JP2013036969A - Radar cross section (rcs) measurement system - Google Patents
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Abstract
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レーダークロスセクションを測定する際、近傍界で測定し、その後遠方界に変換する測定法に関するものである。The present invention relates to a measurement method in which a radar cross section is measured in the near field and then converted into a far field.
レーダ断面積(RCS)の散乱パターンを測定評価する場合、通常、遠方領域で特性を取得する。
その際、不要な反射波を軽減するため多くは電波暗室の中で測定するが、ターゲットの大きさ、あるいは測定周波数によっては遠方領域から外れる場合がある。一方、この遠方領域でのRCS測定法を用いることができないか、用いないときは、コンパクトレンジを利用する方法、近傍界データを遠方界に変換処理するなどの方法を用いる。ここでは後者すなわち、ターゲット近傍の円周上で取得した近傍界データからレーダ断面積(RCS)を遠方に変換する解析理論を用いるがRCSの算出には、周波数と方位角を変数とする取得データを元にしたレーダ反射波に対応する反射率分布画像が必要である。この反射分布の生成に対し新しくフォーカス化演算ファクターを導入する。このことによってRCSの近傍界遠方界変換精度が向上した。When measuring and evaluating the scattering pattern of the radar cross section (RCS), the characteristic is usually acquired in a far region.
At that time, in order to reduce unnecessary reflected waves, most of the measurement is performed in an anechoic chamber, but depending on the size of the target or the measurement frequency, there are cases where the measurement is out of the far field. On the other hand, when the RCS measurement method in the far field cannot be used or not used, a method using a compact range, a method of converting near field data into a far field, or the like is used. Here, the latter, that is, the analysis theory that converts the radar cross section (RCS) into the distance from the near-field data acquired on the circumference in the vicinity of the target, is used. The reflectance distribution image corresponding to the radar reflected wave based on the above is required. A new focus calculation factor is introduced for the generation of the reflection distribution. This improved the near field far field conversion accuracy of the RCS.
背景技術で述べたように、レーダークロスセクションを測定する際、遠方界で測定する方法では遠方界で測定しなければならない。コンパクトレンジ法で測定する方法では、コンパクトレンジ用の試料の3倍以上大きなアンテナが必要であり、また、モノスタティックだけの測定に限られてしまう。遠方からではなく、また、モノスタティックでもバイスタティックでもレーダークロスセクション(RCS)を測定したい、また、大きなアンテナを用いたくないという要望を解決するものである。As described in the background art, when measuring the radar cross section, the method of measuring in the far field must be measured in the far field. The method of measuring by the compact range method requires an antenna that is three times larger than the sample for the compact range, and is limited to monostatic measurement. It solves the desire to measure radar cross section (RCS) not from a distance, monostatic or bistatic, and not to use a large antenna.
上下に動くアンテナから周波数を変化させながら試料に照射する。試料から反射してきた電磁波を同じアンテナで受信し、振幅と位相および伝播遅延時間等を入手する。次に試料を少し回転する。測定した振幅と位相および伝播遅延時間などから解析理論を用いた数値を用いて遠方界のモノスタティックレーダークロスセクション(RCS)を計算する。なお、別の角度に配置したアンテナで受信し、バイスタティックレーダークロスセクション(RCS)も求めることができる。The sample is irradiated while changing the frequency from the vertically moving antenna. The electromagnetic wave reflected from the sample is received by the same antenna, and the amplitude, phase, propagation delay time, etc. are obtained. Next, rotate the sample a little. The far-field monostatic radar cross section (RCS) is calculated from the measured amplitude, phase, propagation delay time, etc., using numerical values using analytical theory. In addition, it can receive with the antenna arrange | positioned at another angle, and can also obtain | require bistatic radar cross section (RCS).
試料を1回回転するだけで、近傍においてモノスタティック、バイスタティックなど希望するレーダークロスセクションが求められる。なお、試料を平面状で回転しないで、アンテナ側から見たときに、例えば腹が見えるように手前で上の方、後方で下の方になるように回転させると、試料を下から見た全周のRCSを測定することができる。なお、上から見下ろしても同様のRCS測定ができる。By rotating the sample once, the desired radar cross section such as monostatic or bistatic is obtained in the vicinity. When the sample is viewed from the antenna side without rotating in a flat shape, for example, if the sample is rotated so that the stomach is visible, the sample is viewed from the bottom when rotated in the front and the rear in the rear. The RCS of the entire circumference can be measured. The same RCS measurement can be performed even when looking down from above.
図1に示す構成にベクトルネットワークアナライザおよびプログラムの入ったコンピュータからの指令で試料を回転させ、また、プローブアンテナを上下に移動させながら、プローブアンテナから電波を放射し、反射波をプローブアンテナで受け、その振幅と位相および伝播遅延時間等を記録し、コンピュータで解析理論を用いて数値解析し、近傍界遠方界変換を行ってレーダークロスセクションを得る。The sample shown in Fig. 1 is rotated by a command from a computer with a vector network analyzer and a program, and the probe antenna is moved up and down to radiate radio waves from the probe antenna and receive reflected waves at the probe antenna. The amplitude, phase, propagation delay time, etc. are recorded, and numerical analysis is performed by a computer using analysis theory, and near-field far-field conversion is performed to obtain a radar cross section.
多くの場合、電気的に大きな物体のRCS(レーダ断面積)を直接測るのは大きな困難を伴う。
というのは、RCSはターゲット全域で入射波が平面波と見なせれる程十分遠方で定義されるからである。
この遠方領域は関係式2D2/λで与えられる。ここで、Dは被測定物となるターゲットの寸法であり、λは測定周波数の波長である。このような問題を解決する一つのアプローチとして近傍界の遠方界変換(NF−FFT)が知られている。
波動が伝搬しているとき、その波動は波源から生じた結果だとしてもよいし、波源と観測領域の間に等価的な二次波源を考え、これから新たに生じた波動であると考えてもよい。波源に近い領域での電磁界を何らかの方法で知ると、それより他の領域での界を理論的に予測することができる。つまりNF−FFTでは、ターゲットの近傍でプローブアンテナを走査することにより測定した散乱電磁界を計算処理して、ターゲットRCSとなる遠方散乱界を予測評価するものである[1]。このNF−FFTの中でも最も効率の良い変換手法が散乱体ターゲットの反射率分布となるレーダイメージ法である。レーダイメージからはターゲットの重要な散乱情報が得られ、RCSが算出できる[2]。レーダイメージに基づくNF−FFTの実際的な考察に関しては、文献[3]に記述されている。
図1に測定系を示す。また、図2にターゲット近傍での円周走査あるいは円筒走査における測定の座標系を示す。プローブの走査範囲は円周面と垂直な方向のターゲットサイズD⊥に応じて、これが十分遠方とな
ような近傍界遠方変換を円周走査法と呼んでいる[1]−[6]。モノスタティックモードにおいて入力信号をU(k,φ0)とすると、一般的な焦点化オペレータ(レーダ反射率の分布関数)
φ0)2+(y−ρ0sin φ0)2}1/2,k=2πf/c(c:光速)である。また、測定時の周波数依存性を軽減するため、U(k,φ0)をターゲットからの散乱界と校正用散乱体からの散乱界の比で定義することもできる[4]。
レーダイメージが得られると、z=0での水平面におけるRCSは
で求められる。σ0は校正用ターゲットのRCSである。
内に配置する。
図2に示す円周走査法において、そのプローブ位置の動径が短い場合とか、あるいはイメージ取得領域の幾何学的中心と所謂散乱中心がずれている場合、焦点化オペレータ(1)式のままでは、RCSの結果は著しい誤差となることが本発明者等によって示されている。さらに、これを補正するために新たな校正因子g
を導入し、大きな改善効果を確認している[5],[6]。図3はイメージング領域内の中心から0.5m離れた所に一個の小さな完全導体球を配置し、半径1.5mの円周内上で周波数1GHzの近傍界を測定したときのRCS計算例である。この特殊な例より、通常の焦点化オペレータによる結果(g=1)では、厳密な計算結果(Exact)から大きく逸脱しているのが読み取れる。一方、第(3)式を導入した結果(improved NF−FFT)では、十分改善していることが分かる。なお、図3はイメージング領域の中心からオフセットした場所に小さな導体球がある場合のRCSを示すし、従来法と改善したNF−FFTによる結果を理論的な厳密解からの差で示す。なお、σ0は小さな導体球のRCS理論値である。
次元の円周走査法では誤差を十分保証することが不可能になる。つまり、プローブの走査面はターゲットを包むようにする必要がある(球あるいは円筒)。円筒走査法の場合については、文献[5],[6]の2次元的アプローチを3次元に拡張することを考える。キーポイントは適切な焦点化オペレータを求めることであり、2次元の場合と同じように、電気的に小さな導体球のレーダイメージが数学的にデルタ関数で与えられるという条件で、これは実現できる。ここでは以下、点状のプローブを持つモノスタティックモードで議論を進める。
円筒走査の処理アルゴリズム
れている。プローブアンテナは方位方向φ0でステップδφ0、垂直方向z0でステップδz0ずつ走査させる。
述したように、入力信号U(k,φ0,z0)はターゲットからの散乱界Es ter(f,φ0,z0)と、z0=0の平面の中心に置かれた校正用導体球からの散乱界Es cal(f,φ0,0)の比で与える。円筒走査における焦点化オペレータは、円周走査の第(1)式に対して、垂直方向のz0に関する積分を考慮すべきである。この時の適切な
で与え、
とする。直接これを代入することにより、円筒走査におけるオペレータは次式のように求められる。
ここに
試料の3次元位置を示す。
になる。レーダ断面積RCSは、例えばz=0の平面では、
で評価できる。
計算結果例
本稿で示したNF−FFTの有効性を示すため、あるいはサンプリングレートなどの変換パラメータの影響を検討するため、今2つの電気的に小さな導体球で構成される測定系を考える。走査系のサイズはターゲットの大きさDによって決定される。今の場合、プローブが近傍領域となるように2個の球の座標を選ぶことができる。球の間の多重散乱は無視することができ、このときの2つの球のRCSは容易に解析的な表示で求められる[7]。この理論値をNF−FFTの比較検証に用いる。今、測定シミュレーションの計算例として、
z=0に置かれたときのδφ0とδfの影響を示したものである。他のパラメータはδz0=0.25m,δ10=δx=δy=δz=0.25mである。δφ0とδfはxy面におけるスプリアス強度に関係していると予測できる。サンプリングレートが細かいほど、イメージの質は良くなっている。当然、この水平面のイメージの質にはz軸方向のδz0の影響も含まれている。
なお、図4は半径の異なる2個の小さな導体球による反射率イメージ。左側は周波数ステップδf=200MHz,方位角ステップδφ0=18°でz=0の面内の分布。右側の図は周波数ステップδf=50MHz,方位角ステップδφ0=3°の場合。なお、左図はΨ(x,y)の最大値から35%以上の高レベル領域をカットしている。
図4と同じようにx=0,y=±0.5m,z=0に二つの導体球を置き、周波数範囲を1GHzとしたときの遠方RCS変換を図5に、これから配置だけをx=0,y=0,z=±0.5mとしたときの垂直面での結果を図6に示す。水平面内に置いたときに比べ、配置方向を垂直面にした場合には、方位角φに対するRCSは大きく変化している。同図では、サンプリングレート(δf=50MHz,δf=50MHz,δφ0=3°,δz0=0.25mで固定していング間隔を細かくすれば、さらなる改善が見込まれるが、当然ながら計算時間の増加につながることになる。
ここでは2次元の円周走査での変換理論を基に、3次元の円筒走査変換に拡張した。これにより、扁平な物体のみならず垂直方向にもサイズを持つ一般的な形状をした電気長の大きな物体に対する遠方のRCSを評価できることになった。この特長は物体との焦点化に際し、従来の方法に比べてよりクリアなイメージを構築できることである。数値的に確認しているように、非対称な物体に対するこの焦点化オペレータの効果は大きい。変換理論的には、小さな導体球はデルタ関数となるという事実を基に、反射率分布関数を誘導した。In many cases, it is very difficult to directly measure the RCS (radar cross section) of an electrically large object.
This is because the RCS is defined far enough so that the incident wave can be regarded as a plane wave throughout the target.
This far region is given by the relation 2D 2 / λ. Here, D is the dimension of the target to be measured, and λ is the wavelength of the measurement frequency. As one approach for solving such a problem, near-field far-field transformation (NF-FFT) is known.
When a wave is propagating, the wave may be the result of a wave source, or an equivalent secondary wave source between the wave source and the observation region, and a new wave generated in the future. Good. If the electromagnetic field in the region near the wave source is known by some method, the field in other regions can be predicted theoretically. In other words, in NF-FFT, the scattered electromagnetic field measured by scanning the probe antenna in the vicinity of the target is calculated and processed to predict and evaluate the far scattered field that becomes the target RCS [1]. The most efficient conversion method among the NF-FFTs is the radar image method in which the reflectance distribution of the scatterer target is obtained. From the radar image, important scattering information of the target can be obtained, and the RCS can be calculated [2]. The practical consideration of NF-FFT based on radar images is described in document [3].
FIG. 1 shows a measurement system. FIG. 2 shows a measurement coordinate system in circumferential scanning or cylindrical scanning in the vicinity of the target. The scanning range of the probe is far enough depending on the target size D 方向 in the direction perpendicular to the circumferential surface.
Such near-field far-field transformation is called a circumferential scanning method [1]-[6]. When the input signal is U (k, φ 0 ) in the monostatic mode, a general focusing operator (radar reflectance distribution function)
φ 0 ) 2 + (y−ρ 0 sin φ 0 ) 2 } 1/2 , k = 2πf / c (c: speed of light). Further, in order to reduce the frequency dependence at the time of measurement, U (k, φ 0 ) can also be defined by the ratio of the scattered field from the target to the scattered field from the calibration scatterer [4].
Once the radar image is obtained, the RCS in the horizontal plane at z = 0 is
Is required. σ 0 is the RCS of the calibration target.
Place in.
In the circumferential scanning method shown in FIG. 2, when the radius of the probe position is short, or when the geometric center of the image acquisition region and the so-called scattering center are deviated, the focusing operator (1) remains as it is. It has been shown by the present inventors that the RCS result is a significant error. Furthermore, in order to correct this, a new calibration factor g
Has been confirmed and a significant improvement effect has been confirmed [5], [6]. FIG. 3 is an example of RCS calculation when a small perfect conductor sphere is arranged at a distance of 0.5 m from the center in the imaging region and a near field with a frequency of 1 GHz is measured on the circumference of a radius of 1.5 m. is there. From this special example, it can be seen that the result by the normal focusing operator (g = 1) deviates greatly from the exact calculation result (Exact). On the other hand, it can be seen that the result of introducing the expression (3) (improved NF-FFT) is sufficiently improved. FIG. 3 shows the RCS when there is a small conductor sphere at a location offset from the center of the imaging region, and shows the result of the conventional method and the improved NF-FFT by the difference from the theoretical exact solution. Here, σ 0 is the RCS theoretical value of a small conductor sphere.
With the dimensional circumferential scanning method, it becomes impossible to sufficiently guarantee the error. In other words, the scanning surface of the probe needs to wrap around the target (sphere or cylinder). As for the case of the cylindrical scanning method, consider extending the two-dimensional approach of documents [5] and [6] to three dimensions. The key point is to find an appropriate focusing operator, and this can be achieved provided that the radar image of an electrically small conductor sphere is mathematically given by a delta function, as in the two-dimensional case. In the following, the discussion proceeds in monostatic mode with a point probe.
Cylindrical scan processing algorithm
It is. Probe antenna Step .delta..phi 0 in azimuth phi 0, is scanned in the vertical direction z 0 by step .delta.z 0.
As mentioned calibration, the input signal U (k, φ 0, z 0) is E scattered field from the target s ter (f, φ 0, z 0) and, placed in the center of the plane of z 0 = 0 It is given by the ratio of the scattering field E s cal (f, φ 0 , 0) from the conductor sphere for use. The focusing operator in the cylindrical scan should take into account the integral with respect to z 0 in the vertical direction for the circumferential scan equation (1). Appropriate at this time
Given in
And By directly substituting this, the operator in the cylindrical scan is obtained as follows.
here
The three-dimensional position of the sample is shown.
become. For example, in the plane where z = 0, the radar cross section RCS is
Can be evaluated.
Example of calculation results In order to show the effectiveness of the NF-FFT shown in this paper, or in order to examine the influence of conversion parameters such as the sampling rate, a measurement system composed of two electrically small conductive spheres is now considered. The size of the scanning system is determined by the target size D. In this case, the coordinates of the two spheres can be selected so that the probe is in the vicinity region. Multiple scattering between the spheres can be ignored, and the RCS of the two spheres at this time can be easily determined by analytical display [7]. This theoretical value is used for comparative verification of NF-FFT. Now, as a calculation example of measurement simulation,
This shows the influence of δφ 0 and δf when placed at z = 0. Other parameters are δz 0 = 0.25 m and δ1 0 = δx = δy = δz = 0.25 m. It can be predicted that δφ 0 and δf are related to the spurious intensity in the xy plane. The finer the sampling rate, the better the image quality. Naturally, the image quality of the horizontal plane includes the influence of δz 0 in the z-axis direction.
FIG. 4 is an image of the reflectance of two small conductive spheres with different radii. On the left side, in-plane distribution with frequency step δf = 200 MHz, azimuth step δφ 0 = 18 ° and z = 0. The figure on the right shows a frequency step δf = 50 MHz and an azimuth step δφ 0 = 3 °. In the left figure, a high level region of 35% or more is cut from the maximum value of Ψ (x, y).
As in FIG. 4, two conductor spheres are placed at x = 0, y = ± 0.5 m, and z = 0, and the far-field RCS transform when the frequency range is 1 GHz is shown in FIG. FIG. 6 shows the result on the vertical plane when 0, y = 0 and z = ± 0.5 m. RCS with respect to the azimuth angle φ is greatly changed when the arrangement direction is a vertical plane as compared with the case in which it is placed in a horizontal plane. In the figure, further improvement is expected if the sampling rate (δf = 50 MHz, δf = 50 MHz, δφ 0 = 3 °, δz 0 = 0.25 m is fixed and the gap interval is made finer. Will lead to an increase.
Here, based on the conversion theory in the two-dimensional circumferential scanning, it is extended to the three-dimensional cylindrical scanning conversion. As a result, it has become possible to evaluate a remote RCS for an object having a large electric length having a general shape having a size in the vertical direction as well as a flat object. This feature is that, when focusing on an object, a clearer image can be constructed compared to the conventional method. As confirmed numerically, the effect of this focusing operator on asymmetric objects is significant. In terms of conversion theory, the reflectance distribution function was derived based on the fact that a small conductor sphere is a delta function.
バイスタティックのRCSパターンへ拡張した実施例を図7に示す。
送信アンテナAと受信アンテナBを別の位置へ置き、これらの位置関係をd1,d2,α1,α2,βで示した。なお、通常はアンテナの上下の動きはA,Bを同期させる。なお、双方のアンテナは試料を十分に照射するとする。
(なお、受信アンテナの場合も照射という表現をした。)また、表示式は局所的な入射波と反射(散乱)波の経路を独立して定式化し誘導した。なお、プローブが指向性を持つ一般的なアンテナの場合も、入射波と反射波に利得パターンの重み付けをすれば良い。An embodiment extended to a bistatic RCS pattern is shown in FIG.
The transmitting antenna A and the receiving antenna B are placed at different positions, and their positional relationships are indicated by d 1 , d 2 , α 1 , α 2 , β. Normally, the vertical movement of the antenna synchronizes A and B. Both antennas irradiate the sample sufficiently.
(In the case of the receiving antenna, it was also expressed as irradiation.) In addition, the display formula was formulated by independently formulating and guiding the path of the local incident wave and the reflected (scattered) wave. Even when the probe is a general antenna having directivity, the gain pattern may be weighted to the incident wave and the reflected wave.
アンテナプローブの走査面は試料を包むようにする必要があるが、ここでは試料を球状に包むことも可能である。座標は球面座標として式を展開し、円筒走査と同様に、校正因子を導入し、精度の高いRCS測定システムを確立した。The scanning surface of the antenna probe needs to wrap the sample, but the sample can also be wrapped in a spherical shape here. Coordinates were developed as spherical coordinates, and a calibration factor was introduced in the same way as in cylindrical scanning to establish a highly accurate RCS measurement system.
RCSを遠方界で測定できない場合にコンパクトレンジ法を用いることが出来るが、コンパクトレンジ法を用いる場合は、通常、寸法にして試料の幅の3倍の幅のアンテナが必要である。この場合、実物大の航空機を測定するのは実際上不可能である。また、測定法はモノスタティック法に限られている。
しかし、本発明の方法によると、アンテナとしてプローブアンテナなどを用いても良く、大きなアンテナは不要である。また、バイスタティック法も測定可能であり、産業上の利用可能性は大きい。When the RCS cannot be measured in the far field, the compact range method can be used. However, when the compact range method is used, an antenna having a width three times the width of the sample is usually required. In this case, it is practically impossible to measure a full-scale aircraft. Moreover, the measuring method is limited to the monostatic method.
However, according to the method of the present invention, a probe antenna or the like may be used as an antenna, and a large antenna is unnecessary. In addition, the bistatic method can be measured, and the industrial applicability is great.
A アンテナ(プローブタイプが主)
X,Y 直角座標系の水平面のXおよびY座標
Z 直角座標系の垂直座標
T ターゲット
VNA ベクトルネットワークアナライザ
PC パーソナルコンピュータ
GPIB 制御および収集インターフェイス
ρ0 アンテナの波源の位置
ρ 試料の位置
φ0 試料の回転角A Antenna (mainly probe type)
X, Y X and Y coordinates in the horizontal coordinate system Z and Z coordinates in the rectangular coordinate system T Target VNA Vector network analyzer PC Personal computer GPIB Control and acquisition interface ρ 0 Antenna wave source position ρ Sample position φ 0 Sample rotation Corner
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