JP3556391B2 - Organic photoconductive material and electrophotographic photoreceptor using the same - Google Patents

Organic photoconductive material and electrophotographic photoreceptor using the same Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3556391B2
JP3556391B2 JP11445496A JP11445496A JP3556391B2 JP 3556391 B2 JP3556391 B2 JP 3556391B2 JP 11445496 A JP11445496 A JP 11445496A JP 11445496 A JP11445496 A JP 11445496A JP 3556391 B2 JP3556391 B2 JP 3556391B2
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photoconductive material
organic photoconductive
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JPH09297414A (en
Inventor
達弥 小寺
秀樹 長村
智子 谷口
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Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd
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Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は有機光導電性材料及びそれを用いた電子写真感光感光体に関し、詳しくは特定の有機光導電性材料を含有することを特徴とする電子写真感光体に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、電子写真方式の利用は複写機の分野に限らず印刷版材、スライドフィルム、マイクロフィルム等の従来では写真技術が使われていた分野へ広がり、またレーザーやLED、CRTを光源とする高速プリンターへの応用も検討されている。また最近では光導電性材料の電子写真感光体以外の用途、例えば静電記録素子、センサー材料、EL素子等への応用も検討され始めた。従って光導電性材料及びそれを用いた電子写真感光体に対する要求も高度で幅広いものになりつつある。これまで電子写真方式の感光体としては無機系の光導電性物質、例えばセレン、硫化カドミウム、酸化亜鉛、シリコンなどが知られており、広く研究され、かつ実用化されている。これらの無機物質は多くの長所を持っているのと同時に、種々の欠点をも有している。例えばセレンには製造条件が難しく、熱や機械的衝撃で結晶化しやすいという欠点があり、硫化カドミウムや酸化亜鉛は耐湿性、耐久性に難がある。シリコンについては帯電性の不足や製造上の困難さが指摘されている。更に、セレンや硫化カドミウムには毒性の問題もある。
【0003】
これに対し、有機系の光導電性物質は成膜性がよく、可撓性も優れていて、軽量であり、透明性もよく、適当な増感方法により広範囲の波長域に対する感光体の設計が容易であるなどの利点を有していることから、次第にその実用化が注目を浴びている。
【0004】
ところで、電子写真技術に於て使用される感光体は、一般的に基本的な性質として次のような事が要求される。即ち、(1) 暗所におけるコロナ放電に対して帯電性が高いこと、(2) 得られた帯電電荷の暗所での漏洩(暗減衰)が少ないこと、(3) 光の照射によって帯電電荷の散逸(光減衰)が速やかであること、(4) 光照射後の残留電荷が少ないことなどである。
【0005】
しかしながら、今日まで有機系光導電性物質としてポリビニルカルバゾールを始めとする光導電性ポリマーに関して多くの研究がなされてきたが、これらは必ずしも皮膜性、可撓性、接着性が十分でなく、又上述の感光体としての基本的な性質を十分に具備しているとはいい難い。
【0006】
一方、有機系の低分子光導電性化合物については、感光体形成に用いる結着剤などを選択することにより、皮膜性や接着性、可撓性など機械的強度に優れた感光体を得ることができ得るものの、高感度の特性を保持し得るのに適した化合物を見出すことは困難である。
【0007】
このような点を改良するために電荷発生機能と電荷輸送機能とを異なる物質に分担させ、より高感度の特性を有する有機感光体が開発されている。機能分離型と称されているこのような感光体の特徴はそれぞれの機能に適した材料を広い範囲から選択できることであり、任意の性能を有する感光体を容易に作製し得ることから多くの研究が進められてきた。
【0008】
このうち、電荷発生機能を担当する物質としては、フタロシアニン顔料、スクエアリウム色素、アゾ顔料、ペリレン顔料等の多種の物質が検討され、中でもアゾ顔料は多様な分子構造が可能であり、また、高い電荷発生効率が期待できることから広く研究され、実用化も進んでいる。しかしながら、このアゾ顔料においては、分子構造と電荷発生効率の関係はいまだに明らかになっていない。膨大な合成研究を積み重ねて、最適の構造を探索しているのが実情であるが、先に掲げた感光体として求められている基本的な性質や高い耐久性などの要求を十分に満足するものは、未だ得られていない。
【0009】
一方、電荷輸送機能を担当する物質には正孔輸送物質と電子輸送物質がある。正孔輸送物質としてはヒドラゾン化合物やスチルベン化合物など、電子輸送性物質としては2,4,7−トリニトロ−9−フルオレノン、ジフェノキノン誘導体など多種の物質が検討され、実用化も進んでいるが、こちらも膨大な合成研究を積み重ねて最適の構造を探索しているのが実情である。事実、これまでに多くの改良がなされてきたが、先に掲げた感光体として求められている基本的な性質や高い耐久性などの要求を十分に満足するものは、未だ得られていない。
【0010】
以上述べたように電子写真感光体の作製には種々の改良が成されてきたが、先に掲げた感光体として要求される基本的な性質や高い耐久性などの要求を十分に満足するものは未だ得られていないのが現状である。
【0011】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、帯電電位が高く高感度で、繰返し使用しても諸特性が変化せず安定した性能を発揮できる電子写真感光体及びセンサー材料、EL素子、静電記録素子等にも使用可能な有機光導電性材料を提供することである。
【0012】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは上記目的を達成すべく光導電性材料の研究を行なった結果、特定の構造を有する有機光導電性材料が有効であることを見出し、本発明に至った。上記で特定の構造を有する有機光導電性材料とは、下記一般式(1)または(2)で示される化合物である。
【0013】
【化2】

Figure 0003556391
【0014】
一般式(1)または(2)において、 1 、R 5 はそれぞれ水素原子、炭素数1から10のアルキル基もしくはジベンゾチオフェン環と縮合して複素環を形成するのに必要な原子群を示す。R 2 、R 6 はそれぞれ水素原子もしくはメチル基を示す。3、R4はそれぞれ置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アラルキル基、アリール基または複素環基を示し、共同で複素環(但し、置換基を有してもよい1,2−ジヒドロキノリン環を除く)を形成していてもよい。R7、R8はそれぞれ水素原子、置換基(但し、2−チエニル基を除く)を有していてもよいアルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基または複素環基を示し、共同で環を形成していてもよい。
【0015】
【発明の実施の形態】
ここで、R 1 、R 5 の具体例としては、水素原子、メチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基、ペンチル基、ヘキシル基、ヘプチル基、オクチル基、ノニル基、デシル基等が挙げられ、ジベンゾチオフェン環と縮合して複素環を形成する例としては、ベンゾナフトチオフェン環を構成するのに必要な原子群等を挙げることができる。また、R 2 、R 6 の具体例としては、水素原子、メチル基を挙げることができる。
【0016】
また、R3、R4の具体例としてはメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等のアルキル基、アリル基、1−プロペニル基、2−ブテニル基、メタリル基等のアルケニル基、プロパルギル基等のアルキニル基、ベンジル基、β−フェニルエチル基、α−ナフチルメチル基等のアラルキル基、フェニル基、ナフチル基、アントリル基等のアリール基、ピリジル基等の複素環基を挙げることができる。また、R3、R4は置換基を有していてもよく、その置換基の具体例としては水素原子、フッ素原子、臭素原子、塩素原子、ヨウ素原子等のハロゲン原子、メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基、ブトキシ基等のアルコキシ基、上述のアルキル基、アリール基等を挙げることができる。R3、R4が共同で複素環を形成している例としてはピペリジン環、モルホリン環、インドリン環等を挙げることができるが、置換基を有してもよい1,2−ジヒドロキノリン環は除く
【0017】
7、R8の具体例としては水素原子、フリル基、チエニル基、ピリジル基等の複素環基、上述したアルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基等を挙げることができる。また、R7、R8は置換基を有していてもよく、その置換基の具体例としてはフェノキシ基等のアリールオキシ基、フェニルチオ基等のアリールチオ基、上述のハロゲン原子、アルコキシ基、アラルキル基、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基等を挙げることができる。R7、R8が共同で環を形成している例としてはフルオレン環、インダン環、キサンテン環等を挙げることができるが、2−チエニル基は除く
【0018】
本発明にかかわる一般式(1)または(2)で示される有機光導電性材料の具体例としては、例えば次の構造式を有するものが挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0019】
【化3】
Figure 0003556391
【0020】
【化4】
Figure 0003556391
【0021】
【化5】
Figure 0003556391
【0022】
【化6】
Figure 0003556391
【0023】
【化7】
Figure 0003556391
【0024】
【化8】
Figure 0003556391
【0025】
【化9】
Figure 0003556391
【0026】
【化10】
Figure 0003556391
【0027】
【化11】
Figure 0003556391
【0028】
【化12】
Figure 0003556391
【0029】
【化13】
Figure 0003556391
【0030】
【化14】
Figure 0003556391
【0031】
【化15】
Figure 0003556391
【0032】
【化16】
Figure 0003556391
【0033】
【化17】
Figure 0003556391
【0034】
【化18】
Figure 0003556391
【0035】
【化19】
Figure 0003556391
【0036】
【化20】
Figure 0003556391
【0037】
【化21】
Figure 0003556391
【0038】
【化22】
Figure 0003556391
【0039】
【化23】
Figure 0003556391
【0040】
【化24】
Figure 0003556391
【0041】
【化25】
Figure 0003556391
【0042】
【化26】
Figure 0003556391
【0043】
【化27】
Figure 0003556391
【0044】
【化28】
Figure 0003556391
【0045】
【化29】
Figure 0003556391
【0046】
【化30】
Figure 0003556391
【0047】
【化31】
Figure 0003556391
【0048】
【化32】
Figure 0003556391
【0049】
【化33】
Figure 0003556391
【0050】
【化34】
Figure 0003556391
【0051】
【化35】
Figure 0003556391
【0052】
【化36】
Figure 0003556391
【0053】
【化37】
Figure 0003556391
【0054】
【化38】
Figure 0003556391
【0055】
【化39】
Figure 0003556391
【0056】
【化40】
Figure 0003556391
【0057】
【化41】
Figure 0003556391
【0058】
【化42】
Figure 0003556391
【0059】
【化43】
Figure 0003556391
【0060】
【化44】
Figure 0003556391
【0061】
【化45】
Figure 0003556391
【0062】
【化46】
Figure 0003556391
【0063】
【化47】
Figure 0003556391
【0064】
【化48】
Figure 0003556391
【0065】
【化49】
Figure 0003556391
【0066】
【化50】
Figure 0003556391
【0067】
【化51】
Figure 0003556391
【0068】
【化52】
Figure 0003556391
【0069】
【化53】
Figure 0003556391
【0070】
【化54】
Figure 0003556391
【0071】
【化55】
Figure 0003556391
【0072】
【化56】
Figure 0003556391
【0073】
【化57】
Figure 0003556391
【0074】
【化58】
Figure 0003556391
【0075】
【化59】
Figure 0003556391
【0076】
【化60】
Figure 0003556391
【0077】
【化61】
Figure 0003556391
【0078】
【化62】
Figure 0003556391
【0079】
【化63】
Figure 0003556391
【0080】
【化64】
Figure 0003556391
【0081】
【化65】
Figure 0003556391
【0082】
【化66】
Figure 0003556391
【0083】
【化67】
Figure 0003556391
【0084】
【化68】
Figure 0003556391
【0085】
【化69】
Figure 0003556391
【0086】
【化70】
Figure 0003556391
【0087】
【化71】
Figure 0003556391
【0088】
【化72】
Figure 0003556391
【0089】
【化73】
Figure 0003556391
【0090】
【化74】
Figure 0003556391
【0091】
【化75】
Figure 0003556391
【0092】
【化76】
Figure 0003556391
【0093】
【化77】
Figure 0003556391
【0094】
【化78】
Figure 0003556391
【0095】
【化79】
Figure 0003556391
【0096】
【化80】
Figure 0003556391
【0097】
【化81】
Figure 0003556391
【0098】
【化82】
Figure 0003556391
【0099】
【化83】
Figure 0003556391
【0100】
【化84】
Figure 0003556391
【0101】
【化85】
Figure 0003556391
【0102】
【化86】
Figure 0003556391
【0103】
【化87】
Figure 0003556391
【0104】
【化88】
Figure 0003556391
【0105】
【化89】
Figure 0003556391
【0106】
【化90】
Figure 0003556391
【0107】
【化91】
Figure 0003556391
【0108】
【化92】
Figure 0003556391
【0109】
【化93】
Figure 0003556391
【0110】
【化94】
Figure 0003556391
【0111】
【化95】
Figure 0003556391
【0112】
【化96】
Figure 0003556391
【0113】
【化97】
Figure 0003556391
【0114】
【化98】
Figure 0003556391
【0115】
【化99】
Figure 0003556391
【0116】
【化100】
Figure 0003556391
【0117】
【化101】
Figure 0003556391
【0118】
【化102】
Figure 0003556391
【0119】
【化103】
Figure 0003556391
【0120】
【化104】
Figure 0003556391
【0121】
【化105】
Figure 0003556391
【0122】
【化106】
Figure 0003556391
【0123】
【化107】
Figure 0003556391
【0124】
【化108】
Figure 0003556391
【0125】
【化109】
Figure 0003556391
【0126】
【化110】
Figure 0003556391
【0127】
【化111】
Figure 0003556391
【0128】
本発明の電子写真感光体は、一般式(1)または(2)で示される有機光導電性材料及び電荷発生物質をそれぞれ1種類あるいは2種類以上含有することにより得られる。電荷発生物質には無機系電荷発生物質と有機系電荷発生物質があり、前者の例としては例えばセレン、セレン−テルル合金、セレン−ヒ素合金、硫化カドミウム、酸化亜鉛、アモルファスシリコン等が挙げられる。有機系電荷発生物質の例としては、例えばメチルバイオレット、ブリリアントグリーン、クリスタルバイオレット等のトリフェニルメタン系染料、メチレンブルーなどのチアジン染料、キニザリン等のキノン染料、シアニン染料、アクリジン染料、ピリリウム色素、チアピリリウム色素、スクエアリウム色素、ペリノン系顔料、アントラキノン系顔料、金属含有あるいは無金属のフタロシアニン系顔料、ペリレン系顔料等が挙げられ、また、アゾ顔料も用いられる。
【0129】
アゾ顔料としてはたとえば特開昭47−37543号、特開昭53−95033号、特開昭53−132347号、特開昭53−133445号、特開昭54−12742号、特開昭54−20736号、特開昭54−20737号、特開昭54−21728号、特開昭54−22834号、特開昭55−69148号、特開昭55−69654号、特開昭55−79449号、特開昭55−117151号、特開昭56−46237号、特開昭56−116039号、特開昭56−116040号、特開昭56−119134号、特開昭56−143437号、特開昭57−63537号、特開昭57−63538号、特開昭57−63541号、特開昭57−63542号、特開昭57−63549号、特開昭57−66438号、特開昭57−74746号、特開昭57−78542号、特開昭57−78543号、特開昭57−90056号、特開昭57−90057号、特開昭57−90632号、特開昭57−116345号、特開昭57−202349号、特開昭58−4151号、特開昭58−90644号、特開昭58−144358号、特開昭58−177955号、特開昭59−31962号、特開昭59−33253号、特開昭59−71059号、特開昭59−72448号、特開昭59−78356号、特開昭59−136351号、特開昭59−201060号、特開昭60−15642号、特開昭60−140351号、特開昭60−179746号、特開昭61−11754号、特開昭61−90164号、特開昭61−90165号、特開昭61−90166号、特開昭61−112154号、特開昭61−281245号、特開昭61−51063号、特開昭62−267363号、特開昭63−68844号、特開昭63−89866号、特開昭63−139355号、特開昭63−142063号、特開昭63−183450号、特開昭63−282743号、特開昭64−21455号、特開昭64−78259号、特開平1−200267号、特開平1−202757号、特開平1−319754号、特開平2−72372号、特開平2−254467号、特開平3−278063号、特開平4−96068号、特開平4−96069号、特開平4−147265号、特開平5−142841号、特開平5−303226号、特開平6−324504号、特開平7−168379号等の公報に記載の化合物が挙げられる。
【0130】
また、これらのアゾ顔料に用いられるカップラー成分の構造は多岐に渡る。たとえば特開昭54−17735号、特開昭54−79632号、特開昭57−176055号、特開昭59−197043号、特開昭60−130746号、特開昭60−153050号、特開昭60−103048号、特開昭60−189759号、特開昭63−131146号、特開昭63−155052号、特開平2−110569号、特開平4−149448号、特開平6−27705号、特開平6−348047号等の公報に記載の化合物が挙げられる。
【0131】
上記アゾ顔料の具体例として以下の表に示す化合物が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。また、これらの化合物と他の電荷発生物質を併用することも可能である。
【0132】
【表1】
Figure 0003556391
【0133】
【表2】
Figure 0003556391
【0134】
【表3】
Figure 0003556391
【0135】
【表4】
Figure 0003556391
【0136】
【表5】
Figure 0003556391
【0137】
【表6】
Figure 0003556391
【0138】
【表7】
Figure 0003556391
【0139】
【表8】
Figure 0003556391
【0140】
【表9】
Figure 0003556391
【0141】
【表10】
Figure 0003556391
【0142】
【表11】
Figure 0003556391
【0143】
【表12】
Figure 0003556391
【0144】
【表13】
Figure 0003556391
【0145】
【表14】
Figure 0003556391
【0146】
【表15】
Figure 0003556391
【0147】
【表16】
Figure 0003556391
【0148】
【表17】
Figure 0003556391
【0149】
【表18】
Figure 0003556391
【0150】
【表19】
Figure 0003556391
【0151】
【表20】
Figure 0003556391
【0152】
【表21】
Figure 0003556391
【0153】
【表22】
Figure 0003556391
【0154】
【表23】
Figure 0003556391
【0155】
【表24】
Figure 0003556391
【0156】
【表25】
Figure 0003556391
【0157】
【表26】
Figure 0003556391
【0158】
【表27】
Figure 0003556391
【0159】
【表28】
Figure 0003556391
【0160】
【表29】
Figure 0003556391
【0161】
【表30】
Figure 0003556391
【0162】
【表31】
Figure 0003556391
【0163】
【表32】
Figure 0003556391
【0164】
【表33】
Figure 0003556391
【0165】
【表34】
Figure 0003556391
【0166】
【表35】
Figure 0003556391
【0167】
【表36】
Figure 0003556391
【0168】
【表37】
Figure 0003556391
【0169】
【表38】
Figure 0003556391
【0170】
【表39】
Figure 0003556391
【0171】
【表40】
Figure 0003556391
【0172】
【表41】
Figure 0003556391
【0173】
【表42】
Figure 0003556391
【0174】
【表43】
Figure 0003556391
【0175】
【表44】
Figure 0003556391
【0176】
【表45】
Figure 0003556391
【0177】
感光体の形態としては種々のものが知られているが、そのいずれにも用いることができる。例えば、導電性支持体上に電荷発生物質、電荷輸送物質、およびフィルム形成性結着剤樹脂からなる感光層を設けたものがある。また、導電性支持体上に、電荷発生物質と結着剤樹脂からなる電荷発生層と、電荷輸送物質と結着剤樹脂からなる電荷輸送層を設けた積層型の感光体も知られている。電荷発生層と電荷輸送層はどちらが上層となっても構わない。また、必要に応じて導電性支持体と感光層の間に下引き層を、感光体表面にオーバーコート層を、積層型感光体の場合は電荷発生層と電荷輸送層との間に中間層を設けることもできる。本発明の化合物を用いて感光体を作製する支持体としては金属製ドラム、金属板、導電性加工を施した紙、プラスチックフィルムのシート状、ドラム状あるいはベルト状の支持体等が使用される。
【0178】
それらの支持体上へ感光層を形成するために用いるフィルム形成性結着剤樹脂としては利用分野に応じて種々のものがあげられる。例えば複写用感光体の用途ではポリスチレン樹脂、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂、ポリスルホン樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、酢ビ・クロトン酸共重合体樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリフェニレンオキサイド樹脂、ポリアリレート樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、アクリル樹脂、メタクリル樹脂、フェノキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。これらの中でも、ポリスチレン樹脂、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリアリレート樹脂等は感光体としての電位特性に優れている。又、これらの樹脂は、単独あるいは共重合体として1種又は2種以上を混合して用いることができる。これら結着剤樹脂の光導電性化合物に対して加える量は、20〜1000重量%が好ましく、50〜500重量%がより好ましい。
【0179】
積層型感光体の場合、電荷発生層に含有されるこれらの樹脂は、電荷発生物質に対して10〜500重量%が好ましく、50〜150重量%がより好ましい。樹脂の比率が高くなりすぎると電荷発生効率が低下し、また樹脂の比率が低くなりすぎると成膜性に問題が生じる。また、電荷輸送層に含有されるこれらの樹脂は、電荷輸送物質に対して20〜1000重量%が好ましく、50〜500重量%がより好ましい。樹脂の比率が高すぎると感度が低下し、また、樹脂の比率が低くなりすぎると繰り返し特性の悪化や塗膜の欠損を招くおそれがある。
【0180】
これらの樹脂の中には、引っ張り、曲げ、圧縮等の機械的強度に弱いものがある。この性質を改良するために、可塑性を与える物質を加えることができる。具体的には、フタル酸エステル(例えばDOP、DBP等)、リン酸エステル(例えばTCP、TOP等)、セバシン酸エステル、アジピン酸エステル、ニトリルゴム、塩素化炭化水素等が挙げられる。これらの物質は、必要以上に添加すると電子写真特性の悪影響を及ぼすので、その割合は結着剤樹脂に対し20%以下が好ましい。
【0181】
その他、感光体中への添加物として酸化防止剤やカール防止剤等、塗工性の改良のためレベリング剤等を必要に応じて添加することができる。
【0182】
一般式(1)または(2)で示される化合物は更に他の電荷輸送物質と組み合わせて用いることができる。電荷輸送物質には正孔輸送物質と電子輸送物質がある。前者の例としては、例えば特公昭34−5466号公報等に示されているオキサジアゾール類、特公昭45−555号公報等に示されているトリフェニルメタン類、特公昭52−4188号公報等に示されているピラゾリン類、特公昭55−42380号公報等に示されているヒドラゾン類、特開昭56−123544号公報等に示されているオキサジアゾール類等をあげることができる。一方、電子輸送物質としては、例えばクロラニル、テトラシアノエチレン、テトラシアノキノジメタン、2,4,7−トリニトロ−9−フルオレノン、2,4,5,7−テトラニトロ−9−フルオレノン、2,4,5,7−テトラニトロキサントン、2,4,8−トリニトロチオキサントン、1,3,7−トリニトロジベンゾチオフェン、1,3,7−トリニトロジベンゾチオフェン−5,5−ジオキシドなどがある。これらの電荷輸送物質は単独または2種以上組み合わせて用いることができる。

【0183】
また、本発明の有機導電性材料と電荷移動錯体を形成し、更に増感効果を増大させる増感剤としてある種の電子吸引性化合物を添加することもできる。この電子吸引性化合物としては例えば、2,3−ジクロロ−1,4−ナフトキノン、1−ニトロアントラキノン、1−クロロ−5−ニトロアントラキノン、2−クロロアントラキノン、フェナントレンキノン等のキノン類、4−ニトロベンズアルデヒド等のアルデヒド類、9−ベンゾイルアントラセン、インダンジオン、3,5−ジニトロベンゾフェノン、3,3′,5,5′−テトラニトロベンゾフェノン等のケトン類、無水フタル酸、4−クロロナフタル酸無水物等の酸無水物、テレフタラルマロノニトリル、9−アントリルメチリデンマロノニトリル、4−ニトロベンザルマロノニトリル、4−(p−ニトロベンゾイルオキシ)ベンザルマロノニトリル等のシアノ化合物、3−ベンザルフタリド、3−(α−シアノ−p−ニトロベンザル)フタリド、3−(α−シアノ−p−ニトロベンザル)−4,5,6,7−テトラクロロフタリド等のフタリド類等を挙げることができる。
【0184】
本発明の有機光導電性材料は、感光体の形態に応じて上記の種々の添加物質と共に適当な溶剤中に溶解又は分散し、その塗布液を先に述べた導電性支持体上に塗布し、乾燥して感光体を製造することができる。
【0185】
塗布溶剤としてはクロロホルム、ジクロロエタン、ジクロロメタン、トリクロロエタン、トリクロロエチレン、クロロベンゼン、ジクロロベンゼン等のハロゲン化炭化水素、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素、ジオキサン、テトラヒドロフラン、メチルセロソルブ、エチルセロソルブ、エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル等のエーテル系溶剤、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、メチルイソプロピルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等のケトン系溶剤、酢酸エチル、蟻酸メチル、メチルセロソルブアセテート等のエステル系溶剤、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド、アセトニトリル、N−メチルピロリドン、ジメチルスルホキシド等の非プロトン性極性溶剤及びアルコール系溶剤等を挙げることができる。これらの溶剤は単独または2種以上の混合溶剤として使用することができる。
【0186】
【実施例】
次に本発明を実施例によりさらに詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらに何ら限定されるものではない。
【0187】
合成例1 ジベンゾチオフェン−2−カルボキサアルデヒドの合成
2−ブロモジベンゾチオフェン24gとジエチルエーテル220mlを混合し、寒剤浴上で窒素雰囲気下に撹拌しながら内温を0℃ 以下に保ちつつ、ノルマルブチルリチウムのヘキサン溶液(1.6mol/l)68mlを滴下した。次いでN,N−ジメチルホルムアミド9mlを内温10℃以下に保ちつつ滴下した後、反応を完結させるため油浴上で3時間加熱環流した。放冷後、反応液を水1.0lで加水分解して有機成分を酢酸エチルで抽出し、希塩酸、水、飽和食塩水で順次洗浄した。無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥した後減圧下に溶媒を除去し、得られた固体をシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製して融点105.8〜106.5℃のジベンゾチオフェン−2−カルボキサルデヒド13gを得た。
【0188】
合成例2 例示化合物化12の合成
ジベンゾチオフェン−2−カルボキサルデヒド2.1g、1−メチル−1−フェニルヒドラジン1.3g、酢酸0.3ml及びエタノール30mlを混合し、30分間加熱環流した。放冷後析出した結晶を濾取し、酢酸エチル100mlで再結晶して2.6gの化合物化12を得た。得られた化合物化12の融点は182.4〜182.7℃であった。
【0189】
合成例3 例示化合物化76の合成
ジベンゾチオフェン−2−カルボキサアルデヒド2.12g、ベンゾヒドリルホスホン酸ジエチル3.34g及びエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル30mlを混合し、氷浴上撹拌下に、カリウム−t−ブトキシド1.68gを添加した。室温で更に1時間撹拌を続けた後、水150mlを添加して有機成分をトルエンで抽出し、希塩酸、飽和食塩水で順次洗浄した。無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥した後減圧下に濃縮し、得られたオイル状物をシリカゲルクロマトグラフィーで精製して化合物化76の白色結晶2.69gを得た。得られた化合物化76の融点は106.6〜107.5℃であった。
【0190】
実施例1
アゾ顔料(A−1)1重量部及びポリエステル樹脂(東洋紡製バイロン200)1重量部をテトラヒドロフラン100重量部と混合し、ペイントコンディショナー装置でガラスビーズと共に2時間分散した。こうして得た分散液を、アプリケーターにてアルミ蒸着ポリエステル上に塗布して乾燥し、膜厚約0.2μの電荷発生層を形成した。次にヒドラゾン化合物(例示化合物化12)を、ポリアリレート樹脂(ユニチカ製U−ポリマー)と1:1の重量比で混合し、ジクロロエタンを溶媒として10%の溶液を作り、上記の電荷発生層の上にアプリケーターで塗布して膜厚約20μの電荷輸送層を形成した。
【0191】
この様にして作製した積層型感光体について、静電記録試験装置(川口電気製SP−428)を用いて電子写真特性の評価を行なった。
測定条件:印加電圧−6kV、スタティックNo. 3(ターンテーブルの回転スピードモード:10m/min )。その結果、帯電電位(Vo)が−830V、半減露光量(E1/2)が0.9ルックス・秒と高感度の値を示した。
【0192】
更に同装置を用いて、帯電−除電(除電光:白色光で400ルックス×1秒照射)を1サイクルとする繰返し使用に対する特性評価を行った。5000回での繰返しによる帯電電位の変化を求めたところ、1回目の帯電電位(Vo)−830Vに対し、5000回目の帯電電位(Vo)は−820Vであり、繰返しによる電位の低下がなく安定した特性を示した。また、1回目の半減露光量(E1/2)0.9ルックス・秒に対して5000回目の半減露光量(E1/2)は0.9ルックス・秒と変化がなく優れた特性を示した。
【0193】
実施例2〜9
実施例1のアゾ顔料(A−1)及び例示化合物化12の代わりに、それぞれ表46に示すアゾ顔料及びヒドラゾン化合物を用いる他は、実施例1と同様にして感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。結果を表46に示す。
【0194】
【表46】
Figure 0003556391
【0195】
実施例10〜18
実施例1のアゾ顔料の代わりにX型無金属フタロシアニンを、例示化合物化12の代わりにそれぞれ表47に示すヒドラゾン化合物を用いる他は、実施例1と同様にして感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。結果を表47に示す。
【0196】
【表47】
Figure 0003556391
【0197】
実施例19
アゾ顔料(A−1)1重量部とテトラヒドロフラン40重量部を、ペイントコンディショナー装置でガラスビーズと共に4時間分散処理した。こうして得た分散液に、ヒドラゾン化合物(例示化合物化12)を2.5重量部、ポリカーボネート樹脂(PCZ−200;三菱ガス化学製)10重量部、テトラヒドロフラン60重量部を加え、さらに30分間のペイントコンディショナー装置で分散処理を行った後、アプリケーターにてアルミ蒸着ポリエステル上に塗布し、膜厚約15μの感光体を形成した。この感光体の電子写真特性を、実施例1と同様にして評価した。ただし、印加電圧のみ+5kVに変更した。その結果、第一回目の帯電電位(Vo)+420V、半減露光量(E1/2)1.2ルックス・秒、5000回繰り返し後の帯電電位(Vo)+410V、半減露光量(E1/2)1.1ルックス・秒と、高感度でしかも変化の少ない、優れた特性を示した。
【0198】
実施例20〜27
実施例19のアゾ顔料(A−1)及び例示化合物化12の代わりに、それぞれ表48に示すアゾ顔料及びヒドラゾン化合物を用いる他は、実施例19と同様にして感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。結果を表48に示す。
【0199】
【表48】
Figure 0003556391
【0200】
実施例28
実施例1の例示化合物化12の代わりに例示化合物化76を用いる他は、実施例1と同様にして感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。その結果、帯電電位(Vo)が−815V、半減露光量(E1/2)が0.9ルックス・秒と高感度の値を示した。
【0201】
更に同装置を用いて、帯電−除電(除電光:白色光で400ルックス×1秒照射)を1サイクルとする繰返し使用に対する特性評価を行った。5000回での繰返しによる帯電電位の変化を求めたところ、1回目の帯電電位(Vo)−815Vに対し、5000回目の帯電電位(Vo)は−800Vであり、繰返しによる電位の低下が少なく安定した特性を示した。また、1回目の半減露光量(E1/2)0.9ルックス・秒に対して5000回目の半減露光量(E1/2)は0.9ルックス・秒と変化がなく優れた特性を示した。
【0202】
実施例29〜36
実施例1のアゾ顔料(A−1)及び例示化合物化12の代わりに、それぞれ表49に示すアゾ顔料及びスチルベン化合物を用いる他は、実施例1と同様にして感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。結果を表49に示す。
【0203】
【表49】
Figure 0003556391
【0204】
実施例37〜45
実施例1のアゾ顔料の代わりにX型無金属フタロシアニンを、例示化合物化12の代わりにそれぞれ表50に示すスチルベン化合物を用いる他は、実施例1と同様にして感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。結果を表50に示す。
【0205】
【表50】
Figure 0003556391
【0206】
実施例46
実施例19の例示化合物化12の代わりに、例示化合物化76を用いる他は、実施例19と同様にして感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。その結果、1回目の帯電電位(Vo)+430V、半減露光量(E1/2)1.3ルックス・秒、5000回繰り返し後の帯電電位(Vo)+415V、半減露光量(E1/2)1.3ルックス・秒と、高感度でしかも変化の少ない、優れた特性を示した。
【0207】
実施例47〜54
実施例19のアゾ顔料(A−1)及び例示化合物化12の代わりに、それぞれ表51に示すアゾ顔料及びスチルベン化合物を用いる他は、実施例19と同様にして感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。結果を表51に示す。
【0208】
【表51】
Figure 0003556391
【0209】
比較例1
電荷輸送物質として例示化合物化12の代わりに比較化合物化112を用いる他は、実施例1と同様に感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。その結果、1回目の帯電電位は(Vo)−700V、 半減露光量(E1/2)は1.8ルックス・秒と感度が低く、また5000回目の帯電電位(Vo)は−500V、半減露光量(E1/2)1.5ルックス・秒であり、繰り返しによる大幅な電位の低下がみられた。
【0210】
比較例2
電荷輸送物質として例示化合物化12の代わりに比較化合物化113を用いる他は、実施例10と同様に感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。その結果、1回目の帯電電位(Vo)は−730V、半減露光量(E1/2)は1.2ルックス・秒と比較的良好な結果であったが、5000回目の帯電電位(Vo)は−330V、半減露光量(E1/2)1.0ルックス・秒であり、繰り返しによる大幅な電位の低下がみられた。
【0211】
比較例3
電荷輸送物質として例示化合物化12の代わりに比較化合物化114を用いる他は、実施例19と同様にして感光体を作製してその特性を評価した。その結果帯電電位(Vo)が350V、半減露光量(E1/2)が6.7ルックス・秒と感度不足であった。
【0212】
【化112】
Figure 0003556391
【0213】
【化113】
Figure 0003556391
【0214】
【化114】
Figure 0003556391
【0215】
【発明の効果】
以上から明らかなように、本発明の有機光導電性材料を用いれば高感度で高耐久性を有する電子写真感光体を提供することができる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an organic photoconductive material and an electrophotographic photosensitive member using the same, and more particularly, to an electrophotographic photosensitive member containing a specific organic photoconductive material.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, the use of electrophotography has spread not only in the field of copiers but also in fields where conventional photographic technology has been used, such as printing plate materials, slide films, and microfilms. Application to printers is also being considered. Recently, the use of a photoconductive material other than the electrophotographic photoreceptor, for example, an application to an electrostatic recording element, a sensor material, an EL element, and the like has begun to be studied. Accordingly, demands for photoconductive materials and electrophotographic photoreceptors using the same are becoming higher and wider. Heretofore, inorganic photoconductive materials such as selenium, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, and silicon have been known as electrophotographic photoconductors, and have been widely studied and put to practical use. While these inorganic materials have many advantages, they also have various disadvantages. For example, selenium has drawbacks in that production conditions are difficult and crystallization is easily caused by heat and mechanical shock, and cadmium sulfide and zinc oxide have poor moisture resistance and durability. It has been pointed out that silicon is insufficient in chargeability and difficult to manufacture. In addition, selenium and cadmium sulfide have toxicity problems.
[0003]
On the other hand, organic photoconductive materials have good film-forming properties, excellent flexibility, light weight, good transparency, and the design of photoreceptors over a wide wavelength range by an appropriate sensitization method. Because of its advantages such as ease of use, its practical use is gradually attracting attention.
[0004]
By the way, a photoreceptor used in the electrophotographic technology is generally required to have the following basic properties. That is, (1) high chargeability against corona discharge in a dark place, (2) little leakage (dark decay) of the obtained charge in a dark place, and (3) charge charge by light irradiation. (4) The residual charge after light irradiation is small.
[0005]
However, to date, much research has been done on photoconductive polymers such as polyvinyl carbazole as organic photoconductive materials, but these have not always had sufficient film properties, flexibility and adhesiveness, and It is difficult to say that the toner has sufficient basic properties as a photoreceptor.
[0006]
On the other hand, for organic low-molecular-weight photoconductive compounds, it is possible to obtain a photoreceptor having excellent mechanical strength such as film properties, adhesiveness, and flexibility by selecting a binder and the like used for photoreceptor formation. However, it is difficult to find a compound suitable for maintaining high sensitivity characteristics.
[0007]
In order to improve such a point, an organic photoreceptor having higher sensitivity characteristics has been developed in which the charge generation function and the charge transport function are shared by different substances. The feature of such a photoconductor, which is called a function-separated type, is that a material suitable for each function can be selected from a wide range, and a photoconductor with arbitrary performance can be easily manufactured. Has been advanced.
[0008]
Among them, as the substance in charge of the charge generation function, various substances such as phthalocyanine pigment, squarium dye, azo pigment, and perylene pigment have been studied, and among them, azo pigments can have various molecular structures, Since charge generation efficiency can be expected, it has been widely studied and its practical use has been advanced. However, in this azo pigment, the relationship between the molecular structure and the charge generation efficiency has not yet been clarified. The fact is that we are searching for the optimal structure through extensive synthesis research, but it fully satisfies the basic properties and high durability required for the photoreceptors listed above. Things have not yet been obtained.
[0009]
On the other hand, the substances in charge of the charge transport function include a hole transport substance and an electron transport substance. A variety of materials such as hydrazone compounds and stilbene compounds have been studied as hole transport materials, and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone and diphenoquinone derivatives have been studied as electron transport materials. The fact is that they are conducting extensive synthesis research to search for the optimal structure. In fact, many improvements have been made so far, but none of the above-mentioned photoconductors sufficiently satisfy the basic properties and high durability demands of the photoconductors.
[0010]
As described above, various improvements have been made in the production of electrophotographic photoreceptors, but those which sufficiently satisfy the basic properties and high durability required for the photoreceptors listed above. Has not yet been obtained.
[0011]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to use electrophotographic photoreceptors and sensor materials, EL elements, electrostatic recording elements, and the like, which can exhibit stable performance without change in various characteristics even when used repeatedly, with high charging potential and high sensitivity. It is to provide a possible organic photoconductive material.
[0012]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have conducted research on a photoconductive material to achieve the above object, and as a result, have found that an organic photoconductive material having a specific structure is effective, and reached the present invention. The organic photoconductive material having a specific structure as described above is a compound represented by the following general formula (1) or (2).
[0013]
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Figure 0003556391
[0014]
In the general formula (1) or (2), R 1 and R 5 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an atom group necessary for forming a heterocyclic ring by condensing with a dibenzothiophene ring. . R 2 and R 6 each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. R 3 and R 4 each represent an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent , and jointly form a heterocyclic ring (provided that the A 1,2-dihydroquinoline ring) . R 7 and R 8 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent (excluding a 2-thienyl group) , and form a ring together; May be.
[0015]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Here, specific examples of R 1 and R 5 include a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, and a decyl group. As an example of condensing with a dibenzothiophene ring to form a heterocyclic ring, an atom group necessary for forming a benzonaphthothiophene ring and the like can be mentioned. Further, specific examples of R 2 and R 6 include a hydrogen atom and a methyl group.
[0016]
Specific examples of R 3 and R 4 include an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group and a butyl group, an alkenyl group such as an allyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-butenyl group and a methallyl group, and a propargyl group. Aralkyl groups such as alkynyl group, benzyl group, β-phenylethyl group and α-naphthylmethyl group; aryl groups such as phenyl group, naphthyl group and anthryl group; and heterocyclic groups such as pyridyl group. R 3 and R 4 may have a substituent. Specific examples of the substituent include a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a bromine atom, a halogen atom such as a chlorine atom and an iodine atom, a methoxy group and an ethoxy group. And alkoxy groups such as propoxy group and butoxy group, and the above-mentioned alkyl groups and aryl groups. Examples of the case where R 3 and R 4 jointly form a heterocyclic ring include a piperidine ring, a morpholine ring, an indoline ring and the like, and a 1,2-dihydroquinoline ring which may have a substituent is Exclude .
[0017]
Specific examples of R 7 and R 8 include a hydrogen atom, a heterocyclic group such as a furyl group, a thienyl group, and a pyridyl group, and the above-described alkyl group, alkenyl group, and aryl group. R 7 and R 8 may have a substituent. Specific examples of the substituent include an aryloxy group such as a phenoxy group, an arylthio group such as a phenylthio group, the above-described halogen atom, alkoxy group, and aralkyl group. Groups, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups and the like. Examples of R 7 and R 8 forming a ring together include a fluorene ring, an indane ring and a xanthene ring, but exclude the 2-thienyl group .
[0018]
Specific examples of the organic photoconductive material represented by the general formula (1) or (2) according to the present invention include, for example, those having the following structural formulas, but are not limited thereto.
[0019]
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[0020]
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[0021]
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[0022]
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[0023]
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[0024]
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[0025]
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[0026]
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[0027]
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[0028]
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[0029]
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[0030]
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[0031]
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[0032]
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[0033]
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[0034]
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[0035]
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[0036]
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[0037]
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[0038]
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[0039]
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[0040]
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[0041]
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[0042]
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[0043]
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[0044]
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[0045]
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[0046]
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[0047]
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[0048]
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[0049]
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[0050]
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[0051]
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[0052]
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[0053]
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[0054]
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[0055]
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[0056]
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[0057]
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[0058]
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[0059]
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[0060]
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[0061]
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[0062]
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[0063]
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[0064]
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[0065]
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[0066]
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[0067]
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[0068]
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[0069]
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[0070]
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[0071]
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[0072]
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[0073]
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[0074]
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[0075]
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[0076]
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[0077]
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[0078]
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[0079]
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[0080]
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[0081]
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[0082]
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[0083]
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[0084]
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[0085]
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[0086]
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[0087]
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[0088]
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[0089]
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[0090]
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[0091]
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[0092]
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[0093]
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[0094]
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[0095]
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[0096]
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[0097]
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[0098]
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[0099]
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[0100]
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[0101]
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[0102]
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[0103]
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[0104]
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[0105]
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[0106]
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[0107]
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[0108]
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[0109]
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[0110]
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[0111]
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[0112]
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[0113]
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[0114]
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[0115]
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[0116]
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[0117]
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[0118]
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[0119]
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[0120]
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[0121]
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[0122]
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[0123]
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[0124]
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[0125]
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[0126]
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[0127]
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[0128]
The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is obtained by containing one or more kinds of the organic photoconductive material represented by the general formula (1) or (2) and the charge generating substance, respectively. The charge generating substance includes an inorganic charge generating substance and an organic charge generating substance. Examples of the former include selenium, selenium-tellurium alloy, selenium-arsenic alloy, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, amorphous silicon and the like. Examples of organic charge generating substances include, for example, triphenylmethane dyes such as methyl violet, brilliant green and crystal violet, thiazine dyes such as methylene blue, quinone dyes such as quinizarin, cyanine dyes, acridine dyes, pyrylium dyes, and thiapyrylium dyes And squarium dyes, perinone pigments, anthraquinone pigments, phthalocyanine pigments containing and containing no metal, and perylene pigments, and azo pigments are also used.
[0129]
Examples of azo pigments include, for example, JP-A-47-37543, JP-A-53-95033, JP-A-53-132347, JP-A-53-133445, JP-A-54-12742, and JP-A-54-1. No. 20736, JP-A-54-20737, JP-A-54-21728, JP-A-54-22834, JP-A-55-69148, JP-A-55-69654, and JP-A-55-79449. JP-A-55-117151, JP-A-56-46237, JP-A-56-116039, JP-A-56-116040, JP-A-56-119134, JP-A-56-143337, JP-A-57-63537, JP-A-57-63538, JP-A-57-63541, JP-A-57-63542, JP-A-57-63549, JP-A-57-66438, 57-74746, JP-A-57-78542, JP-A-57-78543, JP-A-57-90056, JP-A-57-90057, JP-A-57-90632, and JP-A-57-97532. 116345, JP-A-57-202349, JP-A-58-4151, JP-A-58-90644, JP-A-58-144358, JP-A-58-177555, JP-A-59-31962. JP-A-59-33253, JP-A-59-71059, JP-A-59-72448, JP-A-59-78356, JP-A-59-136351, JP-A-59-201060, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. 60-15642, 60-140351, 60-179746, 61-11754, 61-90164, 61-90165, 61-90165 and 61-90165 1-90166, JP-A-61-112154, JP-A-61-281245, JP-A-61-51063, JP-A-62-267363, JP-A-63-68844, and JP-A-63-68844. 89866, JP-A-63-139355, JP-A-63-142033, JP-A-63-183450, JP-A-63-282743, JP-A-64-21455, JP-A-64-78259 JP-A-1-200267, JP-A-1-202775, JP-A-1-319754, JP-A-2-72372, JP-A-2-254467, JP-A-3-278806, JP-A-4-96068, JP-A-4-96069, JP-A-4-147265, JP-A-5-142841, JP-A-5-303226, JP-A-6-324504, JP-A-7-168 Compounds described in publications such as 379 are exemplified.
[0130]
The structure of the coupler component used in these azo pigments is various. For example, JP-A-54-17735, JP-A-54-79632, JP-A-57-176055, JP-A-59-197043, JP-A-60-130746, JP-A-60-153050, JP-A-60-103048, JP-A-60-189759, JP-A-63-131146, JP-A-63-155052, JP-A-2-110569, JP-A-4-149448, JP-A-6-27705 And JP-A-6-348047.
[0131]
Specific examples of the azo pigment include the compounds shown in the following table, but are not limited thereto. Further, these compounds can be used in combination with other charge generating substances.
[0132]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003556391
[0133]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003556391
[0134]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003556391
[0135]
[Table 4]
Figure 0003556391
[0136]
[Table 5]
Figure 0003556391
[0137]
[Table 6]
Figure 0003556391
[0138]
[Table 7]
Figure 0003556391
[0139]
[Table 8]
Figure 0003556391
[0140]
[Table 9]
Figure 0003556391
[0141]
[Table 10]
Figure 0003556391
[0142]
[Table 11]
Figure 0003556391
[0143]
[Table 12]
Figure 0003556391
[0144]
[Table 13]
Figure 0003556391
[0145]
[Table 14]
Figure 0003556391
[0146]
[Table 15]
Figure 0003556391
[0147]
[Table 16]
Figure 0003556391
[0148]
[Table 17]
Figure 0003556391
[0149]
[Table 18]
Figure 0003556391
[0150]
[Table 19]
Figure 0003556391
[0151]
[Table 20]
Figure 0003556391
[0152]
[Table 21]
Figure 0003556391
[0153]
[Table 22]
Figure 0003556391
[0154]
[Table 23]
Figure 0003556391
[0155]
[Table 24]
Figure 0003556391
[0156]
[Table 25]
Figure 0003556391
[0157]
[Table 26]
Figure 0003556391
[0158]
[Table 27]
Figure 0003556391
[0159]
[Table 28]
Figure 0003556391
[0160]
[Table 29]
Figure 0003556391
[0161]
[Table 30]
Figure 0003556391
[0162]
[Table 31]
Figure 0003556391
[0163]
[Table 32]
Figure 0003556391
[0164]
[Table 33]
Figure 0003556391
[0165]
[Table 34]
Figure 0003556391
[0166]
[Table 35]
Figure 0003556391
[0167]
[Table 36]
Figure 0003556391
[0168]
[Table 37]
Figure 0003556391
[0169]
[Table 38]
Figure 0003556391
[0170]
[Table 39]
Figure 0003556391
[0171]
[Table 40]
Figure 0003556391
[0172]
[Table 41]
Figure 0003556391
[0173]
[Table 42]
Figure 0003556391
[0174]
[Table 43]
Figure 0003556391
[0175]
[Table 44]
Figure 0003556391
[0176]
[Table 45]
Figure 0003556391
[0177]
Various types of photoreceptors are known, and any of them can be used. For example, there is one in which a photosensitive layer comprising a charge generating substance, a charge transporting substance, and a film-forming binder resin is provided on a conductive support. Further, a laminated photoreceptor in which a charge generation layer composed of a charge generation substance and a binder resin and a charge transport layer composed of a charge transport substance and a binder resin are provided on a conductive support is also known. . Either of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer may be an upper layer. In addition, if necessary, an undercoat layer is provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer, an overcoat layer is provided on the surface of the photosensitive member, and in the case of a laminated photosensitive member, an intermediate layer is provided between the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer. Can also be provided. As a support for preparing a photoreceptor using the compound of the present invention, a metal drum, a metal plate, a paper subjected to conductive processing, a sheet of a plastic film, a drum or a belt, and the like are used. .
[0178]
As the film-forming binder resin used for forming a photosensitive layer on such a support, various resins can be used depending on the field of use. For example, for photoreceptors for copying, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, polysulfone resin, polycarbonate resin, vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymer resin, polyester resin, polyphenylene oxide resin, polyarylate resin, alkyd resin, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin And phenoxy resins. Among them, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, polyarylate resin, and the like have excellent potential characteristics as a photoconductor. These resins can be used alone or as a mixture of one or more of them as a copolymer. The amount of the binder resin added to the photoconductive compound is preferably 20 to 1000% by weight, and more preferably 50 to 500% by weight.
[0179]
In the case of a laminated photoreceptor, these resins contained in the charge generation layer are preferably from 10 to 500% by weight, more preferably from 50 to 150% by weight, based on the charge generation substance. If the ratio of the resin is too high, the charge generation efficiency is reduced, and if the ratio of the resin is too low, there is a problem in film formability. Further, these resins contained in the charge transporting layer are preferably 20 to 1000% by weight, more preferably 50 to 500% by weight, based on the charge transporting substance. If the ratio of the resin is too high, the sensitivity is lowered, and if the ratio of the resin is too low, the repetition characteristics may be deteriorated or the coating may be damaged.
[0180]
Some of these resins have low mechanical strength such as tension, bending, and compression. In order to improve this property, substances which impart plasticity can be added. Specific examples include phthalic acid esters (eg, DOP, DBP, etc.), phosphoric acid esters (eg, TCP, TOP, etc.), sebacic acid esters, adipic acid esters, nitrile rubber, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and the like. If these substances are added more than necessary, the electrophotographic properties are adversely affected. Therefore, the ratio is preferably 20% or less based on the binder resin.
[0181]
In addition, as an additive to the photoreceptor, a leveling agent or the like for improving coating properties, such as an antioxidant or an anti-curl agent, can be added as needed.
[0182]
The compound represented by the general formula (1) or (2) can be used in combination with another charge transporting substance. The charge transport materials include a hole transport material and an electron transport material. Examples of the former include, for example, oxadiazoles disclosed in JP-B-34-5466, triphenylmethanes disclosed in JP-B-45-5555, and JP-B-52-4188. And the like, hydrazones disclosed in JP-B-55-42380, oxadiazoles disclosed in JP-A-56-123544 and the like. On the other hand, examples of the electron transport material include chloranil, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4 , 5,7-tetranitroxanthone, 2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, 1,3,7-trinitrodibenzothiophene, 1,3,7-trinitrodibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide and the like. These charge transport materials can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

[0183]
In addition, a certain kind of electron-withdrawing compound can be added as a sensitizer that forms a charge transfer complex with the organic conductive material of the present invention and further enhances the sensitizing effect. Examples of the electron-withdrawing compound include quinones such as 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, 1-nitroanthraquinone, 1-chloro-5-nitroanthraquinone, 2-chloroanthraquinone, and phenanthrenequinone; Aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, ketones such as 9-benzoylanthracene, indandione, 3,5-dinitrobenzophenone, 3,3 ', 5,5'-tetranitrobenzophenone, phthalic anhydride, 4-chloronaphthalic anhydride, etc. Acid anhydrides, cyano compounds such as terephthalalmalononitrile, 9-anthrylmethylidenemalononitrile, 4-nitrobenzalmalononitrile, 4- (p-nitrobenzoyloxy) benzalmalononitrile, 3-benzalphthalide, 3 -(Α-cyano-p-nitrobenza ) Phthalide, 3- (alpha-cyano -p- Nitorobenzaru) -4,5,6,7 can be mentioned phthalides such as tetrachloro phthalide like.
[0184]
The organic photoconductive material of the present invention is dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate solvent together with the various additives described above depending on the form of the photoreceptor, and the coating solution is coated on the conductive support described above. After drying, a photoreceptor can be manufactured.
[0185]
Examples of coating solvents include halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, dichloroethane, dichloromethane, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and dichlorobenzene, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether. Ether solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, and cyclohexanone; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, methyl formate and methyl cellosolve acetate; N, N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile and N-methyl Examples include aprotic polar solvents such as pyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide, and alcohol solvents. These solvents can be used alone or as a mixed solvent of two or more.
[0186]
【Example】
Next, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
[0187]
Synthesis Example 1 Synthesis of dibenzothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde A mixture of 24 g of 2-bromodibenzothiophene and 220 ml of diethyl ether was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere on a cryogen bath while maintaining the internal temperature at 0 ° C or lower while maintaining normal butyl. 68 ml of a lithium hexane solution (1.6 mol / l) was added dropwise. Next, 9 ml of N, N-dimethylformamide was added dropwise while maintaining the internal temperature at 10 ° C. or lower, and the mixture was heated under reflux for 3 hours on an oil bath to complete the reaction. After cooling, the reaction solution was hydrolyzed with 1.0 l of water, and the organic component was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed successively with diluted hydrochloric acid, water and saturated saline. After drying over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the obtained solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain 13 g of dibenzothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde having a melting point of 105.8 to 106.5 ° C. .
[0188]
Synthesis Example 2 Synthesis of Exemplified Compound 12 2.1 g of dibenzothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, 1.3 g of 1-methyl-1-phenylhydrazine, 0.3 ml of acetic acid and 30 ml of ethanol were mixed and heated under reflux for 30 minutes. After standing to cool, the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration and recrystallized from 100 ml of ethyl acetate to obtain 2.6 g of Compound 12. The melting point of Compound 12 thus obtained was 182.4 to 182.7 ° C.
[0189]
Synthesis Example 3 Synthesis of Exemplified Compound 76 2.12 g of dibenzothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, 3.34 g of diethyl benzohydrylphosphonate and 30 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether were mixed, and potassium-t- 1.68 g of butoxide was added. After further stirring at room temperature for 1 hour, 150 ml of water was added, the organic component was extracted with toluene, and the mixture was washed successively with diluted hydrochloric acid and saturated saline. After drying over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the obtained oil was purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain 2.69 g of compound 76 as white crystals. The melting point of the obtained Compound 76 was 106.6 to 107.5 ° C.
[0190]
Example 1
One part by weight of the azo pigment (A-1) and 1 part by weight of a polyester resin (Vylon 200 manufactured by Toyobo) were mixed with 100 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran, and dispersed together with glass beads for 2 hours by a paint conditioner. The dispersion thus obtained was applied on an aluminum-evaporated polyester using an applicator and dried to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of about 0.2 μm. Next, a hydrazone compound (Exemplified Compound No. 12) was mixed with a polyarylate resin (U-polymer manufactured by Unitika) at a weight ratio of 1: 1 to prepare a 10% solution using dichloroethane as a solvent. The resultant was applied with an applicator to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of about 20 μm.
[0191]
The electrophotographic characteristics of the laminated photoreceptor thus manufactured were evaluated using an electrostatic recording tester (SP-428, manufactured by Kawaguchi Electric Co., Ltd.).
Measurement conditions: applied voltage -6 kV, static No. 3 (turntable rotation speed mode: 10 m / min). As a result, the charging potential (Vo) was -830 V, and the half-life exposure amount (E1 / 2) was 0.9 lux / sec, which was a high sensitivity value.
[0192]
Further, by using the same apparatus, the characteristic evaluation for repeated use with one cycle of charging-discharging (discharging light: irradiation with white light at 400 lux × 1 second) was performed. When the change of the charging potential due to the repetition of 5000 times was obtained, the charging potential (Vo) of the 5000th time was −820 V with respect to the −830 V of the first charging potential (Vo). The characteristics showed. The first half-exposure dose (E1 / 2) was 0.9 lux / sec, and the 5000th half-exposure dose (E1 / 2) was 0.9 lux-sec, showing no change and excellent characteristics. .
[0193]
Examples 2 to 9
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the azo pigment (A-1) and Exemplified Compound 12 of Example 1 were replaced with the azo pigment and hydrazone compound shown in Table 46, respectively, and their characteristics were used. Was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 46.
[0194]
[Table 46]
Figure 0003556391
[0195]
Examples 10 to 18
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an X-type metal-free phthalocyanine was used in place of the azo pigment of Example 1 and a hydrazone compound shown in Table 47 was used instead of Exemplified Compound 12, respectively. Was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 47.
[0196]
[Table 47]
Figure 0003556391
[0197]
Example 19
1 part by weight of the azo pigment (A-1) and 40 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran were subjected to a dispersion treatment together with glass beads for 4 hours using a paint conditioner. To the dispersion thus obtained, 2.5 parts by weight of a hydrazone compound (Exemplified Compound 12), 10 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin (PCZ-200; manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical), and 60 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran are added, and paint is further added for 30 minutes. After the dispersion treatment was performed by a conditioner, the dispersion was applied on an aluminum-evaporated polyester by an applicator to form a photoreceptor having a thickness of about 15 μm. The electrophotographic characteristics of this photoreceptor were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. However, only the applied voltage was changed to +5 kV. As a result, the first charging potential (Vo) +420 V, half-exposure amount (E1 / 2) 1.2 lux / sec, the charging potential (Vo) +410 V after repeating 5000 times, half-exposure amount (E1 / 2) 1 .1 lux / sec, exhibiting excellent characteristics with high sensitivity and little change.
[0198]
Examples 20 to 27
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 19, except that the azo pigment (A-1) and Exemplified Compound 12 of Example 19 were replaced with the azo pigment and hydrazone compound shown in Table 48, respectively. Was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 48.
[0199]
[Table 48]
Figure 0003556391
[0200]
Example 28
A photoconductor was prepared and the characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1, except that Exemplified Compound 76 was used instead of Exemplified Compound 12 of Example 1. As a result, the charging potential (Vo) was -815 V, and the half-life exposure amount (E1 / 2) was 0.9 lux / sec, which was a high sensitivity value.
[0201]
Further, by using the same apparatus, the characteristic evaluation for repeated use with one cycle of charging-discharging (discharging light: irradiation with white light at 400 lux × 1 second) was performed. When the change of the charging potential due to the repetition of 5000 times was obtained, the charging potential (Vo) of the 5000th charging was -800 V with respect to the charging potential of the first time (Vo) of -815 V. The characteristics showed. The first half-exposure dose (E1 / 2) was 0.9 lux / sec, and the 5000th half-exposure dose (E1 / 2) was 0.9 lux-sec, showing no change and excellent characteristics. .
[0202]
Examples 29 to 36
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the azo pigment (A-1) and Exemplified Compound 12 of Example 1 were replaced with an azo pigment and a stilbene compound shown in Table 49, respectively. Was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 49.
[0203]
[Table 49]
Figure 0003556391
[0204]
Examples 37 to 45
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an X-type metal-free phthalocyanine was used instead of the azo pigment of Example 1, and a stilbene compound shown in Table 50 was used instead of Exemplified Compound 12. Was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 50.
[0205]
[Table 50]
Figure 0003556391
[0206]
Example 46
A photoconductor was prepared and the characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 19, except that Exemplified Compound 76 was used instead of Exemplified Compound 12 of Example 19. As a result, the first charging potential (Vo) +430 V, half-exposure amount (E1 / 2) 1.3 lux / sec, and the charging potential (Vo) +415 V after repeating 5000 times, half-exposure amount (E1 / 2) 1. It showed excellent characteristics with high sensitivity and little change of 3 looks / sec.
[0207]
Examples 47 to 54
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 19, except that the azo pigment (A-1) and Example Compound 12 in Example 19 were replaced with the azo pigment and stilbene compound shown in Table 51, respectively, and the characteristics were obtained. Was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 51.
[0208]
[Table 51]
Figure 0003556391
[0209]
Comparative Example 1
A photoconductor was prepared and the characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1, except that Comparative Compound 112 was used instead of Exemplary Compound 12 as the charge transport material. As a result, the first charging potential is (Vo) -700 V, the half-reduction exposure amount (E1 / 2) is 1.8 lux / sec, which is low sensitivity, and the 5,000-th charging potential (Vo) is -500 V, half-reduction exposure. The amount (E1 / 2) was 1.5 lux · sec, and a significant decrease in potential due to repetition was observed.
[0210]
Comparative Example 2
A photoconductor was prepared and the characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 10, except that Comparative Compound No. 113 was used instead of Exemplary Compound No. 12 as the charge transport material. As a result, the first charging potential (Vo) was -730 V and the half-life exposure amount (E1 / 2) was 1.2 lux / sec, which was relatively good results. -330 V, half-exposure (E1 / 2) 1.0 lux / sec, and a significant decrease in potential due to repetition was observed.
[0211]
Comparative Example 3
A photoconductor was prepared and its characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 19, except that Comparative Compound 114 was used instead of Exemplary Compound 12 as the charge transport material. As a result, the charging potential (Vo) was 350 V, and the half-life exposure amount (E1 / 2) was 6.7 lux / sec, which was insufficient sensitivity.
[0212]
Embedded image
Figure 0003556391
[0213]
Embedded image
Figure 0003556391
[0214]
Embedded image
Figure 0003556391
[0215]
【The invention's effect】
As is clear from the above, the use of the organic photoconductive material of the present invention can provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member having high sensitivity and high durability.

Claims (3)

下記一般式(1)または(2)で示されることを特徴とする有機光導電性材料。
Figure 0003556391
(一般式(1)または(2)において、 1 、R 5 はそれぞれ水素原子、炭素数1から10のアルキル基もしくはジベンゾチオフェン環と縮合して複素環を形成するのに必要な原子群を示す。R 2 、R 6 はそれぞれ水素原子もしくはメチル基を示す。3、R4はそれぞれ置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アラルキル基、アリール基または複素環基を示し、共同で複素環(但し、置換基を有してもよい1,2−ジヒドロキノリン環を除く)を形成していてもよい。R7、R8はそれぞれ水素原子、置換基(但し、2−チエニル基を除く)を有していてもよいアルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基または複素環基を示し、共同で環を形成していてもよい。)
An organic photoconductive material represented by the following general formula (1) or (2).
Figure 0003556391
(In the general formula (1) or (2), R 1 and R 5 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an atom group necessary for forming a heterocyclic ring by condensing with a dibenzothiophene ring. R 2 and R 6 each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group R 3 and R 4 each represent an optionally substituted alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aralkyl group, aryl group or heterocyclic ring R 7 and R 8 may be a hydrogen atom or a substituent ( each excluding a 1,2-dihydroquinoline ring which may have a substituent). However, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group which may have a (other than a 2-thienyl group) is shown, and may form a ring together.)
導電性支持体上に一般式(1)または(2)で示される有機光導電性材料を含む感光層を有することを特徴とする電子写真感光体。An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a photosensitive layer containing an organic photoconductive material represented by formula (1) or (2) on a conductive support. 感光層が電荷発生物質と電荷輸送物質とを含有し、この電荷輸送物質が上記一般式(1)または(2)で示される有機光導電性材料であることを特徴とする、請求項2記載の電子写真感光体。The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating substance and a charge transporting substance, and the charge transporting substance is an organic photoconductive material represented by the general formula (1) or (2). Electrophotographic photoreceptor.
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