JP2019085430A - Soil water-drainage property improvement material - Google Patents
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本発明は、幼稚園を含む小・中学校などを主体とした各種学校の校庭や運動場、および各種の競技場や公園などのグランド部や通路部の水捌け性を改善するための材料に関するものである。 The present invention relates to materials for improving the drainage property of the school grounds and sports grounds of various schools mainly composed of elementary and junior high schools including kindergartens, and ground parts and passage parts of various stadiums and parks.
雨後の各種学校の校庭や運動場、および各種の競技場や公園などのグランド部では、降水量で雨後への影響は異なるものの、校庭などのグラウンドの水捌けが悪い場合、雨後数時間はグラウンドが使用出来ないことがある。更に、グランウンド面積の大半は短時間で使用が可能になるが、一部に水捌けが悪い場所があってグラウンドの使用が制限されることがある。 In ground areas such as school grounds and sports grounds of various schools after rain and various sports grounds and parks, although the influence after rain is different depending on the amount of rain, if there is poor drainage of grounds such as school grounds, the ground will be used for several hours after rain I can not do it. Furthermore, although most of the ground area can be used in a short time, there may be places with poor drainage, which may limit the use of the ground.
土壌の水捌け性改良材は、水捌け性改良材が使用される区域の全てで健康障害や環境汚染の原因になる物質、例えば、鉛およびその化合物、砒素およびその化合物、カドミウムおよびその化合物、六化クロムおよびその化合物、水銀およびその化合物、シアン化合物、四塩化炭素、トリクロロエチレン、ベンゼン、ＰＣＢなどの有害物質について環境保全に関する法律、例えば土壌汚染対策法に定められている基準値に適合しなければならない。 Soil drainage improvers are substances that cause health hazards and environmental pollution in all areas where the drainage improvers are used, such as lead and its compounds, arsenic and its compounds, cadmium and its compounds, hexanation Hazardous substances such as chromium and its compounds, mercury and its compounds, cyanide, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, benzene, PCB etc. must comply with the standard values stipulated in the Law on Environmental Protection, such as the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Law .
土壌の水捌け性の尺度は、透水係数で表示されるのが一般的である。透水係数は土中の水の移動する速度(水の流れやすさ)を表したものである。透水係数は土質力学で用いられている「ダルシ−の法則」によって導きだすことができる。ダルシ−の法則の式はＱ＝Ｋ・ｉ・Ａであり、式中のＱは断面Ａを流れる流量（ｃｍ３／ｓｅｃ）、Ｋは透水係数（ｃｍ／ｓｅｃ）、ｉは動水勾配で式はＩ＝ｈ／Ｌであり式中のｈは水頭差、Ｌは距離であり、Ａは断面積（ｃｍ２）である。 The measure of soil drainage is generally expressed in terms of hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity represents the movement speed of water in the soil (flowability of water). The hydraulic conductivity can be derived by the "Darcy's law" used in soil mechanics. The equation of Darcy's law is Q = K · i · A, where Q is the flow rate through the cross section A (cm 3 / sec), K is the hydraulic conductivity (cm / sec), i is the hydraulic gradient The equation is I = h / L, where h is the water head difference, L is the distance, and A is the cross-sectional area (cm 2 ).
地質学や土壌学などで用いられている、土質毎の透水係数(単位はｃｍ／ｓｅｃ)の参考値を表−１に示す。水捌け性は土質が礫や砂であれば良好なので、水捌け性の悪い土壌の水捌け性を改善する場合の水捌け性改良材の敷き込み量の目安にすることができる。 尚、土質の分類で泥は英名ではシルト(Ｓｉｌｔ)と表示されている例が多い。
土壌の水捌け性を改善する方法として暗渠を設置する方法、地表に傾斜を付けておく方法、土全体を入れ替える方法、土壌に礫や砂を敷き込む方法、土壌に腐葉土・バ−ク堆肥・炭・パ−ライトを敷き込む方法などか知られている。 As a method of improving the drainage property of soil, a method of installing a culvert, a method of putting slope on the surface, a method of replacing whole soil, a method of laying moss or sand on soil, mulch, compost compost, charcoal on soil -It is known how to lay a perlite.
礫や砂の代わりに、無機質系粉末や木質系粉末を熱可塑性樹脂に練り込んで複合化した組成物を粒状化したものが礫や砂の代用品として使用できるが、これらを校庭などに使用した場合、熱可塑性樹脂と木質系粉末などを複合化する為に添加する酸化防止剤、耐候剤、殺菌剤、加工安定剤、カップリング剤などの添加剤および熱可塑性樹脂が土中に残存することになるので、これらが児童などの健康にどのような影響を及ぼすかはまだ完全には解明されていないので、取扱は慎重に行うことが必要である。 What made the composition which knead | mixed the inorganic type powder and wood type powder in the thermoplastic resin and compounded it instead of the glaze and the sand can be used as substitutes of the glaze and the sand, but these can be used for school ground etc. When this occurs, additives such as an antioxidant, a weathering agent, a disinfectant, a processing stabilizer, a coupling agent, and a thermoplastic resin, which are added to combine the thermoplastic resin and the wood-based powder, remain in the soil It is necessary to handle it carefully, as it has not been fully elucidated yet how these affect the health of children and the like.
水捌け性改良材は、人や動物の健康への影響、および自然環境への負荷を可能な限り除去しておくことが望ましく、この要望に近づけるためには、使用する素材は天然素材を主体とした材料を使用することが好ましい。 It is desirable to remove as much as possible the impact on human and animal health and the impact on the natural environment as much as possible, and in order to approach this demand, the materials used are mainly natural materials. It is preferable to use the same material.
水捌け性を改善した土壌を作成するためには、改善したい土壌の水捌け性の実状値の確認と改善後の水捌け性のレベルを設定し、改善したい土壌に水捌け性改良材を敷き込む量と敷き込む深さを決めて使用し、校庭やグランドを常時使用可能にしておくことが望ましい。 In order to create a soil with improved drainage ability, the actual value of the drainage ability of the soil to be improved is confirmed and the level of drainage ability after improvement is set, and the amount and spread of the drainage improver in the soil to be improved It is desirable to decide the depth to be used and to keep the school ground and the ground available at all times.
土壌の排水を改善することを目的として暗渠を敷設する例が多いが、敷設した暗渠を埋め戻している土壌の水捌け性が悪ければ、幼稚園を含む各種学校の校庭や運動場および各種の競技場や各種の公園のグランド部や散策路などは雨後数時間は使用に支障をきたすことがあるので、改善方法は別として雨後約１時間程度以内で使用できることが望まれている。 There are many cases where culverts are laid for the purpose of improving drainage of soil, but if the soiling ability of the soil backfilling culverts is poor, the school grounds and playgrounds of various schools including kindergartens and various stadiums, etc. The ground areas and walkways of various parks may be disturbed for several hours after the rain, so it is desirable that they can be used within about one hour after the rain, apart from the improvement method.
土壌の水捌け性を改善させる別の方法として、小石などで構成されている砂利や礫を水捌けの悪い土壌に敷き込む方法があるが、敷き込む砂利や礫の粒径は大きい物では５φｍｍ程度あるので転んだり滑り込んだりした時に怪我をすることがあるのが問題点としてあげられる。 As another method to improve the drainage property of soil, there is a method of laying gravel and gravel composed of pebbles and the like on soil with poor drainage, but the grain size of gravel and gravel to be spread is about 5φ mm in large thing The problem is that you may get injured when you fall over or slip over.
水捌け性を改善させる更なる方法として、土壌に腐葉土やバ−ク堆肥または炭を敷き込む方法があるが、腐葉土やバ−ク堆肥は木材の特定部位を醗酵させた物であるため非常に脆くなっており、踏まれるなどの小さな外力で容易に形状が破壊され微細化され、また木材をほぼ１００％炭化させた炭も小さな外力で容易に破壊され微細化するため、水捌け性の改善に寄与できる期間は、醗酵させない木粉や炭化度を制御した木粉に比べて非常に短かくなるという問題がある。 As a further method of improving the drainage property, there is a method of laying the soil with leafy soil or compost or charcoal, but the leafy soil or soil compost is very fragile because it is a fermented specific part of the wood. The shape is easily destroyed and refined by a small external force such as stepping, and the charcoal which has almost 100% carbonized wood is also easily destroyed and refined by a small external force, which contributes to the improvement of the water drainage property. There is a problem that the period of time that can be done is much shorter than non-fermented wood flour and wood flour with a controlled degree of carbonization.
本発明は斯かる点に鑑みてなされたものであり、人や動物の健康への影響および自然環境への負荷をできる限り少なくするために天然素材を主体とした材料を使用して土壌の水捌け性を長期間改良することができる。 The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and in order to minimize the impact on human and animal health and the burden on the natural environment, it is necessary to use a material mainly composed of a natural material to drain the soil. Sex can be improved over time.
本発明に係る木粉から成る土壌の水捌け性改良材は、気乾比重が０．３０以上の木材を粉砕して成る木粉の粒径が０．３０〜６．０ｍｍφであることを特徴とする。 The water-spreading improvement material for soil comprising wood flour according to the present invention is characterized in that the particle size of wood flour obtained by grinding wood having an air-drying specific gravity of 0.30 or more is 0.30 to 6.0 mmφ. Do.
前記水捌け性改良材は、さらに、前記木粉を炭化させ、その炭化度が１〜５０重量％であることを特徴とする。 The water repellent improver further carbonizes the wood flour, and the carbonization degree is 1 to 50% by weight.
前記水捌け性改良材は、さらに、前記木粉に無機質系粉末を坦持させたことを特徴とする。 The water repellent improver is characterized in that the wood powder is further made to support an inorganic powder.
前記水捌け性改良材は、さらに、前記無機質系粉末が炭酸カルシウムであることを特徴とする。 The water repellent property improver is further characterized in that the inorganic powder is calcium carbonate.
本発明によれば、人や動物の健康への影響および自然環境への負荷をできる限り少なくするために天然素材を主体とした材料を使用して土壌の水捌け性を長期間改良することができる。 According to the present invention, it is possible to improve the drainage property of soil for a long time using a material mainly composed of a natural material in order to minimize the impact on human and animal health and the load on the natural environment. .
本発明者らは、上記課題を解決すべく鋭意研究を行った結果、「気乾比重が０．３０以上の木材から成る粉末（木粉）でその粒径が０．３〜６ｍｍφ」、「木粉を炭化せ、炭化度が１〜５０重量％である炭化木粉」、「木粉に無機質系粉末を担持させた木粉」である事の少なくとも1つ以上を満たした木粉が、砂利や礫または腐葉土やバ−ク堆肥などによる土壌の水捌け性を改良するために挙げられる問題点について解決することができることを見出した。 The inventors of the present invention conducted intensive studies to solve the above problems, and as a result, "powder (wood powder) consisting of wood having an air-dried specific gravity of 0.30 or more, with a particle diameter of 0.3 to 6 mmφ", Wood flour filled with at least one or more of carbonized wood flour carbonized with wood flour and having a degree of carbonization of 1 to 50% by weight, and wood flour made by supporting wood flour with inorganic powder. It has been found that it is possible to solve the problems mentioned for improving the water removability of the soil by gravel, gravel, mulch or balm compost.
木粉を土壌に敷き込むと、土壌中に生息している微生物によって木粉は分解されるが、木粉の一部を炭化させることによって木粉が分解される期間を長期化させることができる。 また、木粉と校庭等を構成する砂との比重差は木粉に無機質系粉末を担持させることで 縮める事ができる。 When wood flour is spread in the soil, the wood flour is decomposed by microorganisms living in the soil, but carbonization of a part of the wood flour can prolong the period in which the wood flour is decomposed. . In addition, the difference in specific gravity between wood flour and sand constituting a school ground can be reduced by supporting the inorganic powder on wood flour.
木材の真比重は約１．５で、これは木材の種類が変わっても殆ど変わらない。従って木材に含まれる空気を主体とした気体を水で置換すれば木材は水に沈む。これは木粉でも同じであるが木粉（木材）中の気体は単純に水と木粉を接触させても容易に水と置換しないため、長時間水に浮くので、これを解消することを目的として木粉に無機質系粉末を担持させる事が有効になる。 The true specific gravity of wood is about 1.5, which hardly changes even if the type of wood changes. Therefore, if the air-based gas contained in the wood is replaced with water, the wood will sink into the water. This is the same for wood flour, but because the gas in wood flour (wood) does not easily replace it with water even if it is simply brought into contact with water, it floats in water for a long time, so this should be resolved It is effective to carry inorganic powder on wood flour as an object.
本発明で言う気乾比重とは木材業界で使用されている特性値のことであり、その定義は、「木材を乾燥させた時の重さと、体積が同じ水の重さとを比べた値」である。気乾比重が小さいということは、その木材のポ−ラス度が高いということであり、逆に気乾比重が大きいということはその木材のポ−ラス度が低いということになる。木材の気乾比重と木材の硬さには一定の関係があり、気乾比重が大きいほど硬さが高い傾向がある。 The air-dried specific gravity referred to in the present invention is a characteristic value used in the wood industry, and its definition is "value comparing weight of dried wood with weight of water having the same volume". It is. That the air-dried specific gravity is low means that the porosity of the wood is high, and conversely, the air-dried specific gravity being high means that the porosity of the wood is low. There is a fixed relationship between the air-drying specific gravity of wood and the hardness of wood, and the larger the air-drying specific gravity, the higher the hardness tends to be.
本発明で使用される木材の気乾比重は０．３０以上、好ましくは０．４０以上、より好ましくは０．５０以上である。気乾比重が０．３０未満だと、水に浮きやすくなって校庭などの冠水時には流失してしまう可能性が高まると共に、木粉の硬さが不足して、スパイク等で激しく踏まれた時に受ける激しい衝撃で木粉が砕けることが多くなるので好ましくない。 The air-dried specific gravity of wood used in the present invention is 0.30 or more, preferably 0.40 or more, more preferably 0.50 or more. If the air-dried specific gravity is less than 0.30, it is easy to float in water and the possibility of being washed out when flooded in a schoolyard is increased, and the hardness of wood powder is insufficient and when stepping on with spikes etc. It is not preferable because the wood powder is often broken by the severe impact received.
木材の気乾比重は、バルサ０．１２〜０．２０、キリ０．１９〜０．３０、サワラ０．３４、クロマツ０．３７、スギ０．３８、ヒノキ０．４１、モミ０．３５〜０．５２、ヒバ０．３７〜０．５２、カリン０．４０〜０．９０、コウヤマキ０．４２、ポプラ０．４５、エゾマツ０．４５、ホワイトウッド０．４６、ホオ０．４８、キハダ０．４８、ウエスタンヘムロック０．４９、カラマツ０．５０、アメリカンホワイトウッド０．５０、カヤ０．５１、クスノキ０．５２、ニュ−ジ−ランドシルバ−ビ−チ０．５３、トチ０．５３、アカマツ５３、イチイ０．４５〜０．６２、エルム０．５６、カツラ０．４０〜０．６６、ヨ−ロピアンライム０．５４、イチョウ０．５５、タイガ−ウッド０．５６、チ−ク、０．５７〜０．６９、クワ０．６ ２、ヤマザクラ０．６０、ブナ０．５０〜０．７０、マテバシイ０．６１、ソフトメ− ブル０．６１、ニレ０．６３、イブキ０．６５、タブノキ０．６５、タケカンバ０．６５、ナラ０．６７、ホワイトアッシュ０．６８、ケヤキ０．６９、シラカバ０．６４、ヨ−ロピアンアッシュ０．７０、ツバキ０．８１、レモンウッド０．５２、オリ−ブ０．８５、シラガシ０．８３、アカガシ０．８７、ツゲ０．７４〜１．１４、シタン０．８２〜１．０９、ビャクダン０．９５〜０．９９、コクタン１．１６、キングウッド１．２０、ブラジルウッド１．２０〜１．２８、リグナムバイダ１．１５〜１．３１などを参考値として提示することができる。 The air-dried specific gravity of wood is: balsa 0.12-0.20, woody 0.19-0.30, sawara 0.34, black pine 0.37, cedar 0.38, cypress 0.41, firs 0.35- 0.52, Hiba 0.37-0.52, Karin 0.40-0.90, Koyamaki 0.42, Poplar 0.45, Ezomatsu 0.45, White Wood 0.46, Ho 0.48, Yellow .48, Western Hemlock 0.49, Japanese Larch 0.50, American White Wood 0.50, Kaya 0.51, Japanese cypress Cirrus 0.52, New Zealand Land Silva-Bi 0.53, Tochi 0.53 Red pine 53, yew 0.45 to 0.62, erm 0.56, Katsura 0.40 to 0.66, European pea lime 0.54, Ginkgo 0.55, taiga wood 0.56, teak, 0 .57 to 0.69, mulberry .6 2, yamazakura 0.60, beech 0.50 to 0.70, matebashii 0.61, soft-meal 0.61, elm 0.63, ibuki 0.65, taboki 0.65, bamboo birch 0.65, Parsley 0.67, White Ash 0.68, Persimmon 0.69, Birch 0.64, Yoropian Ash 0.70, Camellia 0.81, Lemon Wood 0.52, Olive 0.85, Shiragashi 0 .83, red mustard 0.87, boxwood 0.74 to 1.14, rosewood 0.82 to 1.09, sandalwood 0.95 to 0.99, koktan 1.16, king wood 1.20, Brazil wood 1. It is possible to present 20 to 1.28, lignum banders 1.15 to 1.31, etc. as reference values.
気乾比重が異なる木材からなる木粉は二種類以上を混合使用することができ、混合する木粉の種類や混合比率には制限はない。従って気乾比重が０．３０未満の木材からなる木粉でも気乾比重が大きい木材からなる木粉と組み合わせて混合した物の気乾比重が実質的に０．３以上であれば使用が可能である。 Two or more types of wood flour made of wood having different air-drying specific gravity can be used in combination, and there is no limitation on the type and mixing ratio of wood flour to be mixed. Therefore, it is possible to use wood flour consisting of wood having an air-drying specific gravity of less than 0.30 if the air-drying specific gravity of a substance obtained by combining and mixing with wood powder consisting of wood having a large air-drying specific gravity is 0.3 or more It is.
本発明で使用される木粉の粒径は０．３〜６．０ｍｍφであり、好ましくは１．０〜５．０ｍｍφ品である。粒径が０．３ｍｍφより細かくなると、木粉単体の透水係数は約１０−２ｃｍ／ｓｅｃ程度以下になるので、粒径が０．３ｍｍφより細かい木粉を使用して土壌の水捌け性を大幅に改善させるためには木粉の敷き込み量は約３５重量％程度以上となることがあり、この場合は校庭などのグラウンドに弾力性が生じるなどの弊害が発生する可能性があり実用性が失われる。また粒径が６ｍｍφより大きくなっても水捌け性に支障は起こさないが、地表にある木粉がコロになって足を滑らせ転倒の原因になることがあるので好ましくない。 The particle size of wood flour used in the present invention is 0.3 to 6.0 mmφ, preferably 1.0 to 5.0 mmφ. If the particle size is smaller than 0.3 mmφ, the permeability coefficient of wood powder alone will be about 10 -2 cm / sec or less. The amount of wood flour spread may be about 35% by weight or more, and in this case, there is a possibility that adverse effects such as elasticity may occur in the ground of a schoolyard, etc. Lost. Even if the particle size is larger than 6 mmφ, there is no problem with the water wicking ability, but it is not preferable because wood powder on the ground may become a roller and cause the foot to slip and cause a fall.
木粉の形状を本明細の請求項や明細書では、球形を示すφで表示しているが、本来の形状は指定している木粉の大きさを通すか通さないかの目開きの篩いで選別しているか否かであり、形状は球形、キュウビック、三角錐などのどれでも良く限定されるものではない。粒径の０．３ｍｍφ以上とは粒径が０．３ｍｍ未満の木粉を篩い落とした木粉であり、粒径が６．０ｍｍ以下とは、粒径が６．０ｍｍを超えた木粉を通さない篩いを使用して選別したことを意味する。 In the claims and the specification of the present specification, the shape of wood flour is indicated by φ indicating a spherical shape, but the original shape is a sieve with an opening that passes or does not pass the size of the designated wood flour. The shape is not limited well, for example, spherical, cubic or triangular pyramid. A particle size of 0.3 mm or more is wood powder obtained by sieving wood powder having a particle size of less than 0.3 mm, and a particle size of 6.0 mm or less is a wood powder having a particle size of more than 6.0 mm. It means having sorted using the sieve which does not pass.
土壌に敷き込んだ木粉は腐食して機能を失うので、機能を失う迄の時間を延長させるために木粉を炭化させることが有効である。炭化の程度(炭化度)は１〜５０重量％であるが、好ましくは５〜４０重量％である。炭化度が１％未満だと木粉が腐食するまでの時間を充分に延長することができなく、炭化度が５０重量％を超えると木粉が脆くなって砕け易くなるので好ましくない。 Since wood flour that has spread in the soil corrodes and loses function, it is effective to carbonize wood flour to prolong the time until it loses function. The degree of carbonization (carbonization degree) is 1 to 50% by weight, preferably 5 to 40% by weight. If the degree of carbonization is less than 1%, the time until the wood flour is corroded can not be sufficiently extended, and if the degree of carbonization exceeds 50% by weight, the wood flour becomes brittle and easily broken, which is not preferable.
本発明で言う炭化度(％)は、一定重量の木粉を使用し、(絶乾状体まで乾燥した木粉の重量−絶乾状体まで乾燥した炭化処理した木粉の重量)／絶乾状体まで乾燥した木粉の重量×１００とする。 尚、ここで言う絶乾状態とは、試験体を１００℃で乾燥し、試験体の重量が変化しなくなった状態を言う。 In the present invention, the degree of carbonization (%) refers to (weight of wood powder dried to bone-dry matter-weight of carbonized wood powder dried to bone-dry matter) / solidification using constant weight wood flour) The dry weight of the wood flour is set to 100 ×. The term "absolutely dry state" as used herein refers to a state in which the test sample is dried at 100 ° C and the weight of the test sample does not change.
木粉の炭化は、木粉粒子の表面だけより木粉の内部まで炭化させた方が、木粉の形状を長時間保持させる効果が大きいので、酸素の供給を制限した蒸し焼き状態で炭化させる事が好ましい。 As carbonization of wood flour is more effective when the inside of wood flour is carbonized than only the surface of wood flour particles, the effect of holding the shape of wood flour for a long time is large, so carbonization in a steamed state with limited supply of oxygen Is preferred.
木粉の炭化度を制御して炭化させる方法として、１００℃以上、好ましく１３０℃以上に加熱されたロ−タリ−キルンやスクリュ−コンベアまたは押出機の中に木粉を通過させることによって作ることができる。これらの装置を通過させる場合は通過環境の気体の大半は不活性の窒素や炭酸ガスなどで置換しておくことが好ましい。炭化度は処理する温度と機器に滞留する時間および不活性ガスの濃度で制御できる。 As a method of controlling carbonization of wood flour by making wood flour by passing it through a rotary kiln, screw conveyor or extruder heated to 100 ° C. or more, preferably 130 ° C. or more Can. When passing through these devices, it is preferable to replace most of the gas in the passage environment with inert nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas. The degree of carbonization can be controlled by the temperature to be treated, the time of residence in the equipment and the concentration of the inert gas.
乾燥している木粉が水に沈むための気乾比重は１．０以上が必要であるが、気乾比重が１．０以上の木材は限られる。汎用的に使用されている木粉を構成している原木の気乾比重は約０．７以下である。気乾比重が１．０未満の木材からなる木粉を水に沈ませるためには木粉中の気体を水で置換しなければならない。木粉中の気体を水で置換する方法としては木粉を水に長時間浸漬しておくことや、密閉されている容器や部屋の中で木粉を水に浸漬させておき、容器または部屋を減圧させることが有効であるが、木粉の処理量が多くなった場合などでは非現実的である。 The air-drying specific gravity for dry wood powder to sink in water needs to be 1.0 or more, but wood having an air-drying specific gravity of 1.0 or more is limited. The air-dried specific gravity of the raw wood making up the generally used wood flour is about 0.7 or less. In order to sink wood flour consisting of wood having an air-dried specific gravity of less than 1.0, the gas in the wood flour must be replaced by water. As a method of replacing the gas in the wood flour with water, immersing the wood flour in the water for a long time, or immersing the wood flour in the water in a sealed container or room, It is effective to reduce the pressure, but it is unrealistic when the amount of wood powder treated increases.
乾燥状態の木粉の気乾比重または嵩比重が１．０を超えれば、その木粉は水に沈むことになる。乾比重または嵩比重が１．０未満の木粉の気乾比重または嵩比重が１．０を超えさせない方法として、木粉に無機質系粉末を担持させる方法が有効である。木粉の気乾比重または嵩比重を見かけ上１．０以上にするには木粉に無機質系粉末を混合すればできるが、単純に混合しても木粉と無機質系粉末は容易に分離してしまい、木粉は水に浮き、分離された無機質系粉末は微粉末であるため、土壌に浸透して水捌け性を悪化させる可能性がある。 If the dry specific gravity or bulk specific gravity of dry wood flour exceeds 1.0, the wood flour will sink into water. As a method for preventing the air-drying specific gravity or bulk specific gravity of wood flour having a dry specific gravity or bulk specific gravity of less than 1.0 to exceed 1.0, a method of supporting inorganic powder on wood flour is effective. In order to make the air-dry specific gravity or bulk specific gravity of wood flour apparent 1.0 or more, it can be done by mixing inorganic flour with wood flour, but even if it is simply mixed, wood flour and inorganic flour are easily separated. Since the wood powder floats in water and the separated inorganic powder is a fine powder, it may penetrate into the soil and deteriorate the water removability.
木粉に無機質系粉末を坦持させる方法としては、木粉と無機質系粉末の混合物を加熱されている高速回転ミキサ−や押出機などで圧縮および剪断力を加えながら加熱混合や加熱混練することによって、木粉と無機質系粉末がある程度密着した状態にすることができ、これは木粉が含有する樹脂質やリグニンおよび木酢などの酸性物質などの影響によるものと考えられる。 As a method of supporting inorganic powder on wood flour, heating and mixing and heating and kneading the mixture of wood powder and inorganic powder while applying compression and shearing force with a high-speed rotary mixer or extruder etc. As a result, wood powder and inorganic powder can be brought into close contact with each other to some extent, which is considered to be due to the effects of resin contained in wood powder and acidic substances such as lignin and wood vinegar.
木粉に無機質系粉末を担持させる力が不足する場合は、担持力を強化するために担持力強化剤を使用して木粉と無機質系粉末の密着力を強化して木粉と無機質系粉末の分離を防止することができる。 If the ability to support mineral powder on wood flour is insufficient, use a carrier strength enhancer to strengthen the supporting power and strengthen the adhesion between wood powder and mineral powder to make wood powder and mineral powder Separation can be prevented.
本発明で使用される坦持物質である無機質系粉末としては、炭酸カルシウム、タルク、硫酸バリウム、二酸化ケイ素、クレ−、カオリン、ゼオライト、ケイ酸アルミニウム、ケイ酸カルシウム、マイカ等を例示することができる。例示以外品も使用できるが使用に際しては比重の大きい物質の方が好ましい。無機質系粉末の粒径には特に制限はないが、熱可塑性樹脂の充填剤などとして一般的に使用されている１〜３０μｍφ程度の物が好ましいと言える。また配合量に制限は特にないが、無機質系粉末を坦持させた木粉の気乾比重または嵩比重が１．０を超えることが好ましい。 Examples of the inorganic powder which is a carrier substance used in the present invention include calcium carbonate, talc, barium sulfate, silicon dioxide, clay, kaolin, zeolite, aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, mica and the like. it can. Although non-illustrated products can also be used, materials having a high specific gravity are preferred for use. The particle size of the inorganic powder is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to use a material having a diameter of about 1 to 30 μm which is generally used as a filler of thermoplastic resin. There is no particular limitation on the amount to be blended, but it is preferable that the air-dried specific gravity or bulk specific gravity of wood powder carrying inorganic powder be more than 1.0.
木粉と無機質系粉末の坦持力を改善させる強化剤には接着形と反応形があり、接着形には松ヤニに代表される天然ロジン（合成ロジン含む）がある。また反応形にはロジンをエステル化した物や無水マレイン酸で変性した物などがある。使用量に制限はなく、接着形と反応形を併用することもできる。使用量の目安としては、木粉の約３〜１０重量％程度が適当である。 There are an adhesive type and a reactive type as a reinforcing agent for improving the supporting power of wood flour and inorganic powder, and there is a natural rosin (including synthetic rosin) represented by a pinewood in the adhesive type. The reaction forms include those obtained by esterifying rosin and those modified with maleic anhydride. There is no limitation on the amount used, and an adhesive type and a reactive type can be used in combination. As a standard of usage, about 3 to 10% by weight of wood flour is suitable.
本発明品には、合成樹脂関係、製紙関係、食品関係、木材関係、水処理関係などの産業分野で一般的に使用されている添加剤、例えば酸化防止剤、耐候剤、分散剤、滑剤、ワックス類、帯電防止剤、腐食防止剤、殺菌剤や殺虫剤、染料や顔料などを随時添加することができる。 The product of the present invention includes additives generally used in the industrial fields such as synthetic resin, paper, food, wood, water treatment and the like, such as antioxidants, weathering agents, dispersants, lubricants, Waxes, antistatic agents, corrosion inhibitors, bactericides and insecticides, dyes and pigments can be added as needed.
以下、本発明を実施例によりさらに具体的に説明するが、本発明の範囲は下記の実施例により限定されることはない。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be more specifically described by way of examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited by the following examples.
木材は気乾比重が０．６５のタブノキを使用し、皮を除去して乾燥されているタブノキを粉砕機を使用して粉砕・選別して粒径が本発明を満たさない０．２０ｍｍφ品と本発明を満たす３．０ｍｍφ品の木粉を作成した。 The wood used is a taboki tree with an air-drying specific gravity of 0.65, and it is crushed and sorted using a crusher to remove the peel and dried, and the particle size does not satisfy the present invention with a 0.20 mm diameter product Wood flour of a 3.0 mmφ product satisfying the present invention was produced.
木粉の炭化は口径が９０ｍｍφの押出機を使用して行った。スクリュ−は緩圧縮タイプで圧縮比が２．０でＬ／Ｄが２８の仕様品を使用した。木粉は２２０℃に加熱されている金型を取り付けてない押出機に供給して押し出し、炭化して押し出された木粉には直ちに水滴状の霧を吹き付けて冷却して燃焼を起こさせないようにした。尚、押出機には材料と共に窒素ガスを供給し、押出機内の酸素濃度は５％以下にして木粉を押し出して炭化させた。 Carbonization of wood flour was performed using an extruder with a diameter of 90 mmφ. The screw used was a loose compression type, with a compression ratio of 2.0 and a L / D of 28 specifications. Wood powder is fed to an extruder not equipped with a mold heated to 220 ° C and extruded, carbonized and extruded wood powder is immediately sprayed with a water mist and cooled to prevent combustion. I made it. In addition, nitrogen gas was supplied to the extruder together with the material, and the oxygen concentration in the extruder was set to 5% or less, and wood powder was extruded and carbonized.
木粉に担持させる無機質系粉末は真比重が２．７の重質炭酸カルシウム（株式会社カルファイン社品）を使用した。木粉への炭酸カルシウムの担持は、木粉に木粉(乾燥品)の５重量％に相当するロジンを配合した組成物を押出機を使用して１７０℃の温度で押し出す方法で作成した。 As the inorganic powder to be supported on wood flour, heavy calcium carbonate (manufactured by Carfine Co., Ltd.) having a true specific gravity of 2.7 was used. The loading of calcium carbonate onto wood flour was prepared by extruding a composition prepared by blending a rosin equivalent to 5% by weight of wood flour (dry product) with wood flour at a temperature of 170 ° C. using an extruder.
木粉の嵩比重と真比重はＪＩＳに準じた方法で測定した。尚、真比重はＪＩＳの密度勾配菅法によって測定した。 The bulk specific gravity and true specific gravity of wood flour were measured by the method according to JIS. The true specific gravity was measured by the density gradient method of JIS.
木粉の潰れ難さは、底張のある１００ｃｍ×１００ｃｍ×高さ３０ｃｍの木枠に木粉を各７５ｋｇ(深さは約１５ｃｍ)入れ、その上を体重８０ｋｇの人がスパイクを履いて毎日２５，０００歩踏みつき、これを６０日間実施して踏みつけを１，５００，０００歩(校庭などでの一日の踏みつけ回数を４，０００歩とすると、約１年相当の３７５日になる)の踏みつけを実施した後の木粉を、６０メッシュ(目開き約０．２５ｍｍφ)の篩いで選別し、篩いを通過しない量が９０％以上品はＡ、８０％以上品はＢ、７０％以上品はＣ，６０％以上品はＤ、５０％以下品はＥとしてランク付けをし、ＤとＥは使用に際して注意が必要である。 It is difficult to crush wood flour by putting wood flour 75kg each (approximately 15 cm in depth) in a 100 cm × 100 cm × 30 cm high-ceilinged wooden frame, and a person weighing 80 kg wears a spike on that. Take 25,000 steps and carry out this for 60 days and step on 1,500,000 steps (If the number of steps taken in a schoolyard is 4,000 steps a day, it will be about 375 days equivalent to about one year) The wood flour after stepping on the floor is screened with a 60 mesh screen (about 0.25 mmφ mesh size), and the amount not passing through the screen is 90% or more A: 80% or more B: 70% or more As for the product, C: 60% or more: D: 50% or less: E: D and E need to be careful in use.
水捌け性の測定は、長さが６０ｃｍで径が５０ｃｍφの透明パイプの下部に１２メッシュ（目開き約１．４ｃｍ）の金網を取り付け、その上に小石を高さ５ｃｍ詰め、小石の上に４８メッシュ（目開き約０．２９７ｍｍ）の金網を取り付けた試験装置を使用した。試験装置に試験体をパイプの上部から１５ｃｍ下まで充填し（試験体の充填高さは４０ｃｍになる）、パイプの上部から水を一気に約１９６ｇ注ぎ（集中豪雨による降水量が約１００ｍｍ相当と想定）、注いだ水が試験体の上面から水溜まりが消えるまでの時間を測定した。 To measure the drainage property, attach a 12 mesh (about 1.4 cm mesh) wire mesh to the lower part of a transparent pipe of 60 cm in length and 50 cm in diameter, and pack pebbles 5 cm in height on it and 48 on pebbles A test apparatus equipped with a wire mesh of mesh (open about 0.297 mm) was used. Fill the test device to 15 cm below the top of the pipe in the test device (the filling height of the test body will be 40 cm) and pour about 196 g of water from the top of the pipe at once (assuming precipitation equivalent to about 100 mm by heavy rain) ), And the time taken for the poured water to disappear from the top of the test body was measured.
経年の水捌け性の推定は次の方法で行った。この試験装置による試験用の試験体は、水捌け性が余り良くない校庭の砂に各試験例(１〜６)毎に本開発品を各々０重量％（砂単体品）、７重量％(木粉は乾燥基準)、１５重量％(木粉は乾燥基準）を均一に混合して試験装置に各々充填し、毎月１００ｍｍレベルの集中降豪雨が３回あるとして水捌け性を各々１０８回(３回×１２月×３年)測定し、３６回目の測定値を１年経過時の水捌け性の推定値、１０８回目の測定値を３年経過後の水捌け性の推定値として評価した。 The estimation of yearly drainage was conducted by the following method. The test sample by this test device is 0% by weight (sand only) and 7% by weight (wood) of the developed product for each test example (1 to 6) in sand of a schoolyard where drainage property is not very good. The powder is uniformly mixed in 15% by weight (wood powder is in dry condition) and filled in the test equipment each separately, and there are 3 times of 100 mm level heavy rainfall in each month. × Dec. × 3 years) Measured, and the 36th measured value was evaluated as the estimated value of the dripping ability after one year, and the 108th measured value as the estimated value of the dripping ability after 3 years.
校庭を使用しての実証試験も行った、実施場所は都内の小学校の校庭を使用し、広さ１００ｃｍ×１００ｃｍを鉄板で囲い、囲われた内側の土壌に本発明品を深さ３０ｃｍ迄敷き詰めて試験場を作成した。本発明品を敷き込まない場合は鉄板で周囲を囲った場所を試験場とした。水捌け性の評価は、各試験場所に水１００リッタ−を一気に注ぎ、地表から水溜まりが消えるまでの時間を測定し、これを１０８回繰り返して行った。尚、この試験は本発明品の経時劣化を観察するため、月に９回の給水を１年間継続して行った。尚、この試験場は校庭であるため雨による給水もあるのが、１０８回の給水結果を３年経過後の水捌け性の推定値として評価した。 The demonstration test using the schoolyard was also conducted. The place of implementation was using the schoolyard of an elementary school in Tokyo. The area is 100cm x 100cm surrounded by an iron plate, and the present invention is packed in a depth of 30cm. The test site was created. When the product of the present invention was not spread, a place surrounded by an iron plate was used as a test site. The evaluation of the drainage property was carried out by pouring 100 liters of water at once into each test site, measuring the time until the water pool disappeared from the surface, and repeating this for 108 times. In addition, in order to observe the deterioration of the product of the present invention over time in this test, water supply was continued nine times a month for one year. In addition, since this test site is a schoolyard, there is also water supply by rain, and the result of water supply of 108 times was evaluated as an estimated value of drainage ability after 3 years.
本発明の水捌け性改良材の耐久性は、上記校庭で測定を行った。評価は水の供給回数が３６、７２、１０８回毎に、地表から１５ｃｍにある改質材の一部を採取し、採取した改質剤を水洗した後に形状を目視で観察し、形状保持率を％で表示した。 The durability of the drainage improving material of the present invention was measured in the above school yard. For evaluation, a part of the modifier at 15 cm from the ground surface is collected every 36, 72, 108 times of water supply, and after washing the collected modifier, the shape is visually observed, and the shape retention rate Is displayed in%.
木粉に担持させた炭酸カルシウムの担持力は、上記校庭で採取した試料の一部を使用し、試料を水洗・乾燥後に密度勾配菅法で真比重を測定してこれをＢとし、試験前の真比重をＡとした場合、Ｂ／Ａ×１００（％）を担持力の持続性として評価した。 Before carrying out the test, the loading capacity of calcium carbonate supported on wood flour is a part of the sample collected in the above schoolyard, and after washing and drying the sample, the true specific gravity is measured by the density gradient method and this is designated B. When the true specific gravity of A was taken as A, B / A × 100 (%) was evaluated as the sustainability of the carrying capacity.
試験結果を表−２に示す
木粉の嵩比重は、木粉の炭化度が７０％でも０．６５程度(試験例４)であり、炭化度２０%の木粉に炭酸カルシウムを３５重量％担持させても０．８２程度(試験例６)であるので乾燥した物は直ちに水に浮くことはない。 The bulk specific gravity of wood flour is about 0.65 even if the degree of carbonization of wood flour is 70% (Test Example 4), and even if 35% by weight of calcium carbonate is supported on wood flour with a degree of carbonization of 20%, it is about 0.82. As (Test Example 6), the dried product does not float immediately in water.
真比重は何れも１以上ある。未処理の木粉の真比重は約１．４９前後であり、木粉を炭化処理すると比重は大きくなり炭化度が２０％の試験例３では１．５８％になる。また炭酸カルシウムを２５重量％担持させた試験例５の真比重は１．８３まで大きくなっている。真比重はいずれも１．０を超えているので、処理の有無に関わらず木粉を水に浸けて木粉中の気体を水で置換すれば水に沈む。木粉を炭化処理したり無機質系粉末を担持させたりすることによって木粉中の気体量は少なくなるので容易に水と置換して水に沈むようになると考えられる。 The true specific gravity is at least one. The true specific gravity of untreated wood flour is about 1.49, and when wood flour is carbonized, the specific gravity is increased to 1.58% in Test Example 3 where the carbonization degree is 20%. Further, the true specific gravity of Test Example 5 in which 25% by weight of calcium carbonate is supported is increased to 1.83. The true specific gravity is over 1.0 in all cases, so if you immerse wood flour in water and replace the gas in the wood flour with water regardless of treatment, it will sink in water. By carbonizing the wood flour and supporting the inorganic powder, the amount of gas in the wood flour is reduced, so it is considered to be easily replaced with water and to be submerged in water.
木粉の潰れ難さは、木粉の粒径が細かすぎる試験例１がＥランク、木粉の炭化度が高すぎる試験例４はＤランクであり、潰れ易いことが判る。 As for the crushing resistance of wood flour, it is understood that Test Example 1 in which the particle diameter of wood flour is too fine is E rank, and Test Example 4 in which the carbonization degree of wood flour is too high is D rank, and it is easy to be crushed.
試験装置による校庭砂単体(木粉量０％)の水捌け性は、試験回数を重ねるに従って長時間を要するようになり、試験回数が３年相当の１０８回目では３６４分(約６．１時間)を要し、これは掘り起こさない校庭の３７５分(約６．３時間)と殆ど同じであった。このことは、本試験装置によるデ−タは信頼できることを意味している。 The water removability of the schoolyard sand alone (0% wood flour content) by the test device takes a long time as the number of tests increases, and 364 minutes (approximately 6.1 hours) at the 108th test equivalent to 3 years This was almost the same as 375 minutes (about 6.3 hours) of the school ground where digging did not occur. This means that the data by this test device is reliable.
砂に本発明品を混合した試験体を試験装置で水捌け性を測定した結果、砂に本発明品を混合することで水捌け性は飛躍的に改善され、本発明品の混合量が多いほど水捌け性は良好になることが判明した、例えば砂に本発明品を７重量％混合した場合の水捌けに要する時間は試験例３の経年３年相当で１０８分(１．８時間)、混合量が１５重量％では７２分(１．２時間)であった。一方、木粉の粒径が小さい試験例１の混合量が７重量％では２４７分(４．１時間)、混合量が１５％では１８３分(３．０時間)であり水捌け性の改善効果は小さい。試験例２，３，５の水捌けに要する時間はほぼ同じである。尚、試験例４は水捌け性には問題ないが木粉の潰れ難さに問題があった。 As a result of measuring the drainage property of the test body in which the product of the present invention is mixed with sand using a testing apparatus, the mixing performance is dramatically improved by mixing the product with the sand according to the present invention. It has been found that the property is good. For example, when 7% by weight of the product of the present invention is mixed with sand, it takes 108 minutes (1.8 hours) to mix in 108 minutes (1.8 hours) equivalent to 3 years of aging in Test Example 3. At 15% by weight it took 72 minutes (1.2 hours). On the other hand, when the mixing amount of Test Example 1 in which the particle size of wood flour is small is 7% by weight, it is 247 minutes (4.1 hours), and when the mixing amount is 15%, it is 183 minutes (3.0 hours). Is small. The time required for water drainage in Test Examples 2, 3 and 5 is almost the same. In Test Example 4, there was no problem with the ability to drain water, but there was a problem with the difficulty of crushing wood flour.
校庭を使用した実証試験の試験結果は、試験装置による試験結果と近似した値であった。水捌けの余り良くない校庭やグラウンドなどでは大雨後に使用が可能になるためには約５〜６時間を要したが、本は発明の水捌け性改良材を使用すれは約１．３〜１．８時間で使用ができるようになると言える。 The test results of the demonstration test using the schoolyard were similar to the test results by the test apparatus. It took about 5 to 6 hours to be able to use after heavy rain in a schoolyard or ground where the water drainage is not very good, but the book is about 1.3 to 1.8 when using the water drainage improver of the invention It can be said that it can be used in time.
水捌け性改良材の形状保持性は、試験回数を重ねる程悪くなる。木粉の粒径が大きい方が形状保持性は優れ、木粉を炭化することによって形状保持性は飛躍的に改善されるが、木粉に無機質系粉末を担持させても形状保持性が大きく変わることはない。 The shape retention of the drainage improver becomes worse as the number of tests is repeated. The larger the particle size of the wood flour, the better the shape retentivity, and the carbonization of the wood flour dramatically improves the shape retentivity, but even when the inorganic powder is supported on the wood flour, the shape retentivity is large. It will not change.
担持力の持続性は、試験回数を重ねる程低下するが、３年相当に該当する１０８回の試験後でも、担持力は当初の約７８％を保持しているので実用的には特に問題ないと言える。 The durability of the carrying capacity decreases as the number of tests increases, but even after 108 tests corresponding to 3 years, since the carrying capacity is about 78% of the original holding capacity, there is no particular problem in practical use It can be said.
１ 土壌改良材を施した土壌
２ 土壌改良材
１１ 地表
１２ 土壌改良材を施す前の旧地表
1 Soil with
Claims (4)
The water solubility improving material according to claim 3, wherein the inorganic powder is calcium carbonate.
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