JP2017514322A - 航空機間通信向け暗号鍵を安全に確立するための方法およびシステム - Google Patents
航空機間通信向け暗号鍵を安全に確立するための方法およびシステム Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2017514322A JP2017514322A JP2016550520A JP2016550520A JP2017514322A JP 2017514322 A JP2017514322 A JP 2017514322A JP 2016550520 A JP2016550520 A JP 2016550520A JP 2016550520 A JP2016550520 A JP 2016550520A JP 2017514322 A JP2017514322 A JP 2017514322A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- aircraft
- network
- ground
- key
- shared
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- RZVHIXYEVGDQDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9,10-anthraquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 RZVHIXYEVGDQDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/04—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks
- H04L63/0428—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks wherein the data content is protected, e.g. by encrypting or encapsulating the payload
- H04L63/0435—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks wherein the data content is protected, e.g. by encrypting or encapsulating the payload wherein the sending and receiving network entities apply symmetric encryption, i.e. same key used for encryption and decryption
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
- H04B3/54—Systems for transmission via power distribution lines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/06—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network
- H04L63/061—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network for key exchange, e.g. in peer-to-peer networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
- H04L63/0869—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities for achieving mutual authentication
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/18—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security using different networks or channels, e.g. using out of band channels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to line transmission systems
- H04B2203/54—Aspects of powerline communications not already covered by H04B3/54 and its subgroups
- H04B2203/5429—Applications for powerline communications
- H04B2203/5445—Local network
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0838—Key agreement, i.e. key establishment technique in which a shared key is derived by parties as a function of information contributed by, or associated with, each of these
- H04L9/0841—Key agreement, i.e. key establishment technique in which a shared key is derived by parties as a function of information contributed by, or associated with, each of these involving Diffie-Hellman or related key agreement protocols
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0861—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0875—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords based on channel impulse response [CIR]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Computing Systems (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Small-Scale Networks (AREA)
Abstract
Description
110 航空機
115 電力システム
125 オフボードBPLモジュール
130 ネットワーク
140 サーバ
Claims (10)
- 空港で地上の2つの航空機(105、110)の間の通信を暗号化するための方法であって、
各航空機を地上ネットワーク(130)に接続するステップと、
前記地上ネットワークを介して各航空機の間で相互に認証された通信チャネルを開始するステップと、
各航空機で共有ペアワイズ鍵を確立するステップと、
データを一方の航空機から他の航空機に送信するステップであって、前記データは各航空機で前記共有ペアワイズ鍵を用いて暗号化される、ステップと、
を含む、方法。 - 前記地上ネットワークはブロードバンド・オーバ・パワー・ライン通信ネットワーク(120、125)を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記確立ステップは、前記地上ネットワークを介して共有ペアワイズ鍵を前記2つの航空機のうち一方から前記2つの航空機の他方に選択的に送信するステップを含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記送信ステップは前記地上ネットワークを介して前記データを送信する、請求項1乃至3の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 各航空機は無線ネットワーク通信ユニットを備え、前記送信ステップは、各航空機の前記無線ネットワーク通信ユニットに接続された別々の無線ネットワークを介して前記データを送信する、請求項1乃至4の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 空港で地上の2つの航空機の間の通信を暗号化するためのシステム(100)であって、
地上ネットワーク(130)と、
前記地上ネットワークに接続された第1の航空機(105)と、
前記地上ネットワークに接続された第2の航空機(110)と、
を備え、
前記第1の航空機および前記第2の航空機はそれぞれ、前記地上ネットワークを介して各航空機の間で相互に認証された通信チャネルを開始し、次いで、共有ペアワイズ鍵を各航空機で確立するように構成され、
前記第1の航空機と前記第2の航空機の各々はデータを他の航空機に選択的に送信するように構成され、前記データは各航空機で前記共有ペアワイズ鍵を用いて暗号化される、
システム。 - 前記地上ネットワークはブロードバンド・オーバ・パワー・ライン通信ネットワーク(120、125)を含む、請求項6に記載のシステム。
- 前記第1の航空機および前記第2の航空機はそれぞれ、前記地上ネットワークを介して共有ペアワイズ鍵を前記第1の航空機および前記第2の航空機の一方から前記第1の航空機および前記第2の航空機の他方に選択的に送信することによって、前記共有ペアワイズ鍵を各航空機で確立するように構成される、請求項6または7に記載のシステム。
- 前記データは前記地上ネットワークを介して送信される、請求項6乃至8の何れか1項に記載のシステム。
- 各航空機は無線ネットワーク通信ユニットを備え、前記データは、各航空機の前記無線ネットワーク通信ユニットに接続された別々の無線ネットワークを介して送信される、請求項6乃至9の何れか1項に記載のシステム。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/175,808 US9124580B1 (en) | 2014-02-07 | 2014-02-07 | Method and system for securely establishing cryptographic keys for aircraft-to-aircraft communications |
US14/175,808 | 2014-02-07 | ||
PCT/US2014/064399 WO2015119679A2 (en) | 2014-02-07 | 2014-11-06 | Method and system for securely establishing cryptographic keys for aircraft-to-aircraft communications |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2019159413A Division JP2020010368A (ja) | 2014-02-07 | 2019-09-02 | 航空機間通信向け暗号鍵を安全に確立するための方法およびシステム |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2017514322A true JP2017514322A (ja) | 2017-06-01 |
JP6612761B2 JP6612761B2 (ja) | 2019-11-27 |
Family
ID=53189152
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2016550520A Active JP6612761B2 (ja) | 2014-02-07 | 2014-11-06 | 航空機間通信向け暗号鍵を安全に確立するための方法およびシステム |
JP2019159413A Ceased JP2020010368A (ja) | 2014-02-07 | 2019-09-02 | 航空機間通信向け暗号鍵を安全に確立するための方法およびシステム |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2019159413A Ceased JP2020010368A (ja) | 2014-02-07 | 2019-09-02 | 航空機間通信向け暗号鍵を安全に確立するための方法およびシステム |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9124580B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3103241B1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP6612761B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN105917628B (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2014381586B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2015119679A2 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20160124738A1 (en) * | 2014-05-16 | 2016-05-05 | Rosemount Aerospace Inc. | Tablet based airborne data loader |
US9794059B2 (en) | 2015-08-31 | 2017-10-17 | The Boeing Company | Lightweight cyber secure bi-directional aircraft communications addressing and reporting system (ACARS) transmission |
US10470114B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2019-11-05 | General Electric Company | Wireless network selection |
US10200110B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2019-02-05 | Ge Aviation Systems Llc | Aviation protocol conversion |
US10712377B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2020-07-14 | Ge Aviation Systems Llc | Antenna diagnostics for wireless communication unit for communicating engine data |
US10529150B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2020-01-07 | Aviation Systems LLC | Remote data loading for configuring wireless communication unit for communicating engine data |
US10318451B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2019-06-11 | Ge Aviation Systems Llc | Management of data transfers |
US10467016B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2019-11-05 | General Electric Company | Managing an image boot |
US10764747B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2020-09-01 | Ge Aviation Systems Llc | Key management for wireless communication system for communicating engine data |
US10681132B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2020-06-09 | Ge Aviation Systems Llc | Protocol for communicating engine data to wireless communication unit |
US10444748B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2019-10-15 | Ge Aviation Systems Llc | In-situ measurement logging by wireless communication unit for communicating engine data |
US10819601B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2020-10-27 | Ge Aviation Systems Llc | Wireless control unit server for conducting connectivity test |
US10412100B2 (en) * | 2016-08-01 | 2019-09-10 | The Boeing Company | System and methods for providing secure data connections in an aviation environment |
CN107040287B (zh) * | 2017-05-25 | 2023-06-30 | 北京航天长征飞行器研究所 | 一种基于电力线宽带载波通信的飞行器电气*** |
US10623130B2 (en) | 2017-07-27 | 2020-04-14 | Rolls-Royce North American Technologes, Inc. | Determining a frequency for propulsor engine communication sessions |
US10764262B2 (en) * | 2017-10-13 | 2020-09-01 | Nxp B.V. | Apparatuses and methods for generating domain-specific codes |
US10615977B2 (en) | 2017-10-13 | 2020-04-07 | Nxp B.V. | Verification of secure parameters for rotating codes |
US11729612B2 (en) * | 2018-03-08 | 2023-08-15 | Cypress Semiconductor Corporation | Secure BLE just works pairing method against man-in-the-middle attack |
US10701558B2 (en) | 2018-04-10 | 2020-06-30 | Rosemount Aerospace Inc. | System and method for securing a Wi-Fi network |
US10984660B2 (en) * | 2019-03-25 | 2021-04-20 | Kittyhawk.io, Inc. | Systems and methods for multi-channel remote identification of aircraft |
US11170591B2 (en) * | 2019-11-19 | 2021-11-09 | Panasonic Avionics Corporation | Systems and methods for wireless unlocking a lock associated with an enclosed space within a vehicle |
EP3852336B1 (en) | 2020-01-17 | 2023-08-02 | GE Aviation Systems LLC | System for connecting one or more applications of an electronic device to one or more avionics systems |
US11393349B2 (en) * | 2020-03-17 | 2022-07-19 | The Boeing Company | Air traffic control (ATC) radio communications authentication |
DE102020203604A1 (de) | 2020-03-20 | 2021-09-23 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Kommunikationsschlüsselerzeugung in einem avioniknetzwerk und verfahren zum erzeugen von kommunikationsschlüsseln für netzwerkteilnehmer in einem avioniknetzwerk |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2002290418A (ja) * | 2001-03-27 | 2002-10-04 | Toshiba Corp | 無線装置 |
JP2004032679A (ja) * | 2002-02-28 | 2004-01-29 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 通信装置及び通信システム |
JP2004350044A (ja) * | 2003-05-22 | 2004-12-09 | Tdk Corp | 送信機および受信機、ならびに通信システムおよび通信方法 |
GB2407938A (en) * | 2003-11-07 | 2005-05-11 | Toshiba Res Europ Ltd | Set-up of wireless network using mains electrical circuit |
JP2011170618A (ja) * | 2010-02-18 | 2011-09-01 | Sony Corp | 情報処理装置、電動移動体、及び放電管理方法 |
US20120099627A1 (en) * | 2010-10-25 | 2012-04-26 | Mitchell Timothy M | Interference mitigation for broadband over power line |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4200770A (en) | 1977-09-06 | 1980-04-29 | Stanford University | Cryptographic apparatus and method |
AUPO856797A0 (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 1997-09-04 | AAV Australia Pty. Limited | Computer system having fixed computers and mobile computers |
US6285878B1 (en) * | 1998-06-12 | 2001-09-04 | Joseph Lai | Broadband wireless communication systems provided by commercial airlines |
WO2004025600A1 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2004-03-25 | The Boeing Company | Automatic control system for aircraft |
JP4475377B2 (ja) * | 2002-12-27 | 2010-06-09 | 日本電気株式会社 | 無線通信システム、共通鍵管理サーバ、および無線端末装置 |
WO2006081122A2 (en) * | 2005-01-27 | 2006-08-03 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Method and system for deriving an encryption key using joint randomness not shared by others |
US7793103B2 (en) * | 2006-08-15 | 2010-09-07 | Motorola, Inc. | Ad-hoc network key management |
JP2008109466A (ja) * | 2006-10-26 | 2008-05-08 | Yokohama National Univ | 秘密鍵共有方法および装置 |
US8509140B2 (en) * | 2006-11-21 | 2013-08-13 | Honeywell International Inc. | System and method for transmitting information using aircraft as transmission relays |
US8255684B2 (en) * | 2007-07-19 | 2012-08-28 | E.F. Johnson Company | Method and system for encryption of messages in land mobile radio systems |
US20100042841A1 (en) * | 2008-08-15 | 2010-02-18 | Neal King | Updating and Distributing Encryption Keys |
DE102009001081B3 (de) * | 2009-02-23 | 2010-04-22 | Airbus Deutschland Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Übertragen von Daten und Energie über Einrichtungen eines Netzwerkes |
CN101998390B (zh) * | 2009-08-27 | 2015-03-25 | 华为技术有限公司 | 保证通信安全的方法及设备 |
US9014880B2 (en) * | 2010-12-21 | 2015-04-21 | General Electric Company | Trajectory based sense and avoid |
US9515700B2 (en) * | 2012-08-16 | 2016-12-06 | The Boeing Company | Methods and systems for exchanging information between aircraft |
US9100104B2 (en) * | 2013-05-06 | 2015-08-04 | The Boeing Company | Systems and methods for physical security of information flows over a power cable connection |
US9306625B2 (en) * | 2013-07-09 | 2016-04-05 | The Boeing Company | Systems and methods for broadband over power line multiple interface devices and systems |
-
2014
- 2014-02-07 US US14/175,808 patent/US9124580B1/en active Active
- 2014-11-06 CN CN201480073166.4A patent/CN105917628B/zh active Active
- 2014-11-06 AU AU2014381586A patent/AU2014381586B2/en active Active
- 2014-11-06 JP JP2016550520A patent/JP6612761B2/ja active Active
- 2014-11-06 WO PCT/US2014/064399 patent/WO2015119679A2/en active Application Filing
- 2014-11-06 EP EP14864988.2A patent/EP3103241B1/en active Active
-
2019
- 2019-09-02 JP JP2019159413A patent/JP2020010368A/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2002290418A (ja) * | 2001-03-27 | 2002-10-04 | Toshiba Corp | 無線装置 |
JP2004032679A (ja) * | 2002-02-28 | 2004-01-29 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 通信装置及び通信システム |
JP2004350044A (ja) * | 2003-05-22 | 2004-12-09 | Tdk Corp | 送信機および受信機、ならびに通信システムおよび通信方法 |
GB2407938A (en) * | 2003-11-07 | 2005-05-11 | Toshiba Res Europ Ltd | Set-up of wireless network using mains electrical circuit |
JP2011170618A (ja) * | 2010-02-18 | 2011-09-01 | Sony Corp | 情報処理装置、電動移動体、及び放電管理方法 |
US20120099627A1 (en) * | 2010-10-25 | 2012-04-26 | Mitchell Timothy M | Interference mitigation for broadband over power line |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP6612761B2 (ja) | 2019-11-27 |
AU2014381586B2 (en) | 2018-04-19 |
WO2015119679A2 (en) | 2015-08-13 |
EP3103241B1 (en) | 2020-01-08 |
CN105917628A (zh) | 2016-08-31 |
AU2014381586A1 (en) | 2016-07-07 |
US9124580B1 (en) | 2015-09-01 |
JP2020010368A (ja) | 2020-01-16 |
CN105917628B (zh) | 2022-09-30 |
WO2015119679A3 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
EP3103241A2 (en) | 2016-12-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP6612761B2 (ja) | 航空機間通信向け暗号鍵を安全に確立するための方法およびシステム | |
US11006277B2 (en) | Method and system for security and authentication of aircraft data transmissions | |
CN106664311B (zh) | 支持异构电子设备之间差异化的安全通信 | |
KR102592873B1 (ko) | 양자 키 분배 노드 장치 및 그 장치에서의 양자키 분배 방법 | |
EP2885878B1 (en) | Methods and systems for exchanging information between aircraft | |
KR101303120B1 (ko) | 상호 인증 기반의 가상사설망 서비스 장치 및 방법 | |
EP3468142A1 (en) | Secure and disruption-tolerant communications for unmanned underwater vehicles | |
JP2018011284A (ja) | ミッション中の無人空中ビークルとのマルチ・パス通信のためのシステムおよびコンピュータ実行型の方法 | |
CN105917629B (zh) | 通过鉴权的时间测量的安全的网络接入保护 | |
JP6508188B2 (ja) | 暗号通信システム | |
EP3270548B1 (en) | Cross-domain data-gate for secure transmission of data over publicly shared datalinks | |
CN110999223A (zh) | 安全加密的心跳协议 | |
EP3565216B1 (en) | System and method for trusted mobile communications | |
EP3379794B1 (en) | Method and system for realising encrypted connection with a local area network | |
US20190110334A1 (en) | Systems and methods for enhanced vehicle operator connectivity to external networks and onboard systems via single access point | |
CN114124378B (zh) | 基于autbus总线的通信方法、***、设备及介质 | |
JP2019115054A (ja) | 暗号通信システム | |
WO2024020477A1 (en) | Method of acquiring an operational certificate |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20171019 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20180928 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20181022 |
|
A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20190610 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20190902 |
|
A911 | Transfer to examiner for re-examination before appeal (zenchi) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A911 Effective date: 20190910 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20191007 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20191031 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6612761 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |