JP3676574B2 - River water purification method and apparatus - Google Patents

River water purification method and apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3676574B2
JP3676574B2 JP18813498A JP18813498A JP3676574B2 JP 3676574 B2 JP3676574 B2 JP 3676574B2 JP 18813498 A JP18813498 A JP 18813498A JP 18813498 A JP18813498 A JP 18813498A JP 3676574 B2 JP3676574 B2 JP 3676574B2
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water
purification
river
treatment
physical
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JP2000005782A (en
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敦志 須田
伸二 阿部
徹 木村
和宏 品部
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Kubota Corp
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Kubota Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage

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Description

【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、河川の汚濁水を導入して浄化処理し、その処理水を再び河川に放流するにあたって行う河川水の浄化方法及びその装置に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
河川には、その周辺流域の人工の増加や産業の発展に伴い、家庭排水や畜産、工場排水等の汚濁排水が流入し、それが河川の有する自然浄化(自浄)作用を上回るようになって、河川の水質が悪化し、悪臭の発生、利水水質としての不適合や水生生物の生息環境の悪化などをひきおこしている。そのため、河川の水質の保全が急務となっている。水質保全の方法としては、近年、河川水を浄化施設に導き、浄化した水を河川に直接還流する、直接浄化による方法が多く行われている。
【0003】
河川水の汚濁程度の指標としては、有機物による汚濁を表すBOD、濁質や固形物により汚濁を表すSS、窒素による汚濁を表すNH4 −N(アンモニア性窒素)などがある。この中でもNH4 −Nは、水中の硝化菌のはたらき(硝化反応)により多量の酸素を消費し、N−BODとしてBOD値を著しく増加させるため、BODの低減を目的とする河川の浄化にあたってはこれを無視することができない。
【0004】
一方、汚濁の浄化方法には、微生物による浄化作用を主とした生物学的方法と、沈殿、ろ過等の物理的作用を主とした物理的方法がある。一般に、生物学的浄化法は、浄化能力が高いが、曝気が必要で、浄化に時間がかかる方法で、設置スペースに対し処理水量が少なく、曝気コストがかかる高級処理である。他方、物理的浄化法は、溶解性の汚濁は浄化できないため、生物学的浄化法に比べ、曝気を必要とせず、短時間で行うことができる方法で、設置スペースに対し、処理水量が多く、運転コストが安い簡易処理である。
【0005】
それで、従来、河川に対する直接浄化の方法としては、一般的には、河川敷等に礫層を埋設して、これに汚濁水を導入して行う礫間接触酸化法が実施されているが、この方法では、礫表面に形成される微生物膜が充分でなく、有機性汚濁物質の除去効率が悪いことから、大きなスペースを要し、かつ、長期の使用により礫間に汚泥が詰り、汚泥の流出によって浄化効果(処理水質)が悪化するため、近頃では、生活廃水や工業廃水等を処理する、生物学的、物理的方法の利用が進められつつある。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ところで、河川では季節等自然の状況によって水量、水質や汚濁の状態が大きく変動するのが特徴であるから、河川水の浄化処理では、そのような変動に追随して年間を通し安定した浄化効果を得ることが求められるが、単に上記従来の各浄化法によるだけでは実効が極めて困難である。
【0007】
本発明は、かかる状況にかんがみなされたもので、水量、水質に大きな変動のある河川水を直接に浄化する場合において、上記変動に対応して、年間を通じて安定した高い浄化効果を得ることができ、しかも低ランニングコストで浄化処理のできる新規な方法及び装置を提供しようとするものである。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、河川の直接浄化する方法の研究、開発を進めるにあたって、まず、河川や河川水の特徴につき種々の調査、研究を行った。その調査期間における対象河川では、河川水の汚濁濃度及び河川水量に大きな季節的変化のあるのが確認された。その河川水量と水質を表−1に示す。
【0009】
〔表−1〕
【0010】
すなわち、水温が高く降雨量が多い夏季には、河川流量は大きく、BOD、NH4 −Nは低く、SSは高く、逆に、水温が低く降雨量が少ない冬季には、河川流量は小さく、BOD、NH4 −Nは高く、SSは低いことが確認できた。それにより、河川に適した浄化方式は、夏季と冬季で異なり、夏季においては、SS除去を目的とした物理的処理で高速に簡易処理すれば、十分な浄化効果が期待できる、ということを確心するに至った。
【0011】
また、汚濁濃度は、水温、降雨量に応じ、河川の自浄作用、降雨の希釈効果により低下するが、汚濁負荷は、河川の自浄効果あるいは浄化施設の設置以外には削減されない。つまり、浄化施設は河川の自浄効果により削減されうる負荷量を越えた分について、浄化を補完する役割がある。水温が下がり河川の自浄作用が低下する冬季には、浄化施設で生物処理を行うようにすれば、年間を通じ安定した浄化水質を得ることができることになる。そのためには、効率のよい浄化を行う必要があり、従来より指摘されている、大水量処理が容易であり、かつ、処理水量当りの運転コストが安価であることに加えて、対象河川水の汚濁濃度、河川水量の変化に対応可能な浄化方法が不可欠である。
【0012】
また、行ってきた調査によれば、BOD、SS、NH−N濃度は、水温15〜20℃の間の所定の値を境として大きく変化することが判った。これは、水温と直接関係する微生物活性、河川の自浄作用が、上記水温近くで大きく変化するだけでなく、気温を通じて間接的に関係する降雨量も、当該所定の値をはさんで大きく変化するためである。気温と降雨量は密接な関係があるため、結果として水温と河川流量、希釈効果との相関が得られるものと考えられる。この調査期間における河川流量、水温と降雨量、気温の関係を表−2に示す。
【0013】
〔表−2〕
【0014】
そこで、水温15〜20℃の間の所定の値以上では曝気を必要としない大水量の物理的処理を行う浄化方法とし、当該所定の値以下では曝気を必要とする生物学的処理を行う浄化方法を採ることがよいとの考えから、多くの実験を重ねた結果、年間を通じて安定した浄化効果を得ることができた。
【0015】
本発明は、上記のような研究の結果に基づき形成されたもので、河川水の直接浄化では、施設に膨大な敷地を要さずに行えること、水量の大幅な変動に追随でき、年間を通して安定した高浄化効率が得られること、が必要であることから、処理の能力及び効率のよい物理的浄化装置と生物学的浄化装置とを併設し、水温15〜20℃の間の所定の値以上と以下において、それら装置を使い分けて浄化処理するようにしたものである。
【0016】
そこで、本発明の構成について、実施の態様を示した図面を参照して説明すると、請求項1の浄化処理方法は、河川より導入した汚濁水を浄化処理して当該河川に放流する方法において、物理的浄化処理に曝気手段を付与し、物理的浄化または物理的及び生物学的処理による浄化を行う第1の処理装置Aと、物理的に浄化処理を行う第2の処理装置Bとを併設し、導入する汚濁水の温度が15〜20℃の間の所定の値上では、上記両処理装置A,Bに並列で通水してそれぞれに物理的浄化処理を行った後に放流し、また、汚濁水の温度が当該所定の値下では、汚濁水を上記第1の処理装置Aから第2の処理装置Bへと直列通水して、物理的浄化及び生物学的浄化処理を行った後放流することを特徴とするものである。
【0017】
また、請求項2の処理装置は、礫等のろ材を充填したろ床13,22曝気手段10を設けた反応槽12,21により、汚濁水の物理的及び生物学的浄化処理を行う第1の処理装置Aと、礫等のろ材を充填したろ床17,24を有するろ過槽14,23により、汚濁水の物理的浄化を行う第2の処理装置Bとを併設し、河川等より取水経路1に導入した汚濁水を、上記第1処理装置Aと第2処理装置Bとに分配して、それら各装置よりの処理水を河川に放流する工程と、上記汚濁水を上記第1処理装置Aを経て第2処理装置Bに送り、その処理水を河川に放流する工程とのいずれかに選択できる手段を設けるとともに、上記選択に必要な、汚濁水の温度を計測する手段3を設けたことを特徴とするものである。
【0018】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態について、図面を参照して説明する。図1は本発明方法の実施態様を例示し、図2、図3はそれぞれ具体化した施設の実施例を示したものである。
【0019】
本発明は、河川が汚濁水を導入し、これを浄化処理して再び河川へ放流する。取水は、直接浄化の対象となる河川自体やそれに附随した水路や諸施設より行われる。河川においては、処理水量が多く、取水に要する動力をなるべく省くため、ゴム堰などを設けて取水する方法が一般的である。
【0020】
本発明では、図1に示すように、物理的に浄化または物理的及び生物学的に浄化を行うことのできる物理的浄化処理に曝気手段を付与した第1の処理装置Aと、物理的に浄化を行う第2の処理装置Bとが併設される。河川からの汚濁水は、取水経路1により導入される。取水経路1よりは第1処理装置Aの供給側に接続する供給管路(以下管路という)2aと、第2処理装置Bの供給側に接続する供給管路(以下管路という)2bとの2系統に分岐される。そして、取水経路1には水温計3が設けられ、汚濁水の温度を計測するようになっているとともに、各管路2a,2bにはそれを開閉するゲート4a,4bが設けられている。
【0021】
また、上記第1処理装置Aと第2処理装置Bとの各排出側には、処理水を排出する排水管5a,5bが設けられ、それら排水管5a,5bは、放流管6に接続されて、処理水を河川に放出するようになっており、第1処理装置Aの排水管5aの方にはこの管路を開閉するゲート7が設けられている。また、上記各管路とは別に、第1処理装置Aの排出側と第2処理装置Bの供給側とを結んで接続管路8が設けられ、同管路8にもこれを開閉するゲート9が設けられている。
【0022】
物理的浄化または物理的及び生物学的浄化を行う第1処理装置Aは、SSの除去及び有機物やアンモニアの酸化、硝化に関与する。その方式としては、礫を充填したろ床と曝気手段10を設けた曝気付礫間接触酸化方式や固定床或は流動床と曝気手段10を設けた生物膜ろ過方式などが適用されるが、これに限定されるものではない。
【0023】
物理的浄化を行う第2処理装置Aは、主として汚濁水中のSS分の除去を行う。その浄化方式としては、沈殿やろ過による方式が採用されるが、礫や砂、繊維類、プラスチック材などを充填したろ床に通水する砂ろ過や高速ろ過方式とすれば、処理能力が大であるため、設置面積の小さなコンパクトな装置とすることができる。
【0024】
本発明は、上記の処理装置を用いて行うものであるが、その実施にあたっては第1処理装置Aと第2処理装置Bとを並列で使用する第1の方法と、第1処理装置Aと第2処理装置Bとを直列で使用する第2の方法とを選択して実施する。その選択は、温水計3で検出された汚濁水の温度によって行うようにし、汚濁水の温度が15〜20℃の間の所定の値上では第1の方法を採り、汚濁水の温度が当該所定の値下では第2の方法を採るのである。
【0025】
第1の方法を採るには、管路2a,2bのゲート4a,4bを開にするとともに、排水管5aのゲート7を開とし、接続管路7のゲート9を閉とする。それにより、取水経路1からの汚濁水は、管路2a,2bの両方に分配されて、第1処理装置Aと第2処理装置Bの両方に供給されることになる。そして、それぞれに浄化処理され、その処理水はそれぞれ排出管5a,5bより出て放流管6に合流して河川等へと放流されることになる。
【0026】
また、第2の方法を採るには、管路2aのゲート4aを開、管路2bのゲート4bを閉にするとともに、排水管5aのゲート7を閉とし、接続管路8のゲート9を開とする。それにより、取水経路1からの汚濁水は、管路2aから第1処理装置Aの方にに供給され、それによる第1段の浄化処理を受け、その処理水は排出されず接続管路8へと流れて、第2処理装置Bに供給される。そして、同装置により第2段目の浄化処理を受け、排出管5bより放流管6へと流れて河川へ放流されることになるのである。
【0027】
すでに述べたように、河川水の水質は、四季を通じ、水温15〜20℃の間の所定の値を境として大きく変化する。水温が当該所定の値上では、水量とが増大するとともにSSが増加するが、BODとNH−Nの値は減少するので、浄化処理としては、SSの除去を主体になるべく大水量を対象に行うことが必要となる。したがって、上記範囲においては、物理的及び生物学的の両方の浄化処理のできる第1処理装置Aと物理的浄化処理を行う第2処理装置Bの両方を同時に並行して使用することにより、増大した水量に対しての処理能力の増大が図れる。それに対し、有機物やアンモニアの含有量は比較的少ないので、生物学的処理は行わなくても浄化の目的は達成可能である。すなわち、第1処理装置Aでは曝気を行わず、物理的浄化を行う。そして、上記第1の方法と第2の方法との切り換えは、水温計3の検出水温に応じて、ゲート4a,4b,7,9の開閉を人手によって行うようにするか、自動制御によって行うようにする。
【0028】
次に、本発明において使用する装置について説明する。図2はその一実施例を示したもので、Aは第1処理装置、Bは第2処理装置である。第1処理装置Aは、横長に形成した反応槽12の中に礫を充填した横長の接触ろ床13が設置され、該ろ床13の下底部にはブロワ11に接続された曝気手段10が設けられている。第2処理装置Bの方は、ろ過槽14が設置され、その槽14の片側に、供給水の下降路15が形成され、その隣に、下部に礫、砂、繊維類等のろ材を充填したろ床17を備えた処理部16が、ろ床17と槽底との間に下降路15との連通路18を隔てて設けられており、処理部16のろ床17より離れた上部には排出管5aが設けられているとともに、槽底部には沈澱した汚泥等の引抜管19が設けられている。
【0029】
そして、水温計3を設けた取水経路1は2つの管路2a,2bに分岐され、一方の管路2aは第1処理装置Aの槽12の一端側(供給側)上部に接続され、各管路2a,2bにはゲート4a,4bが設けられている。また、槽12の他端側(排出側)の上部には、槽14の下降路15の上部に、管路2bと合流して連通する接続管路8が設けられ、この管路8には、管路2bと合流する前の位置にゲート9が設けられている。さらに、上記接続管路8における、槽12とゲート9との間の位置には、ゲート7を備えた排出管5aが接続されており、この排出管5a及び槽14の排出管5bの端末は、第2処理装置Bの後段に設置された排水溜20に接続され、排水溜20に流入した処理水は放流管6を経て河川等へと放出されるようになっている。
【0030】
上記装置により汚濁水を処理するには、さきにも説明したように、水温が15〜20℃の間の所定の値上においては、ゲート4a,4bの両方を開にし、ゲート7を開、ゲート9を閉として運転する。それにより、汚濁水は管路2aと2bの両方に流入して、管路2aよりは第1処理装置Aの槽12に入り、触ろ床13を通って物理的処理を受けた後、接続管路8に連通された排水管5b通って排水溜20へと流入する。他方、管路2bの水は第2処理装置Bの槽14に流入して下降路15を下り、連絡路18からろ床17中を上昇してSSが除去され、上部の排出管5bより出て排水溜20に流入する。そして、排水溜に流入した処理水は放流管6より河川等に放出されることになる。
【0031】
また、水温が当該所定の値下においては、管路5aのゲート4aを開とし、管路5bのゲート4bを閉にするとともに、排出管5aのゲート7を閉とし、接続管路8のゲート9を開として運転する。それにより、取水経路1よりの汚濁水のすべてが第1処理装置Aに供給されることになる。その汚濁水は、まず、第1処理装置Aにおいて、曝気を受けながら接触ろ床13を通って物理的及び生物学的処理を受けた後、接続管路8より第2処理装置Bに流入してさらに物理的処理を受け、排出管5bに流出し、排水溜20を経て放流管6より河川等へと放出されることになる。
【0032】
この実施例の装置は、取水経路1と放出管6との落差が2m以上とれる場合に好適である。汚濁水はその取り入れから放流まで、その落差によって何の動力を要することなく流通し処理される。
【0033】
図3は本発明に使用する装置の他の実施例を示したものである。この実施例では、第1処理装置Aは、上下中間部に、固定ろ材や礫などの坦体を充填した生物膜ろ床22を設けるとともに、該ろ床22の下側にブロワ11に接続した曝気手段10を設けた、下向流式の竪長な反応槽21を備えており、槽21の底部には、処理水の排出管5aと、後述する第2処理装置Bへの接続管路8が設けられている。また、第2処理装置の方は、上下中間部に礫、砂、繊維類などのろ材を充填したろ床24を設けた、下向流式の竪長なろ過槽23を備えており、槽23の底部には排出管5bが設けられている。
【0034】
この実施例の装置では、第1、第2処理装置A,B前段に汚濁水の貯留槽25が設置されており、水温計3の設けられた取水経路1はこの貯留槽25に接続されている。また、貯留槽25と関連して、それより相当に高く位置して、下半部を2つの室26a,26bに区切った分配槽26が設置されている。そして、この分配槽26の上部には揚水管27が接続され、揚水管27の下部は2本の管27a,27bに分岐され、それらの下端は貯留槽25の底部に配置された揚水ポンプP1 ,P2 に接続されている。
【0035】
分配槽26の一方の室26aには、反応槽21の上部に至る管路2aが接続され、他方の室26bには、ろ過槽23の上部に至る管路2bが接続され、この管路2b中にはゲート4bが設けられている。そして、上記管2aと管路2bの各中途を結んで、ゲート4aを備えた枝管28が設けられている。また、反応槽21の排出管5aにはゲート7が、接続管路8にはゲート9がそれぞれ設けられており、排出管5a,5bの端末は放流管6に接続されている。そして、取水経路1よりの汚濁水は、一旦貯留槽25に流入し、それより揚水ポンプP1 ,P2 の運転で揚水管27より上方の分配槽26に送られ、貯められるようになる。
【0036】
それで、水温が15〜20℃の間の所定の値上にあるときは、枝管のゲート4a及び接続管路8のゲート9を閉とし、ろ過槽23に至る管路2bのゲート4bを及び反応槽21の排出管5aのゲート7を開とし、2台揚水ポンプP,Pを運転し、多い流入量に応じた水量を分配槽26に送入する。それにより、槽26内汚濁水は、管路2aにより反応槽21の上部に供給されるとともに、管路2bによりろ過槽23の上部に供給され、それぞれに浄化処理され、反応槽21での処理水は排出管5aより放流管6へと排出され、また、ろ過槽23での処理水は排出管5bより放流管6へと排出され、共に河川に放出されることになる。
【0037】
また、水温が当該所定の値下にあるときは、管路2bのゲート4b、枝管28のゲート4a及び排出管5aのゲート7を閉とし、接続管路8のゲートを開とする。そして、少ない取水量に対応して1台のポンプP(またはP)だけを運転して分配槽26に揚水する。分配槽26内の汚濁水は管路2aより反応槽21に供給されて浄化処理され、処理水は接続管8よりろ過槽23に供給される。そして、ろ過槽23においてさらに浄化処理され、その処理水は排出管5bから放流管6へと排出され、河川に放流されることになる。
【0038】
この実施例の装置は、第1処理装置Aへは揚水による供給手段を採っているので、特に、取水と放水との間であまり水位差がない場合に好適である。また、生物ろ槽は竪型の上向流方式とすることができるので、敷地の狭いような条件下でも設置することが可能となる。
【0039】
【実施例】
本発明について実験を行った。実験対象とした浄化方法の概要を表−3に示す。生物学的浄化法には、従来法として曝気付き礫間接触酸化法、新技術として生物膜ろ過法を対象に選んだ。また、物理的浄化法は高速ろ過とした。
【0040】
〔表−3〕
【0041】
本実験例により得られた平均処理水質を表−4、表−5に示す。対象河川の水質は夏季に比べ冬季に大きく悪化したが、曝気を行う生物学的浄化方式である曝気付き礫間接触酸化法、生物膜ろ過法では、低水温期にも良好な処理水質が得られ、年間を通してBOD10mg/l以下であった。さらに、生物学的処理と物理的処理浄化を組み合わせた場合(D方式)では、年間を通じてBOD5mg/l以下であった。
【0042】
〔表−4〕
【0043】
〔表−5〕
【0044】
曝気を行わない物理的浄化方式では、処理水量当たりの運転コストは、曝気を行う方式に比べ30〜50%安く、高水温期には良好な処理水質が得られたが、低水温期に処理水質が著しく悪化しBOD10mg/l以上となった。これでは環境基準D類型も満足できない。これに対し、低水温期のみ生物学的浄化を付加する本発明の方法では、運転コストは曝気を行わない物理的浄化法よりも若干高いものの、曝気とポンプ取水を常時行う方式に比べ30%程度安く、処理水質は年間を通じてBOD 5mg/l以下であった。
【0045】
また、本試験での放流点における浄化効果を表6に示す。8月と1月の試験成績を夏季、冬季における代表例として挙げた。8月には固形物(SS)由来の汚濁が高く、曝気を行わない並列運転の物理的浄化方法により良好な処理水質が得られた。1月には汚濁濃度が高く、アンモニア性窒素濃度も高いため、曝気を行う直列運転で生物学的浄化により浄化水質は確保された。
【0046】
〔表−6〕
【0047】
また、河川の環境基準との比較を表−7に示す。対象河川は環境基準D類型に指定されていたのであるが、そのBOD75%値は17.8mg/lであり、水質が向上する夏季においても基準を満足していなかったが、実験の結果から、本発明によれば、上記基準を十分満すことができるものであった。
【0048】
〔表−7〕
【0049】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明の方法によれば、河川の汚濁水の直接浄化において、水温の高いときには、水量が大で有機物などによる汚染が少ないがSSが増大し、また、水温が低いときには、水量が小で有機物などによる汚染が大となるがSSが減少する、という河川水の特徴を把握して、水温の高低による切換え操作により、汚濁水の浄化処理を、物理的処理を主体とする方法と、生物学的処理と物理的処理とによる方法との組み合わせを選択して行うことができ、したがって、膨大な敷地や施設を要さずに、水量や汚染度の変動に追随して、年間を通して安定して浄化効率のよい処理が行えることができることとなる。
【0050】
また、本発明の装置は、物理的及び生物学的に処理する装置及び物理的に処理する装置とも、河川の汚濁水の浄化処理に適合し、比較的小規模のものでも処理量が大であるとともに安定して能率よく処理ができ、また、操作は簡単で動力も少なくてすみ、維持、保全手数も少なく、汚濁水の経済的な浄化処理を行うことができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明方法の実施態様の一例を示す概略図である。
【図2】本発明装置の一実施例を示す概略図である。
【図3】同他の実施例を示す概略図である。
【符号の説明】
A 第1の処理装置
B 第2の処理装置
1 取水経路
2a,2b 供給管路
3 水温計
4a,4b,7,9 ゲート
5a,5b 排出管
6 放流管
8 接続管路
10 曝気装置
12,21 反応槽
13,17,22,24 ろ床
23 ろ過槽
25 貯溜槽
26 分配槽
27 揚水管
28 枝管
1 ,P2 揚水ポンプ
【表−1】

Figure 0003676574
【表−2】
Figure 0003676574
【表−3】
Figure 0003676574
【表−4】
Figure 0003676574
【表−5】
Figure 0003676574
【表−6】
Figure 0003676574
【表−7】
Figure 0003676574
[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
The present invention relates to a purification method and apparatus for river water that is used to introduce and purify polluted water from a river and discharge the treated water to the river again.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Due to the artificial increase in the surrounding basin and the development of the industry, polluted wastewater such as domestic wastewater, livestock, and factory wastewater flows into the river, which exceeds the natural purification (self-cleaning) effect of the river. River water quality has deteriorated, causing bad odors, incompatibility with water supply quality, and aquatic habitat deterioration. Therefore, the maintenance of river water quality is an urgent task. In recent years, as a method for water quality conservation, there are many direct purification methods in which river water is guided to a purification facility and the purified water is directly returned to the river.
[0003]
As an index of the degree of pollution of river water, there are BOD representing pollution by organic matter, SS representing pollution by turbidity and solid matter, NH 4 -N (ammonia nitrogen) representing pollution by nitrogen, and the like. Among them, NH 4 -N consumes a large amount of oxygen due to the action of nitrifying bacteria in water (nitrification reaction) and remarkably increases the BOD value as N-BOD. Therefore, in purifying rivers for the purpose of reducing BOD, This cannot be ignored.
[0004]
On the other hand, pollution purification methods include a biological method mainly using a purification action by microorganisms and a physical method mainly using a physical action such as precipitation and filtration. In general, the biological purification method is a high-grade treatment that has high purification ability but requires aeration and takes a long time for purification. On the other hand, the physical purification method cannot purify soluble pollution, so it requires less aeration than the biological purification method and can be performed in a short time. Simple processing with low operating costs.
[0005]
Therefore, conventionally, as a direct purification method for rivers, generally, a gravel contact oxidation method in which a gravel layer is buried in a riverbed and a contaminated water is introduced into this is carried out. In this method, the microbial film formed on the surface of the gravel is not sufficient and the removal efficiency of organic pollutants is poor, so a large space is required, and sludge is clogged between the gravel due to long-term use. Recently, the purification effect (treated water quality) deteriorates, and recently, biological and physical methods for treating domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater and the like are being promoted.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
By the way, rivers are characterized by the fact that the amount of water, water quality, and pollution conditions fluctuate greatly depending on natural conditions such as the seasons. However, it is extremely difficult to achieve the above by simply using the conventional purification methods.
[0007]
The present invention has been considered in view of such a situation, and in the case of directly purifying river water with large fluctuations in water quantity and quality, it is possible to obtain a stable and high purification effect throughout the year corresponding to the above fluctuations. In addition, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel method and apparatus capable of purifying at a low running cost.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to proceed with research and development of a method for directly purifying rivers, the present inventors first conducted various investigations and research on characteristics of rivers and river water. In the target river during the survey period, it was confirmed that there was a significant seasonal change in the river water pollution concentration and river water volume. The river water quantity and quality are shown in Table-1.
[0009]
[Table-1]
[0010]
That is, in summer when the water temperature is high and the rainfall is high, the river flow is large, BOD and NH 4 -N are low, SS is high, and conversely, in the winter when the water temperature is low and the rainfall is low, the river flow is small. It was confirmed that BOD and NH 4 —N were high and SS was low. As a result, purification methods suitable for rivers differ between summer and winter. In summer, it is confirmed that sufficient purification effects can be expected if simple processing is performed at high speed with physical treatment aimed at removing SS. I came to mind.
[0011]
In addition, the pollutant concentration decreases according to the self-cleaning action of the river and the dilution effect of the rain according to the water temperature and the rainfall, but the pollution load is not reduced except for the self-cleaning effect of the river or the installation of the purification facility. In other words, the purification facility has a role to supplement the purification of the amount exceeding the load that can be reduced by the self-cleaning effect of the river. In winter, when the water temperature is low and the self-cleaning action of the river is reduced, it is possible to obtain stable purified water quality throughout the year if biological treatment is performed at the purification facility. For that purpose, it is necessary to carry out efficient purification, and it has been pointed out that the large amount of water treatment is easy and the operation cost per amount of treated water is low. A purification method that can cope with changes in pollution concentration and river water volume is indispensable.
[0012]
In addition, according to the surveys conducted, it has been found that the BOD, SS, and NH 4 —N concentrations greatly change with a predetermined value between 15 to 20 ° C. as a boundary. This is because not only the microbial activity directly related to the water temperature and the self-cleaning action of the river change greatly near the water temperature, but also the rainfall amount indirectly related to the air temperature greatly changes across the predetermined value. Because. Since temperature and rainfall are closely related, it is considered that the correlation between water temperature, river flow rate and dilution effect can be obtained as a result. Table 2 shows the relationship between river flow rate, water temperature, rainfall, and air temperature during this survey period.
[0013]
[Table-2]
[0014]
Therefore, a purification method that performs a physical treatment of a large amount of water that does not require aeration above a predetermined value between 15 to 20 ° C. , and a biological treatment that requires aeration below the predetermined value. As a result of many experiments, it was possible to obtain a stable purification effect throughout the year.
[0015]
The present invention was formed based on the results of the research as described above, and direct purification of river water can be performed without requiring a huge site for the facility, can follow a large fluctuation in the amount of water, and can be used throughout the year. Since it is necessary to obtain a stable and high purification efficiency, a physical purification device and a biological purification device that are efficient and efficient in processing are provided together with a predetermined value between 15 and 20 ° C. above and following Oite under, is obtained so as to purification treatment by selectively using them device.
[0016]
Then, if the structure of this invention is demonstrated with reference to drawings which showed the aspect, the purification processing method of Claim 1 is a method in which the polluted water introduced from the river is purified and discharged into the river. A first processing apparatus A that provides aeration means for physical purification processing and performs purification by physical purification or physical and biological processing, and a second processing apparatus B that performs physical purification processing are also provided. and, on a predetermined value or more during the temperature 15 to 20 ° C. for polluted water to be introduced, and released after the physical cleaning process in each passed through in parallel to the both processor a, B Further, in the temperature below the predetermined value of the polluted water, in series through the water and the polluted water from the first processor a to the second processor B, the physical purification and biological purification It discharges after processing, It is characterized by the above-mentioned.
[0017]
Further, the processing apparatus of claim 2 is a first method for performing a physical and biological purification treatment of polluted water by the reaction tanks 12 and 21 provided with the filter bed 13 and 22 and the aeration means 10 filled with a filter medium such as gravel. And a second treatment device B that performs physical purification of contaminated water by filter tanks 14 and 23 having filter beds 17 and 24 filled with filter media such as gravel, and water intake from rivers, etc. Dispersing the polluted water introduced into the path 1 to the first treatment device A and the second treatment device B, and discharging the treated water from each of the devices to the river; Provided with means for selecting either the step of sending the treated water to the second treatment apparatus B through the apparatus A and discharging the treated water to the river, and also provided with means 3 for measuring the temperature of the polluted water necessary for the selection It is characterized by that.
[0018]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the method of the present invention, and FIGS. 2 and 3 show examples of specific facilities.
[0019]
In the present invention, the river introduces polluted water, purifies it, and releases it again into the river. Water is taken from the river itself, which is directly subject to purification, and the waterways and facilities attached to it. In rivers, the amount of treated water is large, and in order to save the power required for water intake as much as possible, a method of water intake with a rubber weir is generally used.
[0020]
In the present invention, as shown in FIG. 1, a first treatment apparatus A in which aeration means is added to a physical purification process that can be physically purified or physically and biologically purified; A second processing apparatus B that performs purification is also provided. The polluted water from the river is introduced through the intake route 1. A supply pipe (hereinafter referred to as a pipe) 2a connected to the supply side of the first processing apparatus A from the water intake path 1, and a supply pipe (hereinafter referred to as a pipe) 2b connected to the supply side of the second treatment apparatus B; Branches into two systems. A water temperature meter 3 is provided in the water intake path 1 to measure the temperature of the polluted water, and gates 4a and 4b for opening and closing the pipes 2a and 2b are provided.
[0021]
Further, drain pipes 5 a and 5 b for discharging treated water are provided on the discharge sides of the first processing apparatus A and the second processing apparatus B, and the drain pipes 5 a and 5 b are connected to the discharge pipe 6. Thus, the treated water is discharged into the river, and the drain pipe 5a of the first treatment apparatus A is provided with a gate 7 for opening and closing the pipe. In addition to the pipes, a connecting pipe 8 is provided to connect the discharge side of the first processing apparatus A and the supply side of the second processing apparatus B, and the gate for opening and closing the pipe 8 is also provided. 9 is provided.
[0022]
The first processing apparatus A that performs physical purification or physical and biological purification is involved in the removal of SS and the oxidation and nitrification of organic matter and ammonia. As the method, an aerated gravel contact oxidation method provided with a gravel-filled filter bed and aeration means 10 or a biofilm filtration method provided with a fixed bed or a fluidized bed and aeration means 10 is applied. It is not limited to this.
[0023]
The 2nd processing apparatus A which performs physical purification mainly removes SS content in polluted water. As a purification method, precipitation or filtration is adopted, but if the sand filtration or high-speed filtration method is used to pass water through a filter bed filled with gravel, sand, fibers, plastics, etc., the processing capacity is large. Therefore, a compact apparatus with a small installation area can be obtained.
[0024]
The present invention is performed using the above-described processing apparatus. In the implementation, the first method using the first processing apparatus A and the second processing apparatus B in parallel, the first processing apparatus A, The second method using the second processing apparatus B in series is selected and executed. The selection is to perform the temperature of polluted water detected by the hot water a total of three, taking the first method on a predetermined value or more during temperature polluted water is 15 to 20 ° C., the temperature of the polluted water There the following the predetermined value is take the second method.
[0025]
In order to adopt the first method, the gates 4a and 4b of the pipe lines 2a and 2b are opened, the gate 7 of the drain pipe 5a is opened, and the gate 9 of the connection pipe line 7 is closed. Thereby, the polluted water from the water intake path 1 is distributed to both the pipe lines 2a and 2b and supplied to both the first processing apparatus A and the second processing apparatus B. Then, each of them is purified, and the treated water is discharged from the discharge pipes 5a and 5b, joined to the discharge pipe 6 and discharged to a river or the like.
[0026]
In order to adopt the second method, the gate 4a of the pipe line 2a is opened, the gate 4b of the pipe line 2b is closed, the gate 7 of the drain pipe 5a is closed, and the gate 9 of the connection pipe line 8 is opened. Open. As a result, the polluted water from the water intake path 1 is supplied to the first treatment apparatus A from the pipe line 2a, undergoes the first stage purification process, and the treated water is not discharged and the connection pipe line 8 is discharged. And is supplied to the second processing apparatus B. Then, the second stage purification process is performed by the same device, and then flows from the discharge pipe 5b to the discharge pipe 6 to be discharged into the river.
[0027]
As already mentioned, the quality of river water changes greatly with a predetermined value between 15 and 20 ° C. throughout the season . Water temperature on the predetermined value or more is SS increases with increases and the amount of water, since the value of BOD and NH 4 -N is reduced, as the cleaning process, as much as possible a large amount of water mainly in the removal of SS It is necessary to carry out for the target. Therefore, in the above-mentioned range, by using both the first processing apparatus A capable of both physical and biological purification processes and the second processing apparatus B performing the physical purification processes in parallel, the increase The treatment capacity can be increased with respect to the amount of water. On the other hand, since the contents of organic matter and ammonia are relatively small, the purpose of purification can be achieved without biological treatment. That is, the first processing apparatus A performs physical purification without performing aeration. The switching between the first method and the second method is performed by opening or closing the gates 4a, 4b, 7, and 9 manually or by automatic control according to the detected water temperature of the water temperature meter 3. Like that.
[0028]
Next, an apparatus used in the present invention will be described. FIG. 2 shows an embodiment thereof, in which A is a first processing apparatus and B is a second processing apparatus. In the first processing apparatus A, a horizontally long contact filter bed 13 filled with gravel is installed in a horizontally formed reaction tank 12, and aeration means 10 connected to the blower 11 is provided at the bottom bottom of the filter bed 13. Is provided. In the second processing apparatus B, a filtration tank 14 is installed, a supply water descending path 15 is formed on one side of the tank 14, and a filter medium such as gravel, sand, fibers, etc. is filled in the lower part thereof. The processing unit 16 having the filter bed 17 is provided with a communication path 18 to the descending path 15 between the filter bed 17 and the bottom of the tank, and in the upper part of the processing unit 16 away from the filter bed 17. A discharge pipe 5a is provided, and a drawing pipe 19 such as settled sludge is provided at the bottom of the tank.
[0029]
And the water intake path 1 provided with the water temperature meter 3 is branched into two pipe lines 2a and 2b, and one pipe line 2a is connected to one end side (supply side) upper part of the tank 12 of the first processing apparatus A, Gates 4a and 4b are provided in the pipelines 2a and 2b. In addition, a connecting pipe 8 that joins and communicates with the pipe 2 b is provided at the upper part of the descending path 15 of the tank 14 at the upper end of the other end side (discharge side) of the tank 12. The gate 9 is provided at a position before joining the pipe line 2b. Furthermore, a discharge pipe 5a having a gate 7 is connected to a position between the tank 12 and the gate 9 in the connection pipe 8, and the terminals of the discharge pipe 5a and the discharge pipe 5b of the tank 14 are connected to each other. The treated water that has flowed into the drainage reservoir 20 is discharged to a river or the like through the discharge pipe 6.
[0030]
To handle polluted water by the apparatus, as it has been described earlier, Oite the water temperature is over a predetermined value or more between 15 to 20 ° C. is to gate 4a, both 4b is opened, the gate 7 Is opened and the gate 9 is closed. Thereby, polluted water flows into both of the conduit 2a and 2b, than the conduit 2a enters the vessel 12 of the first processing device A, after receiving the physical treatment through the contact to touch the floor 13, connected It flows into the drainage reservoir 20 through the drainage pipe 5 b communicated with the pipe line 8. On the other hand, the water in the pipe 2b flows into the tank 14 of the second processing apparatus B, goes down the descending path 15, rises in the filter bed 17 from the connecting path 18 and SS is removed, and is discharged from the upper discharge pipe 5b. Into the drainage reservoir 20. Then, the treated water flowing into the drainage reservoir is discharged from the discharge pipe 6 to the river or the like.
[0031]
Further, the water temperature Oite has under the predetermined value or more, the gate 4a of the conduit 5a is opened, the gate 4b of the conduit 5b while closed, the gate 7 of the discharge pipe 5a is closed, connecting line The operation is performed with the gate 9 of 8 being opened. As a result, all of the contaminated water from the water intake path 1 is supplied to the first processing apparatus A. The polluted water first undergoes physical and biological treatment through the contact filter bed 13 while receiving aeration in the first treatment device A, and then flows into the second treatment device B from the connection pipe 8. Then, it undergoes further physical treatment, flows out into the discharge pipe 5b, and is discharged from the discharge pipe 6 to the river or the like through the drainage reservoir 20.
[0032]
The apparatus of this embodiment is suitable when the drop between the water intake path 1 and the discharge pipe 6 can be 2 m or more. The polluted water is circulated and processed without any power from its drop to its discharge.
[0033]
FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the apparatus used in the present invention. In this embodiment, the first processing apparatus A is provided with a biofilm filter bed 22 filled with a carrier such as a fixed filter medium or gravel at the upper and lower intermediate portions, and connected to the blower 11 below the filter bed 22. A long-downward flow type reaction tank 21 provided with aeration means 10 is provided. At the bottom of the tank 21, a discharge pipe 5a for treated water and a connection pipe to a second treatment apparatus B described later are provided. 8 is provided. In addition, the second processing apparatus is provided with a down-flow type long and long filtration tank 23 provided with a filter bed 24 filled with filter media such as gravel, sand and fibers in the upper and lower intermediate parts. At the bottom of 23, a discharge pipe 5b is provided.
[0034]
In the apparatus of this embodiment, a polluted water storage tank 25 is installed upstream of the first and second processing apparatuses A and B, and the water intake path 1 provided with the water temperature gauge 3 is connected to the storage tank 25. Yes. In addition, in relation to the storage tank 25, a distribution tank 26 is provided, which is positioned considerably higher than that and has a lower half divided into two chambers 26a and 26b. A pumping pipe 27 is connected to the upper part of the distribution tank 26, the lower part of the pumping pipe 27 is branched into two pipes 27a and 27b, and their lower ends are arranged at the bottom of the storage tank 25. 1 and P 2 are connected.
[0035]
One chamber 26a of the distribution tank 26 is connected to a pipe line 2a leading to the upper part of the reaction tank 21, and the other chamber 26b is connected to a pipe line 2b leading to the upper part of the filtration tank 23. A gate 4b is provided inside. A branch pipe 28 having a gate 4a is provided to connect the pipe 2a and the pipe 2b. Further, the discharge pipe 5 a of the reaction tank 21 is provided with a gate 7, and the connection pipe 8 is provided with a gate 9, and the terminals of the discharge pipes 5 a and 5 b are connected to the discharge pipe 6. Then, the polluted water from the intake channel 1 once flows into the storage tank 25 and is then sent to the distribution tank 26 above the pumping pipe 27 and stored by the operation of the pumps P 1 and P 2 .
[0036]
So, when the water temperature is on a predetermined value or more between 15 to 20 ° C., the gate 9 of the gate 4a and the connection line 8 of the lateral pipe is closed, the gate 4b of the conduit 2b leading to the filtration tank 23 And the gate 7 of the discharge pipe 5a of the reaction tank 21 is opened, the two pumping pumps P 1 and P 2 are operated, and the amount of water corresponding to the large amount of inflow is sent into the distribution tank 26. As a result, the polluted water in the tank 26 is supplied to the upper part of the reaction tank 21 through the pipe line 2a, and is supplied to the upper part of the filtration tank 23 through the pipe line 2b, and purified in each case. Water is discharged from the discharge pipe 5a to the discharge pipe 6, and the treated water in the filtration tank 23 is discharged from the discharge pipe 5b to the discharge pipe 6 and is discharged to the river.
[0037]
Further, when the water temperature is under the predetermined value or more, the gate 4b of the conduit 2b, and gate 7 of the gate 4a and the outlet tube 5a of the branch pipe 28 is closed, the gate of the connecting line 8 and opens. Then, only one pump P 1 (or P 2 ) is operated corresponding to a small amount of water to be pumped into the distribution tank 26. The polluted water in the distribution tank 26 is supplied to the reaction tank 21 from the pipe line 2a and purified, and the treated water is supplied from the connecting pipe 8 to the filtration tank 23. Then, the filter tank 23 is further purified, and the treated water is discharged from the discharge pipe 5b to the discharge pipe 6 and discharged into the river.
[0038]
Since the apparatus of this embodiment employs supply means by pumping to the first treatment apparatus A, it is particularly suitable when there is not much difference in water level between water intake and water discharge. In addition, since the biological filter tank can be of a vertical type, it can be installed even under conditions where the site is small.
[0039]
【Example】
Experiments were conducted on the present invention. The outline of the purification method used as an experiment is shown in Table-3. As biological purification methods, we selected the conventional method of contact oxidation between gravel with aeration and the biofilm filtration method as a new technology. The physical purification method was high speed filtration.
[0040]
[Table-3]
[0041]
The average treated water quality obtained in this experimental example is shown in Table-4 and Table-5. Although the water quality of the target rivers deteriorated significantly in winter compared to the summer, the aeration-to-peel contact oxidation method and a biofilm filtration method, which perform aeration, provide good treated water quality even at low water temperatures. The BOD was 10 mg / l or less throughout the year. Further, when biological treatment and physical treatment purification were combined (D method), the BOD was 5 mg / l or less throughout the year.
[0042]
[Table-4]
[0043]
[Table-5]
[0044]
In the physical purification method without aeration, the operating cost per treated water is 30-50% cheaper than the method with aeration, and good treated water quality was obtained in the high water temperature period, but it was treated in the low water temperature period. The water quality deteriorated significantly and the BOD was 10 mg / l or more. This does not satisfy the environmental standard D type. In contrast, in the method of the present invention in which biological purification is added only during the low water temperature period, the operating cost is slightly higher than that of the physical purification method without aeration, but 30% compared with the method in which aeration and pump intake are always performed. The treated water quality was less than 5 mg / l BOD throughout the year.
[0045]
Table 6 shows the purification effect at the discharge point in this test. The test results in August and January are listed as representative examples in summer and winter. In August, solid water (SS) -derived pollution was high, and good treated water quality was obtained by the physical purification method of parallel operation without aeration. In January, since the pollutant concentration was high and the ammoniacal nitrogen concentration was also high, the purified water quality was secured by biological purification in series operation with aeration.
[0046]
[Table-6]
[0047]
Table 7 shows a comparison with river environmental standards. The target river was designated as an environmental standard D type, but its BOD 75% value was 17.8 mg / l, which did not satisfy the standard even in the summer when the water quality improved. According to the invention, the above criteria can be sufficiently satisfied.
[0048]
[Table-7]
[0049]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the method of the present invention, in the direct purification of river polluted water, when the water temperature is high, the amount of water is large and the contamination by organic matter is small, but SS increases, and when the water temperature is low Understand the characteristics of river water that the amount of water is small and pollution due to organic matter is large but SS is decreased. And a combination of biological and physical treatment methods can be selected, thus keeping up with fluctuations in the amount of water and pollution without requiring a huge site or facility. Therefore, it is possible to perform a stable and highly efficient treatment throughout the year.
[0050]
In addition, the apparatus of the present invention is suitable for both the physical and biological treatment apparatus and the physical treatment apparatus for purifying the polluted water of rivers, and even a relatively small-scale apparatus has a large treatment amount. In addition, it can be stably and efficiently treated, and it is easy to operate, requires less power, requires less maintenance and maintenance, and can economically purify polluted water.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of an embodiment of a method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of the device of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing another embodiment.
[Explanation of symbols]
A 1st processing apparatus B 2nd processing apparatus 1 Water intake path 2a, 2b Supply pipe line 3 Water temperature gauge 4a, 4b, 7, 9 Gate 5a, 5b Drain pipe 6 Outflow pipe 8 Connection pipe line
10 Aeration equipment
12, 21 reactor
13, 17, 22, 24 Filter bed
23 Filtration tank
25 Reservoir
26 Distribution tank
27 Pumping pipe
28 Branch pipes P 1 and P 2 pumps [Table-1]
Figure 0003676574
[Table-2]
Figure 0003676574
[Table-3]
Figure 0003676574
[Table-4]
Figure 0003676574
[Table-5]
Figure 0003676574
[Table-6]
Figure 0003676574
[Table-7]
Figure 0003676574

Claims (2)

河川より導入した汚濁水を浄化処理して当該河川に放流する方法において、物理的浄化装置に曝気手段を付与し、物理的浄化または物理的及び生物学的処理による浄化を行う第1の処理装置と、物理的に浄化処理を行う第2の処理装置とを併設し、導入する汚濁水の温度が15〜20℃の間の所定値以上では、上記両処理装置に並列で通水してそれぞれに物理的浄化処理を行った後に放流し、また、汚濁水の温度が当該所定値以下では、汚濁水を上記第1の処理装置から第2の処理装置へと直列に通水して、物理的浄化及び生物学的浄化処理を行った後放流することを特徴とする、河川水の浄化処理方法。In a method for purifying polluted water introduced from a river and releasing it into the river, a first treatment device that provides aeration means to the physical purification device and performs purification by physical purification or physical and biological treatment And a second treatment device that physically performs purification treatment. When the temperature of the contaminated water to be introduced is not less than a predetermined value between 15 and 20 ° C., water is passed through both treatment devices in parallel. was released after the physical cleaning process, and in the temperature of the polluted water is less than the predetermined value, the polluted water was passed through in series to the second processor from the first processor, physical A method for purifying river water, wherein the water is discharged after being subjected to chemical purification and biological purification treatment. 礫等のろ材を充填したろ床と曝気手段を設けた反応槽により、汚濁水の物理的及び生物学的浄化処理を行う第1の処理装置と、礫等のろ材を充填したろ床を有するろ過槽により、汚濁水の物理的浄化を行う第2の処理装置とを併設し、河川より取水経路に導入した汚濁水を、上記第1処理装置と第2処理装置とに分配して、それら各装置よりの処理水を河川に放流する工程と、上記汚濁水を上記第1処理装置を経て第2処理装置に送り、その処理水を河川に放流する工程とのいずれかに選択できる手段を設けるとともに、上記選択に必要な、汚濁水の温度を計測する手段を設けたことを特徴とする、河川水の浄化処理装置。  A first treatment device that performs a physical and biological purification treatment of contaminated water by a reaction bed provided with a filter bed filled with gravel or the like and an aeration means, and a filter bed filled with a filter material such as gravel A filtration tank is provided with a second treatment device for physically purifying the polluted water, and the polluted water introduced from the river into the water intake route is distributed to the first treatment device and the second treatment device, A means capable of selecting either a step of discharging treated water from each device into a river or a step of sending the contaminated water to the second processing device via the first processing device and discharging the treated water into the river. A river water purification treatment apparatus characterized by comprising a means for measuring the temperature of polluted water necessary for the selection.
JP18813498A 1998-06-18 1998-06-18 River water purification method and apparatus Expired - Lifetime JP3676574B2 (en)

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