JP2022069609A - 層状高容量電極 - Google Patents
層状高容量電極 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2022069609A JP2022069609A JP2022041721A JP2022041721A JP2022069609A JP 2022069609 A JP2022069609 A JP 2022069609A JP 2022041721 A JP2022041721 A JP 2022041721A JP 2022041721 A JP2022041721 A JP 2022041721A JP 2022069609 A JP2022069609 A JP 2022069609A
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- particles
- silicon
- graphite
- surfactant
- electrochemically active
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 441
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- NVBMUOYFLVUZJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1,2-diol;sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O.CC(O)CO NVBMUOYFLVUZJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229940057950 sodium laureth sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SXHLENDCVBIJFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-[2-(2-dodecoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCOCCOCCOS([O-])(=O)=O SXHLENDCVBIJFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- IZWPGJFSBABFGL-GMFCBQQYSA-M sodium;2-[methyl-[(z)-octadec-9-enoyl]amino]ethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)N(C)CCS([O-])(=O)=O IZWPGJFSBABFGL-GMFCBQQYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;difluoro oxalate;borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FOC(=O)C(=O)OF NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- HQYALQRYBUJWDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(propyl)silane Chemical compound CCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC HQYALQRYBUJWDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVLLSGMXQDNUAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphite Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 HVLLSGMXQDNUAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001226 triphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZYKZHPNRDIPFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl) borate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OB(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C YZYKZHPNRDIPFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、35U.S.C§119に基づく2018年1月9日に出願された仮出願番号62/615,240の優先権を主張し、参照により全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
一実施形態では、アノード組成物は、コアを形成する市販のアノードグレードのグラファイト粒子などの、グラファイト粒子を含む二重または多層複合構造を含むか、またはそれからなる。コアグラファイト粒子のそれぞれは、シリコン粒子層(実施例1について図5A-Cを参照)、を形成する分散および付着したシリコン粒子で覆われ、任意選択で、シリコン粒子層を覆う、取り付けられたグラフェンの層が続き(実施例1について図6Aおよび6Bを参照)、任意選択で、グラフェン層に付着した分散シリコン粒子の第2の層が続き、任意選択で、第2のシリコン層を覆う第2のグラフェン層が続き、任意選択で、第2のグラフェン層に付着した分散したシリコン粒子の第3の層などが続く。
アノード組成物は、電気化学的に活性な特性を有するコアを形成し、シートおよび/または小板の形態のグラフェンナノ粒子の1つまたは複数の層の間に電気化学的に活性なおよび/または伝導性粒子の層を加えることによって調製できる。好ましい実施形態では、コアは、マイクロスケールのグラファイト粒子によって形成される。別の好ましい実施形態では、コアはシリコンである。
本明細書に記載されるアノード組成物を含む電池を調製することができる。典型的には、そのような電池は、カソード、本明細書に記載のアノード組成物を含むアノード、アノードとカソードの間のセパレーター、および電解質を含む。好ましくは、電池は集電体を含む。
Nanotekから市販されているグラファイト-シリコン複合アノードであるGCA-1200を入手し、走査型電子顕微鏡で調べた。図4Aは、Nanotek GCA-1200グラファイト-シリコン複合アノードを示している。図4Aからわかるように、シリコンナノ粒子は著しく凝集し(白の注釈付き円で示されている)、不規則な形状のグラファイトマイクロ粒子2とほぼ同じ大きさのボール形状の凝集を形成している。さらに、グラファイト粒子に接続されている、またはグラファイト粒子と密接に接触しているシリコン粒子の最小の割合がある。
例示的なグラファイト-シリコンアノード組成物は、本明細書に記載される層化組立方法にしたがって調製され、実施例1に記載されるような従来の混合によって調製されるグラファイト-シリコン(85:15)複合アノードに対して試験された。一方、例示的な層状のアノードは、実施例1の段落[0232]に記載されている層状化方法にしたがって調製された。例示的な層状のアノードは、層状化によって追加された電気化学的活性粒子としてシリコンを有する電気化学的活性グラファイトコアを有した。シリコンは、活性組成物の約15重量%で装填され、十分に分散し、コアを形成するグラファイト粒子上に付着した。例示的な層状のアノードを、カルボキシルメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC)、スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)および伝導性炭素粒子(C65)と約85:10:2.5:2.5の重量比で混合して、スラリーを形成した。次に、スラリーを銅集電体上にキャストし、110℃で一晩真空乾燥した。例示的な層状のアノード組成物を含む得られたアノードは、ハーフセル試験で使用するために1.77cm2の円を打ち抜くことによって調製された。得られた例示的な層状のアノードは、同量のグラファイト、シリコン、カーボンブラック、結合剤を有する従来の混合によって調製されたアノードと比較された。両方のアノードを同じ方法でハーフセルに組み立て、同じ条件下でテストした。
例示的なアノード組成物は、85:15の重量比で、実施例1の段落[0232]で説明されているように、YF-3グラファイト(Jiangxi Zichenから入手可能)、50nmシリコン(US Research Nanomaterials、Inc.から入手可能)を用いて図3Aのステップ1および2にしたがって調製された単一のシリコン層を用いて調製された。アノード組成物はパウダーの形態であり、懸濁液の圧力支援濾過によって収集され、合成で使用されたのと同じ体積のDI水で洗浄された。次に、パウダーを管状炉内でアルゴン雰囲気中500℃で2時間熱処理した。熱処理したパウダーを電極鋳造プロセスの活性材料として使用した。この活性材料は、この実施例を通じて、例示的な層状のアノード組成物と呼ばれる。
段落[0230]および図4Aに記載されている市販のグラファイト-シリコン複合材料、Nanotek、GCA-1200の電気化学的性能を比較例としてテストした。Nanotek、GCA-1200を活性材料として使用したスラリーの調製、アノードの調製、およびアノードの電気化学的試験は全て、実施例3に記載されているものと同じプロトコルにしたがって行われた。Nanotek GCA-1200アノードの電気化学的性能を、100サイクル以上の比容量を示している図11に示す。製品の説明で規定されている1200mAh/gの比容量の近くで始まるが、比容量はサイクル数とともに急速に低下し、約30サイクルまでに、グラファイトアノードに期待される容量と同様の容量になる。
段落[0231]および図4Bに記載されている市販の酸化シリコン-グラファイトアノード複合材Zichen SC-450の電気化学的性能を比較例としてテストした。活性材料としてZichen SC-450を使用したスラリーの調製、アノードの調製、およびアノードの電気化学的試験は全て、実施例3に記載されたものと同じプロトコルにしたがって行われた。Zichen SC-450の電気化学的性能を、120サイクルにわたる比容量を示している図12に示す。製品の説明で指定されている450mAh/gの比容量の近く始まるが、比容量はサイクル数とともに急速に低下し、約50サイクルまでにわずかに約100mAh/gの比容量を有する。
グラファイト-シリコンアノード材料は、グラファイトとシリコンの懸濁液を約85:15のグラファイト対シリコン比で単純に混合することにより調製した。混合方法は、シリコン懸濁液の高出力超音波処理を約30分間行った後、グラファイトとシリコン懸濁液を約2時間攪拌棒で混合した。これに続いて、実施例3に記載されたものと同じプロトコルによる同じ電極調製および電気化学試験が行われた。次に、このアノード材料を比較例として試験した。シリコン-グラファイト混合電極の電気化学的性能を、100サイクルにわたる比容量を示している図13に示す。実施例3の例示的な層状のアノードの比容量に近いところから始まるが、図13は、比容量がサイクル数とともに急速に低下し、約30サイクルまでに、それが、わずか約300mAh/gの比容量を有し、その後大幅に減少することを示している。
例示的な層状電極と、シリコンとグラファイトの従来の混合によって調製された電極の両方の電極形態の変化を、それらを分解した後のサイクル後のセルを走査型電子顕微鏡分析によって調べた。例示的な層状のアノードならびに従来のシリコンとグラファイトの混合によって調製されたアノードについて、それぞれ実施例3および実施例6の説明にしたがってハーフセルを組み立てた。図14Aは、~C/3レートのCC-CVテストモードでの40サイクルのハーフセル試験の後に、従来の混合によって調製されたSi/グラファイトアノードのSEM画像を示している。図14Aは、アノード材料が、サイクル後のアノード全体にわたって深刻なマイクロサイズの亀裂を受けたことを示している。この亀裂は主に、サイクリング中に不均一に分布したひずみ/応力が原因である。これらの亀裂は、上記で観察された比容量の急速な低下の理由の1つである。図14Bは、~C/3レートのCC-CVテストモードでの100サイクルのハーフセル試験の後の例示的な層状のアノードのSEM画像を示す。図14Bは、例示的な層状のアノードが明らかな亀裂を被っていなかったことを示している。これは、100サイクル後でもシリコンとグラファイト粒子間の良好な電気的接触を示している。
例示的な層状のアノード組成物が、グラファイトコア上の第1のシリコン層、それに続く1つのグラフェン層、それに続く、YF-3グラファイト(Jiangxi Zichen)、50nmシリコン(US Research Nanomaterials,Inc.)、グラフェン(XG Science、GnP-M-15)を、約66.7:28.6:4.7の重量比で、図3Aのステップ1、2、3に示されている方法に従う、第2のシリコン層(すなわち、グラファイト-Si-グラフェン-Si)を用いて調製された。ステップ1と3で追加されたシリコンの量は同じであった(複合材料の合計シリコン充填量の半分)。グラファイトの水性懸濁液およびグラフェンの水性懸濁液に使用されたカチオン性界面活性剤は、臭化ベンジルドデシルジメチルアンモニウム(BddaBr)であった。シリコンの水性懸濁液に使用されたアニオン性界面活性剤は、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム(NaDDBS)であった。合成されたパウダーは、懸濁液の圧力支援濾過によって収集され、合成で使用されたのと同じ体積のDI水で洗浄された。次に、パウダーを管状炉でアルゴン雰囲気中約500℃で約2時間熱処理した。熱処理したパウダーを電極鋳造プロセスの活性材料として使用した。
実施例8に記載されるグラファイト-Si-グラフェン-Si多層の例示的なアノードは、実施例8に詳述される条件下でさらにサイクルされた。このアノードの長期間のサイクルデータを、約190サイクルのデータを提供する図16Aに示す。この図からわかるように、最初のサイクルフェードの後、アノードの比容量は約700mAh/gで平準化された。アノードのクーロン効率も、サイクル数の関数として評価された。このデータを図16Bに示す。図16Bでわかるように、例示的な層状のアノードは、一貫して約100%のクーロン効率を有していた。
さまざまな好ましい成分のゼータ電位に対するpHおよび/または界面活性剤濃度の影響を評価するためにテストが行われた。試験された好ましい成分は、例示の目的で、グラファイトマイクロ粒子、シリコン粒子、グラフェン、および2次元グラファイト粒子を含んだ。テストを実行するために、さまざまな粒子の懸濁液をさまざまな界面活性剤で界面活性剤の濃度を上げて調製し、ゼータ電位をMalvern Zetasizer Nano ZS装置で測定した。同様に、さまざまな界面活性剤でさまざまな粒子を調製して懸濁液を形成し、ゼータ電位に対するpHの影響を評価するためにpHを調整した。結果を図17~23に示す。
グラファイトにマイクロサイズの粒子を付着させる能力を評価するためのテストも行われた。以前のテストでは、ナノサイズの粒子を付着させる能力が確立された。例えば、実施例1(約50nm~約100nmの平均粒子直径を有するスズ粒子とシリコン粒子の両方を付着させる)を参照されたい。対照サンプルとして、図24Aは、実施例6で説明したように、高出力超音波処理によってグラファイト(Pyrotekグラファイト、GCC-7A)と混合された15重量%のマイクロサイズのシリコン(FerroPem、D50<1.5μm)のSEM画像を示している。図24Aは、単純な衝突の結果としてシリコンマイクロ粒子のごく一部がグラファイトの上面に着弾したことを示しているが、有意なシリコン付着の形跡はない。実施例1に記載された層化プロセスを適用することにより、グラファイト表面へのマイクロサイズのシリコンの付着が達成された。これらの結果は、グラファイト表面上に付着したシリコンマイクロ粒子4の均一なシリコン分布を示している図24Bおよび24Cに描かれている。(ナノ粒子シリコンと比較して)グラファイト上のマイクロ粒子シリコンの低い表面被覆率は、より大きなサイズのシリコンの低い集積密度から生じる。これは、ナノサイズの粒子とマイクロサイズの粒子の両方が、本明細書に記載されている層化方法にしたがってコア粒子に付着できることを示している。
Claims (24)
- アノード組成物を調製する方法であって、前記方法は、
(a)第1の界面活性剤を含む第1の液状媒質中の少なくとも一方向に約400nm~約60μmの平均直径を有するグラファイト粒子の懸濁液と、(b)第2の界面活性剤を含む第2の液状媒質中の電気化学的活性粒子の懸濁液とを組み合わせることと、
(a)と(b)を混合してアノード組成物を含む液体懸濁液を形成することと、
前記液体懸濁液を、(c)第3の界面活性剤を含む液状媒質中のグラフェン粒子の懸濁液と組み合わせ、混合することと、
前記アノード組成物を約200℃~約500℃の温度で熱処理することと
を含み、
第1の界面活性剤はアニオン性界面活性剤、カチオン性界面活性剤、両性イオン界面活性剤またはそれらの混合物を含み、
第2の界面活性剤はアニオン性界面活性剤、カチオン性界面活性剤、両性イオン界面活性剤またはそれらの混合物を含み、
第3の界面活性剤はアニオン性界面活性剤、カチオン性界面活性剤、両性イオン界面活性剤またはそれらの混合物を含み、
第1の界面活性剤と第2の界面活性剤は異なり、
前記グラファイト粒子および前記電気化学的活性粒子は、反対の極性のそれぞれのゼータ電位を有する、方法。 - 前記第1の界面活性剤がカチオン性界面活性剤を含み、前記第2の界面活性剤がアニオン性界面活性剤を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の界面活性剤がアニオン性界面活性剤を含み、前記第2の界面活性剤がカチオン性界面活性剤を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第3の界面活性剤が、前記第1の界面活性剤と同じである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、前記アノード組成物を乾燥させる、濾過する、および/またはすすぐステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 熱処理は、少なくとも約10分の間、行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- アノード組成物を調製する方法であって、前記方法は、
(a)第1の界面活性剤を含む第1の液状媒質中の少なくとも一方向に約400nm~約60μmの平均直径を有するシリコン粒子の懸濁液と、(b)第2の界面活性剤を含む第2の液状媒質中のグラフェン粒子の懸濁液とを組み合わせることと、
(a)と(b)を混合してアノード組成物を含む液体懸濁液を形成することと、
前記液体懸濁液を、(c)第3の界面活性剤を含む液状媒質中の電気化学的活性粒子および/または電子伝導性粒子の懸濁液と組み合わせ、混合することと、
前記アノード組成物を約200℃~約500℃の温度で熱処理することと
を含み、
第1の界面活性剤はアニオン性界面活性剤、カチオン性界面活性剤、両性イオン界面活性剤またはそれらの混合物を含み、
第2の界面活性剤はアニオン性界面活性剤、カチオン性界面活性剤、両性イオン界面活性剤またはそれらの混合物を含み、
第3の界面活性剤はアニオン性界面活性剤、カチオン性界面活性剤、両性イオン界面活性剤またはそれらの混合物を含み、
第1の界面活性剤と第2の界面活性剤は異なり、
前記シリコン粒子および前記グラフェン粒子は、反対の極性のそれぞれのゼータ電位を有する方法。 - 前記第1の界面活性剤がアニオン性界面活性剤を含み、前記第2の界面活性剤がカチオン性界面活性剤を含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の界面活性剤がカチオン性界面活性剤を含み、前記第2の界面活性剤がアニオン性界面活性剤を含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記第3の界面活性剤が前記第1の界面活性剤と同じである、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記アノード組成物を乾燥させる、濾過する、および/またはすすぐステップをさらに含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 熱処理は、少なくとも約10分の間、行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電気化学的活性粒子が、電気化学的に活性な金属、半金属、金属酸化物、遷移金属硫化物、遷移金属窒化物、遷移金属リン化物、遷移金属フッ化物、またはそれらの混合物を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電気化学的活性粒子が、シリコン粒子、スズ粒子、またはそれらの混合物を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記グラフェン粒子が、グラフェン、酸化グラフェン、還元型酸化グラフェン、または官能化グラフェンの単層、二層または多層のシートまたは小板である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記グラファイト粒子が、不規則な形状、2次元構造、球形、棒形、円柱形、楕円形、または卵形を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 熱処理するステップの後に、前記アノード組成物に結合剤を添加することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記結合剤は、ポリフッ化ビニリデンと、ポリアクリル酸と、完全または部分的に中和されたポリアクリル酸と、架橋ポリアクリル酸と、リチウム化ポリアクリル酸と、カルボキシメチルセルロースと、ポリアルギン酸塩と、ポリビニルアルコールと、ポリフルオレンと、パーフルオロスルホン酸ポリマーと、ポリエチレンイミンと、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-co-アクリルアミド)と、ポリスチレンブタジエンゴムと、ポリ-1,3-ブタジエンと、それらの組み合わせとを含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記電気化学的活性粒子が、電気化学的に活性な金属、半金属、金属酸化物、遷移金属硫化物、遷移金属窒化物、遷移金属リン化物、遷移金属フッ化物、またはそれらの混合物を含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記電気化学的活性粒子が、グラファイト粒子、シリコン粒子、スズ粒子、およびそれらの混合物を含む、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記1つまたは複数の電子伝導性粒子が、カーボンナノ粒子、グラファイトナノ粒子、スズナノ粒子、銅ナノ粒子、銀ナノ粒子、またはそれらの混合物を含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記シリコン粒子が、不規則な形状、2次元構造、球形、棒形、円柱形、楕円形、または卵形を有する、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 熱処理するステップの後に、前記アノード組成物に結合剤を添加することをさらに含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記結合剤は、ポリフッ化ビニリデンと、ポリアクリル酸と、完全または部分的に中和されたポリアクリル酸と、架橋ポリアクリル酸と、リチウム化ポリアクリル酸と、カルボキシメチルセルロースと、ポリアルギン酸塩と、ポリビニルアルコールと、ポリフルオレンと、パーフルオロスルホン酸ポリマーと、ポリエチレンイミンと、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-co-アクリルアミド)と、ポリスチレンブタジエンゴムと、ポリ-1,3-ブタジエンと、それらの組み合わせとを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
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US20170047584A1 (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2017-02-16 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Graphene-coated porous silicon-carbon composite and method of manufacturing the same |
WO2016057369A2 (en) * | 2014-10-06 | 2016-04-14 | Xg Sciences, Inc. | Lif-embedded sig powder for lithium ion battery |
JP2017050142A (ja) * | 2015-09-02 | 2017-03-09 | 日立化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、およびリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP2018113187A (ja) * | 2017-01-12 | 2018-07-19 | 日立化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材料及びこれを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池 |
CN106935834A (zh) * | 2017-04-21 | 2017-07-07 | 山东大学 | 一种复合碳包覆的多孔硅负极材料及其制备方法 |
JP2019119669A (ja) * | 2018-01-03 | 2019-07-22 | 三星電子株式会社Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | シリコン含有複合体、その製造方法、それを利用した炭素複合体、それを含んだ電極、該リチウム電池及び該電子素子 |
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CA3098915A1 (en) | 2019-07-18 |
JP7049004B2 (ja) | 2022-04-06 |
EP3738159A1 (en) | 2020-11-18 |
KR20200106174A (ko) | 2020-09-11 |
WO2019139952A1 (en) | 2019-07-18 |
KR102446292B1 (ko) | 2022-09-21 |
JP2021510229A (ja) | 2021-04-15 |
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