の向い掘り工法の場合は、まず、到達立坑１２の底部に発進架台１６を組立てて別の元押し装置１′を設置し、到達立坑１２側から既設地中管３（推進機２）の外径より大きい内径の開放型推進機２′及び大径管体３０′を順次連続して推進させていき（さや管３′が形成される）、そのさや管３′の先端（開放型推進機２′）を推進不能となった推進機２の外側に被せるようにする（鎖線図示状態）。この状態では、既設地中管３側の推進機２に推進抵抗がほとんどかからなくなる。そして、発進立坑１１側から順次管体３０を連結しながら推進機２をさや管３′内を通して推進させていく（既設地中管３を到達立坑１２に達するまで推進させる）。   In the case of the facing digging method in FIG. 13, first, the starting stand 16 is assembled at the bottom of the reaching shaft 12 and another main pushing device 1 ′ is installed, and the existing underground pipe 3 (propulsion device 2) is installed from the reaching shaft 12 side. The open type propulsion device 2 'and the large-diameter pipe body 30' having an inner diameter larger than the outer diameter of the outer diameter are sequentially and sequentially propelled (a sheath pipe 3 'is formed), and the tip of the sheath pipe 3' (open type) The propulsion unit 2 ') is placed on the outer side of the propulsion unit 2 that cannot be propelled (as shown by the chain line). In this state, almost no propulsion resistance is applied to the propulsion unit 2 on the existing underground pipe 3 side. Then, the propulsion unit 2 is propelled through the sheath tube 3 ′ while sequentially connecting the pipe bodies 30 from the start shaft 11 side (the existing underground pipe 3 is propelled until it reaches the reaching shaft 12).

他方、推進能力不足で推進不能になった場合で、推進機２の位置が到達立坑１２から遠い場合には、まず図１４に示すように推進機２が位置する場所に中間立坑１３を形成し、続いて中間立坑１３内で推進機２を外した後（符号２′）、該推進機２′を一旦地上に取り出す。このとき、既設地中管３の先端管体３０が中間立坑１３における発進立坑側内面１３ａから中間立坑１３内に大きく突出している場合には、該先端管体３０の先側を所定長さ切除して管体先端が該発進立坑側内面１３ａに近接するようにしておく。そして、図１５に示すように、中間立坑１３内に別の元押し装置１を設置して該中間立坑１３から到達立坑１２に向けて後半地中管３５を推進・埋設する。尚、中間立坑１３から到達立坑１２まで後半地中管３５を推進させた後、後半地中管３５を到達立坑１２側から逆押しして中間立坑１３部分で後半地中管３５と前半地中管３１とをドッキングさせたり、あるいは中間立坑１３部分にマンホールを設置して前半地中管３１と後半地中管３５とをマンホールで接続させたりして、発進立坑と到達立坑の間に一連の地中管３に連続させる。   On the other hand, in the case where propulsion is not possible due to insufficient propulsion capacity and the position of the propulsion device 2 is far from the reach shaft 12, an intermediate shaft 13 is first formed at the location where the propulsion device 2 is located as shown in FIG. Subsequently, after removing the propulsion device 2 in the intermediate shaft 13 (reference numeral 2 '), the propulsion device 2' is once taken out to the ground. At this time, when the distal end pipe body 30 of the existing underground pipe 3 protrudes greatly into the intermediate shaft 13 from the start shaft side inner surface 13a of the intermediate shaft 13, the front side of the front end pipe body 30 is excised by a predetermined length. Then, the tip of the tubular body is set close to the start shaft side inner surface 13a. Then, as shown in FIG. 15, another main pushing device 1 is installed in the intermediate shaft 13, and the latter half underground pipe 35 is propelled and buried from the intermediate shaft 13 toward the reaching shaft 12. In addition, after propelling the latter half underground pipe 35 from the intermediate shaft 13 to the arrival shaft 12, the latter half underground pipe 35 is reversely pushed from the arrival shaft 12 side, and the latter half underground pipe 35 and the first half underground in the intermediate shaft 13 portion. The pipe 31 is docked, or a manhole is installed in the intermediate shaft 13 and the first half underground pipe 31 and the second half underground pipe 35 are connected by a manhole, and a series of between the start shaft and the reaching shaft Continue to the underground pipe 3.

又、この種の地中管推進埋設工法による作業中に、推進機２のトラブルにより推進不能になることがあるが、この場合には、図１４に示すように推進不能となった推進機２が位置する場所に地上から該推進機２に達する深さまで中間立坑１３を形成し、その中間立坑１３内で推進機２を分解し、該推進機２を地上に回収して修復させた後、その修復済みの（修復できないときには別の）推進機２を既設地中管３の先端部に組付けて、発進立坑１１からの元押し装置１と推進機２とで到達立坑１２まで再推進させる。   Further, during the work by this kind of underground pipe propulsion embedding method, the propulsion device 2 may become unable to be propelled due to a trouble with the propulsion device 2, and in this case, as shown in FIG. After the intermediate shaft 13 is formed from the ground to the depth reaching the propulsion device 2 at the position where the is located, the propulsion device 2 is disassembled in the intermediate shaft 13 and the propulsion device 2 is recovered and repaired on the ground. The propulsion device 2 that has been repaired (or when it cannot be repaired) is assembled to the tip of the existing underground pipe 3 and is re-propelled to the reaching shaft 12 by the main pusher 1 and the propulsion device 2 from the start shaft 11 .

ところで、到達立坑１２は、通常は元押し装置を設置する必要がないので、到達立坑１２の内径Ｄ2は１.５〜２.５ｍ程度で十分である（図示例ではＤ2＝約２ｍ）。他方、管体３０（又は３０′）を押し込む側の立坑（図１２〜図１５の各発進立坑１１、図１３の到達立坑１２、図１５の中間立坑１３）には、元押し装置１（又は１′）が設置されるとともに、油圧ジャッキ４１の前に管体３０（又は３０′）を置くためのスペースを確保する必要があることから、管体押し込み側立坑はかなり大きいものが必要となる。即ち、元押し装置１の全長が小型のものでも１.２ｍ程度あり、管体３０の長さが１〜１.２ｍ程度あるとともに、管体押し込み用の作業スペースを確保すると、立坑の内径Ｄ1として３ｍ程度は必要となる。 By the way, since the reaching shaft 12 does not normally need to install a main pushing device, it is sufficient that the inner diameter D 2 of the reaching shaft 12 is about 1.5 to 2.5 m (D 2 = about 2 m in the illustrated example). . On the other hand, the main push device 1 (or the vertical shaft 13 in each of the start shafts 11 in FIGS. 12 to 15, the arrival shaft 12 in FIG. 13, and the intermediate shaft 13 in FIG. 15) on the side into which the pipe body 30 (or 30 ′) is pushed. 1 ′) is installed, and a space for placing the pipe body 30 (or 30 ′) in front of the hydraulic jack 41 needs to be secured. . That is, even if the total length of the main pushing device 1 is small, it is about 1.2 m, the length of the tube body 30 is about 1 to 1.2 m, and when the working space for pushing the tube body is secured, the inner diameter D of the shaft is secured. About 1m is required as 1 .

特開２００５−１５５１４７号公報JP 2005-155147 A

ところで、発進立坑１１と到達立坑１２の間で推進不能となった場合の補完工事として、図１３に示すように向い掘り工法で行う場合は、上記のように到達立坑１２内に元押し装置１′を設置して、該到達立坑１２からさや管３′となる各管体３０′を推進させる必要がある。従って、図１３のように向い掘り工法を行う場合には、到達立坑１２として内径の大きいもの（例えば内径Ｄ1が３ｍ程度のもの）を形成する必要があり、到達立坑１２の形成場所の選定が難しいという問題があるほか、土壌掘削量が多くなる。又、向い掘り工法では、さや管３′を埋め殺しにするので余分な材料が必要となって、コストアップになるという問題もある。 By the way, as a supplementary work when propulsion between the starting shaft 11 and the reaching shaft 12 becomes impossible, as shown in FIG. 13, when performing the facing digging method as shown in FIG. It is necessary to propel each pipe body 30 ′ which becomes the sheath pipe 3 ′ from the reach shaft 12. Therefore, when the facing digging method is performed as shown in FIG. 13, it is necessary to form a reaching shaft 12 having a large inner diameter (for example, having an inner diameter D 1 of about 3 m), and selection of the formation location of the reaching shaft 12 In addition to the problem that it is difficult, the amount of soil excavation increases. Further, in the facing digging method, since the sheath tube 3 'is buried, an extra material is required, which increases the cost.

又、図１４及び図１５に示すように、推進不能となった推進機２が位置する場所に中間立坑１３を形成し、その中間立坑１３内に元押し装置１を設置して該中間立坑１３から到達立坑１２に向けて後半地中管３５を推進・埋設するものでは、該中間立坑１３として内径の大きいもの（例えば内径Ｄ1が３ｍ程度のもの）を形成する必要がある。特に、推進中において推進機２が推進不能になる位置は不特定であり、場所（道路上であることが多い）によっては大きな内径の中間立坑を形成するのが無理な場合が多々ある。従って、この工法による補完工事が行えない場合がある。 Further, as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, an intermediate shaft 13 is formed at a position where the propulsion device 2 that has become unable to propel is located, and the main pushing device 1 is installed in the intermediate shaft 13 to provide the intermediate shaft 13. from intended to promote and buried late underground tube 35 toward the arrival pit 12, having a large inner diameter as the intermediate shafts 13 (e.g., inner diameter D 1 is of about 3m) it needs to be formed. In particular, the position where the propulsion device 2 cannot be propelled during propulsion is unspecified, and there are many cases where it is impossible to form an intermediate shaft with a large inner diameter depending on the location (often on the road). Therefore, there are cases where supplementary construction by this construction method cannot be performed.

そこで、本願発明は、発進立坑と到達立坑との間で推進不能になった場合に、比較的小内径の中間立坑で補完工事を行えるようにした地中管推進埋設工法における推進不能時の補完方法を提供することを目的としている。   Accordingly, the present invention provides a supplement when the propulsion is impossible in the underground pipe propulsion embedding method in which the supplementary work can be performed on the intermediate shaft having a relatively small inner diameter when the propulsion cannot be performed between the starting shaft and the reaching shaft. It aims to provide a method.

本願発明は、上記課題を解決するための手段として次の構成を有している。尚、本願発明は、発進立坑から到達立坑に向かって元押し装置により推進機を推進させて該推進機に後続する多数の管体からなる地中管を発進立坑と到達立坑間に埋設するようにした地中管推進埋設工法において、推進機が発進立坑と到達立坑との間で推進不能になったときの補完方法を対象にしている。   The present invention has the following configuration as means for solving the above problems. In the invention of the present application, the propulsion device is propelled by the pushing device from the starting shaft to the reaching shaft, and an underground pipe composed of a large number of pipes following the propulsion device is buried between the starting shaft and the reaching shaft. In the underground pipe propulsion embedding method, the propulsion device is targeted for a supplementary method when propulsion becomes impossible between the starting shaft and the reaching shaft.

本願発明の推進不能時の補完方法は、推進機が発進立坑と到達立坑との間で推進不能になったときに、まず推進不能になった推進機が位置する場所に地上から推進機に達する深さの中間立坑を形成し、次に中間立坑内にある推進機を既設の前半地中管の先端から取外して、前半地中管の先端を中間立坑の発進立坑側内面の近傍に開口させておく。このとき、前半地中管の先端管体が中間立坑における発進立坑側内面から中間立坑内に大きく突出している場合には、該先端管体の先側を所定長さ切除して管体先端が中間立坑の発進立坑側内面に近接するようにしておく。   When the propulsion unit becomes unable to propel between the start shaft and the reaching shaft, the propulsion unit reaches the propulsion unit from the ground at the place where the propulsion unit that cannot be propelled first is located. After forming the intermediate shaft at the depth, remove the propulsion unit in the intermediate shaft from the tip of the existing first half underground pipe, and open the front half underground pipe near the inner surface of the intermediate vertical shaft Keep it. At this time, when the tip tube of the first half underground pipe protrudes greatly into the intermediate shaft from the inner surface of the start shaft in the intermediate shaft, the front end of the tip tube is cut by a predetermined length to It should be close to the inner surface of the intermediate shaft.

他方、本願発明では、中間立坑内で使用される元押し装置として、該元押し装置の後部側大部分の長さ範囲を前半地中管の先端部内径より小さい外形の小径部とし且つ該元押し装置の前端部を前半地中管の先端部内径より大きい大径部としたものを使用する。   On the other hand, in the present invention, as the main pushing device used in the intermediate shaft, the length range of the rear side most part of the pushing device is a small-diameter portion having an outer diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the front end portion of the front half underground pipe, and the original The pushing device has a front end portion that is larger in diameter than the inner diameter of the front end portion of the front half underground tube.

そして、中間立坑用の元押し装置を、該元押し装置の小径部を中間立坑内から前半地中管の先端開口内に挿入し且つ該元押し装置の大径部を前半地中管の先端に係止させた状態で設置する。   Then, the main pushing device for the intermediate shaft is inserted into the front end opening of the first half underground pipe from the middle shaft with the small diameter portion of the first pushing device, and the large diameter portion of the first pushing device is inserted into the front end of the first half underground pipe. Install in a state where it is locked to.

次に、中間立坑から到達立坑に向かって中間立坑用の元押し装置により推進機を推進させて推進機に後続する多数の管体からなる後半地中管を中間立坑と到達立坑間に埋設する（後半地中管の埋設が完了する）。   Next, the propulsion unit is driven from the intermediate shaft to the final shaft by the intermediate shaft main pushing device, and the latter half underground pipe composed of a number of pipes following the propulsion device is buried between the intermediate shaft and the final shaft. (The burial of the second half underground pipe is completed).

尚、後半地中管の埋設が完了すると、該後半地中管を到達立坑側から逆押しして中間立坑部分で後半地中管と前半地中管とをドッキングさせたり、あるいは中間立坑部分にマンホールを設置して前半地中管と後半地中管とをマンホールで接続させたりして、発進立坑と到達立坑との間に一連の地中管を連続させる。   When the second half underground pipe is buried, the second half underground pipe is reversely pushed from the reaching shaft side to dock the second half underground pipe and the first half underground pipe at the intermediate shaft part, or A manhole is installed and the first half underground pipe and the second half underground pipe are connected by a manhole, so that a series of underground pipes are connected between the starting shaft and the reaching shaft.

本願発明の推進不能時の補完方法によれば、中間立坑内で使用される元押し装置を、その後部側大部分の長さ範囲を既設側である前半地中管の先端開口内に挿入した状態で設置するので、中間立坑内における元押し装置の占有スペースが極めて小さくなる。従って、中間立坑内に元押し装置を設置して到達立坑側に向けて地中管を推進させるようにしたものであっても、元押し装置の占有スペースが小さくなる分、中間立坑の内径を小さくすることが可能となる（例えば、通常は３ｍ程度の内径の中間立坑が必要であったものが、２ｍ程度の内径の中間立坑でよくなる）。   According to the supplementary method when propulsion is impossible according to the present invention, the main pushing device used in the intermediate shaft is inserted into the front end opening of the first half underground pipe which is the existing side of the length range of the rear part of the main part. Since it is installed in a state, the space occupied by the main pushing device in the intermediate shaft becomes extremely small. Therefore, even if the main pushing device is installed in the intermediate shaft and the underground pipe is propelled toward the reaching vertical shaft side, the inner space of the intermediate shaft is reduced as the occupied space of the main pushing device is reduced. It becomes possible to make it small (for example, an intermediate shaft with an inner diameter of about 3 m is usually better than an intermediate shaft with an inner diameter of about 2 m).

本願発明の地中管推進埋設工法における推進不能時の補完方法は、上記のように推進機が発進立坑と到達立坑との間で推進不能になったときに、推進不能になった推進機が位置する場所に中間立坑を形成し、その中間立坑から到達立坑に向かって後半地中管を埋設するようにしたものであるが、その際、中間立坑用の元押し装置を、その後部側大部分の長さ範囲の小径部を中間立坑内から前半地中管の先端開口内に挿入し且つ前端部の大径部を前半地中管の先端に係止させた状態で設置して、後半地中管を推進・埋設するようにしている。   In the underground pipe propulsion embedding method of the invention of this application, the propulsion method when propulsion is impossible is as follows. An intermediate shaft is formed at the location, and the latter half underground pipe is buried from the intermediate shaft toward the arrival shaft. Insert the small diameter part of the length range of the part from the intermediate shaft into the front end opening of the first half underground pipe and install the large diameter part of the front end locked to the front end of the first half underground pipe. The underground pipe is promoted and buried.

従って、本願発明の推進不能時の補完方法によれば、中間立坑内に元押し装置を設置して到達立坑側に向けて地中管を推進させるようにしたものにおいて、中間立坑内における元押し装置の占有スペースが極めて小さくなるので、その分、中間立坑の内径を小さくできるという効果がある。   Therefore, according to the supplementary method when impossibility of propulsion of the present invention is adopted, the main pushing device is installed in the intermediate shaft and the underground pipe is pushed toward the reaching shaft side. Since the space occupied by the device is extremely small, the inner diameter of the intermediate shaft can be reduced accordingly.

尚、このように中間立坑の内径を小さくできると、例えば道路上に中間立坑を形成する場合に、内径を小さくできる分、邪魔になりにくくなるとともに、土壌掘削量が少なくなってコストダウンを図ることができる。   In addition, if the inner diameter of the intermediate shaft can be reduced in this way, for example, when the intermediate shaft is formed on the road, the inner diameter can be reduced, so that it becomes less obstructive and the amount of soil excavation is reduced to reduce the cost. be able to.

以下、図１〜図１１を参照して本願実施例の地中管推進埋設工法における推進不能時の補完方法を説明する。   Hereinafter, with reference to FIGS. 1 to 11, a supplementary method when propulsion is impossible in the underground pipe propulsion embedding method of the present embodiment will be described.

この実施例の地中管推進埋設工法は、図４に示すように発進立坑１１から到達立坑１２に向かって元押し装置１により推進機２を推進させて該推進機２に後続する各管体３０，３０・・からなる地中管３を地中に埋設するようにしたものである。   As shown in FIG. 4, the underground pipe propulsion embedment method of this embodiment is configured such that the propulsion unit 2 is propelled by the main pushing device 1 from the starting vertical shaft 11 toward the reaching vertical shaft 12, and each tube body following the propulsion device 2. An underground pipe 3 composed of 30, 30,... Is buried in the ground.

発進立坑１１は、その底部に元押し装置１が設置されるとともに、元押し装置１の前に管体３０′を置くスペースや、管体押し込みのための作業スペースが必要なことから、かなり大きな内径のものが必要である。即ち、元押し装置１は小型のものでも全長が１.２ｍ程度あり、管体３０はこの実施例では全長が１.２ｍのものを使用しているとともに、管体押し込みのための作業スペースを確保する必要があることから、発進立坑１１の内径Ｄ1として３ｍ程度は必要である。 The start shaft 11 is considerably large because the main pushing device 1 is installed at the bottom thereof, and a space for placing the pipe body 30 ′ in front of the main pushing device 1 and a work space for pushing the pipe body are necessary. An inner diameter is required. That is, even if the main pushing device 1 is small, the total length is about 1.2 m. In this embodiment, the tubular body 30 has a total length of 1.2 m and a working space for pushing the tubular body is used. it is necessary to ensure, 3m about the inner diameter D 1 of the starting pit 11 is required.

他方、到達立坑１２は、通常は元押し装置１を設置する必要がないので、内径Ｄ2として１.５〜２.５ｍ程度で十分である。尚、図示例では、到達立坑１２の内径Ｄ2を約２ｍに設定している。 On the other hand, arrival pit 12 is typically because there is no need to install the original pressing apparatus 1 is sufficient 1.5~2.5m about the inner diameter D 2. In the illustrated example, the inner diameter D 2 of the reaching shaft 12 is set to about 2 m.

尚、図４において、符号１５は発進立坑１１の底部に設けたコンクリートベース、１６は発進架台、１７はその受台、１８は押し輪である。又、元押し装置１には油圧ジャッキ４１が使用されている。そして、実際に管体３０を推進させるには、推進機２に後続させた管体３０の後端に押し輪１８をあてがい、該押し輪１８と油圧ジャッキ４１の先端との間にストラット（図示省略）を介在させた状態で、推進機２を作動させるとともに油圧ジャッキ４１を伸長させることで行われる。尚、後続させる管体３０′（鎖線図示のもの）は発進立坑１１内おいて最後尾の管体３０の後端に連結されて順次元押し装置１により押し込まれる。   In FIG. 4, reference numeral 15 is a concrete base provided at the bottom of the start shaft 11, 16 is a start frame, 17 is a receiving base, and 18 is a push ring. Further, a hydraulic jack 41 is used in the main pushing device 1. In order to actually propel the tubular body 30, the push ring 18 is applied to the rear end of the tubular body 30 that is subsequent to the propulsion unit 2, and a strut (illustrated) is provided between the push ring 18 and the tip of the hydraulic jack 41. In this state, the propulsion unit 2 is operated and the hydraulic jack 41 is extended. The succeeding pipe body 30 ′ (shown by a chain line) is connected to the rear end of the rearmost pipe body 30 in the start shaft 11 and pushed by the forward dimension pusher 1.

尚、この実施例で使用される管体３０は、図１に示すように、外径Ａ1が９６０mm、内径Ａ2が８００mm、全長Ａ3が１２００mmのものを使用している。 As shown in FIG. 1, the tubular body 30 used in this embodiment has an outer diameter A 1 of 960 mm, an inner diameter A 2 of 800 mm, and an overall length A 3 of 1200 mm.

ところで、この種の地中管推進埋設工法による工事中に、例えば推進機２にトラブル（故障）が発生したり推進能力を超える抵抗が発生すると、推進機２が発進立坑１と到達立坑１２との間で推進不能になる。そして、本願実施例では、図４に鎖線図示するように推進機２′が途中まで進んだ位置で推進不能になった場合に、以下に説明する方法で補完工事を行う。   By the way, during the construction by this kind of underground pipe propulsion embedding method, for example, when trouble (failure) occurs in the propulsion unit 2 or resistance exceeding the propulsion capability occurs, the propulsion unit 2 is connected to the starting shaft 1 and the reaching shaft 12. It becomes impossible to propel between. In the embodiment of the present application, when the propulsion device 2 'cannot be propelled at a position where it has advanced halfway as shown by a chain line in FIG. 4, supplementary work is performed by the method described below.

図１〜図３には、本願実施例の補完方法で使用される中間立坑用の元押し装置４を示している。この元押し装置４は、左右２基の油圧ジャッキ４１，４１を横向き円筒形の保護筒４２内に固定状態で取付けているとともに、保護筒４２の前端部外周に外向きに突出するフランジ４３を設けて構成されている。又、この実施例で使用される元押し装置４では、保護筒４２内に排泥管９を挿通させ得るようになっている。   In FIGS. 1-3, the main pushing apparatus 4 for intermediate shafts used with the complementation method of this-application Example is shown. The main pushing device 4 has two left and right hydraulic jacks 41, 41 fixedly mounted in a horizontal cylindrical protective cylinder 42 and a flange 43 projecting outwardly on the outer periphery of the front end of the protective cylinder 42. It is provided and configured. Further, in the main pushing device 4 used in this embodiment, the sludge drain 9 can be inserted into the protective cylinder 42.

保護筒４２の全長は約１.２ｍであり、油圧ジャッキ４１の全縮小状態では該油圧ジャッキ４１が保護筒４２の長さ範囲内に収まるようになっている。従って、油圧ジャッキ４１の全縮小状態では、保護筒４２の長さが元押し装置４の全長となる。   The overall length of the protective cylinder 42 is about 1.2 m. When the hydraulic jack 41 is fully contracted, the hydraulic jack 41 is within the length range of the protective cylinder 42. Therefore, when the hydraulic jack 41 is fully reduced, the length of the protective cylinder 42 is the total length of the main pushing device 4.

保護筒４２の外径Ｂ1は、管体３０の内径Ａ2（８００mm）よりやや小さい７８０mm程度である。フランジ４３の外径Ｂ2は、管体３０の内径Ａ2（８００mm）よりやや大きい９３０mm程度である。又、フランジ４３の厚さは１２０mm程度であり、保護筒４２におけるフランジ４３の厚さを除いた残りの長さＢ3が１０８０mmとなっている。尚、この実施例では、保護筒４２におけるフランジ厚さを除く長さ範囲Ｂ3（１０８０mm）が特許請求範囲中の小径部となり、フランジ４３部分が特許請求範囲中の大径部となるものである。 The outer diameter B 1 of the protective cylinder 42 is about 780 mm, which is slightly smaller than the inner diameter A 2 (800 mm) of the tube body 30. The outer diameter B 2 of the flange 43 is about 930 mm, which is slightly larger than the inner diameter A 2 (800 mm) of the tube body 30. Further, the thickness of the flange 43 is about 120 mm, and the remaining length B 3 of the protective cylinder 42 excluding the thickness of the flange 43 is 1080 mm. In this embodiment, the length range B 3 (1080 mm) excluding the flange thickness in the protective cylinder 42 is the small diameter portion in the claims, and the flange 43 portion is the large diameter portion in the claims. is there.

そして、この元押し装置４は、後述する（図６〜図８）ように、保護筒４２部分（外径Ｂ1）を管体３０の内面（内径Ａ2）に長さＢ3（１０８０mm）だけ挿入できるとともに、この挿入状態でフランジ４３を管体３０の端面に係止させ得るようになっている。 As will be described later (FIGS. 6 to 8), the main pushing device 4 has a protective cylinder 42 portion (outer diameter B 1 ) on the inner surface (inner diameter A 2 ) of the tube body 30 with a length B 3 (1080 mm). In this insertion state, the flange 43 can be locked to the end face of the tubular body 30.

この実施例の補完方法は、図１〜図３に示す元押し装置４を使用して、図４〜図１１に示すようにして行われる。   The complementing method of this embodiment is performed as shown in FIGS. 4 to 11 using the main pushing device 4 shown in FIGS.

この地中管推進埋設工法における工事中に、図４に鎖線図示する状態で推進不能になったときには、発進立坑１１から推進機２′が位置する範囲に前半地中管３１が連続している。そして、まず推進不能になった推進機２′が位置する場所を正確に計測し、その場所に地上から推進機２′に達する深さの中間立坑１３（図４に鎖線図示）を掘削する。その場合、中間立坑１３の掘削位置は、地中にある推進機２′が掘削される中間立坑１３の発進立坑側内面１３ａの近傍に位置するように位置決めする。又、このときの中間立坑１３の大きさは、内径Ｄ3が約２ｍ程度のものでよい。尚、内径Ｄ3が２ｍの中間立坑１３であれば、内径が３ｍの立坑に比して排土量は半分以下になる。そして、中間立坑１３を掘削すると、図５に示すように中間立坑１３内に前半地中管３１の先端にある推進機２が露出する。 During the construction in the underground pipe propulsion embedding method, when the propulsion is impossible in the state shown by the chain line in FIG. 4, the first half underground pipe 31 continues from the start shaft 11 to the range where the propulsion device 2 ′ is located. . First, the location where the propulsion unit 2 'that has become unpropellable is accurately measured, and an intermediate shaft 13 (shown by a chain line in FIG. 4) having a depth reaching the propulsion unit 2' from the ground is excavated at that location. In that case, the excavation position of the intermediate shaft 13 is positioned so as to be positioned in the vicinity of the starting shaft side inner surface 13a of the intermediate shaft 13 where the propulsion device 2 'in the ground is excavated. Also, the size of the intermediate shafts 13 at this time, may be of internal diameter D 3 of about 2m. The inner diameter D 3 is as long as the intermediate shafts 13 of 2m, internal diameter earth removal amount in comparison with the vertical shaft of 3m will be less than half. When the intermediate shaft 13 is excavated, the propulsion unit 2 at the tip of the first half underground pipe 31 is exposed in the intermediate shaft 13 as shown in FIG.

次に、図５に示すように、作業員が中間立坑１３内に入って、前半地中管３１の先端に連続している推進機２を鎖線図示（符号２′）するように前半地中管３１の先端から取外し、一旦地上に取り出しておく。尚、推進機２が故障している場合には、地上において補修しておき、補修できない状態では別の正常な推進機を用意しておく。   Next, as shown in FIG. 5, an operator enters the intermediate shaft 13, and the propulsion unit 2 continuing to the front end of the first half underground pipe 31 is shown in a chain line (reference numeral 2 ′). Remove from the tip of the tube 31 and once take it out to the ground. If the propulsion unit 2 is out of order, it is repaired on the ground, and another normal propulsion unit is prepared if it cannot be repaired.

推進機２を前半地中管３１の先端から取外した状態では、図６に示すように前半地中管３１の先端３２が中間立坑１３の発進立坑側内面１３ａから僅かな長さＬ（Ｌ＝１００mm程度）だけ突出している。尚、中間立坑１３を掘削したときに、前半地中管３１の先端３２が中間立坑１３の中心側に大きく突出する位置にある場合には、前半地中管３１の中間立坑内突出部分を所定長さだけ切除して、前半地中管先端３２が中間立坑１３の発進立坑側内面１３ａの近傍（長さＬだけ離間）に位置するようにする。   In a state where the propulsion device 2 is detached from the front end of the first half underground pipe 31, the front end 32 of the first half underground pipe 31 is slightly length L (L = L = L) from the start shaft side inner surface 13a of the intermediate shaft 13 as shown in FIG. It protrudes by about 100mm). When the intermediate shaft 13 is excavated, if the tip 32 of the first half underground pipe 31 is in a position that protrudes greatly toward the center side of the intermediate vertical shaft 13, the protruding portion in the intermediate shaft of the first half underground pipe 31 is set to a predetermined value. By cutting away the length, the front half underground pipe tip 32 is positioned near the start shaft side inner surface 13a of the intermediate shaft 13 (separated by a length L).

次に、図６に示すように、中間立坑１３の底部にコンクリートベース１５を形成し、その上に受台１７，１７及び発進架台１６を組付ける。又、これらの工事と前後して、中間立坑用の元押し装置４を中間立坑１３内に吊り降ろし、鎖線図示するように元押し装置４′の保護筒４２′部分を前半地中管３１の先端開口３３内に挿入する。このとき、元押し装置４′のフランジ４３′が前半地中管３１の先端面３２に衝合した状態で、該元押し装置４′を固定する（図７、図８の状態となる）。   Next, as shown in FIG. 6, the concrete base 15 is formed at the bottom of the intermediate shaft 13, and the cradles 17 and 17 and the start frame 16 are assembled thereon. Also, before and after these constructions, the main pusher 4 for the intermediate shaft is suspended in the intermediate shaft 13, and the protective cylinder 42 'portion of the main pusher 4' is attached to the first half underground pipe 31 as shown by the chain line. Insert into the tip opening 33. At this time, the main pushing device 4 ′ is fixed in a state where the flange 43 ′ of the main pushing device 4 ′ is in contact with the distal end surface 32 of the front half underground pipe 31 (the state shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 is obtained).

この状態では、図７に示すように、中間立坑１３が比較的小内径Ｄ3（Ｄ3＝約２ｍ）のものであっても、元押し装置４の前方に大きなスペース（例えば１.８ｍ程度のスペース）ができており、該中間立坑１３からの地中管推進作業は十分可能となる。又、この状態では、元押し装置４による推進力の反力が元押し装置４のフランジ４３を介して前半地中管３１に加わるため、発進立坑１１側において前半地中管３１の後端を発進立坑側の元押し装置１でバックアップしておくとよい。 In this state, as shown in FIG. 7, even if the intermediate shaft 13 has a relatively small inner diameter D 3 (D 3 = about 2 m), a large space (for example, about 1.8 m) is provided in front of the main pushing device 4. The underground pipe propulsion work from the intermediate shaft 13 is sufficiently possible. In this state, since the reaction force of the propulsion force by the main pushing device 4 is applied to the front half underground pipe 31 via the flange 43 of the main pushing apparatus 4, the rear end of the front half underground pipe 31 is placed on the start shaft 11 side. It is good to back up with the main pushing device 1 of the starting shaft side.

続いて、図８に示すように、中間立坑１３内に推進機２及び管体３０を吊り降ろし、それらを発進架台１６上で合体させ、管体３０の後部に押し輪１８及びストラット１９を配置した状態で、元押し装置４の油圧ジャッキ４１を伸長させる。このとき、油圧ジャッキ４１による押圧力の反力が保護筒４２に加わるが、その反力はフランジ４３を介して前半地中管３１の先端面３２で受けられている（前半地中管３１は発進立坑１１側の元押し装置１でバックアップされている）ので、該保護筒４２が後退することはない。尚、推進機２及び管体３０の進入度合いに応じて、図９に示すように押し輪１８と油圧ジャッキ４１の伸縮ヘッド間に複数個のストラット１９，１９・・を介在させながら管体３０をを地中に進入させていく。   Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 8, the propulsion unit 2 and the pipe body 30 are suspended in the intermediate shaft 13, and they are united on the starting frame 16, and the pusher wheel 18 and the strut 19 are disposed at the rear part of the pipe body 30. In this state, the hydraulic jack 41 of the main pushing device 4 is extended. At this time, the reaction force of the pressing force by the hydraulic jack 41 is applied to the protective cylinder 42, and the reaction force is received by the front end surface 32 of the front half underground pipe 31 via the flange 43 (the front half underground pipe 31 is Therefore, the protective cylinder 42 does not move backward. It should be noted that, depending on the degree of advancement of the propulsion unit 2 and the tubular body 30, the tubular body 30 is interposed while a plurality of struts 19, 19... Are interposed between the pusher wheel 18 and the telescopic head of the hydraulic jack 41 as shown in FIG. To enter the ground.

そして、図１０に示すように、推進機２が到達立坑１２に達するまで、順次所定個数の管体３０，３０・・を後続させて、中間立坑１３と到達立坑１２との間に後半地中管３５を埋設する。   Then, as shown in FIG. 10, until the propulsion device 2 reaches the reaching shaft 12, a predetermined number of pipes 30, 30.. The pipe 35 is embedded.

その後、到達立坑１２に達した推進機２を取り外し、中間立坑１３内の元押し装置４を前半地中管３１から抜き外すとともに発進架台１６を解体して地上に運び出し、発進立坑１１側においても同様に元押し装置１及び発進架台１６を地上に運び出す。   Thereafter, the propulsion unit 2 reaching the reaching shaft 12 is removed, the main pushing device 4 in the intermediate shaft 13 is removed from the first half underground pipe 31, and the starting stand 16 is dismantled and carried to the ground. Similarly, the main pushing device 1 and the starting stand 16 are carried out to the ground.

そして、前半地中管３１と後半地中管３５とは、図１１に示すように中間立坑１３内にマンホール１４を建て込んで該マンホール１４を介して連続させたり、あるいは到達立坑１２側から後半地中管３５を押し込んで中間立坑１３内で前半地中管３１と後半地中管３５とをドッキングさせたりすることで連続させる。尚、発進立坑１１及び到達立坑１２にも、それぞれマンホール１４，１４を建て込んで各前半地中管３１，３５の端部をそれぞれマンホール１４，１４に連続させると、この地中管推進埋設工法の全工程が終了する。   The first half underground pipe 31 and the second half underground pipe 35 are constructed such that a manhole 14 is built in the intermediate shaft 13 and is continued through the manhole 14 as shown in FIG. The underground pipe 35 is pushed in and the first half underground pipe 31 and the second half underground pipe 35 are docked in the intermediate shaft 13 to be continuous. In addition, if the manholes 14 and 14 are respectively built in the start shaft 11 and the reaching shaft 12 and the end portions of the first half underground pipes 31 and 35 are made continuous with the manholes 14 and 14, respectively, this underground pipe propulsion construction method This completes the entire process.

発進立坑１１からの地中管推進埋設作業中に推進機２が推進不能になったときに、推進機２が位置する場所に中間立坑１３を形成して行う補完工事において、本願実施例のように中間立坑用の元押し装置４を、その後側大部分の長さ範囲Ｂ3（１０８０mm）を既設の前半地中管３１の先端開口３３（中間立坑１３における発進立坑側内面の近傍にある）内に挿入させた状態で設置すると、元押し装置４が中間立坑１３内で占有するスペースが極めて小さくなる。従って、中間立坑１３の大きさとして、元押し装置４の前に管体３０（１.２ｍ長さ）を置くスペースと若干長さの作業スペースを確保できる程度（内径が２ｍ程度）のものでよくなり、中間立坑１３の築造が簡単となるとともにコストダウンを図ることができる。 In the supplementary construction performed by forming the intermediate shaft 13 in the place where the propulsion unit 2 is located when the propulsion unit 2 cannot be propelled during the underground pipe propulsion embedding work from the start shaft 11, as in the present embodiment. The intermediate pusher 4 for the main shaft, and the rearmost length range B 3 (1080 mm) of the tip opening 33 of the existing first half underground pipe 31 (near the start shaft side inner surface of the intermediate shaft 13) If it installs in the state inserted in, the space which the main pushing apparatus 4 occupies in the intermediate shaft 13 will become very small. Therefore, the size of the intermediate shaft 13 is such that a space for placing the pipe body 30 (1.2 m length) in front of the main pushing device 4 and a slightly long working space can be secured (inner diameter is about 2 m). As a result, the construction of the intermediate shaft 13 can be simplified and the cost can be reduced.

本願実施例の地中管推進埋設工法における推進不能時の補完方法で使用する元押し装置の側面図である。It is a side view of the main pushing device used with the supplementary method at the time of propulsion impossible in the underground pipe propulsion embedding method of an example of this application. 図１のII−II断面図である。It is II-II sectional drawing of FIG. 図１の右側面図である。It is a right view of FIG. 本願実施例の補完方法における初期段階の説明図である。It is explanatory drawing of the initial stage in the complementation method of an Example of this application. 図４からの状態変化を示す一部拡大図である。FIG. 5 is a partially enlarged view showing a state change from FIG. 4. 図５からの状態変化図である。FIG. 6 is a state change diagram from FIG. 5. 図６からの変化図で元押し装置を前半地中管の先端開口に装着した状態の全体図である。It is the whole figure of the state which mounted | wore with the front-end | tip opening of the front half underground pipe | tube in the change figure from FIG. 図７の一部拡大断面図である。It is a partially expanded sectional view of FIG. 図８からの状態変化図である。It is a state change figure from FIG. 図９からの変化図で推進機が到達立坑まで到達した状態の全体図である。FIG. 10 is an overall view of the state in which the propulsion device has reached the reaching shaft in the change view from FIG. 9. 図１０からの状態変化図である。It is a state change figure from FIG. 従来の地中管推進埋設工法の説明図である。It is explanatory drawing of the conventional underground pipe propulsion embedding construction method. 従来から行われている推進不能時における第１の補完方法の説明図である。It is explanatory drawing of the 1st complementation method at the time of the impossibility of propulsion conventionally performed. 従来から行われている推進不能時における第２の補完方法の説明図である。It is explanatory drawing of the 2nd complementation method at the time of the impossibility of propulsion conventionally performed. 図１４からの状態変化図である。It is a state change figure from FIG.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

１は発進立坑側の元押し装置、２は推進機，３は地中管、４は中間立坑側の元押し装置、１１は発進立坑、１２は到達立坑、１３は中間立坑、３０は管体、３１は前半地中管、３２は先端、３３は先端開口、３５は後半地中管、４１は油圧ジャッキ、４２は保護筒（小径部）、４３はフランジ（大径部）である。   DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 is the starting pusher on the start shaft side, 2 is a propulsion device, 3 is an underground pipe, 4 is a pusher device on the intermediate shaft side, 11 is a start shaft, 12 is an arrival shaft, 13 is an intermediate shaft, 30 is a tubular body , 31 is a front half underground pipe, 32 is a tip, 33 is a tip opening, 35 is a rear half underground pipe, 41 is a hydraulic jack, 42 is a protective cylinder (small diameter portion), and 43 is a flange (large diameter portion).

Claims (1)

発進立坑（１１）から到達立坑（１２）に向かって元押し装置（１）により推進機（２）を推進させて該推進機（２）に後続する多数の管体（３０）からなる地中管（３）を発進立坑（１１）と到達立坑（１２）間に埋設するようにした地中管推進埋設工法において、前記推進機（２）が発進立坑（１１）と到達立坑（１２）との間で推進不能になったときの補完方法であって、
推進不能になった推進機（２）が位置する場所に地上から該推進機（２）に達する深さの中間立坑（１３）を形成し、
該中間立坑（１３）内にある推進機（２）を既設の前半地中管（３１）の先端から取外して、前記前半地中管（３１）の先端（３２）を中間立坑（１３）の発進立坑側内面の近傍に開口させておく一方、
中間立坑（１３）内で使用する元押し装置（４）として、該元押し装置（４）の後部側大部分の長さ範囲を前記前半地中管（３１）の先端部内径より小さい小径部（４２）とし且つ該元押し装置（４）の前端部を前記前半地中管（３１）の先端部内径より大きい大径部（４３）としたものを使用し、
中間立坑用の元押し装置（４）を、前記小径部（４２）を中間立坑（３）内から前半地中管（３１）の先端開口（３３）内に挿入し且つ前記大径部（４３）を前半地中管の先端（３２）に係止させた状態で設置し、
中間立坑（１３）から到達立坑（１２）に向かって中間立坑用の元押し装置（４）により推進機（２）を推進させて該推進機（２）に後続する多数の管体（３０）からなる後半地中管（３５）を中間立坑（１３）と到達立坑（１２）間に埋設するようにした、
ことを特徴とする地中管推進埋設工法における推進不能時の補完方法。
The underground consisting of a large number of pipes (30) following the propulsion unit (2) by propelling the propulsion unit (2) from the starting shaft (11) toward the reaching shaft (12) by the pushing device (1) In the underground pipe propulsion embedding method in which the pipe (3) is buried between the starting shaft (11) and the reaching shaft (12), the propulsion device (2) is configured to start and stop the shaft (11) and the reaching shaft (12). Completion method when it becomes impossible to propel between
An intermediate shaft (13) with a depth reaching the propulsion device (2) from the ground is formed at the place where the propulsion device (2) that has become unable to propel is located,
The propulsion unit (2) in the intermediate shaft (13) is removed from the tip of the existing first half underground pipe (31), and the tip (32) of the first half underground pipe (31) is removed from the middle shaft (13). While opening in the vicinity of the inner surface of the start shaft side,
As the main pushing device (4) used in the intermediate shaft (13), the length range of the rear part of the main pushing device (4) is smaller than the inner diameter of the front end portion of the front half underground pipe (31). (42) and the front end of the main pushing device (4) is a larger diameter part (43) larger than the inner diameter of the front end part of the front half underground pipe (31),
The main pusher (4) for the intermediate shaft is inserted into the front end opening (33) of the first half underground pipe (31) from the intermediate shaft (3) with the small diameter portion (42) and the large diameter portion (43). ) In the state of being locked to the tip (32) of the first half underground pipe,
A number of pipes (30) following the propulsion unit (2) by propelling the propulsion unit (2) from the intermediate shaft (13) toward the reaching shaft (12) by the intermediate shaft main pusher (4). The second half underground pipe (35) was buried between the intermediate shaft (13) and the reaching shaft (12).
A supplementary method when propulsion is impossible in the underground pipe propulsion burial method.
JP2005356075A 2005-12-09 2005-12-09 Complementary method when propulsion is impossible in underground pipe propulsion burial method Expired - Fee Related JP4054824B2 (en)

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