JP2008301806A - 分子タグ化システム - Google Patents
分子タグ化システム Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】方法は、(a)微粒子の集団を用意する工程であって、各微粒子がただ1種のポリヌクレオチドを結合させている工程と、(b)前記微粒子の集団を平面基板上に分散させる工程と、(c)標識された配列決定試薬を用いて、処理および検出の連続的なサイクルを通じて、各微粒子からのヌクレオチドの配列を並行して同定する工程(前記処理操作は標識ヌクレオチドとポリメラーゼまたはリガーゼを用いて行う。)と、を含む。
【選択図】なし
Description
最少にクロスハイブリダイズしているセット用のサブユニットのヌクレオチド配列は、好都合なことに、図3に示される一般的なアルゴリズムに従う簡単なコンピュータプログラム(付録Iにソースコードが挙げられたプログラムminhxにより例示されている。)によって列挙される。minhxは、3種のヌクレオチドからなる4の長さのサブユニットを有する、最少にクロスハイブリダイズしているすべてのセットを算定する。
オリゴヌクレオチドタグは、当該分野で周知の種々の反応性官能基により、多くの異なるクラスの分子に結合し得る(例えば、Haugland,Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals(Molecular Probes,Inc.,Eugene,1992);Khannaら,米国特許第4318846号)。表IVは、オリゴヌクレオチドタグまたは目的の分子上に存在し得る官能基およびカウンターパート反応基の例を提供する。官能基およびカウンターパート反応体がともに反応する場合、いくつかの場合では活性化の後に連結基が形成される。さらに、以下でより詳細に説明するとおり、タグは、選択された分子と同時に合成され、コンビナトリアルケミカルライブラリーを形成し得る。
−(M−L)n−
本発明のタグを用いるコンビナトリアルケミカルライブラリーは、好ましくは、Nielsenら(上記)で開示され、そして詳細な実施形態のために図4で図解された方法により調製される。簡単にいえば、固相支持体(例えば、CPG)は、タグを合成するために用いられるケミストリーおよびいくつかの選択プロセスを経る分子を合成するために用いられるケミストリーの両方に適合する切断可能なリンカーで誘導体化される。好ましくは、タグは、上述のようなホスホルアミダイトケミストリーを用いて、Neilsenら(上記)により推奨される改変(すなわち、メチル保護ホスファイトおよびホスフェート部分を有するDMT−5’−O−保護3’−ホスホルアミダイト−誘導体化サブユニットが、各合成サイクルに加えられる)により合成される。ライブラリー化合物は、好ましくは、Fmocまたは同等物(連続モノマーをカップリングする官能基をマスクする保護基)を有するモノマーである。DMTおよびFmoc保護基(本明細書中でサルコシンリンカーという)の両方を用いるケミストリーに対する適切なリンカーは、Brownら、J.Chem.Soc.Chem.Commun.,1989:891−893により開示され、この開示は参考として援用される。
本発明で用いられる固相支持体は、広い種類の形態を有し得、例えば、微粒子、ビーズ、および膜、スライド、プレート、ミクロマシーンドチップ(micromachined chip)等が挙げられる。同様に、本発明の固相支持体は、広い種類の組成物を含み得、例えば、ガラス、プラスチック、シリコン、アルカンチオレート誘導体化金(alkanethiolate−derivatized gold)、セルロース、低架橋ポリスチレンおよび高架橋ポリスチレン、シリカゲル、ポリアミドが挙げられる。好ましくは、分離した粒子の集団のいずれかは、各々が同じタグ(および他はなし)への相補的配列の、均一のコーティング(または集団)を有するように用いられ、あるいは、単一支持体または数個の支持体は、各々が同じタグ(および他はなし)への相補的配列の、均一のコーティング(または集団)を含む、空間的に分離した領域で用いられる。後者の実施形態では、領域の面積は、特別な適用に従って変化し得、通常、数(例えば、3〜5)μm2から数百(例えば、100〜500)μm2の面積の領域範囲である。好ましくは、このような領域は、空間的に分離され、そのため隣接領域での事象(例えば、蛍光発光)により発生されるシグナルが、用いられる検出システムにより解明され得る。いくつかの適用では、1つより多いタグ相補物(例えば、同時配列分析、または別々にタグ化された分子を極めて近接に持ってくるための)の均一コーティングの領域を有することが、望ましくあり得る。
本発明の重要な態様は、同一のポリヌクレオチド(例えば、cDNAライブラリー由来)の集団の分類、ならびに各微粒子または領域が単一種のポリヌクレオチドのみを有するような微粒子あるいは固相支持体の分離領域へのそれらの結合である。この後者の条件は、タグのレパートリーをポリヌクレオチドの集団へ連結することにより、本質的に満たされ得る。次いで、連結産物は、クローン化され、増幅され、そしてサンプリングされる。サンプルが十分小さければ、以下でより詳細に説明するとおり、得られたライブラリーの実質的にすべてのタグポリヌクレオチド結合体は、唯一である。すなわち、各ポリヌクレオチドは、唯一のタグを有し、逆も同様である。次いで、ポリヌクレオチドは、タグをその相補物にハイブリダイズすることにより分類される。
5’−[G,W,W,W]9TGG−リンカー−微粒子
5’−NRRGATCYNNN−3’
本発明は、DNA配列決定の従来の方法、例えば、Hultmanら,Nucleic Acids Research,17:4937−4946(1989)によって開示された方法とともに用いることができる。しかし、複数のポリヌクレオチドの並行または同時の配列決定に関しては、次の文献が挙げられる。Cheeseman,米国特許第5302509号;Tsienら,国際出願WO91/06678号;Rosenthalら,国際出願WO93/21340号;Canardら,Gene,148:1−6(1994);Metzkerら,Nucleic Acids Research,22:4259−4267(1994)。
本発明の目的は、タグおよびその相補物の特異的ハイブリダイゼーションによって、微粒子の表面上の同一分子、特に、ポリヌクレオチドを分類することである。一旦、このような分類が行われると、分子の存在またはそれらに対して行われる操作は、タグ化された分子の性質、微粒子が分離して(すなわち「バッチ」で)検出されるかどうか、反復された測定が所望であるかどうか、等に応じて、多くの方法で検出され得る。代表的に、分類された分子は、例えば、薬物開発において、結合のためにリガンドに曝されるか、または、例えば、ポリヌクレオチド配列決定において化学的または酵素的処理に供される。これらの使用の両方において、多くの微粒子上でのこのような事象または処理に対応する信号を同時に観察することがしばしば望まれる。分類された分子を担持する微粒子(本明細書において「ロードされた」微粒子と称する)が、このような大規模な並行操作に役立つ(例えば、Lamら(上記)に示されている)。
本発明のタグ化システムは、数キロベースまでの長さのポリヌクレオチドを配列決定するための一塩基配列決定法とともに用いることができる。タグ化システムは、標的ポリヌクレオチドの何千ものフラグメントが、1つまたはそれ以上の固相支持体上に分類され、同時に配列決定されることを可能にする。この方法の好適な実施形態によると、各分類されたフラグメントの一部分が、上述のような走査システムまたは画像分析システムに関連する、顕微鏡スライドのような共通の基板に固定された何千ものロードされた微粒子の各々において、段階的に配列決定される。配列決定されたフラグメントの部分のサイズは、いくつかの要因、例えば、生成および分類されたフラグメントの数、標的ポリヌクレオチドの長さ、用いられた一塩基法の速度および正確さ、微粒子および/または同時にモニターされ得る別個の領域の数に依存する。好ましくは12〜50塩基が各微粒子または領域で同定され、さらに好ましくは18〜30塩基が各微粒子または領域で同定される。この情報により、標的ポリヌクレオチドの配列が、重複する領域を介して12〜50塩基のフラグメントを照合することによって決定される(例えば、米国特許第5002867号に記載されている)。以下の引例は、所与の長さの標的ポリヌクレオチドを首尾良く再構築するために配列決定されなければならないフラグメントの部分を決定する際のさらなる指針を提供する。LanderおよびWaterman,Genomics,2:231−239(1988);Drmanacら,Genomics,4:114−128(1989);Bains,DNA Sequencing and Mapping,4:143−150(1993);Bains,Genomics,11:294−301(1991);Drmanacら,J.Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics,8:1085−1102(1991);およびPevzner,J.Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics,7:63−73(1989)。好ましくは、標的ポリヌクレオチドの長さは、1〜50キロベースである。より好ましくは、長さは、10〜40キロベースである。LanderおよびWaterman(上記)は、配列決定されるフラグメントの数(すなわちサンプルサイズ)、各フラグメントから得られた配列情報の量、および、標的ポリヌクレオチドが、ギャップ(すなわち「アイランド」)のない部分的な配列から再構築される可能性、の間の関係に関する指針を提供する。本発明において、所与のサンプルサイズおよび所与のフラグメント配列のサイズで得ることが可能な最大のポリヌクレオチドサイズを下に示す。
本発明は、本発明の種々の実施形態を実施するためのキットを含む。好ましくは、本発明のキットは、固相支持体に結合されたタグ相補物のレパートリーを含む。さらに、本発明のキットは、対応するタグのレパートリーを(例えば、ポリヌクレオチドを増幅して分類するためのプライマーとして、またはポリヌクレオチドを増幅して分類するために用いられるクローニングベクターの要素として)含み得る。好ましくは、タグ相補物のレパートリーは、微粒子に結合される。キットはまた、酵素的プロセシング、検出ケミストリー(例えば、蛍光タグまたは化学ルミネセンスタグ)等のための適切な緩衝液、使用説明書、プロセシング酵素(例えば、リガーゼ、ポリメラーゼ、トランスフェラーゼ)を含み得る。配列決定のための重要な実施形態において、キットはまた、プロセシングのためにロードされた微粒子を固定するための、アビジン化された顕微鏡スライドのような基板を含み得る。
cDNAライブラリーにおける新規のポリヌクレオチドは、上述のように、微粒子に結合したcDNA分子のライブラリーを構築することによって同定することができる。そして、ライブラリーの大きな画分、あるいは場合によりライブラリー全体について、並行して部分的な配列決定を行うことができる。mRNAの単離の後、そしておそらく、Soaresら,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,91:9228−9232(1994)等に記載の、集団の正規化の後、下記プライマーを、従来のプロトコールを用いて、逆転写酵素による第1鎖合成のためにポリAテールにハイブリダイズすればよい。
3つの標的ポリヌクレオチドタグ結合体の混合物を次のように得る。まず、下記の6つのオリゴヌクレオチドを合成し、対として組み合わせ、タグ1、タグ2およびタグ3を形成する。
表Iから選択される9つの4−ヌクレオチドサブユニットからなる36マーのタグのレパートリーを、上述のような***または混合手段によって、タグおよびタグ相補物を別々に合成することによって調製する。Sma I/Hind III消化M13mp19に連結可能なように、レパートリーを合成する。従って、実施例Iと同様に、1組のオリゴヌクレオチドはAの添加で開始し、9回の***および混合合成が続く。このオリゴヌクレオチドを、表Iのサブユニットに対応して3’−ホスホルアミダイト誘導体化4マーによりサブユニットで伸張する。次いで、Sma I認識部位(GGG)の半分、2つのCおよび5’−モノホスフェートを、例えば、Clontech Laboratories(Palo Alto,CA)から入手可能なPhosphate−ON試薬を用いて、ヌクレオチド毎に添加することで合成を完了する。他方の組のオリゴヌクレオチドは、3つのC(Sma I認識部位の一部)および2つのGの添加で開始し、9回の***および混合合成が続く。このオリゴヌクレオチドを、表Iのサブユニットの相補物に対応して、3’−ホスホルアミダイト誘導体化4マーにより伸張する。Hind III認識部位および5’−モノホスフェートのヌクレオチド毎の添加により合成を完了する。合成支持体からの分離後、オリゴヌクレオチドを下記の二重鎖の形成を可能にする条件下で混合する。
Claims (17)
- 複数のポリヌクレオチドの並行配列決定のための方法であって、
(a)微粒子の集団を用意する工程であって、各微粒子がただ1種のポリヌクレオチドを結合させている工程と、
(b)前記微粒子の集団を平面基板上に分散させる工程と、
(c)標識された配列決定試薬を用いて、処理および検出の連続的なサイクルを通じて、各微粒子からのヌクレオチドの配列を並行して同定する工程と、
を含む方法。 - 微粒子が、1cm2当たり10000微粒子以上の密度で基板上に分散している、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記処理が、標識ヌクレオチドおよびポリメラーゼを用いて行われる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記処理が、標識ヌクレオチドおよびリガーゼを用いて行われる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記配列の長さが12〜50塩基である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記検出が、各微粒子における前記標識された配列決定試薬からの蛍光発光の測定を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記蛍光発光が、平面基板を移動させるx−y換算テーブルを備えた顕微鏡に記録される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記x−y換算テーブルがコンピューターによって制御される、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記コンピューターが、微粒子の位置を記録する基板の二次元マップを生成する、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記蛍光発光がCCDに記録される、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリヌクレオチドが50〜5000ヌクレオチドの長さを有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微粒子が、ガラス微粒子、磁気ビーズ、グリシダルメタクリレート微粒子およびポリスチレン微粒子からなる群より選ばれる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微粒子が1〜100μmの直径を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記平面基板が、ガラス、シリコンおよびプラスチックからなる群より選ばれる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ポリヌクレオチドがcDNAライブラリーを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 平面基板がフローセルである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記フローセルが、流体がそこを通って吸い上げられるように閉じられている、請求項16に記載の方法。
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