JP2013257063A - Waste incinerator, and method of incinerating waste - Google Patents

Waste incinerator, and method of incinerating waste Download PDF

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JP2013257063A
JP2013257063A JP2012132782A JP2012132782A JP2013257063A JP 2013257063 A JP2013257063 A JP 2013257063A JP 2012132782 A JP2012132782 A JP 2012132782A JP 2012132782 A JP2012132782 A JP 2012132782A JP 2013257063 A JP2013257063 A JP 2013257063A
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air
combustion
waste
combustion chamber
grate
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JP5871207B2 (en
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Tomohiro Denda
知広 傳田
Takeshi Nakayama
剛 中山
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JFE Engineering Corp
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Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a waste incinerator allowing low air ratio combustion.SOLUTION: A waste incinerator includes a drying fire grate 11a, a combustion fire grate 11b, and an after-combustion fire grate 11c sequentially in a main combustion chamber 11 lower part, and is provided with a primary air supply means 21 for supplying primary air from an under side of the drying fire grate 11a and the combustion fire grate 11b, and a secondary air supply means for supplying secondary air to a secondary combustion chamber 12, and the secondary air supply means includes a secondary air main supply means 31 for supplying main secondary air to the secondary combustion chamber 12 at a fixed supply amount, and a secondary air sub-supply means 25 for supplying one part of air taken in by a blowing means of the primary air supply means as secondary sub-air, to the secondary combustion chamber.

Description

本発明は、都市ごみ等の廃棄物を焼却する火格子式の廃棄物焼却炉及び廃棄物焼却方法に関する。   The present invention relates to a grate-type waste incinerator and a waste incineration method for incinerating waste such as municipal waste.

都市ごみ等の廃棄物を焼却処理する焼却炉として、火格子式廃棄物焼却炉が広く用いられており、その代表的なものの概要構成を添付図面の図2に示す。この図2の形式の焼却炉は特許文献1にも開示されている。   A grate-type waste incinerator is widely used as an incinerator for incinerating waste such as municipal waste, and a schematic configuration of a typical one is shown in FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings. This type of incinerator of FIG. 2 is also disclosed in Patent Document 1.

図2に示される焼却炉は、廃棄物を燃焼する主燃焼室1の下部に廃棄物の移動方向に配置され三段から成る火格子(乾燥火格子1a、燃焼火格子1bそして後燃焼火格子1c)を有し、後燃焼火格子1cの上方に位置する主燃焼室1の出口に二次燃焼室2が連設されている。上記主燃焼室1には乾燥火格子1aの上方に位置して廃棄物投入口3がそして後燃焼火格子1cの右下方には灰落下口4がそれぞれ設けられている。通常、上記二次燃焼室2は廃熱回収用の廃熱ボイラ10の一部でもあり入口近傍部分である。また、上記主燃焼室1には、燃焼火格子1bと後燃焼火格子1cにまたがる範囲で火格子の上方位置に外部からの二次空気を主燃焼室1内へ吹き込む二次空気吹込み口5が設けられている。   The incinerator shown in FIG. 2 is a three-stage grate (dry grate 1a, combustion grate 1b, and post-combustion grate) disposed in the moving direction of the waste at the lower part of the main combustion chamber 1 for burning the waste 1c), and a secondary combustion chamber 2 is connected to the outlet of the main combustion chamber 1 located above the post-combustion grate 1c. The main combustion chamber 1 is provided with a waste charging port 3 located above the dry grate 1a and an ash drop port 4 at the lower right of the rear combustion grate 1c. Usually, the secondary combustion chamber 2 is also a part of the waste heat boiler 10 for recovering waste heat and is in the vicinity of the inlet. The main combustion chamber 1 has a secondary air inlet through which secondary air from outside is blown into the main combustion chamber 1 at a position above the grate within a range extending over the combustion grate 1b and the post-combustion grate 1c. 5 is provided.

図2に示される焼却炉にあっては、廃棄物投入口3から炉内に投入された廃棄物は、シュート3aを通して乾燥火格子1a上に堆積され、乾燥火格子1aの下からの一次空気と炉内の輻射熱により乾燥されると共に、昇温されて着火する。すなわち、上記乾燥火格子1aの直上方では、廃棄物の流れ方向の上流側たる左域空間で乾燥領域をそして下流側たる右域空間では燃焼開始領域を形成する。燃焼開始領域で着火して燃焼を開始した廃棄物は、燃焼火格子1b上に送られ、廃棄物が熱分解ガス化され可燃性ガスが発生し、燃焼火格子1bの下から送られる燃焼用の一次空気によりガス分と固形分が燃焼し、上記燃焼火格子1bの直上方空間で主燃焼領域を形成する。そして、更に後燃焼火格子1c上で、後燃焼火格子1cの下から送られる燃焼用の一次空気により固定炭素など未燃分が完全に燃焼し、該後燃焼火格子1c直上方空間で後燃焼領域を形成する。しかる後、燃焼後に残った灰は、灰落下口4より外部に排出される。かくして廃棄物は三段の火格子1a〜1cの下から吹き上げる一次空気により、燃焼する。   In the incinerator shown in FIG. 2, the waste introduced into the furnace through the waste inlet 3 is deposited on the dry grate 1a through the chute 3a and primary air from below the dry grate 1a. It is dried by the radiant heat in the furnace, and the temperature is raised to ignite. That is, immediately above the dry grate 1a, a dry region is formed in the left region space upstream of the waste flow direction, and a combustion start region is formed in the right region space downstream. The waste that ignites in the combustion start region and starts combustion is sent onto the combustion grate 1b, and the waste is pyrolyzed and gasified to generate a combustible gas, which is sent from below the combustion grate 1b. Gas and solid content are combusted by the primary air to form a main combustion region in the space immediately above the combustion grate 1b. Further, on the post-combustion grate 1c, unburned components such as fixed carbon are completely burned by the primary air for combustion sent from below the post-combustion grate 1c, and the rear combustion grate 1c is rearward in the space immediately above it. Create a combustion zone. Thereafter, the ash remaining after the combustion is discharged to the outside from the ash drop opening 4. Thus, the waste is combusted by the primary air blown from below the three-stage grate 1a to 1c.

このような焼却炉では、廃棄物の燃焼は主燃焼室1内で行われ、燃焼排ガスに含まれている未燃ガスは、二次空気吹込み口5からの二次空気を受けて二次燃焼室2で二次的な燃焼が行われて未燃分が完全に燃焼する。二次燃焼室2からの排ガスは、廃熱ボイラ10にて熱交換された後に、減温塔、バグフィルタ(共に図示せず)等を経由して無害化された状態で煙突から外部に放出される。廃熱ボイラ10では、高温の燃焼排ガスから熱交換器により熱回収され蒸気を発生し、その蒸気を熱供給,発電等に供している。   In such an incinerator, the combustion of waste is performed in the main combustion chamber 1, and unburned gas contained in the combustion exhaust gas receives secondary air from the secondary air inlet 5 and receives secondary air. Secondary combustion is performed in the combustion chamber 2 to completely burn the unburned portion. The exhaust gas from the secondary combustion chamber 2 is heat-exchanged in the waste heat boiler 10 and then discharged from the chimney in a detoxified state via a temperature reducing tower, a bag filter (both not shown), etc. Is done. In the waste heat boiler 10, heat is recovered from a high-temperature combustion exhaust gas by a heat exchanger to generate steam, and the steam is used for heat supply, power generation, and the like.

この図2の焼却炉は、一次空気と二次空気の2系統の燃焼用空気供給系を備え、一次空気供給系はファン6からダンパ等の流量調節機構7を介して火格子1a〜1cに空気を送り込む系統であり、二次空気供給系はファン8からダンパ等の流量調節機構9を介して二次空気を吹込み口5から主燃焼室1内に吹き込む系統である。   The incinerator of FIG. 2 includes two systems of combustion air supply systems, primary air and secondary air. The primary air supply system is connected from the fan 6 to the grate 1a to 1c via a flow rate adjusting mechanism 7 such as a damper. The secondary air supply system is a system that blows secondary air from the blower port 5 into the main combustion chamber 1 through a flow rate adjusting mechanism 9 such as a damper.

特開平9-49624JP-A-9-49624

図2に示されるような従来の廃棄物焼却炉では、実際に炉内に供給する空気量を廃棄物の燃焼に必要な理論空気量で除した比は(空気比)は、通常1.6程度である。これは、一般燃料の燃焼に必要な空気比である1.05〜1.2に比べて大きくなっている。その理由は、廃棄物には、上記一般燃料としての液体燃料や気体燃料に比べて不燃分が多く、かつ燃料分の分布が不均質なため、空気の利用効率が低く、燃焼を行うには多量の空気が必要となるためである。しかし、単に供給空気を多くすると、空気比が大きくなるにしたがって排ガス量も多くなるので、これに伴ってより大きな排ガス処理設備が必要となる。   In the conventional waste incinerator as shown in FIG. 2, the ratio (air ratio) obtained by dividing the amount of air actually supplied into the furnace by the theoretical amount of air necessary for combustion of waste is usually 1.6. Degree. This is larger than 1.05 to 1.2 which is an air ratio necessary for combustion of general fuel. The reason for this is that waste has a higher incombustibility than liquid fuel and gaseous fuel as general fuel, and the distribution of fuel is inhomogeneous. This is because a large amount of air is required. However, if the supply air is simply increased, the amount of exhaust gas increases as the air ratio increases, and accordingly, a larger exhaust gas treatment facility is required.

焼却炉において空気比を小さくした状態で支障なく廃棄物を燃焼することができれば排ガス量は低減し、排ガス処理設備がコンパクトになり、その結果、廃棄物焼却施設全体が小型化して設備費を低減できる。これに加えて、排ガス処理のための薬剤量も低減するので、運転費を低減できる。さらには、熱回収できずに大気に捨てられる熱量を低減させ、廃熱ボイラの熱回収率を向上できるので、廃棄物発電の効率を上げることができる。   If waste can be burned without problems in an incinerator with a reduced air ratio, the amount of exhaust gas will be reduced, and the exhaust gas treatment facility will become compact. As a result, the entire waste incineration facility will be downsized and equipment costs will be reduced. it can. In addition, since the amount of chemicals for exhaust gas treatment is also reduced, the operating cost can be reduced. Furthermore, since the amount of heat that cannot be recovered and discarded to the atmosphere can be reduced and the heat recovery rate of the waste heat boiler can be improved, the efficiency of waste power generation can be increased.

このような状況のもとで、空気比を1.3以下の低空気比で廃棄物焼却炉を操業することが検討されている。低空気比操業を行うことにより焼却炉より排出される排ガス量が低減されるため、排ガスの体積当たりの顕熱が増加し廃熱ボイラでの熱回収効率が向上して発生蒸気による発電効率が向上でき、また、排ガス処理設備をコンパクトにでき廃棄物焼却設備全体をコンパクトにできる効果がある。   Under such circumstances, it has been studied to operate a waste incinerator with a low air ratio of 1.3 or less. Since the amount of exhaust gas discharged from the incinerator is reduced by operating at a low air ratio, the sensible heat per volume of the exhaust gas increases, the heat recovery efficiency in the waste heat boiler is improved, and the power generation efficiency by the generated steam is increased. The exhaust gas treatment facility can be made compact, and the entire waste incineration facility can be made compact.

しかしながら、このように、低空気比燃焼に対する利点は大きくなるが、一方で、低空気比燃焼では燃焼が不安定になるという問題が残る。すなわち、低空気比で廃棄物を燃焼させると、燃焼が不安定となり、COの発生が増加したり、火炎温度が局所的に上昇してNOxが急増したり、煤が大量に発生したり、クリンカが発生したり、局所的な高温により炉の耐火物の寿命が短くなるという問題点がある。   As described above, however, the advantage over the low air ratio combustion becomes large, but the problem remains that the combustion becomes unstable in the low air ratio combustion. That is, if waste is burned at a low air ratio, the combustion becomes unstable, the generation of CO increases, the flame temperature rises locally, NOx increases rapidly, soot is generated in large quantities, There are problems that clinker is generated and that the lifetime of the refractory in the furnace is shortened due to local high temperatures.

火格子式焼却炉では、焼却炉へ供給する空気量を低減して低空気比燃焼を指向する場合でも、乾燥、燃焼、後燃焼のため火格子から供給する一次空気は空気比1.2程度は供給しないと廃棄物の燃焼状況が悪化してしまい、燃え切りが悪くなり灰分中未燃分の増加(熱勺減量の増加)につながることになってしまう。したがって、低空気比燃焼での操業を行うためには、二次空気量をも減少させることが試みられているが、次のような問題がある。すなわち、低空気比燃焼の操業を指向し、二次空気量を減少させると、廃棄物の供給量や性状が変動した場合、未燃ガスが完全燃焼されず、燃焼排ガス中に数百ppmオーダのCOガスが残存する場合があり、COスパイクの発生の原因ともなる。COスパイクが発生すると、有害物質を含んだ排ガスが炉外に放出されることになり、公害防止の上から好ましくない。そのため低空気比燃焼を実現するのが困難になっている。   In the grate-type incinerator, even if the amount of air supplied to the incinerator is reduced and the low air ratio combustion is directed, the primary air supplied from the grate for drying, combustion, and post-combustion is about 1.2 If it is not supplied, the state of combustion of the waste will deteriorate, burning out will worsen, leading to an increase in unburned ash (increased heat loss). Therefore, in order to operate at low air ratio combustion, attempts have been made to reduce the amount of secondary air, but there are the following problems. That is, when the operation of low air ratio combustion is aimed at and the amount of secondary air is reduced, the unburned gas is not completely burned and the combustion exhaust gas is on the order of several hundred ppm when the supply amount and properties of waste change. CO gas may remain, causing CO spikes. When the CO spike is generated, exhaust gas containing harmful substances is discharged outside the furnace, which is not preferable for preventing pollution. Therefore, it is difficult to realize low air ratio combustion.

本発明は、かかる事情に鑑み、低空気比燃焼を行った場合においても、CO等の有害ガスの発生を抑制でき、廃棄物を安定して燃焼できる火格子式の廃棄物焼却炉及び廃棄物焼却方法を提供することを課題とする。   In view of such circumstances, the present invention is a grate-type waste incinerator and waste that can suppress the generation of harmful gases such as CO even when low air ratio combustion is performed and can stably burn waste. It is an object to provide an incineration method.

以下、本発明に至る検討の結果及び本発明の構成について説明する。   Hereinafter, the result of the study leading to the present invention and the configuration of the present invention will be described.

<検討の結果>
二次燃焼室における未燃ガスの燃焼のために供給する二次空気を、二次空気の大部分を一定供給量で供給する主供給系と、変動する排ガス性状に対応して排ガス性状を所定範囲内にするように供給量を調整する副供給系との二つの供給系を設けることで良好な結果が得られることを見い出した。
<Result of study>
Secondary air supplied for combustion of unburned gas in the secondary combustion chamber, main supply system supplying most of the secondary air at a constant supply amount, and predetermined exhaust gas properties corresponding to fluctuating exhaust gas properties It has been found that good results can be obtained by providing two supply systems, a sub-supply system that adjusts the supply amount to be within the range.

副供給系における送気手段として、新たな送気ファンを設けることは、設備費用、運転費用の増加となるため、好ましくない。そこで、一次空気供給系のうち、後燃焼火格子に供給している系に着目して検討したところ、従来の火格子式廃棄物焼却炉にて、後燃焼火格子下から供給する一次空気は、燃焼火格子から移された廃棄物の焼却残渣中の未燃分(主に固定炭素)を燃焼するために供給されているが、実際には、後燃焼火格子に至るまでに、固定炭素は燃え切っており、これを考慮すると、後燃焼火格子下から供給する一次空気を削減してもよいことが判明した。そこで、二次空気の副供給源として、一次空気供給系の送気手段である送風ファン、管路を利用することを考案した。   Providing a new air supply fan as the air supply means in the sub-supply system is not preferable because it increases equipment costs and operation costs. Therefore, when we focused on the system supplying the post-combustion grate among the primary air supply systems, the primary air supplied from under the post-combustion grate in the conventional grate-type waste incinerator is , Is supplied to burn the unburned residue (mainly fixed carbon) in the incineration residue of waste transferred from the combustion grate, but in fact, fixed carbon by the end of the post-combustion grate Has been burned out, and considering this, it has been found that the primary air supplied from under the post-combustion grate may be reduced. Therefore, it has been devised to use a blower fan and a pipe line as air supply means of the primary air supply system as a secondary supply source of secondary air.

<廃棄物焼却炉>
本発明にかかる廃棄物焼却炉は、廃棄物を燃焼する主燃焼室を有し、主燃焼室での燃焼後の未燃ガスを燃焼する二次燃焼室が該主燃焼室の出口側に接続されており、主燃焼室下部に、乾燥火格子、燃焼火格子そして後燃焼火格子が順に設けられていると共に、乾燥火格子と燃焼火格子のそれぞれの下方から一次空気を供給する一次空気供給手段と、二次燃焼室に二次空気を供給する二次空気供給手段とが設けられている。
<Waste incinerator>
A waste incinerator according to the present invention has a main combustion chamber for burning waste, and a secondary combustion chamber for burning unburned gas after combustion in the main combustion chamber is connected to the outlet side of the main combustion chamber. The primary combustion chamber is provided with a dry grate, a combustion grate, and a post-combustion grate in the lower part of the main combustion chamber, and supplies primary air from below the dry grate and the combustion grate. Means and secondary air supply means for supplying secondary air to the secondary combustion chamber are provided.

かかる火格子式の廃棄物焼却炉において、本発明では、二次空気供給手段は、一定供給量で二次燃焼室へ主二次空気を供給する二次空気主供給手段と、一次空気供給手段の送気手段により取り込む空気の一部を二次燃焼室へ副二次空気として供給する二次空気副供給手段とを備えていることを特徴としている。   In such a grate-type waste incinerator, in the present invention, the secondary air supply means includes: a secondary air main supply means for supplying main secondary air to the secondary combustion chamber at a constant supply amount; and a primary air supply means. And a secondary air auxiliary supply means for supplying a part of the air taken in by the air supply means to the secondary combustion chamber as secondary secondary air.

本発明において、二次空気副供給手段は、廃棄物焼却炉から排出される排ガス性状を検出する排ガス性状検出計と、上記二次空気副供給手段による二次空気の供給量を調整可能な供給量調整器と、上記排ガス性状検出計で検出された排ガス性状に基づき排ガスの排ガス性状を所定範囲内にするように上記供給量調整器を制御する制御装置とを有することとすることができる。   In the present invention, the secondary air auxiliary supply means includes an exhaust gas property detector for detecting the exhaust gas properties discharged from the waste incinerator, and a supply capable of adjusting the amount of secondary air supplied by the secondary air auxiliary supply means. An amount adjuster and a control device that controls the supply amount adjuster so that the exhaust gas property of the exhaust gas is within a predetermined range based on the exhaust gas property detected by the exhaust gas property detector.

このように構成される本発明の廃棄物焼却炉にあっては、従来、一次空気供給手段の送気手段により取り込み後燃焼火格子下へ送っていた空気の分だけ一次空気を削減して、その分を二次空気副供給手段により二次燃焼室へ副二次空気として供給することができ、さらに、排ガス性状に応じて副二次空気の供給量を調整し排ガス性状を所定範囲内にするようにする。その結果、二次燃焼室で未燃ガスを完全に燃焼することができる。そのため、低空気比燃焼でも廃棄物、未燃ガスを安定して燃焼することができ、COなど有害物の発生を抑制でき、低空気比燃焼を達成できる。   In the waste incinerator of the present invention configured as above, conventionally, the primary air is reduced by the amount of air that has been taken in by the air supply means of the primary air supply means and then sent under the combustion grate, The amount can be supplied as secondary secondary air to the secondary combustion chamber by the secondary air auxiliary supply means, and the supply amount of the secondary secondary air is adjusted according to the exhaust gas properties so that the exhaust gas properties are within a predetermined range. To do. As a result, the unburned gas can be completely burned in the secondary combustion chamber. Therefore, even in low air ratio combustion, waste and unburned gas can be stably burned, generation of harmful substances such as CO can be suppressed, and low air ratio combustion can be achieved.

本発明において、排ガス性状検出計は温度計、酸素濃度計、CO濃度計及びNOx濃度計のうち少なくとも一つであり、制御装置は上記排ガス性状検出計により検出された排ガスの温度、酸素濃度、CO濃度及びNOx濃度のうち少なくとも一つの性状に基づき、該性状を所定範囲とするように供給量調整器を制御するようにすることができる。   In the present invention, the exhaust gas property detector is at least one of a thermometer, an oxygen concentration meter, a CO concentration meter, and a NOx concentration meter, and the control device detects the temperature of the exhaust gas, the oxygen concentration detected by the exhaust gas property detector, Based on at least one property of the CO concentration and the NOx concentration, the supply amount regulator can be controlled so that the property falls within a predetermined range.

<廃棄物焼却方法>
本発明の廃棄物焼却方法は、廃棄物を燃焼する主燃焼室を有し、主燃焼室での燃焼後の未燃ガスを燃焼する二次燃焼室が該主燃焼室の出口側に接続されており、主燃焼室下部に、乾燥火格子、燃焼火格子そして後燃焼火格子が順に設けられていると共に、乾燥火格子と燃焼火格子のそれぞれの下方から一次空気を供給する一次空気供給手段と、二次燃焼室に二次空気を供給する二次空気供給手段とが設けられている火格子式の廃棄物焼却炉での廃棄物焼却方法において、一定供給量で二次燃焼室へ主二次空気を供給するとともに、一次空気供給手段の送気手段により取り込む空気の一部を副二次空気として二次燃焼室へ供給することを特徴とする。
<Waste incineration method>
The waste incineration method of the present invention has a main combustion chamber for burning waste, and a secondary combustion chamber for burning unburned gas after combustion in the main combustion chamber is connected to the outlet side of the main combustion chamber. A primary air supply means for supplying a primary air from below the dry grate and the combustion grate, in which a dry grate, a combustion grate, and a post-combustion grate are sequentially provided in the lower part of the main combustion chamber And a waste incineration method in a grate-type waste incinerator provided with secondary air supply means for supplying secondary air to the secondary combustion chamber. While supplying secondary air, a part of the air taken in by the air supply means of the primary air supply means is supplied as secondary secondary air to the secondary combustion chamber.

かかる本発明において、廃棄物焼却炉から排出される排ガス性状を検出した排ガス性状検出値に基づき、排ガスの排ガス性状を所定範囲内にするように、上記二次空気副供給手段による副二次空気の供給量を調整することとすることができる。   In the present invention, on the basis of the exhaust gas property detection value obtained by detecting the exhaust gas property discharged from the waste incinerator, the secondary secondary air by the secondary air sub supply means is set so that the exhaust gas property of the exhaust gas is within a predetermined range. The supply amount can be adjusted.

さらに本発明では、廃棄物の燃焼に必要な単位時間当りの理論酸素量に対する、一次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量の比Q1と、
主二次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量の比Q2と、
副二次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量の比Q3とが、下式(1)及び(2)を満足するように設定することができる。
Furthermore, in the present invention, the ratio Q1 of the amount of oxygen per unit time supplied by primary air to the theoretical amount of oxygen per unit time necessary for combustion of waste,
A ratio Q2 of oxygen amount per unit time supplied by the main secondary air;
The ratio Q3 of the amount of oxygen per unit time supplied by the secondary secondary air can be set so as to satisfy the following expressions (1) and (2).

Q1:Q2:Q3=0.75〜0.95:0.25〜0.40:0.05〜0.20 ………(1)
1.2≦Q1+Q2+Q3≦1.4 …………………………………………(2)
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.75-0.95: 0.25-0.40: 0.05-0.20 (1)
1.2 ≦ Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ≦ 1.4 ………………………………………… (2)

本発明は、以上のように、二次燃焼室へ、一定量で二次空気を二次空気主供給手段により供給すると共に、従来、後燃焼火格子下へ送っていた分の一次空気を、排ガス性状に応じた供給量のもとで二次空気副供給手段により二次空気の一部として上記二次燃焼室へ供給することとしたので、二次燃焼室において、未燃ガスを完全に燃焼することができる。そのため、低空気比燃焼でも廃棄物、未燃ガスを安定して燃焼することができ、COなど有害物の発生を抑制でき、低空気比燃焼を達成できる廃棄物焼却炉及び廃棄物焼却方法を提供することができる。   In the present invention, as described above, secondary air is supplied to the secondary combustion chamber in a constant amount by the secondary air main supply means, and the primary air that has conventionally been sent under the post-combustion grate, Since the secondary air sub-supply means supplies the secondary combustion chamber as a part of the secondary air under the supply amount according to the exhaust gas properties, the unburned gas is completely removed in the secondary combustion chamber. Can burn. Therefore, a waste incinerator and a waste incineration method that can stably burn waste and unburned gas even with low air ratio combustion, can suppress the generation of harmful substances such as CO, and can achieve low air ratio combustion. Can be provided.

本発明の第一実施形態として廃棄物焼却炉装置の概要構成図である。It is a schematic block diagram of a waste incinerator apparatus as 1st embodiment of this invention. 従来の廃棄物焼却炉装置の概要構成図である。It is a schematic block diagram of the conventional waste incinerator apparatus.

以下、添付図面の図1にもとづき、本発明の実施の形態を説明する。   Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings.

図1に示される本実施形態の廃棄物焼却炉は、廃棄物を燃焼するための主燃焼室11の出口側に二次燃焼室12が連設されている。二次燃焼室12は廃熱回収のための廃熱ボイラ17の一部でもあり入口近傍部分である。   In the waste incinerator of this embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a secondary combustion chamber 12 is continuously provided on the outlet side of the main combustion chamber 11 for burning waste. The secondary combustion chamber 12 is also a part of the waste heat boiler 17 for waste heat recovery and is in the vicinity of the inlet.

主燃焼室11の下部には、廃棄物の移動方向(図では右方向)で、上流側から乾燥火格子11a、燃焼火格子11b、そして後燃焼火格子11cが順に設けられている。各火格子11a,11b,11cはそれぞれ、火格子上の廃棄物を右方に移動させる動作を伴っている。   In the lower part of the main combustion chamber 11, a dry grate 11a, a combustion grate 11b, and a post-combustion grate 11c are provided in this order from the upstream side in the waste movement direction (right direction in the figure). Each grate 11a, 11b, 11c is accompanied by an operation of moving waste on the grate to the right.

上記焼却炉では、乾燥火格子11aの上流側の上方に、廃棄物投入口13が設けられており、該廃棄物投入口13から垂下するシュート14により上記主燃焼室11の上部空間に連通していて、廃棄物投入口13から投入された廃棄物が上記シュート14を経て、図示しない廃棄物供給機構により上記乾燥火格子11aに供給されるようになっている。該乾燥火格子11a上に供給された廃棄物は、各火格子11a〜11cの動作によって、火格子上に廃棄物の層を形成しつつ燃焼火格子11bそして後燃焼火格子11cへと移動する。各火格子11aそして11bの下方には、燃焼用の空気の供給を受けるための風箱11a−1,11b−1が設けられている。燃焼用の一次空気は、火格子上の廃棄物の乾燥及び燃焼に使われるほか、火格子の冷却作用、廃棄物の攪拌作用を有する。また、後燃焼火格子11cに対して下流側で隣接する位置に、下方に開口する灰落下口15が設けられている。   In the incinerator, a waste charging port 13 is provided above the upstream side of the dry grate 11 a, and communicates with the upper space of the main combustion chamber 11 by a chute 14 hanging from the waste charging port 13. In addition, the waste introduced from the waste inlet 13 is supplied to the dry grate 11a through the chute 14 by a waste supply mechanism (not shown). The waste supplied on the dry grate 11a moves to the combustion grate 11b and the post-combustion grate 11c while forming a waste layer on the grate by the operation of each grate 11a to 11c. . Below each grate 11a and 11b, wind boxes 11a-1 and 11b-1 for receiving supply of combustion air are provided. The primary air for combustion is used for drying and burning waste on the grate, and also has a grate cooling action and a waste agitation action. Further, an ash drop opening 15 that opens downward is provided at a position adjacent to the rear combustion grate 11c on the downstream side.

主燃焼室11の出口部(下流側)の上方位置で該主燃焼室11に二次燃焼室12が連設されている。廃熱ボイラ17はその入口近傍部分が二次燃焼室12であり、二次燃焼室12に続いて屈曲流路空間が形成され、内壁面の水冷壁や伝熱管群により廃熱を回収し、上方の排出口17aから排ガスを次工程処理のために排出するようになっている。   A secondary combustion chamber 12 is connected to the main combustion chamber 11 at a position above the outlet (downstream side) of the main combustion chamber 11. The waste heat boiler 17 has a secondary combustion chamber 12 in the vicinity of the inlet, a bent flow passage space is formed following the secondary combustion chamber 12, and the waste heat is recovered by a water cooling wall or a heat transfer tube group on the inner wall surface. Exhaust gas is discharged from the upper discharge port 17a for the next process.

本実施形態では、焼却炉は、燃焼用空気となる一次空気、そして二次空気の2系統の空気供給系を備えている。一次空気供給系21は、空気供給源からの空気を管路22を経て、乾燥火格子11a、燃焼火格子11bのそれぞれの風箱11a−1,11b−1に分岐供給管21a,21bから送り込むようになっており、上記管路22には、圧送用ファン23そして流量調整機構としてのダンパ24a,24bが設けられている。二次空気供給系は、二次空気主供給系(手段)31と二次空気副供給系(手段)25を備えている。二次空気主供給系31は、外部に設けられた空気供給源からの空気を管路32を経て、二次燃焼室12に設けられた吹込口28から該二次燃焼室12へ送り込むようになっており、上記管路32には、圧送用ファン33そして供給量調整機構としてのダンパ34が設けられている。該ダンパ34は適宜設定された開度で一定供給量の空気を供給するようになっている。二次空気副供給系25は、上記一次空気供給系21の管路22から分岐そして延長された管路26で流量調整機構としての供給量調整器であるダンパ27を経て、一次空気の一部を上記二次燃焼室12の吹込口28から該二次燃焼室12へ副二次空気として吹き込むようになっている。上記二次空気副供給系25は、二次燃焼室12の排出口17aに排ガス性状検出計としての酸素濃度計35が設けられていると共に、上記ダンパ27の開度を制御して該ダンパ27を通して供給される副二次空気の供給量を調整する制御装置36を有している。該制御装置36は、上記酸素濃度計35からの検出酸素濃度に基づいて、上記排出口17aでの酸素濃度が所定範囲内に収まるように、上記ダンパ27の開度を制御する指令信号を該ダンパ27に送るようになっている。なお、上記風箱及び燃焼用の一次空気、二次空気を供給するための管路等の構成は図示したものに限定されず、焼却炉の規模、形状、用途等により適宜選択され得る。   In the present embodiment, the incinerator includes two air supply systems of primary air that serves as combustion air and secondary air. The primary air supply system 21 feeds air from an air supply source from the branch supply pipes 21a and 21b to the wind boxes 11a-1 and 11b-1 of the dry grate 11a and the combustion grate 11b via the pipe line 22, respectively. The pipe 22 is provided with a pressure-feeding fan 23 and dampers 24a and 24b as flow rate adjusting mechanisms. The secondary air supply system includes a secondary air main supply system (means) 31 and a secondary air sub-supply system (means) 25. The secondary air main supply system 31 is configured to send air from an air supply source provided outside to the secondary combustion chamber 12 through the pipe 32 through an inlet 28 provided in the secondary combustion chamber 12. The duct 32 is provided with a pressure-feeding fan 33 and a damper 34 as a supply amount adjusting mechanism. The damper 34 supplies a constant supply amount of air at an appropriately set opening degree. The secondary air sub-supply system 25 is a part of the primary air through a damper 27 which is a supply amount regulator as a flow rate adjustment mechanism in a pipe 26 branched and extended from the pipe 22 of the primary air supply system 21. Is blown into the secondary combustion chamber 12 as secondary secondary air from the inlet 28 of the secondary combustion chamber 12. The secondary air sub-supply system 25 is provided with an oxygen concentration meter 35 as an exhaust gas property detector at the discharge port 17 a of the secondary combustion chamber 12, and controls the opening degree of the damper 27 to control the damper 27. And a control device 36 for adjusting the supply amount of the secondary secondary air supplied through the control device 36. The control device 36 outputs a command signal for controlling the opening degree of the damper 27 based on the detected oxygen concentration from the oxygen concentration meter 35 so that the oxygen concentration at the discharge port 17a falls within a predetermined range. It is sent to the damper 27. Note that the configuration of the wind box, the primary air for combustion, the pipes for supplying secondary air, and the like are not limited to those shown in the drawings, and can be appropriately selected depending on the scale, shape, application, etc. of the incinerator.

本実施形態では、二次空気副供給系25に二次空気供給量調整器としてのダンパ27を有していて、二次燃焼室12を含む廃熱ボイラ17からの排ガスの酸素濃度を上記酸素濃度計35で検出して、排ガスの酸素濃度が所定範囲内に収まるように、上記制御装置36で上記ダンパ27を制御するので、二次空気副供給系25の副二次空気の供給量が増減され適正値となる。   In the present embodiment, the secondary air sub supply system 25 has a damper 27 as a secondary air supply amount regulator, and the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas from the waste heat boiler 17 including the secondary combustion chamber 12 is set to the oxygen concentration. Since the damper 27 is controlled by the control device 36 so that the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas is detected within the predetermined range as detected by the densitometer 35, the amount of sub-secondary air supplied from the secondary air sub-supply system 25 is Increase or decrease to an appropriate value.

このような本実施形態の焼却炉では、各火格子11a〜11cの上に廃棄物の層が形成される。   In such an incinerator of this embodiment, a waste layer is formed on each grate 11a-11c.

乾燥火格子11aの直上方では、該乾燥火格子11a上であって廃棄物の流れ方向の上流側範囲には乾燥領域が形成され、下流側範囲には燃焼開始領域が形成される。すなわち、乾燥火格子11aの廃棄物は、上流側範囲で乾燥され、下流側範囲で着火して燃焼が開始し燃焼火格子11bへと移動する。燃焼火格子11b上の廃棄物はここで熱分解そして部分酸化が行われ、可燃ガスと固形分が燃焼する。廃棄物はこの燃焼火格子11b上で実質的に殆んど燃焼される。こうして、上記燃焼火格子11b直上に主燃焼領域が形成される。しかる後、僅かに残った廃棄物中の固定炭素など未燃分が後燃焼火格子に移動して該後燃焼火格子11c上で完全に燃焼される。この後燃焼火格子11c上に後燃焼領域が形成される。   Immediately above the dry grate 11a, a dry region is formed on the dry grate 11a in the upstream range in the waste flow direction, and a combustion start region is formed in the downstream range. That is, the waste in the dry grate 11a is dried in the upstream range, ignited in the downstream range, starts combustion, and moves to the combustion grate 11b. The waste on the combustion grate 11b is pyrolyzed and partially oxidized here, and combustible gas and solid content are combusted. The waste is substantially burned on the combustion grate 11b. Thus, a main combustion region is formed immediately above the combustion grate 11b. Thereafter, the unburned matter such as fixed carbon in the remaining waste moves to the post-combustion grate and is completely burned on the post-combustion grate 11c. Thereafter, a post-combustion region is formed on the post-combustion grate 11c.

主燃焼室11内で発生した未燃ガスは、上記後燃焼火格子11cの上方に位置する二次燃焼室12に流入してここで燃焼し、上記後燃焼領域の上方に二次燃焼領域を形成する。   Unburned gas generated in the main combustion chamber 11 flows into the secondary combustion chamber 12 located above the post-combustion grate 11c and burns there, and the secondary combustion region is located above the post-combustion region. Form.

このような本実施形態の焼却炉は、次の要領で運転される。   Such an incinerator of this embodiment is operated in the following manner.

先ず、廃棄物投入口13へ廃棄物を投入すると、シュート14を経て、廃棄物は乾燥火格子11aに堆積され、各火格子11a〜11cの動作により、燃焼火格子11b上そして後燃焼火格子11c上へと移動し、各火格子11a〜11c上に廃棄物の層を形成する。   First, when waste is introduced into the waste inlet 13, the waste is deposited on the dry grate 11a via the chute 14, and the operation of each grate 11a to 11c causes the grate on the combustion grate 11b and the post-combustion grate. 11c to form a waste layer on each grate 11a-11c.

各火格子11a〜11cは、風箱11a−1,11b−1を経て燃焼用の一次空気を受けていて、これにより各火格子11a〜11c上の廃棄物は燃焼する。   Each grate 11a-11c receives the primary air for combustion via wind box 11a-1, 11b-1, and the waste on each grate 11a-11c burns by this.

乾燥火格子11aでは主として廃棄物の乾燥と着火が行われる。すなわち、乾燥火格子11aの廃棄物の流れ方向の上流側域で乾燥がそして下流側域で着火(燃焼開始)が行われる。燃焼火格子11bでは主として廃棄物の熱分解、部分酸化が行われ、可燃性ガスと固形分の燃焼が行われる。燃焼火格子11bにおいて廃棄物の燃焼は実質的に完了する。後燃焼火格子11c上では、僅かに残った廃棄物中の固定炭素など未燃分を完全におき燃焼させる。完全に燃焼した後の燃焼灰は、灰落下口15より排出される。このように廃棄物が燃焼している状態で、各火格子11a〜11c直上空間には、上述の乾燥領域、燃焼開始領域、主燃焼領域そして後燃焼領域がそれぞれ形成される。   In the dry grate 11a, waste is mainly dried and ignited. That is, drying is performed in the upstream region of the dry grate 11a in the waste flow direction, and ignition (combustion start) is performed in the downstream region. In the combustion grate 11b, thermal decomposition and partial oxidation of waste are mainly performed, and combustible gas and solid content are combusted. The combustion of the waste is substantially completed in the combustion grate 11b. On the post-combustion grate 11c, unburned components such as fixed carbon in the remaining waste are completely put and burned. The combustion ash after complete combustion is discharged from the ash drop opening 15. With the waste burning in this manner, the above-described drying region, combustion start region, main combustion region, and post-combustion region are formed in the space immediately above each grate 11a to 11c.

上記二次空気副供給系25からの副二次空気供給量は、制御装置36によるダンパ27の開度を増減して調整されるが、これは、酸素濃度計35により検出された廃熱ボイラ17の排出口17aの排ガスの検出酸素濃度が、所定範囲内に収まるように行われる。排ガスの酸素濃度はCO濃度と相関しており、この酸素濃度の所定範囲の下限は、COスパイクが起きないような酸素濃度として定め、上限を極力低空気比となる値として定めることにより、上記所定範囲を決定する。   The secondary secondary air supply amount from the secondary air secondary supply system 25 is adjusted by increasing / decreasing the opening degree of the damper 27 by the control device 36, which is a waste heat boiler detected by the oxygen concentration meter 35. The detected oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas at the 17 outlets 17a is set within a predetermined range. The oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas correlates with the CO concentration, and the lower limit of the predetermined range of the oxygen concentration is determined as an oxygen concentration that does not cause a CO spike, and the upper limit is determined as a value that makes the air ratio as low as possible. A predetermined range is determined.

既述のごとく、廃棄物投入口13とは反対側となる主燃焼室11の出口に、廃熱ボイラ17の一部である二次燃焼室12が連設されている。したがって、主燃焼室11内で発生した未燃ガスは、二次燃焼室12に導かれ、そこで二次空気と混合・攪拌され、二次燃焼し、二次燃焼室12からの燃焼排ガスは廃熱ボイラ17で熱回収される。熱回収された後、廃熱ボイラ17から排出された燃焼排ガスは、消石灰による酸性ガスの中和と、活性炭によるダイオキシン類の吸着が行われ、さらに除塵装置(図示せず)に送られ、活性炭や中和反応物などが回収される。上記除塵装置で除塵され、無害化された後の燃焼排ガスは、誘引ファン(図示せず)により誘引され、煙突から大気中に放出される。なお、上記第一そして第二の除塵装置としては、例えば、バグフィルタ方式、電気集塵方式等の除塵装置を用いることができる。   As described above, the secondary combustion chamber 12 which is a part of the waste heat boiler 17 is connected to the outlet of the main combustion chamber 11 on the side opposite to the waste input port 13. Therefore, the unburned gas generated in the main combustion chamber 11 is guided to the secondary combustion chamber 12, where it is mixed and stirred with the secondary air, and the secondary combustion is performed. The combustion exhaust gas from the secondary combustion chamber 12 is discarded. Heat is recovered by the heat boiler 17. After heat recovery, the combustion exhaust gas discharged from the waste heat boiler 17 is subjected to neutralization of acid gas by slaked lime and adsorption of dioxins by activated carbon, and is further sent to a dust removal device (not shown), where activated carbon And neutralized reactants are recovered. The combustion exhaust gas that has been dedusted and detoxified by the dust removing device is attracted by an attracting fan (not shown) and released from the chimney into the atmosphere. In addition, as said 1st and 2nd dust removal apparatus, dust removal apparatuses, such as a bag filter system and an electrostatic dust collection system, can be used, for example.

次に、本実施形態において、二次燃焼室の雰囲気そして排ガス酸素濃度にもとづく二次空気量の制御について詳述する。   Next, in the present embodiment, control of the secondary air amount based on the atmosphere of the secondary combustion chamber and the exhaust gas oxygen concentration will be described in detail.

<二次燃焼室の雰囲気>
二次燃焼室内のガス温度は、800〜1050℃の範囲となるように、二次空気の流量を調整することが好ましい。その理由は、二次燃焼室内のガス温度が800℃未満となると燃焼が不十分となり、COが増加してしまうからであり、また、二次燃焼室内のガス温度が1050℃を超えると二次燃焼室内におけるクリンカの生成が助長され、さらに、NOxが増加してしまうからである。
<Atmosphere of secondary combustion chamber>
It is preferable to adjust the flow rate of the secondary air so that the gas temperature in the secondary combustion chamber is in the range of 800 to 1050 ° C. The reason is that if the gas temperature in the secondary combustion chamber becomes less than 800 ° C., combustion becomes insufficient and CO increases, and if the gas temperature in the secondary combustion chamber exceeds 1050 ° C., the secondary combustion chamber becomes secondary. This is because generation of clinker in the combustion chamber is promoted, and NOx is further increased.

<排ガス酸素濃度にもとづく二次空気量の制御>
本実施形態において、廃熱ボイラ17の排出口17aの排ガスの酸素濃度を測定し、これにもとづいて副二次空気供給量を制御することとしているが、この酸素濃度と排ガス中のCO濃度、排ガス中のNOx濃度、二次空気供給量との関係を表1に示す。
<Control of secondary air volume based on exhaust gas oxygen concentration>
In the present embodiment, the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas from the exhaust port 17a of the waste heat boiler 17 is measured, and the secondary secondary air supply amount is controlled based on the measured oxygen concentration. Table 1 shows the relationship between the NOx concentration in the exhaust gas and the secondary air supply amount.

焼却炉内で廃棄物と熱分解によって発生する可燃性ガスを適正な酸素濃度や温度等の範囲内で燃焼させた場合に、CO、NOx、DXN(ダイオキシン類)等の有害物質の発生が最も抑制される。表1において、ボイラ出口近傍での排ガス中酸素濃度が高い場合は、焼却炉から排出されるCO濃度は減少するかあるいは変化無しであるが、NOx濃度は増加する。そのため、二次空気供給量を減少させ、二次燃焼室への酸素の供給量を減少させて二次燃焼室の燃焼を適正に行うようにする。反対に、ボイラ出口近傍での排ガス中酸素濃度が低い場合は、焼却炉から排出されるNOx濃度は減少するかあるいは変化無しの状態となるが、CO濃度は増加する状態となる。そのため、二次空気供給量を増加させ、二次燃焼室への酸素の供給量を増やし、二次燃焼室の燃焼を適正に行うようにする。   When combustible gas generated by waste and thermal decomposition in an incinerator is combusted within the range of appropriate oxygen concentration and temperature, the most harmful substances such as CO, NOx, DXN (dioxins) are generated. It is suppressed. In Table 1, when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas near the boiler outlet is high, the CO concentration discharged from the incinerator decreases or remains unchanged, but the NOx concentration increases. Therefore, the secondary air supply amount is decreased and the oxygen supply amount to the secondary combustion chamber is decreased so that the combustion in the secondary combustion chamber is appropriately performed. On the contrary, when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas near the boiler outlet is low, the NOx concentration discharged from the incinerator decreases or remains unchanged, but the CO concentration increases. Therefore, the secondary air supply amount is increased, the oxygen supply amount to the secondary combustion chamber is increased, and combustion in the secondary combustion chamber is appropriately performed.

Figure 2013257063
Figure 2013257063

上記の実施の形態では、排ガス性状検出計として酸素濃度計を用いる場合の形態を示したが、排ガス性状検出計として、酸素濃度計の代わりに、温度計、酸素濃度計、CO濃度計及びNOx濃度計のうち少なくとも一つを用いてもよい。制御装置はこれらの排ガス性状検出計により検出された排ガスの温度、酸素濃度、CO濃度及びNOx濃度のうち少なくとも一つの性状に基づき、該性状を所定範囲とするように供給量調整器を制御するようにすることができる。   In the above embodiment, the oxygen concentration meter is used as the exhaust gas property detector. However, as the exhaust gas property detector, a thermometer, an oxygen concentration meter, a CO concentration meter, and a NOx are used instead of the oxygen concentration meter. At least one of the densitometers may be used. Based on at least one of the temperature, oxygen concentration, CO concentration and NOx concentration of the exhaust gas detected by these exhaust gas property detectors, the control device controls the supply amount regulator so that the property falls within a predetermined range. Can be.

<低空気比燃焼を実現するための酸素量比配分>
次に、本実施形態の廃棄物焼却炉において低空気比燃焼を実現するための一次空気、主二次空気及び副二次空気の酸素量比配分について説明する。
<Distribution of oxygen amount ratio to achieve low air ratio combustion>
Next, the oxygen amount ratio distribution of primary air, main secondary air, and sub-secondary air for realizing low air ratio combustion in the waste incinerator of this embodiment will be described.

廃棄物の燃焼に必要な単位時間当たりの理論酸素量(X)に対する、乾燥火格子と燃焼火格子の下方から主燃焼室内に吹き込まれる一次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量(Y1)の比Q1(=Y1/X)と、二次空気主供給手段により吹込まれる主二次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量(Y2)の比Q2(=Y2/X)と、二次空気副供給手段により吹込まれる副二次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量(Y3)の比Q3(=Y3/X)とは、下式(1)及び(2)を満足するように、それぞれの空気を吹込むことが好ましい。下式(1)及び(2)を満足するように、それぞれの空気を吹き込む比率を制御することにより、焼却炉全体へ供給する空気量を空気比1.4以下の低空気比での燃焼を実現できる。   Oxygen amount per unit time (Y1) supplied by primary air blown into the main combustion chamber from below the dry grate and the combustion grate with respect to the theoretical oxygen amount (X) per unit time required for combustion of waste Ratio Q1 (= Y1 / X), ratio Q2 (= Y2 / X) of oxygen amount (Y2) per unit time supplied by main secondary air blown by the secondary air main supply means, The ratio Q3 (= Y3 / X) of the oxygen amount (Y3) per unit time supplied by the secondary secondary air blown in by the secondary air auxiliary supply means satisfies the following expressions (1) and (2). Thus, it is preferable to blow each air. By controlling the ratio of blowing each air so as to satisfy the following formulas (1) and (2), the amount of air supplied to the entire incinerator can be burned at a low air ratio of 1.4 or less. realizable.

Q1:Q2:Q3=0.75〜0.95:0.25〜0.40:0.05〜0.20 ………(1)
1.2≦Q1+Q2+Q3≦1.4 …………………………………………(2)
ここで、上記廃棄物の燃焼に必要な単位時間当りの理論酸素量(X)は、主燃焼室内に投入される廃棄物の性状及び成分等から決定される廃棄物の単位質量当りの燃焼に必要な酸素量(Nm/kg)と、焼却炉における廃棄物の焼却処理速度(kg/hr)との積(Nm/hr)により決定される。
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.75-0.95: 0.25-0.40: 0.05-0.20 (1)
1.2 ≦ Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ≦ 1.4 ………………………………………… (2)
Here, the theoretical oxygen amount (X) per unit time required for the combustion of the waste is the combustion per unit mass of the waste determined from the properties and components of the waste put into the main combustion chamber. It is determined by the product (Nm 3 / hr) of the required oxygen amount (Nm 3 / kg) and the waste incineration rate (kg / hr) in the incinerator.

また、上記Q1の値は、乾燥火格子と燃焼火格子の下方から主燃焼室内に供給される一次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量(Y1)の理論酸素量に対する比であり、上記一次空気の流量を増減させることにより調整する。また、Q2の値は、二次空気主供給手段により吹込まれる主二次空気の流量を増減させることにより調整される。また、Q3の値は、二次空気副供給手段により吹込まれる副二次空気の流量を増減させることにより調整される。   The value of Q1 is a ratio of the oxygen amount per unit time (Y1) supplied by the primary air supplied from the lower side of the dry grate and the combustion grate into the main combustion chamber to the theoretical oxygen amount. Adjust by increasing or decreasing the flow rate of primary air. The value of Q2 is adjusted by increasing or decreasing the flow rate of the main secondary air blown by the secondary air main supply means. Further, the value of Q3 is adjusted by increasing or decreasing the flow rate of the secondary secondary air blown by the secondary air auxiliary supply means.

なお、以下において、Q1+Q2+Q3をλと記載する。   In the following, Q1 + Q2 + Q3 is described as λ.

上記比Q1,Q2,Q3を上式の範囲とすることにより、廃棄物焼却炉において低酸素比燃焼(1.2≦λ≦1.4)(すなわち、低空気比燃焼に相当する)を行った場合においても、COやNOx等の有害ガスの発生量が低減でき、焼却炉から排出される排ガス総量を大幅に低減できる。   By setting the above ratios Q1, Q2, and Q3 within the range of the above formula, low oxygen ratio combustion (1.2 ≦ λ ≦ 1.4) (ie, equivalent to low air ratio combustion) is performed in a waste incinerator. Even in this case, the generation amount of harmful gases such as CO and NOx can be reduced, and the total amount of exhaust gas discharged from the incinerator can be greatly reduced.

廃棄物の燃え残りや有害物質の発生を抑制して安定した低空気比燃焼を達成させることができるより好ましい配分比としては、Q1:Q2:Q3=0.90:0.30:010、λ=1.30を基準とし、焼却炉内に投入される廃棄物の組成や性状等に基づきλを1.2〜1.4の範囲でQ1,Q2,Q3を上記の範囲内で調整する。
Q1,Q2,Q3,λの具体例を以下に記載する。
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.90:0.25:0.15、λ=1.30
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.90:0.35:0.05、λ=1.30
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.95:0.30:0.05、λ=1.30
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.95:0.25:0.10、λ=1.30
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.95:0.30:0.10、λ=1.35
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.95:0.30:0.15、λ=1.40
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.85:0.25:0.10、λ=1.20
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.85:0.25:0.15、λ=1.25
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.85:0.30:0.10、λ=1.25
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.80:0.35:0.15、λ=1.30
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.75:0.35:0.20、λ=1.30
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.80:0.40:0.15、λ=1.35
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.75:0.40:0.15、λ=1.30
以下に、比率Q1,Q2,Q3の調整基準を説明する。
More preferable distribution ratios that can achieve stable low air ratio combustion by suppressing generation of unburned waste and harmful substances are as follows: Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.90: 0.30: 010, λ = 1.30, and Q1, Q2 and Q3 are adjusted within the above range with λ in the range of 1.2 to 1.4 based on the composition and properties of the waste put into the incinerator.
Specific examples of Q1, Q2, Q3, and λ will be described below.
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.90: 0.25: 0.15, λ = 1.30
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.90: 0.35: 0.05, λ = 1.30
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.95: 0.30: 0.05, λ = 1.30
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.95: 0.25: 0.10, λ = 1.30
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.95: 0.30: 0.10, λ = 1.35
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.95: 0.30: 0.15, λ = 1.40
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.85: 0.25: 0.10, λ = 1.20
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.85: 0.25: 0.15, λ = 1.25
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.85: 0.30: 0.10, λ = 1.25
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.80: 0.35: 0.15, λ = 1.30
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.75: 0.35: 0.20, λ = 1.30
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.80: 0.40: 0.15, λ = 1.35
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.75: 0.40: 0.15, λ = 1.30
Below, the adjustment reference | standard of ratio Q1, Q2, Q3 is demonstrated.

[一次空気についての比率Q1の調整基準]
通常の都市ごみ等の廃棄物を乾燥させ燃焼させるにはQ1は0.90を基準とし、灰分の少ない廃棄物や水分の少ない廃棄物、例えばプラスチック等を燃焼する際には、Q1を0.75〜0.80程度に減らし、その代わりに主二次空気についての比率Q2を増加させる。
[Adjustment standard of ratio Q1 for primary air]
Q1 is 0.90 as a standard for drying and burning ordinary waste such as municipal waste. When burning waste with low ash content or low moisture, such as plastic, Q1 is set to 0.00. Reduce to about 75-0.80 and instead increase the ratio Q2 for the main secondary air.

[主二次空気についての比率Q2の調整基準]
通常の都市ごみ等の廃棄物を燃焼させるにはQ2は0.30を基準とし、灰分や水分が少なく可燃分が大部分である廃棄物、例えばプラスチック等、或いは、揮発分の大きい廃棄物を燃焼させる場合には、主燃焼室で発生する可燃ガスが多く未燃ガスが増加するため、Q2を0.35〜0.40程度に増加させ、二次燃焼室で未燃ガスを十分に燃焼させるようにする。廃棄物焼却炉を定常的に操業している間は、主二次空気についての比率Q2を一定とし、焼却炉内の燃焼状況が変化した場合には、副二次空気についての比率Q3を調整することで二次燃焼領域内での燃焼状態を調整する。
[Adjustment standard of ratio Q2 for main secondary air]
To burn normal municipal waste, etc., Q2 is based on 0.30, and waste with little ash, moisture, and most combustibles, such as plastic, or waste with a large volatile content When combusting, the amount of combustible gas generated in the main combustion chamber increases and unburned gas increases. Therefore, Q2 is increased to about 0.35 to 0.40, and the unburned gas is sufficiently burned in the secondary combustion chamber. I will let you. While operating the waste incinerator constantly, the ratio Q2 for the main secondary air is kept constant, and the ratio Q3 for the secondary secondary air is adjusted when the combustion status in the incinerator changes By doing so, the combustion state in the secondary combustion region is adjusted.

[副二次空気についての比率Q3の調整基準]
廃棄物焼却炉内の状況を監視する因子を検出し、検出結果に基づき、副二次空気についての比率Q3を、0.10を基準とし、0.05〜0.20の範囲内で調整する。Q3の値を調整することで二次燃焼領域内での燃焼状態を調整する。
[Adjustment criteria for ratio Q3 for secondary secondary air]
A factor for monitoring the situation in the waste incinerator is detected, and based on the detection result, the ratio Q3 for the secondary secondary air is adjusted within a range of 0.05 to 0.20 on the basis of 0.10. . The combustion state in the secondary combustion region is adjusted by adjusting the value of Q3.

廃棄物焼却炉の実際の操業では標準操業基準で操業していても、焼却炉内の燃焼状況が変化し排出される排ガス中の有害物質量が変動することがある。そこで、上述のようにして決定したQ1及びQ2の値は維持したまま、廃棄物焼却炉内の状況を監視する因子に基づいてQ3を増減するように調節する。このような燃焼制御方法をとることにより、焼却炉内の燃焼状況が変化しても、燃焼を安定して行うように調整でき、最終的に廃棄物焼却炉から排出される排ガス中の有害物質量を制御しやすくなり、さらに、焼却炉の燃焼制御系を簡単にすることができる。   In actual operation of the waste incinerator, even if the operation is based on the standard operation standard, the combustion state in the incinerator may change and the amount of harmful substances in the exhaust gas emitted may fluctuate. Therefore, while maintaining the values of Q1 and Q2 determined as described above, Q3 is adjusted to increase or decrease based on a factor for monitoring the situation in the waste incinerator. By adopting such a combustion control method, even if the combustion situation in the incinerator changes, it can be adjusted so that the combustion is performed stably, and finally harmful substances in the exhaust gas discharged from the waste incinerator The amount can be easily controlled, and the combustion control system of the incinerator can be simplified.

ここで、前記廃棄物焼却炉内の状況を監視する因子としては、例えば、主燃焼室から排出される未燃ガスの二次燃焼を行う二次燃焼領域出口近傍又は廃熱ボイラ出口における、排ガス温度、排ガス中の酸素濃度、CO濃度、NOx濃度のいずれか一つ以上とすることが好ましい。これらの監視因子の具体的な組み合わせとしては、例えば、(1)排ガス温度、(2)排ガス中酸素濃度、(3)排ガス温度と排ガス中酸素濃度、(4)排ガス温度と排ガス中CO濃度、(5)排ガス温度と排ガス中NOx濃度、(6)排ガス中NOx濃度と排ガス中CO濃度などを用いることができる。これらの濃度を計測するための計測手段は、例えば、次のごとくのものがある。   Here, as a factor for monitoring the situation in the waste incinerator, for example, the exhaust gas in the vicinity of the outlet of the secondary combustion region where the secondary combustion of the unburned gas discharged from the main combustion chamber or the outlet of the waste heat boiler is performed. It is preferable to set one or more of temperature, oxygen concentration in exhaust gas, CO concentration, and NOx concentration. Specific combinations of these monitoring factors include, for example, (1) exhaust gas temperature, (2) exhaust gas oxygen concentration, (3) exhaust gas temperature and exhaust gas oxygen concentration, (4) exhaust gas temperature and exhaust gas CO concentration, (5) Exhaust gas temperature and NOx concentration in exhaust gas, (6) NOx concentration in exhaust gas, CO concentration in exhaust gas, etc. can be used. Examples of measuring means for measuring these concentrations are as follows.

ガス温度:温度センサ(熱電対、放射温度計)
ガス中O濃度:酸素濃度計
ガス中CO濃度:CO濃度計
ガス中NOx濃度:NOx濃度計
Gas temperature: Temperature sensor (thermocouple, radiation thermometer)
O 2 concentration in gas: Oxygen concentration meter CO concentration in gas: CO concentration meter NOx concentration in gas: NOx concentration meter

以上説明したように本発明によれば、廃棄物焼却炉において低空気比燃焼を行った場合においても燃焼の安定性が維持され、且つ、局所高温領域の発生が抑制され、COやNOx等の有害ガスの発生量が低減できる廃棄物焼却炉が提供される。さらに、低空気比燃焼を行えるので焼却炉から排出される排ガス総量を大幅に低減でき、また、廃熱の回収効率を向上できる廃棄物焼却炉及び廃棄物焼却方法が提供される。   As described above, according to the present invention, even when low air ratio combustion is performed in a waste incinerator, the stability of combustion is maintained, the occurrence of local high temperature regions is suppressed, and CO, NOx, etc. A waste incinerator capable of reducing the amount of harmful gas generated is provided. Furthermore, since a low air ratio combustion can be performed, the total amount of exhaust gas discharged from the incinerator can be significantly reduced, and a waste incinerator and a waste incineration method that can improve waste heat recovery efficiency are provided.

11 主燃焼室
11a 乾燥火格子
11b 燃焼火格子
11c 後燃焼火格子
12 二次燃焼室
13 廃棄物投入口
21 一次空気供給手段
25 二次空気副供給手段(系)
27 供給量調整器(ダンパ)
31 二次空気主供給手段(系)
35 排ガス性状検出計(酸素濃度計)
36 制御装置
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 Main combustion chamber 11a Dry grate 11b Combustion grate 11c Post combustion grate 12 Secondary combustion chamber 13 Waste inlet 21 Primary air supply means 25 Secondary air sub supply means (system)
27 Supply amount adjuster (damper)
31 Secondary air main supply means (system)
35 Exhaust gas property detector (oxygen concentration meter)
36 Control device

Claims (6)

廃棄物を燃焼する主燃焼室を有し、主燃焼室での燃焼後の未燃ガスを燃焼する二次燃焼室が該主燃焼室の出口側に接続されており、主燃焼室下部に、乾燥火格子、燃焼火格子そして後燃焼火格子が順に設けられていると共に、乾燥火格子と燃焼火格子のそれぞれの下方から一次空気を供給する一次空気供給手段と、二次燃焼室に二次空気を供給する二次空気供給手段とが設けられている火格子式の廃棄物焼却炉において、
二次空気供給手段は、一定供給量で二次燃焼室へ主二次空気を供給する二次空気主供給手段と、一次空気供給手段の送気手段により取り込む空気の一部を二次燃焼室へ副二次空気として供給する二次空気副供給手段とを備えていることを特徴とする廃棄物焼却炉。
The main combustion chamber has a main combustion chamber for burning waste, and a secondary combustion chamber for burning unburned gas after combustion in the main combustion chamber is connected to the outlet side of the main combustion chamber. A dry grate, a combustion grate, and a post-combustion grate are provided in that order, primary air supply means for supplying primary air from below the dry grate and the combustion grate, and a secondary combustion chamber. In a grate-type waste incinerator provided with secondary air supply means for supplying air,
The secondary air supply means includes a secondary air main supply means for supplying main secondary air to the secondary combustion chamber at a constant supply amount, and a part of the air taken in by the air supply means of the primary air supply means. A waste incinerator characterized by comprising secondary air sub-supplying means for supplying secondary secondary air as secondary secondary air.
二次空気副供給手段は、廃棄物焼却炉から排出される排ガス性状を検出する排ガス性状検出計と、上記二次空気副供給手段による二次空気の供給量を調整可能な供給量調整器と、上記排ガス性状検出計で検出された排ガス性状に基づき排ガス性状を所定範囲内にするように上記供給量調整器を制御する制御装置とを有することとする請求項1に記載の廃棄物焼却炉。   The secondary air sub-supply means includes an exhaust gas property detector that detects the exhaust gas properties discharged from the waste incinerator, and a supply amount adjuster that can adjust the amount of secondary air supplied by the secondary air sub-supply means. 2. A waste incinerator according to claim 1, further comprising a control device for controlling the supply amount regulator so that the exhaust gas property is within a predetermined range based on the exhaust gas property detected by the exhaust gas property detector. . 排ガス性状検出計は温度計、酸素濃度計、CO濃度計及びNOx濃度計のうち少なくとも一つであり、制御装置は上記排ガス性状検出計により検出された排ガスの温度、酸素濃度、CO濃度及びNOx濃度のうち少なくとも一つの性状に基づき、該性状を所定範囲とするように供給量調整器を制御するように設定されていることとする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の廃棄物焼却炉。   The exhaust gas property detector is at least one of a thermometer, an oxygen concentration meter, a CO concentration meter, and a NOx concentration meter, and the control device is an exhaust gas temperature, oxygen concentration, CO concentration, and NOx detected by the exhaust gas property detector. The waste incinerator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the supply amount regulator is controlled based on at least one property of the concentration so that the property falls within a predetermined range. 廃棄物を燃焼する主燃焼室を有し、主燃焼室での燃焼後の未燃ガスを燃焼する二次燃焼室が該主燃焼室の出口側に接続されており、主燃焼室下部に、乾燥火格子、燃焼火格子そして後燃焼火格子が順に設けられていると共に、乾燥火格子と燃焼火格子のそれぞれの下方から一次空気を供給する一次空気供給手段と、二次燃焼室に二次空気を供給する二次空気供給手段とが設けられている火格子式の廃棄物焼却炉での廃棄物焼却方法において、
一定供給量で二次燃焼室へ主二次空気を供給するとともに、一次空気供給手段の送気手段により取り込む空気の一部を副二次空気として二次燃焼室へ供給することを特徴とする廃棄物焼却方法。
The main combustion chamber has a main combustion chamber for burning waste, and a secondary combustion chamber for burning unburned gas after combustion in the main combustion chamber is connected to the outlet side of the main combustion chamber. A dry grate, a combustion grate, and a post-combustion grate are provided in that order, primary air supply means for supplying primary air from below the dry grate and the combustion grate, and a secondary combustion chamber. In a waste incineration method in a grate-type waste incinerator provided with secondary air supply means for supplying air,
The main secondary air is supplied to the secondary combustion chamber at a constant supply amount, and part of the air taken in by the air supply means of the primary air supply means is supplied to the secondary combustion chamber as secondary secondary air. Waste incineration method.
廃棄物焼却炉から排出される排ガス性状を検出した排ガス性状検出値に基づき、排ガスの排ガス性状を所定範囲内にするように、上記二次空気副供給手段による副二次空気の供給量を調整することとする請求項4に記載の廃棄物焼却方法。   Based on the exhaust gas property detection value that detects the exhaust gas property discharged from the waste incinerator, the secondary secondary air supply amount by the secondary air sub supply means is adjusted so that the exhaust gas property of the exhaust gas is within a predetermined range. The waste incineration method according to claim 4 to be performed. 廃棄物の燃焼に必要な単位時間当りの理論酸素量に対する、一次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量の比Q1と、
主二次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量の比Q2と、
副二次空気により供給される単位時間当りの酸素量の比Q3とが、下式(1)及び(2)を満足することとする請求項4又は5に記載の廃棄物焼却方法。
Q1:Q2:Q3=0.75〜0.95:0.25〜0.40:0.05〜0.20 ………(1)
1.2≦Q1+Q2+Q3≦1.4 …………………………………………(2)
The ratio Q1 of the amount of oxygen per unit time supplied by primary air to the theoretical amount of oxygen per unit time required for combustion of waste,
A ratio Q2 of oxygen amount per unit time supplied by the main secondary air;
The waste incineration method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the ratio Q3 of the amount of oxygen per unit time supplied by the secondary secondary air satisfies the following expressions (1) and (2).
Q1: Q2: Q3 = 0.75-0.95: 0.25-0.40: 0.05-0.20 (1)
1.2 ≦ Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ≦ 1.4 ………………………………………… (2)
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