JP2004287116A - Optical transmitter - Google Patents

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JP2004287116A
JP2004287116A JP2003079343A JP2003079343A JP2004287116A JP 2004287116 A JP2004287116 A JP 2004287116A JP 2003079343 A JP2003079343 A JP 2003079343A JP 2003079343 A JP2003079343 A JP 2003079343A JP 2004287116 A JP2004287116 A JP 2004287116A
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optical
waveguide
face
modulator
pair
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JP4244671B2 (en
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Masahiro Aoki
雅博 青木
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Hitachi Ltd
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Hitachi Ltd
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a device structure of a semiconductor lumped constant type MZ modulator and a method for electrically and optically mounting the same, and to provide an optical module which has the optical elements installed thereon and which is inexpensive and operates with high performance. <P>SOLUTION: The multiplex-demultiplexer of the MZ modulator is constructed as a double pass structure which uses a multimode interference waveguide with a 2×2 structure input/output waveguide. Thereby, positional separation of input/output light and the performance index doubling of the modulator based on the double pass structure are simultaneously attained. Also, by combining the double pass MZ modulator and a modulator driver IC with a regular and auxiliary differential output pair and symmetrically arranging the output stage of the driver IC and the driving electrode of the MZ modulator, a mounting structure and a mounting method most suitable for push-pull driving is obtained with an easy method. Furthermore, by using paired optical components where optical components used for input/output of light signals such as a condensing optical lens, an optical isolator and an optical fiber to guide light to the outside are connected in series, a mounting structure and a mounting method to optically mount the optical modulator with ease are obtained. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は光伝送装置に係り、特に、半導体レーザの出力光を外部変調する光学部品または上記光学部品の光出力を伝送光ファイバに結合する出力部をもつ光伝送装置に関連し、特に毎秒ギガビット程度以上の高速光通信システムに適した光送信装置に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
光ファイバ通信システムにおける伝送情報の大容量化、中継距離の長距離化の基本ニーズに応えるためには、送信光源の高速化と低チャープ化が不可欠である。この結果、特に長距離幹線系ではレーザダイオードの直接変調方式に代り本質的に低チャープ化に有利な外部変調方式が主に採用されている。この外部変調方式で採用される光変調器としてLiNbO3材料を用いたマッハツェンダー(MZ)変調器(図1)と半導体材料を用いた電界吸収(EA)変調器(図2)の2通りが主流である。この他、GaAsやInP系量子井戸を用いた半導体MZ変調器(図3)がある。この内、EA変調器は分布帰還(DFB;Distributed FeedBack)型レーザダイオードとモノリシック集積ができ、小型で低消費電力な光送信装置の実現に有利である。これは、電気光学係数の大きな吸収係数の変化を用いているためである。一方、MZ変調器は吸収係数の変化に比べ電気光学係数が桁で小さい屈折率変化を動作原理としているため、素子長が大きく且つ動作電圧も高いという本質的問題がある。動作電圧を3〜5Vに低減できる進行波型光変調器はLiNbO3やGaAs材料を用いたMZ変調器の基本構造となっているが、素子長が数十mmと大きい。また、InP系量子井戸を用いた半導体MZ変調器は、小型ではあるものの10Gbit/s動作で4V程度以上の駆動電圧が必要である。このように、MZ変調器はEA変調器に比べ、駆動電圧・変調帯域の比で決まる、性能指数が大きく劣っているのが現状である。しかし、MZ変調器には特にチャーピングを人為制御できるというEA変調器にはない特長を有する。例えば、いわゆるプッシュプル駆動を行えば、チャーピングをゼロに設定できる。また、位相電圧を調整すれば負チャーピング動作も実現できる。しかしながら、プッシュプル駆動や位相電圧調整はこのこのチャーピング制御を用いるため、性能指数を犠牲にしながらもMZ変調器は仕様されているのが現状である。
【0003】
尚、LiNbO3材料を用いたMZ変調器に関する公知文献として、Kawano, K.; Kitoh, T.; Jumonji, H.; Nozawa, T.; Yanagibashi, M.; Suzuki, T.; ”Spectral−domain analysis of coplanar waveguide traveling−wave electrodes and their applications to Ti:LiNbO3 Mach−Zehnder optical modulators” Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 39 Issue: 9 , Sep. 1991, Page(s): 1595 1601が揚げられる。また、半導体バルク材料、量子閉じ込めシュタルク効果を用いたMZ変調器の公知文献として、それぞれWalker, R.G., ”High−speed III−V semiconductor intensity modulators” Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , Volume: 27 Issue: 3 , March 1991, Page(s): 654 −667、Adams, D.M., Rolland, C et al., ”1.55 μm transmission at 2.5 Gbit/s over 1102 km of NDSF using discrete and monolithically integrated InGaAsP−InP Mach−Zehnder modulator and DFB laser”, Electronics Letters , Volume: 34 Issue: 8 , 16 April 1998, Page(s): 771 −773が揚げられる。
【0004】
一方、EA変調器の性能指数を倍増する手法としてダブルパスEA変調器が知られている(図4)。通常のEA変調器では、信号光が変調器導波路内を一方向のみに進行する。ダブルパス構造では、従来の変調器出射端面に、高反射膜を施しここで信号光を全反射させることにより、同一の変調器導波路内を信号光が二度通過する。この結果、半分の導波路長で同じ変調コントラストが得られるため、変調器の性能指数が倍増する原理である。しかしながら、本構造では光の入力導波路、出力導波路が同一であるため、入出力光の分離が容易でない。これを解決するために、光サーキュレータを用いる手法が提案されているが、光サーキュレータ自体が大型で高価である問題がある。また、光吸収する変調器活性層の体積が減った分、変調可能な上限光出力は低減する。本質的には性能指数が倍増すれば、最大光出力は半減する。このため、ダブルパスEA変調器は概念提案に留まっているのが現状である。
【0005】
尚、ダブルパスEA変調器に関する公知文献としてKoji Yamada, Koji Nakamura, and Hideaki Horikawa, ”Design of Double−Pass Electroabsorption Modulators with Low−Voltage, High−Speed Properties for 40 Gb/s Modulation”., JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1997, pp.2287−2293が揚げられる。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の課題は、半導体を用いたMZ変調器の性能指数を倍増することにある。特に、多重量子井戸導波路のダブルパス構成を用いた集中定数型MZ変調器に関し、簡単な構成で性能指数を倍増することができる。この際、従来ダブルパスEA変調器の最大の問題であった、入出力分離を実現することが解決課題である。また、プッシュプル駆動を簡単な手法で実現する光送信装置の構成を提供することをさらなる目的としている。加えて、変調器の入出力部にペア光部品を組み合わせることにより、複雑な光学実装を容易にすることを目的としている。
【0007】
以上に様に、本発明は半導体集中定数型MZ変調器の新規な素子構造およびその電気的・光学的実装手法を提供することを目的とし、これらの光素子を搭載した低コストで高性能動作可能な光モジュールを提供する課題の解決を図るものである。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するために、本発明者らは、MZ変調器の合分波器に入出力導波路が2×2構成の多モード干渉導波路を用いたダブルパス構造を考案した。これにより、入出力光の位置的分離とダブルパス構造による変調器の性能指数倍増が同時に達成できる。
【0009】
また、このダブルパスMZ変調器と正補の差動出力対を有する変調器ドライバICを組み合わせ、ドライバICの出力段とMZ変調器の駆動電極を対称配置することにより、容易な手法でプッシュプル駆動に最適な実装構造・手法を提供する。さらに、光信号の入出力に用いる集光光学レンズ、光アイソレータ、光を外部に導く光ファイバ等の光学部品が並列接続されたペア光学部品を用いて発明の光変調器を簡単に光学実装できる実装構造・手法を提供する。
【0010】
本発明の好ましい実施態様は、基板上に2×2MMI(多モード干渉導波路)型合分波器が設けられ、
前記合分波器の第1の端面には入力光導波路と出力光導波路のそれぞれ第1の端面が接続され、前記第1の端面に対向する第2の端面には第1および第2の光導波路のそれぞれ第1の端面が接続され、
前記入力光導波路、前記出力光導波路、前記第1および第2の光導波路は前記基板上の設けられ、
前記入力光導波路および前記出力光導波路のそれぞれの前記第1の端面と反対側の端面である第2の端面には無反射コート膜が設けられ、
前記入力光導波路の第2の端面からアイソレータを介して入力光が入射されるものであり、前記アイソレータは前記入力光の伝播方向には光を透過しやすく、かつ、それとは逆方向の光の伝播を阻止するように配置され、
前記第1および第2の光導波路のそれぞれの前記第1の端面と反対側の端面である第2の端面には一対の位相変調導波路の第1の端面がそれぞれ接続され、前記一対の位相変調導波路の前記第1の端面と反対側の端面である第2の端面にはそれぞれ高反射膜が設けられ、
前記一対の位相変調導波路は前記基板上に設けられ、
前記一対の位相変調導波路には電極を介して変調電圧信号が印加可能に構成され、
前記一対の位相変調導波路が変調されていないときには、前記入力光導波路の第2の端面から入射した前記入力光は前記合分波器および前記一対の位相変調導波路を伝播し、前記一対の位相変調導波路の前記第2の端面で反射して前記合分波器を介して前記出力光導波路に出力されるように構成され、前記一対の位相変調導波路間の位相差がπとなるように前記変調電圧信号が前記一対の位相変調導波路に印加されたときには、前記入力光導波路の第2の端面から入射した前記入力光は前記合分波器および前記一対の位相変調導波路を伝播し、前記一対の位相変調導波路の前記第2の端面で反射して前記合分波器を介して前記入力光導波路に出力されるように構成されていることを特徴とする光送信装置である。
【0011】
前記2×2MMI型合分波器は前記第1の端面に結合された第1、第2の導波路と、前記第2の端面の結合された第3、第4の導波路を有し、前記第1、第2の導波路は互いに離間して設けられ、前記第3、第4の導波路は互いに離間して設けられ、
前記第1の導波路の前記第1の端面での結合部と前記第3の導波路の前記第2の端面での結合部との直線距離は前記第1の導波路の前記第1の端面での結合部と前記第4の導波路の前記第2の端面での結合部との直線距離よりも小さく、
前記第2の導波路の前記第1の端面での結合部と前記第4の導波路の前記第2の端面での結合部との直線距離は前記第2の導波路の前記第1の端面での結合部と前記第3の導波路の前記第2の端面での結合部との直線距離よりも小さく、
前記第1の導波路からの入力光は前記第4の導波路に出力され、前記第2の導波路からの入力光は前記第2の導波路に出力されるように前記2×2MMI型合分波器は構成されていることが好ましい。
【0012】
この2×2MMI型合分波器は、その導波路の進行波の伝播方向に垂直方向の高さ、伝播方向の長さ、導波路を構成する材料等を適切に選択することにより入力光の出力先を定めることが可能である。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を図5〜図12を用いて説明する。
<実施の形態1>
図5は本発明のMZ光変調器の動作原理(同図(a))と素子構造(同図(b))を表わす。同図(a)はそれぞれ一対の入出力端を有するMZ光変調器の上面図である。2×2の多モード干渉導波路(MMI)を合分波器に用いている。合分波器間には、対称構造を有する一対の位相変調導波路が配されており、共に上部に変調電圧信号を印加するための電極を有する。また、素子の両端面は共に無反射コート(AR)膜が形成されている。本構成では図中の#1ポートへの入力光が無変調状態ではクロスポートとなる#4端へ出力される。また、一対の位相導波路電極のどちらかまたは両者に変調電圧信号を印加し、位相変調導波路間の位相差がπとなるように設定すると、入力光はバーポートとなる#3端へ出力され、#4端はオフ状態となる。この結果、入力光は、#3ポートまたは#4ポートへスイッチング変調されることになる。
【0014】
次に本構成においてMZ光変調器の位相変調導波路のほぼ中央で素子を分割し、その片方の分割端面に反射率が95%程度以上の高反射膜を形成した図5(b)のダブルパス構成を考える。本構成は、図5(a)構成の鏡対称構造であるため、上述と同じスイッチング変調動作が得られる。すなわち、図5(b)の#1ポートへの入力光は無変調状態ではクロスポートに相当する#2端へ出力される。また、一対の位相導波路電極のどちらかまたは両者に変調電圧信号を印加し、位相変調導波路間の位相差がπとなるように設定すると、入力光はバーポートに相当する#1端へ戻ってくる。このとき#2端はオフ状態となる。従って、#1ポートを光入力端、#2ポートを光出力端とすれば、所望のMZ光変調動作が得られる。ここで、#1ポートには光アイソレータを導入して、戻り光が光源部に戻らないようにすることが必要であるが、通常用いられている30dB程度のアイソレーション比のものを用いれば良い。この構成は従来型のMZ光変調器と同様である。従来のEA変調器のダブルパス構成では、入出力端が同一であるため、入出力光の分離のため光サーキュレータが必要であった。本構成では、より安価なアイソレータを使ったダブルパス構成が可能となった。当然のことながら、ダブルパス構成により位相変調導波路長は半分となっているため、位相変調導波路部の寄生容量も半減している。この結果、変調器の性能指数である変調帯域/電圧比はほぼ倍増することになる。また、MZ変調器では基本的に光吸収は発生しないため、変調器活性層の体積が減った分、変調可能な上限光出力は低減することは無いことも、ダブルパスEA変調器に比べた優位点であることを付記する。
<実施の形態2>
図6(a)は実施の形態1で説明したダブルパスMZ光変調器のより具体的な素子である。以下この作製手法とその特性に関し詳述する。
【0015】
図6(a)に示すように、n型(100)InP半導体基板601上に有機金属気相成長法によりn型InPバッファ層1.5μm652、n型InGaAsP下側ガイド層0.03μm653、アンドープ多重量子井戸層(13nm厚の無歪InGaAsP(組成波長1.48μm)井戸層、5nm厚のInP障壁層、20周期)602、アンドープInGaAsP上側ガイド層0.03μm655、p型InP第一クラッド層0.05μm656、p型InAlAsエッチング停止層0.05μm657、p型InP第二クラッド層1.7μm658、p型InGaAsP(組成波長1.3μm)キャップ層30nm、p型InGaAs電極接触層0.2μm 659を順次成長する(図6挿絵)。続いて、図6(a)に示す導波路構造を形成する。ここで、導波路のパターニングにはメタンガスをによる反応性イオンエッチング(RIE)法を用いた。この場合、InAlAs材料はほとんど削られないため、エッチングはInAlAsエッチング停止層657上で停止し、図6(a)に示すリッジ導波路構造が自動形成される。ここで、多モード干渉導波路(MMI)は横幅12.0μm、長さ202μmとした。後に、位相変調器となる領域に狭ストライプ形状にp型電極605、606を形成し、基板側には裏面電極609を形成した。所望の位置でへき開した後、入出力端には反射率約0.1%の低反射膜607を位相変調器後端面には反射率約98%の高反射膜608をそれぞれ公知の手法により形成した。位相変調器長は400μm、入出力導波路の間隔は250μmとした。
【0016】
作製したダブルパスMZ変調器の入力端に波長1.55μm帯のTE偏波信号光を入射し、単相駆動条件での変調特性を評価した。この評価には、ファイバ芯間隔が250μmの標準ペアファイバを用いた。図6(b)に、入力信号波長を1550nmとした場合の変調カーブを示す。半波長電圧Vπは約2.6Vであった。このVπは同一ウェハ上に作製した従来型のMZ変調器(位相変調器長は800μm)の測定値と比べ約半分である。一方、変調帯域は約18GHzであり、毎秒10Gbit/s動作に十分な特性となった。
<実施の形態3>
本発明のMZ光変調器構成において、一対の位相変調器を差動動作(いわゆるプッシュプル動作)させると、駆動振幅電圧は更に半減すると共に変調器のゼロチャーピング動作を実現することができる。図7(a)に示す送信機の構成はその実施例の上面図である。また同図(b)はその斜視図である。あらかじめ、高周波線路が形成された実装キャリア701を準備する。実装キャリア701上には、一対の信号線路709とそれらの間および両側のグランドライン710を有する。この実装キャリア上にダブルパスMZ変調器702と電圧駆動IC703を図示のようにダブルパスMZ変調器の後方端面側に実装する。ここで、電圧駆動IC703は通常の差動出力端(図ではPおよびQ)を持ちそれぞれDCバイアス調整が可能である。差動出力端P、Qの差動電圧出力信号は、実装キャリア701上の高周波ライン709およびワイヤリング712を通ってダブルパスMZ変調器702の位相変調導波路に給電される。本構成では、図中の参照線に関し線対称の構造となっている。このため、差動出力端P、QからダブルパスMZ変調器の電極に至る高周波信号線の長さの総和は短く且つ両者は基本的に等価である。このため本構成はプッシュプル動作の最大の課題である、二種駆動信号の位相遅延を未然に防止された構造となっていることが最大の特徴である。これは、本MZ光変調器では折り返し構造であるため、MZ変調器の後方端面側に電圧駆動ICを近接して実装できることに起因している。本実施の形態の送信機により、プッシュプル電圧約1.3Vppにて、10Gbit/sゼロチャーピング動作が実現できた。
<実施の形態4>
図8は本発明のMZ光変調器の光実装に関し更なる改良を加えた実施の形態を表す。本発明のMZ光変調器では、同一端面側に光の入出力端子を有する。このため、図8に示すように入出力用の光部品をペア構成とすることにより、部品点数の削減や光学調整などモジュール作製工程の簡素化が計れる。実施の形態3に示した光送信機において、光信号の入出力に用いるそれぞれ一対の光学レンズ、アイソレータ、ファイバを一体化したペア部品とする。ここで、これらの光学部品の光軸間隔は250μmとした。この値は、標準化の観点から選択した値であり、本質的な値ではない。アイソレータは図示のように、光進行方向が互いに逆のものが一体化されている。場合によって、光学レンズとアイソレータは一体となっても良い。これらのペア部品を用いると入出力どちらか一方の光路調整を施せば、他方は自動的に調芯されるため、光結合に伴なう作製工程が半減する効能がある。また、以上は光学調整を前提とした議論であったが、光学調整を伴なわないいわゆるパッシブアライメント法を適用した場合にも、同様の効能が期待できることを付記する。
<実施の形態5>
図9は以上の本発明形態を用いて作製した光モジュールの斜視図である。実施の形態3に示した電気実装と実施の形態4に示した光学実装を共に用いてMZ光変調器と電圧駆動ICとが一体化されたキャリア501をモジュール筐体502内に配置した構成である。電気入力部には、高周波コネクタ504を配し、光学系には光学レンズとアイソレータが一体と成ったバルクレンズ503とペアファイバ(506、507)とを用いた。本構成によれば、ファイバ入出力がモジュールの同じ側に配置されているため、送信機のファイバ方向の長さを大きく短縮することができるため、光送信機の小型化に有効である。
【0017】
【発明の効果】
本発明の実施例に係る半導体発光素子よれば、MZ光変調器の性能指数を倍増できる。特に、多重量子井戸導波路のダブルパス構成を用いた集中定数型MZ変調器に関し、簡単な構成で性能指数を倍増することができる。この際、従来ダブルパスEA変調器の最大の問題であった入出力光の分離が可能となる。また、プッシュプル駆動を簡単な手法で実現する光送信装置が実現できる。加えて、変調器の入出力部にペア光部品を組み合わせることにより、複雑な光学実装を容易にできる。本発明を用いれば、素子性能、歩留まりが飛躍的に向上するだけでなく、この素子を適用した光通信システムの低価格化、大容量化、長距離化に貢献できる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】従来技術を説明するための図である。
【図2】従来技術を説明するための図である。
【図3】従来技術を説明するための図である。
【図4】従来技術を説明するための図である。
【図5】本発明の実施例を説明するための図である。
【図6】本発明の実施例を説明するための図である。
【図7】本発明の実施例を説明するための図である。
【図8】本発明の実施例を説明するための図である。
【図9】本発明の実施例を説明するための図である。
【符号の説明】
601…n型(100)InP半導体基板、602…アンドープ多重量子井戸層、604…光合分波器、605…位相変調器電極、606…位相変調器電、607…低反射膜、608…高反射膜、652…n型InPバッファ層1.5μm、653…n型InGaAsP下側ガイド層、654…InGaAsP上側ガイド層、655…p型InP第一クラッド層、656…p型InAlAsエッチング停止層、657…p型InP第二クラッド層、658…p型InGaAs電極接触層、
701…実装キャリア、702…ダブルパスMZ変調器、703…電圧駆動IC、709…高周波信号線、710…グランド線、711…終端抵抗、712…ワイヤリング、
801…ペア光学レンズ、802…ペアアイソレータ、803…ペアファイバ、
501…実装キャリア、502…モジュール筐体、503…光学レンズ付きペアアイソレータ、504…高周波コネクタ、505…フェルール、506…入力用ファイバ、507…出力用ファイバ。
[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an optical transmission device, and more particularly, to an optical component that externally modulates output light of a semiconductor laser or an optical transmission device having an output unit that couples an optical output of the optical component to a transmission optical fiber, and particularly relates to a gigabit per second. The present invention relates to an optical transmission device suitable for a high-speed optical communication system of a degree or higher.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In order to meet the basic needs of increasing the capacity of transmission information and increasing the relay distance in an optical fiber communication system, it is essential to increase the speed and reduce the chirp of the transmission light source. As a result, especially in long-distance trunk systems, an external modulation method which is essentially advantageous for lowering the chirp is mainly used instead of the direct modulation method of the laser diode. There are two main types of optical modulators used in this external modulation system: a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator using LiNbO3 material (FIG. 1) and an electroabsorption (EA) modulator using semiconductor material (FIG. 2). It is. In addition, there is a semiconductor MZ modulator (FIG. 3) using GaAs or InP quantum wells. Among them, the EA modulator can be monolithically integrated with a distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode, which is advantageous for realizing a small and low power consumption optical transmission device. This is because a large change in the absorption coefficient of the electro-optic coefficient is used. On the other hand, the MZ modulator uses a refractive index change in which the electro-optic coefficient is smaller than the change in the absorption coefficient by an order of magnitude, and thus has an essential problem that the element length is large and the operation voltage is high. The traveling-wave optical modulator capable of reducing the operating voltage to 3 to 5 V has a basic structure of an MZ modulator using LiNbO3 or GaAs material, but has a large element length of several tens of mm. Although a semiconductor MZ modulator using an InP-based quantum well is small in size, it requires a driving voltage of about 4 V or more at 10 Gbit / s operation. As described above, the MZ modulator currently has a significantly lower figure of merit, which is determined by the ratio of the drive voltage to the modulation band, than the EA modulator. However, the MZ modulator has a characteristic that chirping can be artificially controlled, which is not provided by the EA modulator. For example, if so-called push-pull drive is performed, chirping can be set to zero. Further, by adjusting the phase voltage, a negative chirping operation can be realized. However, since the push-pull drive and the phase voltage adjustment use this chirping control, the MZ modulator is currently specified while sacrificing the figure of merit.
[0003]
As a well-known document relating to an MZ modulator using a LiNbO3 material, there is disclosed in Kawano, K .; Kitoh, T .; Jumonji, H .; Nozawa, T .; Yanagibashi, M .; Suzuki, T .; ; "Spectral-domain analysis of coplanar waveguide traveling-wave electrodes and their applications to Ti: LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder optical modulators" Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 39 Issue: 9, Sep. 1991, Page (s): 1595 1601 is fried. As well-known documents of semiconductor bulk materials and MZ modulators using the quantum confined Stark effect, Walker and R.K. G. FIG. , "High-speed III-V semiconductor intensity modulators" Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of, Volume: 27 Issue, 3, 67, March, 3D, 67A, 67A, 67, D.7, 67, D.7, 66,7, D. M. , Rolland, C et al. , "1.55 μm transmission at 2.5 Gbit / s over 1102 km of NDSF using discrete and monolithically integrated InGaAsP-InP Mach-Zehnder modulator and DFB laser", Electronics Letters, Volume: 34 Issue: 8, 16 April 1998, Page (s): 771-773 is fried.
[0004]
On the other hand, a double-pass EA modulator is known as a method of doubling the figure of merit of the EA modulator (FIG. 4). In a normal EA modulator, signal light travels in the modulator waveguide in only one direction. In the double-pass structure, a signal light passes through the same modulator waveguide twice by applying a high-reflection film to a conventional modulator output end face and totally reflecting the signal light here. As a result, the same modulation contrast can be obtained with a half waveguide length, so that the figure of merit of the modulator is doubled. However, in this structure, the input and output waveguides of light are the same, so that it is not easy to separate input and output light. In order to solve this, a method using an optical circulator has been proposed, but there is a problem that the optical circulator itself is large and expensive. In addition, the upper limit optical output that can be modulated is reduced by the reduced volume of the modulator active layer that absorbs light. Essentially, if the figure of merit doubles, the maximum light output is halved. For this reason, at present, the double-pass EA modulator is only a concept proposal.
[0005]
It should be noted that Koji Yamada, Koji Nakamura, and Hideaki Horikawa, “Design of Double-Pass Electroabsorption Gasoline Motorsports Regulations Modulator's Recommendations for the Double-Pass EA Modulator. , JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1997, pp. 2287-2293 is fried.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to double the figure of merit of an MZ modulator using a semiconductor. In particular, for a lumped-constant MZ modulator using a double-pass configuration of a multiple quantum well waveguide, the figure of merit can be doubled with a simple configuration. In this case, realization of input / output separation, which is the biggest problem of the conventional double-pass EA modulator, is a solution. It is another object of the present invention to provide a configuration of an optical transmission device that realizes push-pull driving by a simple method. In addition, it is intended to facilitate complicated optical mounting by combining a pair of optical components with the input / output unit of the modulator.
[0007]
As described above, an object of the present invention is to provide a novel device structure of a semiconductor lumped-constant type MZ modulator and a method of electrically and optically mounting the same, and realize a low-cost, high-performance operation using these optical devices. It is intended to solve the problem of providing a possible optical module.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, the present inventors have devised a double-path structure using a multimode interference waveguide having a 2 × 2 input / output waveguide as a multiplexer / demultiplexer of an MZ modulator. This makes it possible to simultaneously achieve the positional separation of the input and output light and the doubling of the figure of merit of the modulator using the double-pass structure.
[0009]
Further, by combining this double-pass MZ modulator with a modulator driver IC having a complementary output pair and symmetrically arranging the output stage of the driver IC and the drive electrode of the MZ modulator, push-pull driving can be performed in an easy manner. Provide the most suitable mounting structure and method. Furthermore, the optical modulator of the present invention can be easily optically mounted using a pair of optical components in which optical components such as a condensing optical lens, an optical isolator, and an optical fiber for guiding light to the outside used for inputting / outputting an optical signal are connected in parallel. Provide mounting structure and method.
[0010]
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a 2 × 2 MMI (multimode interference waveguide) type multiplexer / demultiplexer is provided on a substrate,
First end faces of an input optical waveguide and an output optical waveguide are connected to a first end face of the multiplexer / demultiplexer, and first and second optical waveguides are connected to a second end face opposite to the first end face. The first end faces of the wave paths are connected,
The input optical waveguide, the output optical waveguide, the first and second optical waveguides are provided on the substrate,
An anti-reflection coating film is provided on a second end face of the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide, which is an end face opposite to the first end face,
Input light is incident from a second end face of the input optical waveguide via an isolator, and the isolator easily transmits light in the propagation direction of the input light, and transmits light in the opposite direction. Arranged to prevent propagation,
First end faces of a pair of phase modulation waveguides are respectively connected to second end faces of the first and second optical waveguides which are opposite to the first end face, and the pair of phase modulation waveguides are connected to each other. A high reflection film is provided on each of second end faces of the modulation waveguide opposite to the first end face,
The pair of phase modulation waveguides is provided on the substrate,
A modulation voltage signal is configured to be applied to the pair of phase modulation waveguides via electrodes,
When the pair of phase modulation waveguides is not modulated, the input light incident from the second end face of the input optical waveguide propagates through the multiplexer / demultiplexer and the pair of phase modulation waveguides, and The phase modulation waveguide is configured to be reflected at the second end face and output to the output optical waveguide through the multiplexer / demultiplexer, and the phase difference between the pair of phase modulation waveguides is π. As such, when the modulation voltage signal is applied to the pair of phase modulation waveguides, the input light incident from the second end face of the input optical waveguide passes through the multiplexer / demultiplexer and the pair of phase modulation waveguides. An optical transmission device configured to propagate, reflect at the second end face of the pair of phase modulation waveguides, and output to the input optical waveguide via the multiplexer / demultiplexer. It is.
[0011]
The 2 × 2 MMI multiplexer / demultiplexer includes first and second waveguides coupled to the first end face, and third and fourth waveguides coupled to the second end face, The first and second waveguides are provided apart from each other, the third and fourth waveguides are provided separately from each other,
The linear distance between the coupling portion at the first end face of the first waveguide and the coupling portion at the second end face of the third waveguide is the first end face of the first waveguide. Is smaller than the linear distance between the coupling part at the second end face of the fourth waveguide and the coupling part at the second end face of the fourth waveguide,
The linear distance between the coupling portion at the first end face of the second waveguide and the coupling portion at the second end face of the fourth waveguide is the first end face of the second waveguide. Is smaller than the linear distance between the coupling portion at the second portion and the coupling portion at the second end face of the third waveguide,
The input light from the first waveguide is output to the fourth waveguide, and the input light from the second waveguide is output to the second waveguide. The duplexer is preferably configured.
[0012]
This 2 × 2 MMI type multiplexer / demultiplexer can appropriately select the height of the waveguide in the direction perpendicular to the propagation direction of the traveling wave, the length in the propagation direction, the material constituting the waveguide, etc. It is possible to determine the output destination.
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
<Embodiment 1>
FIG. 5 shows the operating principle (FIG. 5A) and the element structure (FIG. 5B) of the MZ optical modulator of the present invention. FIG. 1A is a top view of an MZ optical modulator having a pair of input / output terminals. A 2 × 2 multimode interference waveguide (MMI) is used for the multiplexer / demultiplexer. A pair of phase modulation waveguides having a symmetric structure are arranged between the multiplexers / demultiplexers, and both have an upper electrode for applying a modulation voltage signal. In addition, antireflection coating (AR) films are formed on both end faces of the element. In this configuration, the input light to the # 1 port in the figure is output to the # 4 end which is a cross port in the unmodulated state. When a modulation voltage signal is applied to one or both of the pair of phase waveguide electrodes and the phase difference between the phase modulation waveguides is set to π, the input light is output to the # 3 end which becomes a bar port. The # 4 end is turned off. As a result, the input light is switched and modulated to the # 3 port or the # 4 port.
[0014]
Next, in the present configuration, the element is divided almost at the center of the phase modulation waveguide of the MZ optical modulator, and a high reflection film having a reflectance of about 95% or more is formed on one of the divided end faces. Consider the configuration. Since this configuration is a mirror-symmetrical structure of the configuration in FIG. 5A, the same switching modulation operation as described above can be obtained. That is, the input light to the # 1 port in FIG. 5B is output to the # 2 end corresponding to the cross port in the unmodulated state. When a modulation voltage signal is applied to one or both of the pair of phase waveguide electrodes and the phase difference between the phase modulation waveguides is set to π, the input light is directed to the # 1 end corresponding to the bar port. Come back. At this time, the # 2 end is turned off. Therefore, if the # 1 port is an optical input terminal and the # 2 port is an optical output terminal, a desired MZ optical modulation operation can be obtained. Here, it is necessary to introduce an optical isolator into the # 1 port so that the return light does not return to the light source unit, but it is sufficient to use a normally used isolation ratio of about 30 dB. . This configuration is the same as that of the conventional MZ optical modulator. In the conventional double pass configuration of the EA modulator, since the input and output ends are the same, an optical circulator is required for separating input and output light. In this configuration, a double-pass configuration using a less expensive isolator has become possible. As a matter of course, since the phase modulation waveguide length is halved by the double-pass configuration, the parasitic capacitance of the phase modulation waveguide section is also halved. As a result, the modulation band / voltage ratio, which is the figure of merit of the modulator, almost doubles. In addition, since the MZ modulator basically does not absorb light, the upper limit optical output that can be modulated does not decrease as much as the volume of the modulator active layer is reduced, and is superior to the double-pass EA modulator. Note that it is a point.
<Embodiment 2>
FIG. 6A shows a more specific element of the double-pass MZ optical modulator described in the first embodiment. Hereinafter, this manufacturing method and its characteristics will be described in detail.
[0015]
As shown in FIG. 6A, an n-type InP buffer layer 1.5 μm 652, an n-type InGaAsP lower guide layer 0.03 μm 653, and an undoped multiplex are formed on an n-type (100) InP semiconductor substrate 601 by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Quantum well layer (13 nm-thick strain-free InGaAsP (composition wavelength: 1.48 μm) well layer, 5 nm-thick InP barrier layer, 20 periods) 602, undoped InGaAsP upper guide layer 0.03 μm 655, p-type InP first cladding layer 0. 05 μm 656, p-type InAlAs etching stop layer 0.05 μm 657, p-type InP second cladding layer 1.7 μm 658, p-type InGaAsP (composition wavelength 1.3 μm) cap layer 30 nm, p-type InGaAs electrode contact layer 0.2 μm 659 are sequentially grown. (Fig. 6 illustration). Subsequently, a waveguide structure shown in FIG. 6A is formed. Here, reactive ion etching (RIE) using methane gas was used for patterning the waveguide. In this case, since the InAlAs material is hardly removed, the etching stops on the InAlAs etching stop layer 657, and the ridge waveguide structure shown in FIG. 6A is automatically formed. Here, the multimode interference waveguide (MMI) was 12.0 μm in width and 202 μm in length. Later, p-type electrodes 605 and 606 were formed in a narrow stripe shape in a region to be a phase modulator, and a back electrode 609 was formed on the substrate side. After cleavage at a desired position, a low-reflection film 607 having a reflectivity of about 0.1% is formed on the input and output ends, and a high-reflection film 608 having a reflectivity of about 98% is formed on the rear end face of the phase modulator by a known method. did. The length of the phase modulator was 400 μm, and the interval between the input and output waveguides was 250 μm.
[0016]
A 1.55 μm-band TE polarized signal light was incident on the input end of the manufactured double-pass MZ modulator, and the modulation characteristics under single-phase driving conditions were evaluated. For this evaluation, a standard pair fiber having a fiber core interval of 250 μm was used. FIG. 6B shows a modulation curve when the input signal wavelength is 1550 nm. Half-wave voltage V [pi was about 2.6V. This is about half the measured value of the conventional MZ modulator (the phase modulator length is 800 μm) manufactured on the same wafer. On the other hand, the modulation band was about 18 GHz, which was sufficient for 10 Gbit / s operation per second.
<Embodiment 3>
In the configuration of the MZ optical modulator of the present invention, when a pair of phase modulators is operated differentially (so-called push-pull operation), the drive amplitude voltage can be further reduced by half, and the zero chirping operation of the modulator can be realized. The configuration of the transmitter shown in FIG. 7A is a top view of the embodiment. FIG. 2B is a perspective view thereof. A mounting carrier 701 on which a high-frequency line is formed is prepared in advance. On the mounting carrier 701, a pair of signal lines 709 and ground lines 710 between and on both sides thereof are provided. On this mounting carrier, a double-pass MZ modulator 702 and a voltage driving IC 703 are mounted on the rear end face side of the double-pass MZ modulator as shown in the figure. Here, the voltage driving IC 703 has ordinary differential output terminals (P and Q in the figure) and can adjust DC bias respectively. The differential voltage output signals of the differential output terminals P and Q are supplied to the phase modulation waveguide of the double-pass MZ modulator 702 through the high-frequency line 709 and the wiring 712 on the mounting carrier 701. This configuration has a line-symmetric structure with respect to the reference line in the figure. For this reason, the total sum of the lengths of the high-frequency signal lines from the differential output terminals P and Q to the electrodes of the double-pass MZ modulator is short and both are basically equivalent. For this reason, this configuration has the greatest feature that the phase delay of the two types of drive signals, which is the biggest problem of the push-pull operation, is prevented beforehand. This is because the MZ optical modulator has a folded structure, so that the voltage driving IC can be mounted close to the rear end face side of the MZ modulator. With the transmitter according to the present embodiment, a 10 Gbit / s zero chirping operation can be realized at a push-pull voltage of about 1.3 V pp .
<Embodiment 4>
FIG. 8 shows an embodiment in which the optical mounting of the MZ optical modulator of the present invention is further improved. The MZ optical modulator of the present invention has a light input / output terminal on the same end face side. For this reason, by forming the input / output optical components in a pair as shown in FIG. 8, the number of components can be reduced and the module manufacturing process such as optical adjustment can be simplified. In the optical transmitter described in the third embodiment, a pair of optical lenses, an isolator, and a fiber, each of which is used for input and output of an optical signal, is integrated. Here, the optical axis interval of these optical components was 250 μm. This value is a value selected from the viewpoint of standardization, and is not an essential value. As shown, the isolators are integrated such that the light traveling directions are opposite to each other. In some cases, the optical lens and the isolator may be integrated. When these paired components are used, if one of the input and output is adjusted for the optical path, the other is automatically aligned, so that there is an effect that the number of manufacturing steps involved in optical coupling is reduced by half. Although the above discussion has been made on the premise of optical adjustment, it should be noted that the same effect can be expected even when a so-called passive alignment method without optical adjustment is applied.
<Embodiment 5>
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an optical module manufactured using the above-described embodiment of the present invention. A carrier 501 in which an MZ optical modulator and a voltage driving IC are integrated is arranged in a module housing 502 by using both the electrical mounting described in the third embodiment and the optical mounting described in the fourth embodiment. is there. A high-frequency connector 504 was provided in the electric input section, and a bulk lens 503 in which an optical lens and an isolator were integrated and a pair of fibers (506, 507) were used in the optical system. According to this configuration, since the fiber input / output is arranged on the same side of the module, the length of the transmitter in the fiber direction can be greatly reduced, which is effective for downsizing the optical transmitter.
[0017]
【The invention's effect】
According to the semiconductor light emitting device according to the embodiment of the present invention, the figure of merit of the MZ optical modulator can be doubled. In particular, for a lumped-constant MZ modulator using a double-pass configuration of a multiple quantum well waveguide, the figure of merit can be doubled with a simple configuration. At this time, it is possible to separate input and output light, which is the biggest problem of the conventional double-pass EA modulator. Further, it is possible to realize an optical transmission device that realizes push-pull driving by a simple method. In addition, complex optical mounting can be facilitated by combining a pair of optical components with the input / output section of the modulator. The use of the present invention not only dramatically improves the element performance and yield, but also contributes to price reduction, large capacity, and long distance of an optical communication system to which this element is applied.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a conventional technique.
FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a conventional technique.
FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a conventional technique.
FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a conventional technique.
FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
601: n-type (100) InP semiconductor substrate, 602: undoped multiple quantum well layer, 604: optical multiplexer / demultiplexer, 605: phase modulator electrode, 606: phase modulator electrode, 607: low reflection film, 608: high reflection Film, 652: n-type InP buffer layer 1.5 μm, 653: n-type InGaAsP lower guide layer, 654 ... InGaAsP upper guide layer, 655 ... p-type InP first cladding layer, 656 ... p-type InAlAs etching stop layer, 657 ... p-type InP second cladding layer, 658 ... p-type InGaAs electrode contact layer,
701: mounting carrier, 702: double-pass MZ modulator, 703: voltage driving IC, 709: high-frequency signal line, 710: ground line, 711: terminating resistor, 712: wiring,
801: paired optical lens, 802: paired isolator, 803: paired fiber,
Reference numeral 501 denotes a mounting carrier, 502 denotes a module housing, 503 denotes a pair isolator with an optical lens, 504 denotes a high-frequency connector, 505 denotes a ferrule, 506 denotes an input fiber, and 507 denotes an output fiber.

Claims (9)

導波路の屈折率変化を動作原理とする干渉型の導波路型光変調器であって、前記導波路は高反射膜が施された端面部を有する一対の位相変調導波路を少なくとも含み、前記高反射端面にて反射された信号光が前記位相変調導波路内を往復することにより、位相変調効率を向上することを特徴とする光変調器を内蔵した光送信装置。An interference-type waveguide-type optical modulator that operates based on a change in the refractive index of a waveguide, wherein the waveguide includes at least a pair of phase modulation waveguides having an end surface portion on which a high reflection film is applied, An optical transmitter incorporating a light modulator, wherein a signal light reflected by a high reflection end face reciprocates in the phase modulation waveguide to improve a phase modulation efficiency. 導波路の屈折率変化を動作原理とする干渉型の導波路型光変調器であって導波路の端面部に低反射膜が施された一対の入出力導波路と導波路の端面部に高反射膜が施された一対の位相変調導波路とが多モード干渉導波路を介して接続されたことを特徴とする光変調器を内蔵した光送信装置。A pair of input / output waveguides having a low-reflection film on the end face of the waveguide and a high level on the end face of the waveguide. An optical transmission device having a built-in optical modulator, wherein a pair of phase modulation waveguides provided with a reflection film are connected via a multimode interference waveguide. 多モード干渉導波路が対称型の2×2構成であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の光送信装置。The optical transmission device according to claim 2, wherein the multimode interference waveguide has a symmetrical 2x2 configuration. 光入出力ポートが装置の同一側面にあることを特徴とする請求項1〜3に記載の光送信装置。The optical transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the optical input / output ports are on the same side of the device. 少なくとも入力導波路と光源の間に光アイソレータが挿入されたことを特徴とする請求項1〜3に記載の光変調器を有する光送信装置。4. An optical transmitter having an optical modulator according to claim 1, wherein an optical isolator is inserted between at least the input waveguide and the light source. 正補の電圧信号を出力する一対の出力端を有する変調器駆動ドライバが、請求項1〜4に記載の光変調器と共に実装され、前記一対の変調器駆動ドライバ出力端と一対の変調器電極が電気接続されており、一対の電気接続の長さが同等となるように光変調器と変調器駆動ドライバとを対称配置したことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光送信装置。A modulator driving driver having a pair of output terminals for outputting a complementary voltage signal is mounted together with the optical modulator according to claim 1, wherein the pair of modulator driving driver output terminals and the pair of modulator electrodes are provided. The optical transmitter according to claim 1, wherein the optical modulator is electrically connected, and the optical modulator and the modulator driver are symmetrically arranged so that the lengths of the pair of electrical connections are equal. 光信号の入出力に用いる集光光学レンズ、光アイソレータ、または光を外部に導く光ファイバの少なくともいずれかが並列接続されたペア光学部品を用いて光変調器を光学実装したことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光送信装置。The optical modulator is optically mounted using a pair of optical components in which at least one of a condensing optical lens, an optical isolator, or an optical fiber for guiding light to the outside used for inputting / outputting an optical signal is connected in parallel. The optical transmission device according to claim 1. 基板上に2×2MMI(多モード干渉導波路)型合分波器が設けられ、
前記合分波器の第1の端面には入力光導波路と出力光導波路のそれぞれ第1の端面が接続され、前記第1の端面に対向する第2の端面には第1および第2の光導波路のそれぞれ第1の端面が接続され、
前記入力光導波路、前記出力光導波路、前記第1および第2の光導波路は前記基板上の設けられ、
前記入力光導波路および前記出力光導波路のそれぞれの前記第1の端面と反対側の端面である第2の端面には無反射コート膜が設けられ、
前記入力光導波路の第2の端面からアイソレータを介して入力光が入射されるものであり、前記アイソレータは前記入力光の伝播方向には光を透過しやすく、かつ、それとは逆方向の光の伝播を阻止するように配置され、
前記第1および第2の光導波路のそれぞれの前記第1の端面と反対側の端面である第2の端面には一対の位相変調導波路の第1の端面がそれぞれ接続され、前記一対の位相変調導波路の前記第1の端面と反対側の端面である第2の端面にはそれぞれ高反射膜が設けられ、
前記一対の位相変調導波路は前記基板上に設けられ、
前記一対の位相変調導波路には電極を介して変調電圧信号が印加可能に構成され、
前記一対の位相変調導波路が変調されていないときには、前記入力光導波路の第2の端面から入射した前記入力光は前記合分波器および前記一対の位相変調導波路を伝播し、前記一対の位相変調導波路の前記第2の端面で反射して前記合分波器を介して前記出力光導波路に出力されるように構成され、前記一対の位相変調導波路間の位相差がπとなるように前記変調電圧信号が前記一対の位相変調導波路に印加されたときには、前記入力光導波路の第2の端面から入射した前記入力光は前記合分波器および前記一対の位相変調導波路を伝播し、前記一対の位相変調導波路の前記第2の端面で反射して前記合分波器を介して前記入力光導波路に出力されるように構成されていることを特徴とする光送信装置。
A 2 × 2 MMI (multimode interference waveguide) type multiplexer / demultiplexer is provided on the substrate,
First end faces of an input optical waveguide and an output optical waveguide are connected to a first end face of the multiplexer / demultiplexer, and first and second optical waveguides are connected to a second end face opposite to the first end face. The first end faces of the wave paths are connected,
The input optical waveguide, the output optical waveguide, the first and second optical waveguides are provided on the substrate,
An anti-reflection coating film is provided on a second end face of the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide, which is an end face opposite to the first end face,
Input light is incident from a second end face of the input optical waveguide via an isolator, and the isolator easily transmits light in the propagation direction of the input light, and transmits light in the opposite direction. Arranged to prevent propagation,
First end faces of a pair of phase modulation waveguides are respectively connected to second end faces of the first and second optical waveguides which are opposite to the first end face, and the pair of phase modulation waveguides are connected to each other. A high reflection film is provided on each of second end faces of the modulation waveguide opposite to the first end face,
The pair of phase modulation waveguides is provided on the substrate,
A modulation voltage signal is configured to be applied to the pair of phase modulation waveguides via electrodes,
When the pair of phase modulation waveguides is not modulated, the input light incident from the second end face of the input optical waveguide propagates through the multiplexer / demultiplexer and the pair of phase modulation waveguides, and The phase modulation waveguide is configured to be reflected at the second end face and output to the output optical waveguide through the multiplexer / demultiplexer, and the phase difference between the pair of phase modulation waveguides is π. As such, when the modulation voltage signal is applied to the pair of phase modulation waveguides, the input light incident from the second end face of the input optical waveguide passes through the multiplexer / demultiplexer and the pair of phase modulation waveguides. An optical transmission device configured to propagate, reflect at the second end face of the pair of phase modulation waveguides, and output to the input optical waveguide via the multiplexer / demultiplexer. .
前記2×2MMI型合分波器は前記第1の端面に結合された第1、第2の導波路と、前記第2の端面の結合された第3、第4の導波路を有し、前記第1、第2の導波路は互いに離間して設けられ、前記第3、第4の導波路は互いに離間して設けられ、
前記第1の導波路の前記第1の端面での結合部と前記第3の導波路の前記第2の端面での結合部との直線距離は前記第1の導波路の前記第1の端面での結合部と前記第4の導波路の前記第2の端面での結合部との直線距離よりも小さく、
前記第2の導波路の前記第1の端面での結合部と前記第4の導波路の前記第2の端面での結合部との直線距離は前記第2の導波路の前記第1の端面での結合部と前記第3の導波路の前記第2の端面での結合部との直線距離よりも小さく、
前記第1の導波路からの入力光は前記第4の導波路に出力され、前記第2の導波路からの入力光は前記第2の導波路に出力されるように前記2×2MMI型合分波器は構成されていることを特徴とする請求項8記載の光送信装置。
The 2 × 2 MMI multiplexer / demultiplexer includes first and second waveguides coupled to the first end face, and third and fourth waveguides coupled to the second end face, The first and second waveguides are provided apart from each other, the third and fourth waveguides are provided separately from each other,
The linear distance between the coupling portion at the first end face of the first waveguide and the coupling portion at the second end face of the third waveguide is the first end face of the first waveguide. Is smaller than the linear distance between the coupling part at the second end face of the fourth waveguide and the coupling part at the second end face of the fourth waveguide,
The linear distance between the coupling portion at the first end face of the second waveguide and the coupling portion at the second end face of the fourth waveguide is the first end face of the second waveguide. Is smaller than the linear distance between the coupling portion at the second portion and the coupling portion at the second end face of the third waveguide,
The input light from the first waveguide is output to the fourth waveguide, and the input light from the second waveguide is output to the second waveguide. 9. The optical transmitter according to claim 8, wherein the duplexer is configured.
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