JP2014024933A - Self-curable resin using lignin - Google Patents

Self-curable resin using lignin Download PDF

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JP2014024933A
JP2014024933A JP2012165343A JP2012165343A JP2014024933A JP 2014024933 A JP2014024933 A JP 2014024933A JP 2012165343 A JP2012165343 A JP 2012165343A JP 2012165343 A JP2012165343 A JP 2012165343A JP 2014024933 A JP2014024933 A JP 2014024933A
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lignin
organic solvent
self
soluble
curing resin
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Naoyuki Koyama
直之 小山
Ikuko Kikuchi
郁子 菊地
Akihito Goto
昭人 後藤
Mika Kofune
美香 小舩
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Showa Denko Materials Co Ltd
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Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd
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Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a self-curable resin made from plant-derived lignin, excellent in thermal resistance, high strength, flame resistance and antibacterial activity.SOLUTION: A self-curable resin is obtained by reacting a lignin soluble to an organic solvent with formaldehyde in the presence of alkali. It is preferable that a molar ratio of phenol to formaldehyde in the lignin is 1.0 to 3.0, a weight average molecular weight is 100 to 7,000, and a percentage content of a sulfur atom is 2 mass% or less. It is preferable that the lignin soluble to the organic solvent is obtained by processing method using only water to separate it from a cellulose component and a hemicellulose component, and dissolving it into the organic solvent.

Description

本発明は、地球環境保全を考慮した植物由来のリグニンとホルムアルデヒドを反応させて得られる自己硬化型樹脂に関するものである。   The present invention relates to a self-curing resin obtained by reacting plant-derived lignin and formaldehyde in consideration of global environmental conservation.

近年、化石資源を焼却することで発生する二酸化炭素量の増加に伴い、地球温暖化の問題が関心を集めるようになった。そこで地球温暖化防止の観点からバイオマス(生物資源)の有効活用が見直されている。近年、包装資材、家電製品の部材、自動車用部材などのプラスチックを植物由来樹脂(バイオプラスチック)に置き換える動きが活発化している。   In recent years, with the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide generated by incineration of fossil resources, the issue of global warming has attracted attention. Therefore, effective use of biomass (biological resources) has been reviewed from the viewpoint of preventing global warming. In recent years, there has been an active movement to replace plastics such as packaging materials, household appliances, and automobiles with plant-derived resins (bioplastics).

前記植物由来樹脂の具体例としては、ジャガイモやサトウキビやトウモロコシ等の糖質を醗酵させて得られた乳酸をモノマーとし、これを用いて化学重合を行い作製したポリ乳酸:PLA(PolyLactic Acid)や、澱粉を主成分としたエステル化澱粉、微生物が体内に生産するポリエステルである微生物産生樹脂:PHA(PolyHydroxy Alkanoate)、発酵法で得られる1,3−プロパンジオールと石油由来のテレフタル酸とを原料とするPTT(Poly Trimethylene Telephtalate)等が挙げられる。
また、PBS(Poly Butylene Succinate)は、現在は石油由来の原料が用いられているが、今後においては、植物由来樹脂として作製する研究が開発されており、主原料の一つであるコハク酸を植物由来で作製する技術についての開発がなされている。
Specific examples of the plant-derived resin include polylactic acid: PLA (Polylactic Acid) produced by chemical polymerization using lactic acid obtained by fermenting sugars such as potato, sugarcane, and corn as a monomer. , Starch-based esterified starch, microorganism-produced resin that is a polyester produced by microorganisms in the body: PHA (PolyHydroxy Alkanoate), 1,3-propanediol obtained by fermentation and raw material terephthalic acid And PTT (Poly Trimethylene Telephthalate).
In addition, PBS (Poly Butylene Succinate) is currently used as a raw material derived from petroleum, but in the future, research to produce it as a plant-derived resin has been developed. Developments have been made on technologies that are derived from plants.

これらの植物由来原料を用いた樹脂は、サニタリー分野、雑貨などに加え、OA関連用部品または自動車用内装部品等の幅広い分野に導入されている。一方、電器・電子機器、自動車内部部品のような用途においては、安全上の問題から機械的強度、耐熱性、電気絶縁性が要求される。耐熱性に関してはこれまでにも、植物由来原料を用いた樹脂、特にポリ乳酸樹脂において種々の試みがなされてきた。しかし、植物由来樹脂はいずれも熱可塑性であり(非特許文献1参照)、耐熱性において課題がある。また、生分解性樹脂に難燃剤を配合することで難燃性を発現している(特許文献1参照)。   Resins using these plant-derived raw materials have been introduced into a wide range of fields such as OA-related parts and automobile interior parts in addition to the sanitary field and miscellaneous goods. On the other hand, mechanical strength, heat resistance, and electrical insulation are required for safety and other applications in applications such as electrical appliances / electronic devices and automobile internal parts. With respect to heat resistance, various attempts have been made so far for resins using plant-derived materials, particularly polylactic acid resins. However, all plant-derived resins are thermoplastic (see Non-Patent Document 1), and there is a problem in heat resistance. Moreover, the flame retardance is expressed by mix | blending a flame retardant with biodegradable resin (refer patent document 1).

従来の耐熱性、高い機械強度、電気絶縁性を兼ね備えた樹脂としてはフェノール樹脂が挙げられる。フェノール樹脂は最も古い歴史を持つ樹脂であり、熱可塑性のノボラック型と自己硬化性のレゾール型に大別される。上記用途のほか、化粧板、木材加工用接着剤としても広く利用されている。   Examples of conventional resins having heat resistance, high mechanical strength, and electrical insulation include phenolic resins. Phenolic resins have the oldest history and are broadly divided into thermoplastic novolac types and self-curing resole types. In addition to the above uses, it is also widely used as a decorative sheet and an adhesive for wood processing.

こうした石油由来の硬化性樹脂を植物由来の原料から製造する事が注目されている。特に植物由来の熱硬化性樹脂原料として、古くからリグニンが注目されてきた。リグニンは木材中に20〜35質量%含まれるフェノール骨格を有する天然高分子である。国内で容易に入手できるリグニンとして、例えば、リグニンスルホン酸塩が挙げられるが、水溶性であり、有機溶媒に難溶である。そのため、硬化剤及び硬化促進剤との相溶性が悪く、均質な硬化物が得られなかった。   The production of such petroleum-derived curable resins from plant-derived raw materials has attracted attention. In particular, lignin has attracted attention as a plant-derived thermosetting resin material for a long time. Lignin is a natural polymer having a phenol skeleton contained in wood at 20 to 35% by mass. Examples of lignin that can be easily obtained in Japan include lignin sulfonate, which is water-soluble and hardly soluble in organic solvents. Therefore, compatibility with a hardening | curing agent and a hardening accelerator was bad, and the homogeneous hardened | cured material was not obtained.

硬化剤等への相溶性が良好なリグニンとして爆砕リグニンが挙げられる。爆砕リグニンは有機溶媒に可溶で各種樹脂への相溶性も良好である事からエポキシ樹脂への硬化剤用途が検討されている(非特許文献2)。一方、爆砕リグニンはノボラック型のフェノール樹脂と同様熱可塑性であり、各種硬化剤、硬化促進剤の存在下以外では硬化せず、そのままでは自己硬化型の熱硬化樹脂とはならないという課題があった。   Explosive lignin is an example of a lignin having good compatibility with a curing agent or the like. Explosive lignin is soluble in an organic solvent and has good compatibility with various resins, so that the use of a curing agent for an epoxy resin has been studied (Non-patent Document 2). Explosive lignin, on the other hand, is thermoplastic like novolak-type phenolic resins, and does not cure except in the presence of various curing agents and curing accelerators, and as such it has not been a self-curing thermosetting resin. .

特開2007−002120号公報JP 2007-002120 A

土肥義治(編) 生分解性高分子材料、工業調査会 1990年発行Yoshiharu Toi (ed.) Biodegradable polymer materials, industrial research group, published in 1990 岡部ら ネットワークポリマー, Vol.32, 130−134頁, 2011年Okabe et al. Network Polymer, Vol. 32, 130-134, 2011

そこで本発明においては、環境負荷低減化の観点から、植物由来のリグニンを利用した自己硬化型樹脂を提供することを目的とする。特に植物由来であるリグニンを主原料とし、従来得られなかった自己硬化性の熱硬化樹脂材料を提供することにある。   Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a self-curing resin using plant-derived lignin from the viewpoint of reducing environmental burden. In particular, an object of the present invention is to provide a self-curing thermosetting resin material that has not been obtained in the past, using plant-derived lignin as a main raw material.

本発明は以下の通りである。
(1) 有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニンとホルムアルデヒドをアルカリの存在下で反応させて得られる自己硬化型樹脂。
(2) 有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニン中のフェノールとホルムアルデヒドのモル比が1.0〜3.0である上記(1)に記載の自己硬化型樹脂。
(3) 前記有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニンの重量平均分子量が、100〜7000である上記(1)又は(2)に記載の自己硬化型樹脂。
(4) 前記有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニン中の硫黄原子の含有率が2質量%以下である上記(1)〜(3)のいずれかに記載の自己硬化型樹脂。
(5) 有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニンが、水のみを用いた処理方法によりセルロース成分、ヘミセルロース成分から分離し、有機溶媒に溶解させることにより得られたものである上記(1)〜(4)のいずれかに記載の自己硬化型樹脂。
(6) リグニンが、植物原料に水蒸気を圧入し、瞬時に圧力を開放することで植物原料を爆砕する水蒸気爆砕法によりセルロース成分、ヘミセルロース成分から分離し、有機溶媒に溶解させることにより得られたものである上記(1)〜(5)のいずれかに記載の自己硬化型樹脂。
The present invention is as follows.
(1) A self-curing resin obtained by reacting lignin soluble in an organic solvent with formaldehyde in the presence of an alkali.
(2) The self-curing resin according to (1) above, wherein the molar ratio of phenol to formaldehyde in the lignin soluble in an organic solvent is 1.0 to 3.0.
(3) The self-curing resin according to (1) or (2) above, wherein the lignin soluble in the organic solvent has a weight average molecular weight of 100 to 7000.
(4) The self-curing resin according to any one of the above (1) to (3), wherein the content of sulfur atoms in the lignin soluble in the organic solvent is 2% by mass or less.
(5) The lignin soluble in an organic solvent is obtained by separating from a cellulose component and a hemicellulose component by a treatment method using only water and dissolving the lignin in an organic solvent. The self-curing resin according to any one of the above.
(6) Lignin was obtained by separating water from a cellulose component and a hemicellulose component by a steam explosion method in which water is injected into the plant material and the plant material is crushed by instantaneously releasing the pressure, and dissolved in an organic solvent. The self-curing resin according to any one of (1) to (5) above.

本発明によれば、化石資源使用量の削減、及び二酸化炭素の排出量の低減効果が得られ、環境負荷低減化に好適な自硬化性の樹脂材料である自己硬化型樹脂が提供できた。また、樹脂成分の主原料としてリグニンを使用することで、耐熱性や機械強度に優れた自己硬化型樹脂を提供することができた。   ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the reduction effect of the fossil resource usage-amount and the reduction | decrease of the discharge | emission amount of a carbon dioxide was acquired, and the self-hardening type resin which is a self-hardening resin material suitable for reduction of environmental load could be provided. Moreover, by using lignin as the main raw material of the resin component, a self-curing resin excellent in heat resistance and mechanical strength could be provided.

本発明によれば、樹脂成分の主原料として有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニンとホルムアルデヒドを反応させて得られる自己硬化型樹脂を使用することで、前記効果に加え、難燃効果、抗菌性を付与した自己硬化性樹脂成形材料を提供できた。   According to the present invention, by using a self-curing resin obtained by reacting lignin soluble in an organic solvent and formaldehyde as the main raw material of the resin component, in addition to the above effects, flame retardancy and antibacterial properties are imparted. A self-curing resin molding material could be provided.

以下、本発明をさらに詳細に説明する。
リグニンの基本骨格は一般的にヒドロキシフェニルプロパン単位を基本単位とする架橋構造の高分子である。樹木は親水性の線状高分子の多糖類(セルロースとヘミセルロース)と疎水性の架橋構造リグニンの相互侵入網目(IPN)構造を形成している。リグニンは樹木の約25質量%を占め、不規則かつ極めて複雑なポリフェノールの化学構造をしている。フェノール類は燃焼の際、黒鉛を形成し易いため難燃性に優れることが知られている。本発明は植物から得られたこの複雑な構造をそのまま活かし、アルカリ存在下でリグニン及びホルムアルデヒドを反応させて自己硬化型樹脂材料とするものであって、当該リグニンが有機溶媒に可溶であることを特長としている。
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
The basic skeleton of lignin is generally a crosslinked polymer having a hydroxyphenylpropane unit as a basic unit. Trees form an interpenetrating network (IPN) structure of hydrophilic linear polymer polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) and hydrophobic cross-linked lignin. Lignin accounts for about 25% by weight of trees and has an irregular and extremely complex chemical structure of polyphenols. It is known that phenols are excellent in flame retardancy because they easily form graphite during combustion. The present invention makes use of this complex structure obtained from a plant as it is, reacts lignin and formaldehyde in the presence of alkali to form a self-curing resin material, and the lignin is soluble in an organic solvent. It features.

リグニンの原料に特に制限は無い。スギ、マツ、ヒノキ等の針葉樹、ブナ等の広葉樹、竹、稲わら、バガス、ヤシガラ等の植物原料が使用される。植物原料からリグニンを分離し取り出す方法としては、水を用いた分離技術を用いた方法が好ましい。使用するリグニンが、水のみを用いた処理方法により、セルロース成分、ヘミセルロース成分から分離し、有機溶媒に溶解させることにより得たリグニンである。また、リグニンを取得する方法としては、水蒸気爆砕法がより好ましい。水蒸気爆砕法は高温高圧の水蒸気による加水分解と、圧力を瞬時に開放することによる物理的破砕効果により、植物を短時間に破砕するものである。   There are no particular restrictions on the raw material of lignin. Plant materials such as conifers such as cedar, pine and cypress, broad-leaved trees such as beech, bamboo, rice straw, bagasse and coconut husk are used. As a method for separating and taking out lignin from plant materials, a method using a separation technique using water is preferable. The lignin to be used is a lignin obtained by separating from a cellulose component and a hemicellulose component by a treatment method using only water and dissolving it in an organic solvent. Moreover, as a method for obtaining lignin, the steam explosion method is more preferable. The steam explosion method crushes plants in a short time by hydrolysis with high-temperature and high-pressure steam and a physical crushing effect by instantaneously releasing the pressure.

水蒸気爆砕の条件は特に限定しないが、通常、原料を水蒸気爆砕装置用の耐圧容器に入れ、1.5〜6.0MPaの水蒸気を圧入し、1〜30分間放置した後、瞬時に圧力を開放することにより爆砕する。なお、前記有機溶媒可溶リグニンは、水蒸気爆砕リグニンとも表す。また、原料として、リグニンが抽出できれば特に限定しないが、例えば、スギ、竹、稲わら、麦わら、ひのき、アカシア、ヤナギ、ポプラ、バガス、ヤシガラ、とうもろこし、サトウキビ、米穀、ユーカリ、エリアンサスなどが挙げられる。
この方法は硫酸法、クラフト法など他の分離方法と比較し、硫酸、亜硫酸塩等を用いることなく、水のみを使用するので、クリーンな分離方法である。この方法では、リグニン中に硫黄原子を含まないリグニン、又は、硫黄原子の含有率が少ないリグニンが得られる。通常、リグニン中の硫黄原子の含有率は、2質量%以下が好ましく、1質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.5質量%以下であることが特に好ましい。硫黄原子の含有量が増大すると親水性のスルホン酸基が増加するため、有機溶剤への溶解性が低下するおそれがある。本発明者らは、さらに、爆砕物から有機溶媒による抽出により、リグニンの分子量を制御し得ることを見出した。
The conditions for steam explosion are not particularly limited. Usually, the raw material is put into a pressure vessel for a steam explosion apparatus, steam of 1.5 to 6.0 MPa is injected, left for 1 to 30 minutes, and then the pressure is released instantly. To explode. The organic solvent-soluble lignin is also referred to as steam explosion lignin. In addition, as long as lignin can be extracted as a raw material, it is not particularly limited. It is done.
This method is a clean separation method because only water is used without using sulfuric acid, sulfite or the like, compared with other separation methods such as sulfuric acid method and kraft method. In this method, lignin containing no sulfur atom in the lignin or lignin having a low content of sulfur atoms can be obtained. Usually, the content of sulfur atoms in lignin is preferably 2% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.5% by mass or less. When the sulfur atom content is increased, hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups are increased, which may reduce the solubility in organic solvents. The present inventors have further found that the molecular weight of lignin can be controlled from the blasted product by extraction with an organic solvent.

前記リグニンの重量平均分子量は、ポリスチレン換算値において、100〜7000が好ましく、さらに200〜5000が好ましく、500〜4000であることが特に好ましい。リグニンの重量平均分子量が7000を超えると反応後の樹脂の流動性が低下するおそれがある。重量平均分子量が100未満であるとフェノール基と未結合の芳香族成分が多くなるため樹脂材料の強度が低下するおそれがある。
なお、重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)により測定し、標準ポリスチレン換算した値を使用した。検量線は、標準ポリスチレンの5サンプルセット(PStQuick MP−H、PStQuick B[東ソー株式会社製、商品名])を用いて1次式で近似した。GPCの条件を、以下に示した。
装置:(ポンプ:L−2130型[株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ製])、
(検出器:L−2490型RI[株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ製])、
(カラムオーブン:L−2350[株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ製])
カラム:Gelpack GL−A120S+GL−A170S(計2本)(株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ製、商品名)
溶離液:テトラヒドロフラン
試料濃度:10mg/2mL
注入量:200μL
流量:2.05mL/分
測定温度:25℃
The weight average molecular weight of the lignin is preferably from 100 to 7000, more preferably from 200 to 5000, and particularly preferably from 500 to 4000 in terms of polystyrene. If the weight average molecular weight of lignin exceeds 7000, the fluidity of the resin after the reaction may decrease. When the weight average molecular weight is less than 100, the phenol group and the unbonded aromatic component increase, so that the strength of the resin material may be reduced.
The weight average molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and a value converted to standard polystyrene was used. The calibration curve was approximated by a linear equation using 5 standard polystyrene sample sets (PStQuick MP-H, PStQuick B [trade name, manufactured by Tosoh Corporation]). The conditions of GPC are shown below.
Apparatus: (Pump: L-2130 type [manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation]),
(Detector: L-2490 type RI [manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation]),
(Column oven: L-2350 [manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation])
Column: Gelpack GL-A120S + GL-A170S (two in total) (trade name, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation)
Eluent: Tetrahydrofuran Sample concentration: 10 mg / 2 mL
Injection volume: 200 μL
Flow rate: 2.05 mL / min Measurement temperature: 25 ° C

本発明で用いるリグニンの抽出に用いる有機溶媒は、1種又は2種以上複数の混合のアルコール溶媒、アルコールと水を混合した含水アルコール溶媒、そのほかの有機溶媒または、水と混合した含水有機溶媒を使用することができる。水にはイオン交換水を使用することが好ましい。水との混合溶媒の含水率は0〜70質量%が好ましい。リグニンは水への溶解度が低いため、水のみを溶媒とするとリグニンを抽出することが困難である。また、用いる溶媒を選択することにより、得られるリグニンの重量平均分子量を制御することが可能である。リグニンの抽出に用いられる有機溶媒としてはアルコール、トルエン、ベンゼン、N−メチルピロリドン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、ジエチルエーテル、メチルセロソルブ(エチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル)、シクロヘキサノン、ジメチルホルムアミド、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、アセトン、テトラヒドロフランなどがあり、これらは二種類以上、混合して用いることができる。   The organic solvent used in the extraction of lignin used in the present invention is one or a mixture of two or more kinds of alcohol solvents, a hydrous alcohol solvent in which alcohol and water are mixed, another organic solvent, or a hydrous organic solvent in which water is mixed. Can be used. It is preferable to use ion exchange water as water. The water content of the mixed solvent with water is preferably 0 to 70% by mass. Since lignin has low solubility in water, it is difficult to extract lignin using only water as a solvent. Moreover, it is possible to control the weight average molecular weight of the lignin obtained by selecting the solvent to be used. Organic solvents used for the extraction of lignin include alcohol, toluene, benzene, N-methylpyrrolidone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, diethyl ether, methyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), cyclohexanone, dimethylformamide, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, There are acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and the like, and two or more of these can be used in combination.

有機溶媒でリグニンを取りだした際、リグニン以外の例えばセルロースやヘミセルロースのような成分が、含まれていてもよい。また、これらのリグニンをアセチル化、メチル化、ハロゲン化、ニトロ化、スルホン化、硫化ナトリウムや硫化水素との反応等によって作製されたリグニン誘導体も含む。   When lignin is taken out with an organic solvent, components such as cellulose and hemicellulose other than lignin may be contained. Also included are lignin derivatives prepared by acetylation, methylation, halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, reaction with sodium sulfide or hydrogen sulfide, and the like.

前記リグニン中に含まれるフェノール基(P)とホルムアルデヒド(F)のモル比F/Pは1.0以上、3.0以下であることが好ましい。さらに好ましくは1.1以上、2.7の範囲であり、より好ましくは1.2以上、2.5以下である。F/P比が小さすぎると樹脂の硬化速度が低下してしまい、高すぎると反応時にゲル化してしまうからである。   The molar ratio F / P between the phenol group (P) and formaldehyde (F) contained in the lignin is preferably 1.0 or more and 3.0 or less. More preferably, it is the range of 1.1 or more and 2.7, More preferably, it is 1.2 or more and 2.5 or less. This is because if the F / P ratio is too small, the curing rate of the resin decreases, and if it is too high, the resin gels during the reaction.

前記反応時のアルカリとしては水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、水酸化マグネシウム、水酸化カルシウム等の金属水酸化物のほか、アンモニア、テトラメチルアンモニウムヒドロキシド、アルキルアミン等を使用することができる。   As the alkali at the time of reaction, ammonia, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, alkylamine, etc. can be used in addition to metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.

前記反応時の温度に制限はないが、60〜130℃の範囲が好適である。反応時間は0.5時間から5時間の範囲が好ましく適用できる。   Although there is no restriction | limiting in the temperature at the time of the said reaction, the range of 60-130 degreeC is suitable. The reaction time is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 5 hours.

反応して得られた縮合物を加熱減圧することで、自己硬化型樹脂を得ることができる。さらにこの樹脂に各種フィラ、離型剤、難燃剤を混合分散することで自己硬化性樹脂成形材料とすることができる。有機フィラとして木粉、パルプ、綿粉、植物繊維等を、無機フィラとしてシリカ、タルク、炭酸カルシウム、ガラス繊維、炭素繊維等が好適に使用できる。離型剤としてはステアリン酸亜鉛等が使用可能である。難燃剤としては水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化マグネシウム等の金属水酸化物、トリフェニルフォスフェート等のリン系の難燃剤を併用してもよい。   A self-curing resin can be obtained by heating and decompressing the condensate obtained by the reaction. Furthermore, a self-curing resin molding material can be obtained by mixing and dispersing various fillers, release agents, and flame retardants in this resin. As the organic filler, wood powder, pulp, cotton powder, vegetable fiber and the like can be suitably used, and as the inorganic filler, silica, talc, calcium carbonate, glass fiber, carbon fiber and the like can be suitably used. As the release agent, zinc stearate or the like can be used. As the flame retardant, a metal hydroxide such as aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide, or a phosphorus flame retardant such as triphenyl phosphate may be used in combination.

前記のようにして得られた自己硬化型樹脂は、樹脂成分としてリグニンを含有している。リグニンはフェニルプロパンの架橋体であり、フェノール樹脂と同様に芳香族環を多く含む。芳香族環炭素は容易に燃焼せず炭化反応を起こす事から、本発明の自己硬化型樹脂は難燃性を有しているという特徴がある。さらに分子内に多くのフェノール性水酸基を有する事から、微生物等に対する抗菌作用を有するという特徴がある。   The self-curing resin obtained as described above contains lignin as a resin component. Lignin is a cross-linked product of phenylpropane and contains many aromatic rings like phenolic resins. Since the aromatic ring carbon does not easily burn and causes a carbonization reaction, the self-curing resin of the present invention is characterized by flame retardancy. Furthermore, since it has many phenolic hydroxyl groups in the molecule, it has an antibacterial action against microorganisms and the like.

以下、実施例により本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明は、これらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
(実施例1)
(リグニンの抽出)
リグニン抽出原料としては、竹を使用した。適当な大きさにカットした竹材を水蒸気爆砕装置の3Lの耐圧容器に入れ、3.5MPaの水蒸気を圧入し、4分間保持した。その後バルブを急速に開放することで爆砕処理物を得た。洗浄液のpHが6以上になるまで得られた爆砕処理物を水により洗浄して水溶性成分を除去した。その後、真空乾燥機で残存水分を除去した。得られた乾燥体100gに抽出溶媒(アセトン)1000mlを加え、3時間攪拌した後、ろ過により繊維物質を取り除いた。得られた濾液から抽出溶媒(アセトン)を除去し、リグニンを得た。得られたリグニンは常温(25℃)で茶褐色の粉末であった。
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention concretely, this invention is not limited to these Examples.
(Example 1)
(Extraction of lignin)
Bamboo was used as a lignin extraction raw material. Bamboo material cut to an appropriate size was placed in a 3 L pressure-resistant container of a steam explosion apparatus, 3.5 MPa of steam was injected, and held for 4 minutes. Thereafter, the valve was rapidly opened to obtain an explosion-treated product. The explosion-treated product obtained until the pH of the cleaning solution reached 6 or more was washed with water to remove water-soluble components. Thereafter, residual moisture was removed with a vacuum dryer. After adding 1000 ml of extraction solvent (acetone) to 100 g of the obtained dried product and stirring for 3 hours, the fiber material was removed by filtration. The extraction solvent (acetone) was removed from the obtained filtrate to obtain lignin. The obtained lignin was a brown powder at room temperature (25 ° C.).

(リグニンの分析)
溶媒溶解性は、前記リグニン1gを、有機溶媒10mlに加えて評価した。常温(25℃)で容易に溶解した場合は「○」、50〜70℃で溶解した場合は「△」、加熱しても溶解しなかった場合を「×」として、評価した。溶媒群1としてアセトン、シクロヘキサノン、テトラヒドロフラン、溶媒群2としてメタノール、エタノール、メチルエチルケトンとして溶解性を評価した結果、溶媒群1ではいずれも「○」、溶媒群2ではいずれも「△」の判定であった。
(Analysis of lignin)
Solvent solubility was evaluated by adding 1 g of the lignin to 10 ml of an organic solvent. When it melt | dissolved easily at normal temperature (25 degreeC), it evaluated as "(circle)" when melt | dissolving at 50-70 degreeC, and (△) when it did not melt | dissolve even if heated. As a result of evaluating the solubility as acetone, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran as the solvent group 1 and methanol, ethanol, and methyl ethyl ketone as the solvent group 2, the solvent group 1 was judged as “◯” and the solvent group 2 as “△”. It was.

リグニン中の硫黄原子の含有率は燃焼分解−イオンクロマトグラフ法により定量した。用いた装置は株式会社三菱化学アナリテック製自動試料燃焼装置(AQF−100)及び日本ダイオネクス株式会社製イオンクロマトグラフ(ICS−1600)であり、上記リグニン中の硫黄原子の含有率は0.2質量%であった。さらに、示差屈折計を備えたゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)にてリグニンの分子量を測定した。多分散度の小さいポリスチレンを標準試料として用い、移動相をテトラヒドロフランとして使用し、カラムとして株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ製ゲルパックGL−A120SとGL−A170Sとを直列に接続して分子量測定を行った。その測定結果、重量平均分子量は2400であった。   The content of sulfur atoms in lignin was quantified by combustion decomposition-ion chromatography. The apparatus used was an automatic sample combustion apparatus (AQF-100) manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co., Ltd. and an ion chromatograph (ICS-1600) manufactured by Nippon Dionex Co., Ltd., and the content of sulfur atoms in the lignin was 0.2. It was mass%. Furthermore, the molecular weight of lignin was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) equipped with a differential refractometer. Polystyrene having a low polydispersity was used as a standard sample, the mobile phase was used as tetrahydrofuran, and gel packs GL-A120S and GL-A170S manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation were connected in series as columns to perform molecular weight measurement. As a result of the measurement, the weight average molecular weight was 2,400.

上記で得られたリグニン(有機溶媒可溶リグニン)の水酸基当量は無水酢酸−ピリジン法により水酸基価を、電位差滴定法により酸価を測定し求めた(下記の水酸基当量及びエポキシ当量の単位は、グラム/当量であって以下g/eq.で表わす。)。アセトン抽出竹由来リグニンの水酸基当量は140g/eq.であった。リグニンのフェノール性水酸基とアルコール性水酸基のモル比(以下P/A比)を以下の方法で決定した。リグニン2gのアセチル化処理を行い、未反応のアセチル化剤を留去し、乾燥させたものを、重クロロホルムに溶解させ、1H−NMR(BRUKER社製、V400M、プロトン基本周波数400.13MHz)により測定した。アセチル基由来のプロトンの積分比(フェノール性水酸基に結合したアセチル基由来:2.2〜3.0ppm、アルコール性水酸基に結合したアセチル基由来:1.5〜2.2ppm)からモル比を決定したところ、P/A比は2.2/1.0であり、フェノール性水酸基当量は202g/eq.であった。   The hydroxyl equivalent of the lignin (organic solvent soluble lignin) obtained above was determined by measuring the hydroxyl value by acetic anhydride-pyridine method and the acid value by potentiometric titration (the following hydroxyl equivalent and epoxy equivalent units are: Gram / equivalent and hereinafter expressed in g / eq.). The hydroxyl equivalent of acetone-extracted bamboo-derived lignin is 140 g / eq. Met. The molar ratio (hereinafter P / A ratio) of the phenolic hydroxyl group and alcoholic hydroxyl group of lignin was determined by the following method. An acetylation treatment of 2 g of lignin was performed, the unreacted acetylating agent was distilled off, and the dried product was dissolved in deuterated chloroform and analyzed by 1H-NMR (manufactured by BRUKER, V400M, proton fundamental frequency 400.13 MHz). It was measured. Determine the molar ratio from the integral ratio of protons derived from acetyl groups (derived from acetyl groups bonded to phenolic hydroxyl groups: 2.2 to 3.0 ppm, derived from acetyl groups bonded to alcoholic hydroxyl groups: 1.5 to 2.2 ppm). As a result, the P / A ratio was 2.2 / 1.0, and the phenolic hydroxyl group equivalent was 202 g / eq. Met.

還流装置と攪拌羽根を備えた300mLの4ツ口セパラブルフラスコに、前記リグニン20g、40質量%ホルムアルデヒド水溶液11.2gを加え攪拌した。ホルムアルデヒド(F)とリグニン中のフェノール(P)のモル比は1.5であった。50質量%炭酸ナトリウム水溶液12gを徐々に滴下しながら、100℃で2時間加熱し、液状の樹脂組成物を得た。さらに、木粉16.3gを加え均一になるまで攪拌し、その後減圧して水分を蒸発させ、冷却後に粉砕して樹脂組成物を得た。樹脂組成物中のリグニン及び木粉の含有量(植物由来度)は89質量%であった。   To a 300 mL four-necked separable flask equipped with a reflux apparatus and a stirring blade, 20 g of the lignin and 11.2 g of a 40 mass% formaldehyde aqueous solution were added and stirred. The molar ratio of formaldehyde (F) to phenol (P) in lignin was 1.5. While gradually dropping 12 g of a 50% by mass aqueous sodium carbonate solution, the mixture was heated at 100 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a liquid resin composition. Furthermore, 16.3 g of wood flour was added and stirred until uniform, then the pressure was reduced to evaporate the moisture, and the mixture was cooled and pulverized to obtain a resin composition. The content of lignin and wood flour (degree of plant origin) in the resin composition was 89% by mass.

この樹脂組成物を50×10mm(厚み1mm)または130mm×13mmの金型に充填し、油圧真空加熱プレス機で面圧0.2MPa、180℃、10分プレスした後、オーブンで200℃、4時間硬化し、成形体を得た。   The resin composition is filled into a 50 × 10 mm (thickness 1 mm) or 130 mm × 13 mm mold, pressed with a hydraulic vacuum heating press at a surface pressure of 0.2 MPa, 180 ° C. for 10 minutes, and then heated in an oven at 200 ° C., 4 The molded body was obtained by time curing.

作製した成形体の曲げ強度及び曲げ弾性率はテンシロン(株式会社オリエンテック製)を用い、3点曲げ試験により評価した。50×10×1mmの試験片を用い、支点間距離30mm、試験速度1mm/分で測定した。その結果、曲げ強度は103MPa、曲げ弾性率は6.5GPaであった。   The bending strength and bending elastic modulus of the produced molded body were evaluated by a three-point bending test using Tensilon (manufactured by Orientec Co., Ltd.). Using a 50 × 10 × 1 mm test piece, measurement was performed at a fulcrum distance of 30 mm and a test speed of 1 mm / min. As a result, the bending strength was 103 MPa and the bending elastic modulus was 6.5 GPa.

エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー株式会社製の動的粘弾性スペクトロメータ(EXSTARDMS6100)を用いて貯蔵弾性率及び損失正接(tanδ)を測定した。試験片40×5×1mm、チャック間距離20mm、測定温度範囲25〜300℃、昇温速度5℃/分、引張りモードの条件で測定し、1Hz時のtanδのピーク温度をガラス転移点としたところその値は240℃であった。   Storage elastic modulus and loss tangent (tan δ) were measured using a dynamic viscoelasticity spectrometer (EXSTARDMS6100) manufactured by SII Nanotechnology. Test piece 40 × 5 × 1 mm, distance between chucks 20 mm, measurement temperature range 25 to 300 ° C., heating rate 5 ° C./min, measured in tension mode, tan δ peak temperature at 1 Hz as glass transition point However, the value was 240 ° C.

(抗菌性試験)
JIS Z2801に準じて、黄色ぶどう球菌に対する抗菌性を評価した。試験片上に菌液(生菌数2.5〜10×10の5乗個/mL)0.4mLを播き、35℃±1℃、24時間培養した。試験片上の生菌数を測定するため、サンプリングし、サンプルを適宜希釈し、寒天平板培養にて35℃±1℃、48時間培養して生菌数を得た。
R=[Log(B/A)−Log(C/A)]=[Log(B/C)]
R:抗菌活性値
A:無加工試験片における接種直後の生菌数の平均値(個)
B:無加工試験片における24時間後の生菌数の平均値(個)
C:抗菌加工試験片における24時間後の生菌数の平均値(個)
抗菌活性値2以上を抗菌性ありとした。形成された被膜の抗菌活性値は黄色ブドウ球菌に対して4.9であった。
(Antimicrobial test)
Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated according to JIS Z2801. On the test piece, 0.4 mL of a bacterial solution (viable cells of 2.5 to 10 × 10 5 cells / mL) was seeded and cultured at 35 ° C. ± 1 ° C. for 24 hours. In order to measure the number of viable bacteria on the test piece, sampling was performed, the sample was appropriately diluted, and cultured in an agar plate culture at 35 ° C. ± 1 ° C. for 48 hours to obtain the viable cell count.
R = [Log (B / A) -Log (C / A)] = [Log (B / C)]
R: antibacterial activity value A: average number of viable bacteria immediately after inoculation in unprocessed test pieces (pieces)
B: Average number of viable cells after 24 hours in unprocessed test piece
C: Average number of viable bacteria after 24 hours in antibacterial processed test piece
An antibacterial activity value of 2 or more was considered to be antibacterial. The antibacterial activity value of the formed film was 4.9 against S. aureus.

(実施例2)
(リグニンの抽出及び分析)
抽出溶媒としてメタノールを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にリグニンを得た。実施例1と同様に元素分析及び分子量測定をした結果、それぞれリグニン中の硫黄原子の含有率0.2質量%、重量平均分子量は1900であった。実施例1と同様に溶媒溶解性を評価した結果、溶媒群1ではいずれも「○」、溶媒群2ではいずれも「○」の判定であった。リグニンのフェノール性水酸基とアルコール性水酸基のモル比(以下P/A比)を実施例1と同様の方法で実施した。
実施例2で得られたリグニンのP/A比は1.6/1.0であった。実施例1と同様に上記で得られたリグニン(有機溶媒可溶リグニン)の水酸基当量を測定した結果、水酸基当量は120g/eq.であった。以上の結果からフェノール性水酸基は195g/eq.であった。
(Example 2)
(Extraction and analysis of lignin)
Lignin was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that methanol was used as the extraction solvent. As a result of elemental analysis and molecular weight measurement in the same manner as in Example 1, the sulfur atom content in the lignin was 0.2% by mass, and the weight average molecular weight was 1,900. As a result of evaluating the solvent solubility in the same manner as in Example 1, the solvent group 1 was judged as “◯”, and the solvent group 2 was judged as “◯”. The molar ratio of the phenolic hydroxyl group and alcoholic hydroxyl group of lignin (hereinafter referred to as P / A ratio) was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1.
The P / A ratio of the lignin obtained in Example 2 was 1.6 / 1.0. As a result of measuring the hydroxyl equivalent of the lignin (organic solvent-soluble lignin) obtained above in the same manner as in Example 1, the hydroxyl equivalent was 120 g / eq. Met. From the above results, the phenolic hydroxyl group was 195 g / eq. Met.

実施例2記載のリグニンを用い、40質量%ホルムアルデヒド水溶液の量を11.0gとした以外は実施例1と同様に液状の樹脂組成物を得た。F/P比は1.2であった。さらに、水酸化アルミニウム16.3gを加え均一になるまで攪拌し、その後減圧して水分を蒸発させ、冷却後に粉砕して樹脂組成物を得た。樹脂組成物中のリグニンの含有量(植物由来度)は49質量%であった。   A liquid resin composition was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the lignin described in Example 2 was used and the amount of the 40% by mass aqueous formaldehyde solution was changed to 11.0 g. The F / P ratio was 1.2. Further, 16.3 g of aluminum hydroxide was added and stirred until uniform, then the pressure was reduced to evaporate the moisture, and the mixture was cooled and pulverized to obtain a resin composition. The lignin content (plant-derived degree) in the resin composition was 49% by mass.

実施例1と同様に成形体を作製した。実施例1と同様に曲げ強度、曲げ弾性率、ガラス転移点を測定したところ、曲げ強度は98MPa、曲げ弾性率は8.7GPaであった。またガラス転移点は242℃であった。実施例1と同様に抗菌試験を実施した。作製した成形体の抗菌活性値は黄色ブドウ球菌に対して5.1であった。   A molded body was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. When the bending strength, bending elastic modulus, and glass transition point were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the bending strength was 98 MPa and the bending elastic modulus was 8.7 GPa. The glass transition point was 242 ° C. An antibacterial test was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. The produced molded article had an antibacterial activity value of 5.1 against S. aureus.

難燃性の評価として、UL耐炎試験規格(UL94)に準じて行った。試験片として実施例2の成形体(厚さ3mm、長さ130mm、幅13mm)の大きさで作製成したものを使用した。垂直燃焼試験にて残炎時間は5秒以下であり、V−0レベルと判定された。   As the evaluation of flame retardancy, it was performed according to UL flame resistance test standard (UL94). A test piece produced in the size of the molded body of Example 2 (thickness 3 mm, length 130 mm, width 13 mm) was used. In the vertical combustion test, the afterflame time was 5 seconds or less, and the V-0 level was determined.

(比較例1)
リグニンの代替としてリグニンスルホン酸塩(バニレックスN、日本製紙株式会社製)を用い、樹脂組成物の作製を試みた。前記リグニンスルホン酸20g、40質量%ホルムアルデヒド溶液11.2gを加え攪拌した。50質量%炭酸ナトリウム水溶液12gを徐々に滴下しながら、100℃で2時間加熱し、液状の樹脂組成物を得た。さらに、木粉16.3gを加え均一になるまで攪拌し、その後減圧して水分を蒸発させ、冷却後に粉砕して樹脂組成物を得た。
(Comparative Example 1)
Using lignin sulfonate (Vanilex N, manufactured by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.) as an alternative to lignin, an attempt was made to produce a resin composition. 20 g of lignin sulfonic acid and 11.2 g of 40% by mass formaldehyde solution were added and stirred. While gradually dropping 12 g of a 50% by mass aqueous sodium carbonate solution, the mixture was heated at 100 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a liquid resin composition. Furthermore, 16.3 g of wood flour was added and stirred until uniform, then the pressure was reduced to evaporate the moisture, and the mixture was cooled and pulverized to obtain a resin composition.

この樹脂組成物を50×10mmまたは130mm×13mmの金型に充填し、油圧真空加熱プレス機で面圧0.2MPa、180℃、10分プレスしたが、脆い固形物となり成形体を得ることができなかった。   This resin composition was filled into a 50 × 10 mm or 130 mm × 13 mm mold and pressed with a hydraulic vacuum heating press at a surface pressure of 0.2 MPa at 180 ° C. for 10 minutes. could not.

(比較例2)
リグニンとして実施例1のリグニンを用い樹脂組成物の作製を試みた。前記リグニン20gの粉体に木粉16.3gを加えて混合した。
(Comparative Example 2)
An attempt was made to produce a resin composition using the lignin of Example 1 as the lignin. 16.3 g of wood powder was added to and mixed with 20 g of the lignin powder.

この混合物を50×10mmまたは130mm×13mmの金型に充填し、油圧真空加熱プレス機で面圧0.2MPa、180℃、10分プレスしたが、脆い固形物となり成形体を得ることができなかった。
実施例1、2及び比較例1、2で得られた結果を纏めて表1に示した。
This mixture was filled into a 50 × 10 mm or 130 mm × 13 mm mold and pressed with a hydraulic vacuum heating press at a surface pressure of 0.2 MPa at 180 ° C. for 10 minutes, but it became a brittle solid and a molded product could not be obtained. It was.
The results obtained in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are summarized in Table 1.

Figure 2014024933
Figure 2014024933

水溶性のリグニンスルホン酸塩とホルムアルデヒドをアルカリ下で反応させた比較例1では、脆い固形物しか得られず自己硬化性樹脂成形材料を得ることができなかった。また、比較例2のようにリグニンと木粉を混合し成形しても成形材料を得ることができなかった。
これに対し、有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニンとホルムアルデヒドをアルカリの存在下で反応させて得られる自己硬化型樹脂の実施例1、2では、自己硬化性樹脂成形材料とすることができ、成形物は、耐熱性、機械強度や抗菌性に優れ、難燃性を付与することができる。
In Comparative Example 1 in which a water-soluble lignin sulfonate and formaldehyde were reacted in an alkali, only a brittle solid was obtained, and a self-curing resin molding material could not be obtained. Further, even if lignin and wood powder were mixed and molded as in Comparative Example 2, a molding material could not be obtained.
On the other hand, in Examples 1 and 2 of the self-curing resin obtained by reacting lignin soluble in an organic solvent and formaldehyde in the presence of an alkali, it can be used as a self-curing resin molding material. It has excellent heat resistance, mechanical strength and antibacterial properties, and can impart flame retardancy.

Claims (6)

有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニンとホルムアルデヒドをアルカリの存在下で反応させて得られる自己硬化型樹脂。   Self-curing resin obtained by reacting lignin soluble in organic solvent with formaldehyde in the presence of alkali. 有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニン中のフェノールとホルムアルデヒドのモル比が1.0〜3.0である請求項1に記載の自己硬化型樹脂。   The self-curing resin according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of phenol to formaldehyde in the lignin soluble in an organic solvent is 1.0 to 3.0. 前記有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニンの重量平均分子量が、100〜7000である請求項1又は2に記載の自己硬化型樹脂。   The self-curing resin according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the lignin soluble in the organic solvent has a weight average molecular weight of 100 to 7000. 前記有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニン中の硫黄原子の含有率が2質量%以下である請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の自己硬化型樹脂。   The self-curing resin according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the content of sulfur atoms in the lignin soluble in the organic solvent is 2% by mass or less. 有機溶媒に可溶性のリグニンが、水のみを用いた処理方法によりセルロース成分、ヘミセルロース成分から分離し、有機溶媒に溶解させることにより得られたものである請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の自己硬化型樹脂。   The lignin soluble in an organic solvent is obtained by separating from a cellulose component and a hemicellulose component by a treatment method using only water, and dissolving the lignin in an organic solvent. Curable resin. リグニンが、植物原料に水蒸気を圧入し、瞬時に圧力を開放することで植物原料を爆砕する水蒸気爆砕法によりセルロース成分、ヘミセルロース成分から分離し、有機溶媒に溶解させることにより得られたものである請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の自己硬化型樹脂。   The lignin was obtained by separating the cellulose component and hemicellulose component by the steam explosion method, in which steam is injected into the plant material and the plant material is blasted by instantaneously releasing the pressure, and dissolved in an organic solvent. The self-curing resin according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
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