JP2004126137A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus - Google Patents

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP2004126137A
JP2004126137A JP2002288884A JP2002288884A JP2004126137A JP 2004126137 A JP2004126137 A JP 2004126137A JP 2002288884 A JP2002288884 A JP 2002288884A JP 2002288884 A JP2002288884 A JP 2002288884A JP 2004126137 A JP2004126137 A JP 2004126137A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
intermediate transfer
electrophotographic photosensitive
photosensitive member
electrophotographic
transfer member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP2002288884A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Hirofumi Kumoi
雲井 郭文
Hiroyuki Omori
大森 弘之
Haruyuki Tsuji
辻 晴之
Shinji Takagi
高木 進司
Hiroshi Saito
齊藤 宏
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Canon Inc
Original Assignee
Canon Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Canon Inc filed Critical Canon Inc
Priority to JP2002288884A priority Critical patent/JP2004126137A/en
Publication of JP2004126137A publication Critical patent/JP2004126137A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor free of occurrence of image defects due to a scratch on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor and stably giving good images even after repeated use and to provide an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge. <P>SOLUTION: In the electrophotographic apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a toner image forming means to form an image with a toner on the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an intermediate transfer member which moves in contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a means to primarily transfer a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor to the intermediate transfer member at a first transfer position of the intermediate transfer member, and a transfer means to secondarily transfer the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer member to a transfer material at a second transfer position of the intermediate transfer member, a universal hardness HU in a pushing test up to a depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is ≥235 N/mm<SP>2</SP>. This invention includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor used in the electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge with the electrophotographic photoreceptor. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置に関し、詳しくは、特定の硬さの表面層を有する電子写真感光体、該電子写真感光体を具備する電子写真装置及びプロセスカートリッジに関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年のパーソナルコンピューター、デジタルカメラ及びイメージスキャナー等の画像入力装置の急速な普及により、フルカラープリンターや複写機の需要も大幅に拡大してきている。最近の市場では、中間転写体を使用した電子写真装置を有するフルカラープリンターや複写機が普及してきている。中間転写体を使用した電子写真装置は、カラー画像情報や多色画像情報の複数の成分色画像を順次積層転写してカラー画像や多色画像を合成再現した画像形成物を出力するカラー電子写真装置や多色電子写真装置、もしくはカラー画像形成機能や多色画形成機能を具備させた電子写真装置として有効である。中間転写体を用いた電子写真装置は、特許文献1等で報告されている電子写真装置(画像形成装置)、すなわち転写ドラム上に張り付けられているか、又は吸着されている第2の画像担持体に第1の画像担持体から画像を転写する電子写真装置に比べれば、以下の点で優れている。
【0003】
まず、各色のトナー画像の重ね合わせ時の色ズレが少ない点及び第2の画像担持体に対し、加工や制御(例えばグリッパーに把持する、吸着する及び曲率を持たせる等)を必要としないため、第2の画像担持体を多種多様に選択することができる点である。例えば、薄い紙(40g/m紙)から厚い紙(200g/m紙)まで選択でき、また、幅の広狭や、長さの長短も選ばない。従って、封筒、ハガキ及びラベル紙等の使用も可能である。
【0004】
また、前述の特許文献1等で報告されている方式では、多種多様な第2の画像担持体と電子写真感光体が直接、接触するため、電子写真感光体表面に摺擦キズが生じ易い。しかし、中間転写方式では、中間転写体が電子写真感光体と接触しており、多種多様な第2の画像担持体を繰り返し使用しても、上述のような摺擦キズが電子写真感光体に生じることはない。
【0005】
そのうえ、中間転写体は剛性の面でも優れており、へこみ、ひずみ、変形等の寸法精度の狂いが生じ難いため、中間転写体の交換頻度を少なくすることができる。
【0006】
このように、中間転写体を使用した電子写真装置を有するフルカラープリンターや複写機には多くの利点があり、市場に普及してきているわけである。
【0007】
更に、特許文献2には、電子写真感光体から中間転写体へのトナー像の転写効率を向上させるために、転写位置において、電子写真感光体の周速と中間転写体の周速との間に速度差、すなわち周速差を持たせる方式が提案されている。これによれば、特にカラーの電子写真装置のように2色以上のトナ−像を重ねて転写する場合、各色トナー像の転写効率が向上し、良好なカラ−画像を得ることができる。
【0008】
しかしながら、このように中間転写体を有する電子写真装置において、特に電子写真感光体と中間転写体との間に周速差がある場合、電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUによっては、繰り返し使用において電子写真感光体と中間転写体の摺擦により、電子写真感光体の表面層に摺擦キズが生じる場合があった。
【0009】
【特許文献1】
特開昭63−301960号公報
【特許文献2】
特開平10−186786号公報
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、繰り返し使用においても、電子写真感光体表面の摺擦キズに伴った画像欠陥が発生せず、良好な画像が安定して得られる電子写真感光体、電子写真装置及びプロセスカートリッジを提供することにある。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明に従って、電子写真感光体と、電子写真感光体にトナーにより画像を形成するトナー像形成手段と、電子写真感光体に接触して移動する中間転写体と、電子写真感光体に形成されたトナー像を中間転写体の第1の転写位置で該中間転写体に1次転写するための手段と、中間転写体に転写されたトナー像を中間転写体の第2の転写位置で転写材に2次転写する転写手段を具備する電子写真装置において、該電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUが235N/mm以上であることを特徴とする電子写真装置が提供される。
【0012】
本発明に従って、上記電子写真装置に用いられる電子写真感光体、該電子写真感光体を具備するプロセスカートリッジが提供される。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を詳細に説明する。
【0014】
本発明は、電子写真感光体と、電子写真感光体にトナーにより画像を形成するトナー像形成手段と、電子写真感光体に接触して移動する中間転写体と、電子写真感光体に形成されたトナー像を中間転写体の第1の転写位置でこの中間転写体に1次転写するための手段と、中間転写体に転写されたトナー像を中間転写体の第2の転写位置で転写材に2次転写する転写手段を有する電子写真装置において、該電子写真感光体が、その表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUが235N/mm以上、好ましくは245N/mm以上であることを特徴とする。該電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUが235N/mmを下回ると、繰り返し使用時の電子写真感光体と中間転写体の摺擦により、電子写真感光体の表面層に摺擦キズが生じる場合があり、これがキズやスジ等の画像欠陥となる。特に、電子写真感光体と中間転写体が、周速差を持っている場合は強く摺擦されるため、同様の画像欠陥が発生し易くなる。一方、ユニバーサル硬度HUの上限は特に制限はないが、500N/mm程度を上限値として挙げることができる。
【0015】
本発明の押し込み試験、所謂表面皮膜物性試験は、ドイツ・フィッシャー社製硬度計フィッシャースコープH100を用い、23℃/55%RHの環境下で行った。当試験は、薄膜、硬化皮膜、有機皮膜等の硬度の解析が可能であり、下地はガラスプレート、アルミニウム板又はアルミニウムシリンダー等で特に限定されるものではない。測定においては、形状が四角錐で対面角度が136°に規定されているダイヤモンド圧子を使用し、設定荷重を段階的にかけて皮膜に押し込んでいった時の、荷重をかけた状態での押し込み深さを電気的に検出して読み取り、硬さ値Hは試験荷をその試験荷重で生じた圧痕の表面積で除した比率で表示される。また、ユニバーサル硬さ値HUは設定最大押し込み深さでの硬さ値で表される。
【0016】
硬度計で測定した時の例を図1に示す。点Aが測定開始点である。A→Bが圧子の押し込みに対応する曲線であり、点Bは最大設定押し込み深さに到達した時の点である。図1は3μmの深さまで達している例であるが、本発明においては最大設定押し込み深さは1μmに設定する。B→Cの曲線が、圧子を押し込んだ後の「戻り」に対応する曲線である。点Dは点Bから横軸に垂線を引いた時の横軸との交点である。この図において曲線AB、直線BD、横軸で囲まれる部分の面積が、押し込みにおけるトータルの仕事量Wtに相当する。同様に、曲線BC、直線BD、横軸で囲まれる部分の面積が弾性変形仕事量Weに相当する。
【0017】
次に、本発明の電子写真感光体について詳しく説明する。
【0018】
本発明における電子写真感光体の層構成は、導電性支持体上に電荷発生材料と電荷輸送材料を同時に含有する単一層からなる感光層を有する層構成と、導電性支持体上に電荷発生材料を含有する電荷発生層と電荷輸送材料を含有する電荷輸送層を積層する感光層を有する層構成がある。
【0019】
本発明に用いられる有効な電荷発生材料としては、例えば以下のような物質が挙げられる。これらの電荷発生材料は単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上組み合わせてもよい。
(1)モノアゾ、ビスアゾ、トリスアゾ等のアゾ系顔料
(2)インジゴ、チオインジゴ等のインジゴ系顔料
(3)金属フタロシアニン、非金属フタロシアニン等のフタロシアニン系
(4)ペリレン酸無水物、ペリレン酸イミド等のペリレン系顔料
(5)アンスラキノン、ピレンキノン等の多環キノン系顔料
(6)スクアリリウム色素
(7)ピリリウム塩、チオピリリウム塩類
(8)トリフェニルメタン系色素
(9)セレン、非晶質シリコン等の無機物質
【0020】
電荷発生材料を含有する層、すなわち電荷発生層は前記のような電荷発生材料を適当な結着剤に分散し、これを導電性支持体上に塗工することにより形成することができる。また、導電性支持体上に蒸着、スパッタ及びCVD等の乾式法で薄膜を形成することによっても形成することができる。
【0021】
上記結着剤としては広範囲な結着性樹脂から選択でき、例えば、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、ブチラール樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂、ジアリルフタレート樹脂、アクリル樹脂、メタクリル樹脂、酢酸ビニル樹脂、フェノール樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、ポリスルホン樹脂、スチレン−ブタジエン共重合体樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、尿素樹脂及び塩化ビニル−酢酸ビニル共重合体樹脂等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。これらは、単独又は共重合体ポリマーとして1種又は2種以上混合して用いてもよい。
【0022】
電荷発生層中に含有する樹脂は、80質量%以下が好ましく、特には40質量%以下が好ましい。また、電荷発生層の膜厚は5μm以下が好ましく、特には0.01μm〜2μmを持つ薄膜層とすることが好ましい。また、電荷発生層には種々の増感剤を添加してもよい。
【0023】
電荷輸送材料を含有する層、すなわち電荷輸送層は、電荷輸送材料と適当な結着剤(結着性樹脂)とを組み合わせて形成することができる。ここで電荷輸送層に用いられる結着剤としては、前記電荷発生層に用いられているものが挙げられるが、優れた耐摩耗性や電気特性を有するポリカーボネート樹脂やポリアリレート樹脂が好ましい。更には、トナー融着が良化するという観点からシリコーン変性ポリカーボネート樹脂をも含有することが好ましい。
【0024】
電荷輸送材料としては、1種類単独で用いても2種類以上組み合わせてもよく、また他の構造の電荷輸送材料{例えば、ピレンやアントラセン等の多環芳香族化合物、カルバゾール系、インドール系、オキサゾール系、チアゾール系、オキサジアゾール系、ピラゾール系、ピラゾリン系、チアジアゾール系、トリアゾール系化合物等の複素環化合物、トリアリールメタン系化合物あるいは、これらの化合物からなる基を主鎖又は側鎖に有するポリマー(例えばポリ−N−ビニルカルバゾール、ポリビニルアントラセン等)}等と組み合わせてもよい。
【0025】
結着剤と電荷輸送材料との配合割合は、結着剤100質量部あたり電荷輸送材料を10〜500質量部とすることが好ましい。電荷輸送層は、上述の電荷発生層と電気的に接続されており、電界の存在下で電荷発生層から注入された電荷キヤリアを受け取ると共に、これらの電荷キヤリアを表面まで輸送できる機能を有している。この電荷輸送層は、電荷キヤリアを輪送できる限界があるので、必要以上に膜厚を厚くすることができないが、5μm〜40μmが好ましく、特には10μm〜30μmの範囲が好ましい。
【0026】
このような電荷輸送層を形成する際は、適当な有機溶媒を用い、浸漬コーティング法、スプレーコーティング法、スピンナーコーティング法、ローラーコーティング法、マイヤーバーコーティング法及びブレードコーティング法等のコーティング法を用いて行うことができる。
【0027】
本発明の電子写真感光体においては、感光層上に保護層を設けてもよい。保護層は主に樹脂で構成される。保護層を構成する材料としては、例えば、ポリエステル、ポリウレタン、ポリアクリレート、ポリエチレン、ポリスチレン、ポリブタジエン、ポリカーボネート、ポリアミド、ポリプロピレン、ポリイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリサルホン、ポリアクリルエーテル、ポリアセタール、フェノール樹脂、アクリル樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ユリア樹脂、アリル樹脂、アルキド樹脂及びブチラール樹脂等が挙げられる。
【0028】
これらの樹脂中には、クリーニング性や耐摩耗性等の改善のために、ポリ四フッ化エチレン、ポリフッ化ビリニデン、フッ素系グラフトポリマー、シリコーン系グラフトポリマー及びシリコーン系オイル等の潤滑剤や、保護層の抵抗制御の意味で酸化スズ粉体や導電性酸化チタン等を分散させることも可能である。保護層の膜厚は0.05μm〜15μmが好ましく、特には1μm〜10μmが好ましい。
【0029】
これらの層を塗布する方法としては、浸漬塗布法、ブレードコーティング法、バーコート法等の塗布法が挙げられる。なかでも円筒状支持体の場合、浸漬塗布法が適している。
【0030】
次に、本発明で用いられる中間転写体、特に中間転写ベルトについて説明する。中間転写ベルトを製造する場合、1層あるいは2層以上の樹脂からなる中間転写ベルトとすることができる。また、ゴム層の上に樹脂層を設けた構造とすることもできる。
【0031】
コストの観点からは、中間転写ベルトを樹脂で作ることが好ましい。具体的には、熱可塑性樹脂と任意の添加剤(導電剤、酸化防止剤、光安定剤、加水分解防止剤、難燃剤等)とを溶融混練したものを環状ダイスから押出すことによって、継ぎ目のない樹脂チューブを連続的に生産し、これを任意の長さに切断して中間転写ベルトを製造するとよい。もちろん、遠心成形やディッピングによって熱硬化性樹脂でベルトを製造してもよい。
【0032】
中間転写ベルトをゴムで製造する場合、ゴム層は、耐久性を向上させるために繊維で補強することが好ましく、縦横の糸からなる織布でゴム層を補強したり、螺旋状に糸を設けることでゴム層を補強することができる。より製造が容易であるのは、螺旋状に糸を設けてゴム層を補強した中間転写ベルトである。繊維の材質は、強度やコストの観点から、綿、ポリエステル繊維が好ましい。ただし、もちろんこれに限定されるものではない。糸は1本のフィラメントであっても、複数のフィラメントを撚ったものであってもよく、混紡してもよい。同じく織布は、例えばメリヤス織り等どのような織り方の織布でも使用可能であり、もちろん交織した織布も使用可能である。
【0033】
ゴムの厚さは0.5mm〜2mmが好ましく、より好ましくは0.5〜1mmである。ゴムベルトを0.5mm未満に薄く作ることは困難であり、2mmより厚くすると、転写搬送ベルトの円滑な駆動が困難になる。更に、ゴム層の硬度を85°以下とすると、中抜け画像が発生し難くなって、より好ましい。ただし、硬度はJIS−K6301に記載のA型硬度に従うものとする。
【0034】
本発明に用いる中間転写ベルトは、その材質に関係なく、中間転写ベルトの周方向の引っ張り弾性率が50(MPa)以上が好ましく、更には200(MPa)以上が好ましく、より好ましくは1(GPa)以上であると、中間転写ベルトの回転中に生ずる伸び(引っ張り方向の伸び)が減少するので、色ずれがより低減されて好ましい。
【0035】
中間転写ベルトを製造するにあたって、ゴム、エラストマー又は樹脂等を用いることができる。
【0036】
例えばゴム、エラストマーとしては、イソプレンゴム、スチレン−ブタジエンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、ブチルゴム、エチレン−プロピレンゴム、エチレン−プロピレンターポリマー、クロロプレンゴム、クロロスルホン化ポリエチレン、塩素化ポリエチレン、アクリロニトリルブタジエンゴム、ウレタンゴム、シンジオクタチック1,2−ポリブタジエン、エピクロロヒドリンゴム、アクリルゴム、シリコーンゴム、水素化ニトリルゴム及び熱可塑性エラストマー(例えばポリスチレン系、ポリオレフィン系、ポリ塩化ビニル系、ポリウレタン系、ポリアミド系及びポリエステル系)等が挙げられる。ただし、上記材料に限定されるものではない。
【0037】
また、樹脂としては、酢酸ビニル、ポリエステル、ポリアリレート、ポリサルホン、ポリエーテルサルホン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリブチレンテレフタレート、ポリカーボネート、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリブタジエン、ポリ塩化ビニリデン、アイオノマー樹脂、ポリウレタン、シリコーン樹脂、フッ素樹脂、ポリアミド、芳香族ポリアミド、変性ポリフェニレンオキサイド及びポリスチレン等が挙げられる。ただし、上記材料に限定されるものではない。
【0038】
ただし、中間転写ベルトにおいては、少なくとも表面層の主成分が樹脂であることが好ましい。なぜならば、表面層の主成分がゴムやエラストマーであると、転写搬送ベルト表面の粘着性が大きくなって、ベルト上に一旦トナーが付着すると、これを除去することが容易でないからである。ベルト上に付着したトナーは、記録用紙の裏側に付着して裏汚れを起こしたり、ひどい場合には転写搬送ベルトの厚み方向の抵抗値が大きくなり過ぎて、転写電流が流れ難くなり、転写効率の低下、すなわち画像品位の低下を招き易い。
【0039】
中間転写ベルトには、導電剤を添加することができる。導電剤はどのようなものを用いてもよいが、例えば、カーボン、アルミニウムやニッケル等の金属粉末、酸化チタン等の金属酸化物、4級アンモニウム塩含有ポリメタクリル酸メチル、ポリビニルアニリン、ポリビニルピロール、ポリジアセチレン、ポリエチレンイミン、含硼素高分子化合物及びポリピロール等の導電性高分子化合物等が挙げられる。ただし、上記導電剤に限定されるものではない。中間転写ベルトは、単一の層であっても複数の層からなっていてもよい。
【0040】
本発明における中間転写体の表面層の水との接触角は、50〜120°が好ましく、特には60〜110°が好ましい。接触角が50°より小さいと2次転写効率の低下を招き易くなる。特に高温高湿の環境下では、中間転写体表面の水分吸着量が増加して2次転写効率の低下やクリーニング性能の悪化を生じ、クリーニング不良による画像欠陥又はスループット(所定時間内に形成可能な画像枚数)の低下を招き易くなる。また、接触角が50°より小さい場合、電子写真感光体表面と中間転写体表面との滑性が低下し、強く摺擦されてしまうため、電子写真感光体表面にキズが入り易い。更に、電子写真感光体と中間転写体が、周速差を持っている場合はより強く摺擦されるため、摺擦キズに伴った画像欠陥が発生し易くなる。
【0041】
一方、接触角が120°より大きいと、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の接触部でスリップが生じ易く、ほぼ一定間隔のスジが画像上で電子写真感光体の母線方向に生じることがある。また、中間転写体の製造も困難になる。
【0042】
なお、接触角は、ゴニオメーター式接触角測定器(協和界面科学(株)製)を用いて、水滴滴下10秒後の値を測定することによって得られた。なお、水は蒸留水を使用した。
【0043】
中間転写体の十点平均粗さRzは、0.1μm〜8μmの範囲であることが好ましい。より好ましくは0.1μm〜2.0μmの範囲である。
【0044】
中間転写体の十点平均粗さRzが8μmを超えると、表面の凹凸によりトナーの付着が促進され、中間転写体寿命の低下を招き易い。また、電子写真感光体との摺擦時に中間転写体の凹凸に応じた摺擦キズが電子写真感光体表面に生じ易い。特に、外添剤を含むトナーを使用した場合、中間転写体の凹部に入り込んだトナー(外添剤)を強く押付けて摺擦することになるため、結果としてキズが増えることになる。また、このキズは、前述の接触角が低い場合と同様に、電子写真感光体と中間転写体が周速差を持っていることでより発生し易くなる。
【0045】
また、Rzが0.1μm未満であると、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の間で高度な密着が起こり、特に有機電子写真感光体と接触した状態で高温下、長時間放置した時に起動直後の画像に白スジ等の画像不良が発生し易くなる。
【0046】
表面粗さは、サーフコーダSE3300(小坂研究所製)で中間転写体の両端部から3cmの点及び中央の3点を長さ2.5mmで測定して平均した。
【0047】
図2は本発明に従う、複数の電子写真感光体を有するフルカラー電子写真装置の概略構成を示す図である。本例の電子写真装置は、中間転写方式電子写真プロセス利用、接触帯電方式、反転現像方式、最大通紙サイズがA3サイズのレーザービームプリンターである。より詳しく説明すると、各色のトナーを内包する現像器である現像手段41〜44にそれぞれ対向配設された電子写真感光体1が中間転写ベルト20の移動方向に並設されている。各現像手段により各電子写真感光体上に形成された各色トナー画像は転写ローラー62により中間転写体に静電的に順次重ねて転写され、イエロー、マゼンダ、シアンにブラックを加えた4色のトナーによるフルカラー画像が形成される。また、各電子写真感光体上に各色トナー像を形成するための、帯電手段2、露光手段3、現像手段41〜44が、各電子写真感光体1の周りに配設されている。更に、中間転写ベルトには、トナー像を転写した後、各電子写真感光体上に残留するトナーを摺擦して回収するクリーニングブレードを有するクリーニング装置16が配設されている。
【0048】
本発明においては、上述の電子写真感光体1、一次帯電手段2、各色の現像手段及びクリーニング手段13等の構成要素のうち、複数のものを容器に納めてプロセスカートリッジとして一体に結合して構成し、このプロセスカートリッジをレーザービームプリンター等の電子写真装置本体に対して着脱自在に構成してもよい。例えば、一次帯電手段2、各色の現像手段及びクリーニング手段13の少なくとも1つを電子写真感光体1と共に一体に支持してカートリッジ化して、装置本体のレール等の案内手段を用いて各色ごとに装置本体に着脱自在なプロセスカートリッジとすることができる。
【0049】
また、図2のように中間転写体を搭載した電子写真装置では、電子写真感光体から中間転写体へのトナー像の転写効率を向上させるために、電子写真感光体と中間転写体に周速差を持たせることができる。周速差(%)の範囲としては、電子写真感光体の線速度をV1、中間転写体の線速度をV2とした時、下記関係式を満たすことが好ましい;
100.1≦(V1/V2)×100≦105.0
又は 100.1≦(V2/V1)×100≦105.0
より好ましくは、下記の範囲である;
100.1≦(V1/V2)×100≦103.0
又は 100.1≦(V2/V1)×100≦103.0
【0050】
ところが、電子写真感光体と中間転写体に周速差を持たせることの弊害として、それら両者の摺擦により、電子写真感光体表面にキズが入り易くなる。しかしながら、この摺擦キズの問題は、電子写真感光体表面にある範囲のHU硬度を持たせることで克服できる。
【0051】
【実施例】
以下、具体的な実施例を挙げて、本発明をより詳細に説明する。なお、実施例中の「部」は質量部を意味する。
【0052】
(実施例1)
10%の酸化アンチモンを含有する酸化スズで被覆した酸化チタン粉体50部、レゾール型フェノール樹脂25部、メチルセロソルブ20部、メタノール5部及びシリコーンオイル(ポリジメチルシロキサン・ポリオキシアルキレン共重合体、平均分子量3000)0.002部を1mmφガラスビーズを用いたサンドミルで2時間分散して導電層用塗料を調製した。アルミニウムシリンダー(φ30mm)上に、導電層用塗料を浸漬塗布し、140℃で30分間乾燥させ、膜厚が20μmの導電層を形成した。
【0053】
導電層上に6−66−610−12四元系ポリアミド共重合体5部をメタノール70部/ブタノール25部の混合溶媒に溶解した溶液を浸漬塗布、乾燥して、膜厚が1μmの下引き層(電荷注入阻止層)を形成した。
【0054】
次に、CuKα特性X線回折におけるブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)の7.4°及び28.2°に強いピークを有するヒドロキシガリウムフタロシアニン結晶3.5部とポリビニルブチラール樹脂(商品名:エスレックBH−S、積水化学工業社製)1部をシクロヘキサノン120部に添加し、1mmφガラスビーズを用いたサンドミルで3時間分散し、これにメチルエチルケトン120部を加えて希釈して電荷発生層用塗料を調製した。下引き層上に、この電荷発生層用塗料を浸漬塗布し、100℃で10分間乾燥し、膜厚が0.15μmの電荷発生層を形成した。
【0055】
次に、電荷輸送材料として下記式で示される化合物10部、
【0056】
【化1】

Figure 2004126137
下記式の構成単位で示されるポリアリレート樹脂(粘度平均分子量29000)10部を、
【0057】
【化2】
Figure 2004126137
モノクロロベンゼン50部/ジクロロメタン10部の混合溶媒に溶解した。この塗料を前述の電荷発生層の上に浸漬法で塗布し、110℃で1時間乾燥し、膜厚が22μmの電荷輸送層を形成した。
【0058】
この様にして作製した電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUを測定したところ、236N/mmであった。
【0059】
中間転写体として、ポリカーボネート樹脂とカーボンブラックとを溶融混練し、インフレーション成形により、接触角が81°、Rz=0.93μm、厚さ150μmの継ぎ目のない樹脂チューブを得て、これを所定の幅に切断した後に端部補強テープとリブを取り付け、樹脂ベルトを得た。
【0060】
この中間転写ベルトを備えた図2のフルカラー電子写真装置に、上記電子写真感光体を装着し、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差が下記関係式となる条件で、温度25℃/湿度55%及び温度18℃/湿度10%の環境下で連続20000枚の通紙耐久を行い、画像評価を行った。
【0061】
(V1/V2)×100=100.1(%)
ここで、V1:電子写真感光体の線速度、V2:中間転写体の線速度を示す。
【0062】
キズの画像評価結果は、◎、○、△及び×の記号で示した。各記号の意味する評価結果は以下の通りである。
◎:キズなし。
○:耐久後半に軽微なキズ起因の画像欠陥が発生。
△:耐久後半にキズ起因の画像欠陥が発生。
×:耐久前半からキズ起因の画像欠陥が発生。
【0063】
評価結果は表1に示す。
【0064】
(実施例2)
実施例1において、電荷輸送層のポリアリレート樹脂(粘度平均分子量30000)を下記式の構成単位で示されるポリアリレート共重合体樹脂にした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を作製し、画像評価を行った。結果は表1に示す。
【0065】
【化3】
Figure 2004126137
【0066】
なお、作製した電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUを測定したところ、239N/mmであった。
【0067】
(実施例3)
実施例1において、電荷輸送層のポリアリレート樹脂を下記式で示されるポリアリレート共重合体樹脂(粘度平均分子量31000)にした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を作製し、画像評価を行った。結果は表1に示す。
【0068】
【化4】
Figure 2004126137
【0069】
なお、作製した電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUを測定したところ、248N/mmであった。
【0070】
(実施例4)
実施例1の電荷輸送層の上に以下の方法で保護層を設けた。
【0071】
下記式で示されるアクリル系モノマー40部、
【0072】
【化5】
Figure 2004126137
下記式で示されるフッ素原子含有化合物で表面処理した(処理量7%)アンチモンドープ酸化スズ超微粒子50部、
【0073】
【化6】
Figure 2004126137
エタノール150部を、サンドミルにて、66時間かけて分散を行い、更に、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン微粒子(平均粒径0.18μm)20部を加えて分散を行った。その後、光重合開始剤として2−メチルチオキサンソン3部を溶解し、調合液とした。
【0074】
この調合液を用いて、先の電荷輸送層上に浸漬塗布法により、膜を形成し、高圧水銀灯にて、800mW/cmの光硬化で、60秒間光硬化を行い、その後、120℃の温度で2時間、熱風乾燥して保護層を得た。この時、得られた保護層の膜厚は3μmであった。この様にして作製した電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUを測定したところ、260N/mmであった。この電子写真感光体を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、画像評価を行った。結果は表1に示す。
【0075】
(実施例5)
実施例1において、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差が下記関係式となる条件で通紙耐久を行った以外は、実施例1と同様にして画像評価を行った。
【0076】
(V2/V1)×100=100.1(%)
ここで、V1:電子写真感光体の線速度、V2:中間転写体の線速度を示す。結果は表1に示す。
【0077】
(実施例6)
実施例3において、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差を実施例5の条件にした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電子写真感光体を作製し、画像評価を行った。結果は表1に示す。
【0078】
(実施例7)
実施例1において、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差が下記関係式となる条件で通紙耐久を行った以外は、実施例1と同様にして画像評価を行った。
【0079】
(V1/V2)×100=102.4(%)
ここで、V1:電子写真感光体の線速度、V2:中間転写体の線速度を示す。結果は表1に示す。
【0080】
(実施例8)
実施例3において、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差が下記関係式となる条件で通紙耐久を行った以外は、実施例3と同様にして画像評価を行った。
【0081】
(V2/V1)×100=102.4(%)
ここで、V1:電子写真感光体の線速度、V2:中間転写体の線速度を示す。結果は表1に示す。
【0082】
(実施例9)
実施例1において、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差が下記関係式となる条件で通紙耐久を行った以外は、実施例1と同様にして画像評価を行った。
【0083】
(V1/V2)×100=104.0(%)
ここで、V1:電子写真感光体の線速度、V2:中間転写体の線速度を示す。結果は表1に示す。
【0084】
(実施例10)
実施例4において、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差を実施例9の条件にした以外は、実施例4と同様にして画像評価を行った。結果は表1に示す。
【0085】
(実施例11)
実施例3において、電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差が下記関係式となる条件で通紙耐久を行った以外は、実施例3と同様にして画像評価を行った。
【0086】
(V2/V1)×100=104.0(%)
ここで、V1:電子写真感光体の線速度、V2:中間転写体の線速度を示す。結果は表1に示す。
【0087】
(比較例1)
実施例1において、電荷輸送層の電荷輸送材料を8部、ポリアリレート樹脂の代わりに下記式の構成単位で示されるポリカーボネートA型樹脂(粘度平均分子量38000)を12部にした電子写真感光体を作製した以外は、実施例1と同様にして画像評価を行った。
【0088】
【化7】
Figure 2004126137
【0089】
結果は表1に示す。なお、作製した電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUを測定したところ、215N/mmであった。
【0090】
(比較例2)
実施例1において、電荷輸送層のポリアリレート樹脂を下記式のスチレン・メチルメタクリレート共重合体(粘度平均分子量55000)にした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を作製し、画像評価を行った。
【0091】
【化8】
Figure 2004126137
【0092】
結果は表1に示す。なお、作製した電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUを測定したところ、206N/mmであった。
【0093】
(比較例3)
実施例1において、電荷輸送層のポリアリレート樹脂を比較例2のスチレン・メチルメタクリレート共重合体(粘度平均分子量21000)に代えた以外は、実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を作製し、画像評価を行った。結果は表1に示す。なお、作製した電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUを測定したところ、191N/mmであった。
【0094】
(比較例4)
実施例1において、電荷輸送層の電荷輸送材料を8部、ポリアリレート樹脂の代わりに比較例1で示されるポリカーボネートA型樹脂(粘度平均分子量38000)を12部にした電子写真感光体を作製し、更に電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差が下記関係式となる条件で通紙耐久を行った以外は、実施例1と同様にして画像評価を行った。
【0095】
(V1/V2)×100=106.5(%)
ここで、V1:電子写真感光体の線速度、V2:中間転写体の線速度を示す。結果は表1に示す。
【0096】
(比較例5)
実施例1において、電荷輸送層の電荷輸送材料を8部、ポリアリレート樹脂の代わりに比較例1で示されるポリカーボネートA型樹脂(粘度平均分子量38000)を12部にした電子写真感光体を作製し、更に電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差が下記関係式となる条件で通紙耐久を行った以外は、実施例1と同様にして画像評価を行った。
【0097】
(V2/V1)×100=106.5(%)
ここで、V1:電子写真感光体の線速度、V2:中間転写体の線速度を示す。結果は表1に示す。
【0098】
【表1】
Figure 2004126137
【0099】
表1より、電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUが235N/mm以上であれば、繰り返し使用時の電子写真感光体の表面層において電子写真感光体と中間転写体の摺擦に起因した摺擦キズの発生を抑制することができ、良好な画像を提供できることが明らかになった。
【0100】
また、電子写真感光体と中間転写体との間にある範囲の周速差がある場合でも、電子写真感光体が上記のユニバーサル硬度HUを満たす表面層を有していれば、同様の摺擦キズの発生を抑制できることも明らかであり、本発明の電子写真感光体の優位性が示された。
【0101】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、電子写真感光体、中間転写体を有する電子写真装置において、電子写真感光体と中間転写体との間にある範囲の周速差がある場合でも電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUを235N/mm以上にすることにより、繰り返し使用においても、電子写真感光体表面の摺擦キズに伴った画像欠陥が発生せず、良好な画像が安定して得られる電子写真感光体、電子写真装置及びプロセスカートリッジを提供することが可能となった。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】フィッシャー硬度計における測定チャート例である。
【図2】本発明の複数の電子写真感光体を有するフルカラー電子写真装置の概略構成を示す図である。
【符号の説明】
1  電子写真感光体
2  1次帯電器
3  露光光
10  転写材ガイド
11  給紙ローラー
13  電子写真感光体のクリーニング装置
15  定着器
16  中間転写体のクリーニング装置
20  中間転写ベルト
28  バイアス電源
41  イエロー色現像装置
42  マゼンタ色現像装置
43  シアン色現像装置
44  ブラック色現像装置
62  1次転写ローラー
63  2次転写ローラー
64  2次転写対向ローラー
67  除電帯電器
P  転写材[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic device, and more particularly, to an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer having a specific hardness, an electrophotographic device including the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge.
[0002]
[Prior art]
With the rapid spread of image input devices such as personal computers, digital cameras, and image scanners in recent years, the demand for full-color printers and copiers has been greatly expanded. In recent markets, full-color printers and copiers having an electrophotographic apparatus using an intermediate transfer member have become widespread. An electrophotographic apparatus using an intermediate transfer body is a color electrophotograph that outputs an image formed product in which a color image or a multicolor image is synthesized and reproduced by sequentially stacking and transferring a plurality of component color images of color image information or multicolor image information. The present invention is effective as an apparatus, a multicolor electrophotographic apparatus, or an electrophotographic apparatus having a color image forming function or a multicolor image forming function. An electrophotographic apparatus using an intermediate transfer body is an electrophotographic apparatus (image forming apparatus) reported in Patent Literature 1 or the like, that is, a second image carrier adhered or adsorbed on a transfer drum. In comparison with an electrophotographic apparatus for transferring an image from the first image carrier, the following advantages are provided.
[0003]
First, processing and control (for example, gripping by a gripper, adsorbing, and giving a curvature) are not required for the point of less color shift at the time of superimposing toner images of each color and for the second image carrier. And the second image carrier can be selected in various ways. For example, thin paper (40 g / m 2 Paper) to thick paper (200g / m 2 Paper), and it does not matter whether the width is wide or short or long. Therefore, it is also possible to use envelopes, postcards and label paper.
[0004]
In the method reported in the above-mentioned Patent Document 1, etc., various kinds of second image bearing members and the electrophotographic photosensitive member are in direct contact with each other, so that the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is liable to be scratched. However, in the intermediate transfer method, the intermediate transfer member is in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and even when a variety of second image carriers are used repeatedly, the above-described rubbing scratches are generated on the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Will not occur.
[0005]
In addition, the intermediate transfer member is also excellent in rigidity, and dimensional accuracy such as dents, distortions, deformations, and the like is unlikely to occur, so that the frequency of replacement of the intermediate transfer member can be reduced.
[0006]
As described above, a full-color printer and a copying machine having an electrophotographic apparatus using an intermediate transfer member have many advantages and are becoming popular in the market.
[0007]
Further, Patent Document 2 discloses that, in order to improve the transfer efficiency of the toner image from the electrophotographic photosensitive member to the intermediate transfer member, the peripheral speed of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the peripheral speed of the intermediate transfer member are set at the transfer position. There has been proposed a method of providing a speed difference, that is, a peripheral speed difference. According to this, particularly when toner images of two or more colors are transferred in a superposed manner as in a color electrophotographic apparatus, the transfer efficiency of each color toner image is improved, and a good color image can be obtained.
[0008]
However, in an electrophotographic apparatus having such an intermediate transfer member, particularly when there is a difference in peripheral speed between the electrophotographic photoreceptor and the intermediate transfer member, an indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor. Depending on the universal hardness HU at the time of the above, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member may be scratched due to the rubbing between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member during repeated use.
[0009]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-63-301960
[Patent Document 2]
JP-A-10-186786
[0010]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member, an electrophotographic apparatus, and a process cartridge in which a good image is stably obtained without causing image defects due to scratches on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member even in repeated use. Is to provide.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention, an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a toner image forming means for forming an image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member with toner, an intermediate transfer member moving in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member are formed. Means for primary transferring the toner image to the intermediate transfer member at a first transfer position of the intermediate transfer member; and transferring the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer member to a transfer material at a second transfer position of the intermediate transfer member. In an electrophotographic apparatus provided with a transfer unit for performing secondary transfer, a universal hardness HU at the time of an indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 235 N / mm. 2 An electrophotographic apparatus characterized by the above is provided.
[0012]
According to the present invention, there is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the above electrophotographic apparatus, and a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
[0014]
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a toner image forming means for forming an image on the electrophotographic photoreceptor with toner, an intermediate transfer member that moves in contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor. Means for primary transferring the toner image to the intermediate transfer member at a first transfer position of the intermediate transfer member; and transferring the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer member to a transfer material at a second transfer position of the intermediate transfer member. In an electrophotographic apparatus having a transfer means for secondary transfer, the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a universal hardness HU of 235 N / mm at the time of an indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to a surface layer thereof. 2 Above, preferably 245 N / mm 2 It is characterized by the above. The universal hardness HU at the time of the indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 235 N / mm. 2 When the value is less than, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member may be scratched due to rubbing between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member at the time of repeated use, and this may cause image defects such as scratches and streaks. In particular, when the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member have a peripheral speed difference, they are strongly rubbed, so that similar image defects are likely to occur. On the other hand, the upper limit of the universal hardness HU is not particularly limited, but is 500 N / mm. 2 The degree can be cited as the upper limit.
[0015]
The indentation test of the present invention, that is, the so-called surface film property test, was performed using a hardness tester Fischerscope H100 manufactured by Fischer, Germany under an environment of 23 ° C./55% RH. This test can analyze the hardness of a thin film, a cured film, an organic film, and the like, and the underlying material is not particularly limited to a glass plate, an aluminum plate, an aluminum cylinder, or the like. In the measurement, using a diamond indenter whose shape is a quadrangular pyramid and the facing angle is specified at 136 °, when the set load is applied stepwise and pushed into the film, the indentation depth under the applied load Is electrically detected and read, and the hardness value H is indicated by a ratio obtained by dividing a test load by a surface area of an indentation generated by the test load. The universal hardness value HU is represented by a hardness value at the set maximum indentation depth.
[0016]
FIG. 1 shows an example when measured with a hardness meter. Point A is the measurement start point. A → B is a curve corresponding to the pressing of the indenter, and point B is a point when the maximum set pressing depth is reached. FIG. 1 shows an example in which the depth reaches 3 μm, but in the present invention, the maximum set pressing depth is set to 1 μm. The curve B → C is a curve corresponding to “return” after the indenter is pushed. Point D is the point of intersection with the horizontal axis when a perpendicular is drawn from point B to the horizontal axis. In this figure, the area surrounded by the curve AB, the straight line BD, and the horizontal axis corresponds to the total work Wt in the pressing. Similarly, the area of the portion surrounded by the curve BC, the straight line BD, and the horizontal axis corresponds to the elastic deformation work amount We.
[0017]
Next, the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention will be described in detail.
[0018]
The layer constitution of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in the present invention comprises a layer constitution having a photosensitive layer consisting of a single layer containing a charge generating material and a charge transporting material simultaneously on a conductive support, and a charge generating material on a conductive support. And a charge transporting layer containing a charge transporting material.
[0019]
Examples of effective charge generation materials used in the present invention include the following substances. These charge generation materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
(1) Azo pigments such as monoazo, bisazo and trisazo
(2) Indigo pigments such as indigo and thioindigo
(3) Phthalocyanine such as metal phthalocyanine and non-metal phthalocyanine
(4) Perylene pigments such as perylene anhydride and perylene imide
(5) Polycyclic quinone pigments such as anthraquinone and pyrenequinone
(6) Squarylium dye
(7) pyrylium salts, thiopyrylium salts
(8) Triphenylmethane dye
(9) Inorganic substances such as selenium and amorphous silicon
[0020]
The layer containing the charge generating material, that is, the charge generating layer, can be formed by dispersing the above-described charge generating material in a suitable binder and applying the resultant onto a conductive support. Further, it can also be formed by forming a thin film on a conductive support by a dry method such as vapor deposition, sputtering and CVD.
[0021]
The binder can be selected from a wide range of binder resins, for example, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, butyral resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, diallyl phthalate resin, acrylic resin, methacryl resin, vinyl acetate resin, phenol resin , A silicone resin, a polysulfone resin, a styrene-butadiene copolymer resin, an alkyd resin, an epoxy resin, a urea resin, a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, and the like, but are not limited thereto. These may be used alone or as a copolymer polymer alone or as a mixture of two or more.
[0022]
The amount of the resin contained in the charge generation layer is preferably 80% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 40% by mass or less. The thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably 5 μm or less, and particularly preferably a thin film layer having a thickness of 0.01 μm to 2 μm. Various sensitizers may be added to the charge generation layer.
[0023]
The layer containing the charge transporting material, that is, the charge transporting layer, can be formed by combining the charge transporting material with an appropriate binder (binding resin). Here, examples of the binder used for the charge transport layer include those used for the charge generation layer, and a polycarbonate resin and a polyarylate resin having excellent abrasion resistance and electric properties are preferable. Further, it is preferable to contain a silicone-modified polycarbonate resin from the viewpoint of improving toner fusion.
[0024]
As the charge transporting material, one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. Charge transporting materials having other structures (for example, polycyclic aromatic compounds such as pyrene and anthracene, carbazole-based, indole-based, and oxazole-based materials) , Thiazole-based, oxadiazole-based, pyrazole-based, pyrazoline-based, thiadiazole-based, triazole-based, and other heterocyclic compounds, triarylmethane-based compounds, or polymers having a group consisting of these compounds in the main chain or side chain (For example, poly-N-vinyl carbazole, polyvinyl anthracene, etc.).
[0025]
The mixing ratio of the binder and the charge transporting material is preferably 10 to 500 parts by weight of the charge transporting material per 100 parts by weight of the binder. The charge transport layer is electrically connected to the above-described charge generation layer, and has a function of receiving charge carriers injected from the charge generation layer in the presence of an electric field and transporting these charge carriers to the surface. ing. Since the charge transport layer has a limit for transporting charge carriers, it is impossible to increase the film thickness more than necessary. However, the thickness is preferably 5 μm to 40 μm, and particularly preferably 10 μm to 30 μm.
[0026]
When forming such a charge transport layer, using an appropriate organic solvent, using a coating method such as dip coating method, spray coating method, spinner coating method, roller coating method, Meyer bar coating method and blade coating method. It can be carried out.
[0027]
In the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, a protective layer may be provided on the photosensitive layer. The protective layer is mainly composed of a resin. Examples of the material constituting the protective layer include, for example, polyester, polyurethane, polyacrylate, polyethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polycarbonate, polyamide, polypropylene, polyimide, polyamide imide, polysulfone, polyacryl ether, polyacetal, phenol resin, acrylic resin, and silicone. Resins, epoxy resins, urea resins, allyl resins, alkyd resins, butyral resins, and the like.
[0028]
Some of these resins include lubricants such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, fluorine-based graft polymers, silicone-based graft polymers and silicone-based oils, and protective agents for improving cleaning properties and abrasion resistance. In order to control the resistance of the layer, tin oxide powder, conductive titanium oxide, or the like can be dispersed. The thickness of the protective layer is preferably 0.05 μm to 15 μm, particularly preferably 1 μm to 10 μm.
[0029]
Examples of a method for applying these layers include application methods such as a dip coating method, a blade coating method, and a bar coating method. In particular, in the case of a cylindrical support, a dip coating method is suitable.
[0030]
Next, the intermediate transfer member used in the present invention, particularly, the intermediate transfer belt will be described. When an intermediate transfer belt is manufactured, the intermediate transfer belt can be made of one or more layers of resin. Further, a structure in which a resin layer is provided on a rubber layer can also be employed.
[0031]
From the viewpoint of cost, it is preferable that the intermediate transfer belt is made of resin. Specifically, a mixture obtained by melt-kneading a thermoplastic resin and optional additives (a conductive agent, an antioxidant, a light stabilizer, a hydrolysis inhibitor, a flame retardant, and the like) is extruded from an annular die to form a joint. It is preferable to continuously produce a resin tube having no toner and cut it into an arbitrary length to produce an intermediate transfer belt. Of course, the belt may be manufactured from a thermosetting resin by centrifugal molding or dipping.
[0032]
When the intermediate transfer belt is made of rubber, the rubber layer is preferably reinforced with fibers in order to improve durability, and the rubber layer is reinforced with a woven fabric composed of vertical and horizontal threads, or a spiral thread is provided. This can reinforce the rubber layer. What is easier to manufacture is an intermediate transfer belt in which a rubber layer is reinforced by providing a spiral thread. The material of the fiber is preferably cotton or polyester fiber from the viewpoint of strength and cost. However, it is not limited to this. The yarn may be a single filament, a twist of a plurality of filaments, or a blended yarn. Similarly, as the woven fabric, any woven fabric such as a knitted woven fabric can be used, and of course, a woven fabric that is interwoven can also be used.
[0033]
The thickness of the rubber is preferably 0.5 mm to 2 mm, more preferably 0.5 to 1 mm. It is difficult to make the rubber belt thinner than 0.5 mm, and if it is thicker than 2 mm, smooth driving of the transfer / conveying belt becomes difficult. Further, it is more preferable that the hardness of the rubber layer is 85 ° or less, since a hollow image hardly occurs. However, the hardness is in accordance with the A-type hardness described in JIS-K6301.
[0034]
Regardless of the material of the intermediate transfer belt used in the present invention, the tensile elastic modulus in the circumferential direction of the intermediate transfer belt is preferably 50 (MPa) or more, more preferably 200 (MPa) or more, and more preferably 1 (GPa). If the value is not less than the above, the elongation (elongation in the tensile direction) generated during the rotation of the intermediate transfer belt is reduced, so that the color misregistration is more preferably reduced.
[0035]
In manufacturing the intermediate transfer belt, rubber, elastomer, resin, or the like can be used.
[0036]
For example, rubber, as an elastomer, isoprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene terpolymer, chloroprene rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, urethane rubber, Syndioctatic 1,2-polybutadiene, epichlorohydrin rubber, acrylic rubber, silicone rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, and thermoplastic elastomers (eg, polystyrene, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polyamide, and polyester) And the like. However, the material is not limited to the above.
[0037]
As the resin, vinyl acetate, polyester, polyarylate, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyvinylidene chloride, ionomer resin, polyurethane, silicone resin, fluorine resin , Polyamide, aromatic polyamide, modified polyphenylene oxide, polystyrene and the like. However, the material is not limited to the above.
[0038]
However, in the intermediate transfer belt, it is preferable that at least the main component of the surface layer is a resin. This is because if the main component of the surface layer is a rubber or an elastomer, the adhesiveness of the surface of the transfer / conveying belt increases, and once toner adheres to the belt, it is not easy to remove the toner. The toner adhering to the belt adheres to the back side of the recording paper and causes back dirt. In severe cases, the resistance in the thickness direction of the transfer / transport belt becomes too large, making it difficult for the transfer current to flow, resulting in transfer efficiency. , That is, image quality is likely to be reduced.
[0039]
A conductive agent can be added to the intermediate transfer belt. Any conductive agent may be used, for example, carbon, metal powder such as aluminum or nickel, metal oxide such as titanium oxide, quaternary ammonium salt-containing polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl aniline, polyvinyl pyrrole, Examples include conductive polymer compounds such as polydiacetylene, polyethyleneimine, boron-containing polymer compounds, and polypyrrole. However, it is not limited to the above conductive agent. The intermediate transfer belt may have a single layer or a plurality of layers.
[0040]
The contact angle of the surface layer of the intermediate transfer member with water in the present invention is preferably from 50 to 120 °, and particularly preferably from 60 to 110 °. If the contact angle is smaller than 50 °, the secondary transfer efficiency tends to decrease. In particular, in an environment of high temperature and high humidity, the amount of water adsorbed on the surface of the intermediate transfer member increases, causing a decrease in secondary transfer efficiency and a deterioration in cleaning performance. (The number of images). If the contact angle is smaller than 50 °, the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the surface of the intermediate transfer member are reduced in lubricity and strongly rubbed, so that the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is easily scratched. Further, when the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member have a peripheral speed difference, they are rubbed more strongly, so that image defects due to rubbing scratches are likely to occur.
[0041]
On the other hand, when the contact angle is larger than 120 °, slip tends to occur at the contact portion between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member, and streaks at substantially constant intervals may be formed on the image in the generatrix direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Further, it becomes difficult to manufacture the intermediate transfer member.
[0042]
In addition, the contact angle was obtained by measuring the value 10 seconds after the dropping of the water droplet using a goniometer type contact angle measuring device (manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.). Note that distilled water was used as water.
[0043]
The ten-point average roughness Rz of the intermediate transfer member is preferably in the range of 0.1 μm to 8 μm. More preferably, it is in the range of 0.1 μm to 2.0 μm.
[0044]
If the ten-point average roughness Rz of the intermediate transfer member exceeds 8 μm, toner adhesion is promoted due to surface irregularities, and the life of the intermediate transfer member is likely to be shortened. Further, when rubbing with the electrophotographic photoreceptor, rubbing scratches corresponding to the unevenness of the intermediate transfer body are easily generated on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor. In particular, when a toner containing an external additive is used, the toner (external additive) that has entered the concave portion of the intermediate transfer member is strongly pressed and rubbed, resulting in an increase in scratches. In addition, as in the case where the contact angle is low, the flaw is more likely to occur due to the difference in peripheral speed between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member.
[0045]
Further, when Rz is less than 0.1 μm, a high degree of adhesion occurs between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member, and particularly immediately after startup when left for a long time at a high temperature in contact with the organic electrophotographic photosensitive member. Image defects such as white stripes are likely to occur in the image.
[0046]
The surface roughness was averaged by measuring a point of 3 cm from both ends of the intermediate transfer member and three points at the center with a surf coder SE3300 (manufactured by Kosaka Laboratories) at a length of 2.5 mm.
[0047]
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a full-color electrophotographic apparatus having a plurality of electrophotographic photosensitive members according to the present invention. The electrophotographic apparatus of this embodiment is a laser beam printer using an intermediate transfer type electrophotographic process, a contact charging type, a reversal developing type, and a maximum sheet passing size of A3 size. More specifically, the electrophotographic photoreceptors 1 arranged opposite to the developing units 41 to 44, which are developing units containing toners of the respective colors, are arranged in parallel in the moving direction of the intermediate transfer belt 20. The respective color toner images formed on the respective electrophotographic photosensitive members by the respective developing means are electrostatically sequentially transferred onto the intermediate transfer member by the transfer roller 62 and transferred, and the four color toners including yellow, magenta, cyan and black are added. To form a full-color image. Further, a charging unit 2, an exposing unit 3, and developing units 41 to 44 for forming toner images of respective colors on each electrophotographic photosensitive member are arranged around each electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. Further, the intermediate transfer belt is provided with a cleaning device 16 having a cleaning blade that rubs and collects toner remaining on each electrophotographic photosensitive member after transferring the toner image.
[0048]
In the present invention, among the above-described components such as the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1, the primary charging unit 2, the developing unit for each color, and the cleaning unit 13, a plurality of components are housed in a container and integrally combined as a process cartridge. The process cartridge may be configured to be detachable from a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus such as a laser beam printer. For example, at least one of the primary charging means 2, the developing means for each color, and the cleaning means 13 is integrally supported together with the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 to form a cartridge, and a guide is provided for each color using a guide means such as a rail of the apparatus body. The process cartridge can be detachably attached to the main body.
[0049]
In an electrophotographic apparatus equipped with an intermediate transfer member as shown in FIG. 2, in order to improve the transfer efficiency of the toner image from the electrophotographic photosensitive member to the intermediate transfer member, the peripheral speed of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member are increased. You can make a difference. As the range of the peripheral speed difference (%), when the linear speed of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is V1 and the linear speed of the intermediate transfer member is V2, the following relational expression is preferably satisfied;
100.1 ≦ (V1 / V2) × 100 ≦ 105.0
Or 100.1 ≦ (V2 / V1) × 100 ≦ 105.0
More preferably, the range is as follows:
100.1 ≦ (V1 / V2) × 100 ≦ 103.0
Or 100.1 ≦ (V2 / V1) × 100 ≦ 103.0
[0050]
However, as a detrimental effect of providing a peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member, scratches easily occur on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member due to rubbing between them. However, this problem of rubbing scratches can be overcome by providing the electrophotographic photosensitive member surface with a certain range of HU hardness.
[0051]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to specific examples. In addition, "part" in an Example means a mass part.
[0052]
(Example 1)
50 parts of titanium oxide powder coated with tin oxide containing 10% antimony oxide, 25 parts of resole type phenol resin, 20 parts of methyl cellosolve, 5 parts of methanol and silicone oil (polydimethylsiloxane / polyoxyalkylene copolymer, 0.002 parts of an average molecular weight of 3000) was dispersed in a sand mill using 1 mmφ glass beads for 2 hours to prepare a coating for a conductive layer. A coating for a conductive layer was dip-coated on an aluminum cylinder (φ30 mm), and dried at 140 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a conductive layer having a thickness of 20 μm.
[0053]
A solution obtained by dissolving 5 parts of a 6-66-610-12 quaternary polyamide copolymer in a mixed solvent of 70 parts of methanol / 25 parts of butanol was applied onto the conductive layer by dip coating and dried to obtain a 1 μm thick undercoat. A layer (charge injection blocking layer) was formed.
[0054]
Next, 3.5 parts of hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal having strong peaks at 7.4 ° and 28.2 ° of the Bragg angle (2θ ± 0.2 °) in CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction and polyvinyl butyral resin (trade name: 1 part of Esrec BH-S, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) was added to 120 parts of cyclohexanone, and dispersed by a sand mill using 1 mmφ glass beads for 3 hours. Was prepared. On the undercoat layer, the paint for a charge generation layer was applied by dip coating and dried at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.15 μm.
[0055]
Next, 10 parts of a compound represented by the following formula as a charge transport material,
[0056]
Embedded image
Figure 2004126137
10 parts of a polyarylate resin (viscosity average molecular weight 29000) represented by the following structural unit,
[0057]
Embedded image
Figure 2004126137
It was dissolved in a mixed solvent of 50 parts of monochlorobenzene / 10 parts of dichloromethane. This paint was applied on the above-mentioned charge generation layer by a dipping method, and dried at 110 ° C. for 1 hour to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 22 μm.
[0058]
When the universal hardness HU at the time of the indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor thus manufactured was measured, it was 236 N / mm. 2 Met.
[0059]
As an intermediate transfer member, a polycarbonate resin and carbon black are melt-kneaded, and a seamless resin tube having a contact angle of 81 °, Rz = 0.93 μm, and a thickness of 150 μm is obtained by inflation molding. After that, a resin belt was obtained by attaching an end reinforcing tape and a rib.
[0060]
The above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member was mounted on the full-color electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 2 provided with the intermediate transfer belt, and the temperature was 25 ° C. / In a humid environment of 55%, a temperature of 18 ° C. and a humidity of 10%, continuous passing of 20,000 sheets was performed to evaluate the image.
[0061]
(V1 / V2) × 100 = 100.1 (%)
Here, V1: the linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and V2: the linear velocity of the intermediate transfer member.
[0062]
The image evaluation results of the scratches were indicated by symbols of ◎, ○, Δ, and X. The evaluation results indicated by the symbols are as follows.
◎: No scratches.
:: Image defects due to minor scratches occurred in the latter half of durability.
Δ: Image defects due to scratches occurred in the latter half of durability.
×: Image defects due to scratches occurred in the first half of durability.
[0063]
The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
[0064]
(Example 2)
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polyarylate resin (viscosity average molecular weight: 30,000) of the charge transport layer was changed to a polyarylate copolymer resin represented by the following structural unit. It was prepared and image evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0065]
Embedded image
Figure 2004126137
[0066]
In addition, when the universal hardness HU at the time of the indentation test to the depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the produced electrophotographic photosensitive member was measured, it was 239 N / mm. 2 Met.
[0067]
(Example 3)
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polyarylate resin of the charge transport layer was changed to a polyarylate copolymer resin (viscosity average molecular weight 31,000) represented by the following formula. Image evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0068]
Embedded image
Figure 2004126137
[0069]
In addition, when the universal hardness HU at the time of an indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the produced electrophotographic photosensitive member was measured, it was 248 N / mm. 2 Met.
[0070]
(Example 4)
A protective layer was provided on the charge transport layer of Example 1 by the following method.
[0071]
40 parts of an acrylic monomer represented by the following formula,
[0072]
Embedded image
Figure 2004126137
50 parts of antimony-doped tin oxide ultrafine particles surface-treated with a fluorine atom-containing compound represented by the following formula (treatment amount: 7%),
[0073]
Embedded image
Figure 2004126137
150 parts of ethanol was dispersed in a sand mill for 66 hours, and 20 parts of polytetrafluoroethylene fine particles (average particle size: 0.18 μm) were further added and dispersed. Thereafter, 3 parts of 2-methylthioxanthone was dissolved as a photopolymerization initiator to prepare a preparation.
[0074]
Using this prepared solution, a film was formed on the above-mentioned charge transport layer by a dip coating method, and 800 mW / cm by a high-pressure mercury lamp. 2 Was subjected to light curing for 60 seconds, followed by drying with hot air at 120 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a protective layer. At this time, the thickness of the obtained protective layer was 3 μm. When the universal hardness HU at the time of the indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor thus manufactured was measured, it was 260 N / mm. 2 Met. Image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this electrophotographic photosensitive member was used. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0075]
(Example 5)
The image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the paper passing durability was changed under the condition that the peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member was expressed by the following relational expression.
[0076]
(V2 / V1) × 100 = 100.1 (%)
Here, V1: the linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and V2: the linear velocity of the intermediate transfer member. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0077]
(Example 6)
In Example 3, an electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member was changed to the condition of Example 5. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0078]
(Example 7)
The image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the paper passing durability was changed under the condition that the peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member was expressed by the following relational expression.
[0079]
(V1 / V2) × 100 = 102.4 (%)
Here, V1: the linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and V2: the linear velocity of the intermediate transfer member. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0080]
(Example 8)
In Example 3, image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the paper passing durability was performed under the condition that the peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member was expressed by the following relational expression.
[0081]
(V2 / V1) × 100 = 102.4 (%)
Here, V1: the linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and V2: the linear velocity of the intermediate transfer member. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0082]
(Example 9)
In Example 1, image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the paper-passing durability was performed under the condition that the peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member satisfied the following relational expression.
[0083]
(V1 / V2) × 100 = 104.0 (%)
Here, V1: the linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and V2: the linear velocity of the intermediate transfer member. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0084]
(Example 10)
In Example 4, image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member was changed to the condition of Example 9. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0085]
(Example 11)
In Example 3, image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the paper passing durability was performed under the condition that the peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member was expressed by the following relational expression.
[0086]
(V2 / V1) × 100 = 104.0 (%)
Here, V1: the linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and V2: the linear velocity of the intermediate transfer member. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0087]
(Comparative Example 1)
In Example 1, an electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in which the charge transport layer of the charge transport layer was 8 parts and the polycarbonate A-type resin (viscosity average molecular weight 38000) represented by the following structural unit was 12 parts instead of the polyarylate resin. Image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the image was manufactured.
[0088]
Embedded image
Figure 2004126137
[0089]
The results are shown in Table 1. In addition, when the universal hardness HU at the time of the indentation test to the depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the produced electrophotographic photosensitive member was measured, it was 215 N / mm. 2 Met.
[0090]
(Comparative Example 2)
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polyarylate resin of the charge transport layer was a styrene / methyl methacrylate copolymer (viscosity average molecular weight: 55,000) of the following formula. An evaluation was performed.
[0091]
Embedded image
Figure 2004126137
[0092]
The results are shown in Table 1. In addition, when the universal hardness HU at the time of the indentation test to the depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the produced electrophotographic photosensitive member was measured, it was 206 N / mm. 2 Met.
[0093]
(Comparative Example 3)
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polyarylate resin of the charge transport layer was changed to the styrene / methyl methacrylate copolymer (viscosity average molecular weight 21,000) of Comparative Example 2. And image evaluation. The results are shown in Table 1. In addition, when the universal hardness HU at the time of the indentation test to the depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the produced electrophotographic photosensitive member was measured, it was 191 N / mm. 2 Met.
[0094]
(Comparative Example 4)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the charge transporting material of the charge transporting layer was 8 parts, and the polycarbonate A-type resin (viscosity average molecular weight 38000) shown in Comparative Example 1 was 12 parts instead of the polyarylate resin. The image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the paper passing durability was changed under the condition that the peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member was expressed by the following relational expression.
[0095]
(V1 / V2) × 100 = 106.5 (%)
Here, V1: the linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and V2: the linear velocity of the intermediate transfer member. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0096]
(Comparative Example 5)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the charge transporting material of the charge transporting layer was 8 parts, and the polycarbonate A-type resin (viscosity average molecular weight 38000) shown in Comparative Example 1 was 12 parts instead of the polyarylate resin. The image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the paper passing durability was changed under the condition that the peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member was expressed by the following relational expression.
[0097]
(V2 / V1) × 100 = 106.5 (%)
Here, V1: the linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and V2: the linear velocity of the intermediate transfer member. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0098]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004126137
[0099]
From Table 1, the universal hardness HU at the time of the indentation test to the depth of 1 μm with respect to the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 235 N / mm. 2 With the above, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of scratches due to the rubbing of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member in the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member during repeated use, and it is possible to provide a good image. It was revealed.
[0100]
Further, even when there is a peripheral speed difference within a certain range between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member, if the electrophotographic photosensitive member has the surface layer satisfying the above universal hardness HU, the same rubbing is performed. It is also clear that generation of scratches can be suppressed, indicating the superiority of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
[0101]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, in an electrophotographic apparatus having an electrophotographic photosensitive member and an intermediate transfer member, even if there is a peripheral speed difference within a certain range between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member Hardness at the time of the indentation test of 1 μm to 235 N / mm 2 As described above, even in repeated use, an electrophotographic photosensitive member, an electrophotographic apparatus, and a process cartridge can be obtained in which a good image is stably obtained without image defects caused by scratches on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. It became possible to provide.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an example of a measurement chart in a Fischer hardness tester.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a full-color electrophotographic apparatus having a plurality of electrophotographic photosensitive members of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
1. Electrophotographic photoreceptor
2 Primary charger
3 Exposure light
10 Transfer material guide
11 Paper feed roller
13 Electrophotographic photoreceptor cleaning device
15 Fixing device
16 Intermediate transfer member cleaning device
20 Intermediate transfer belt
28 bias power supply
41 Yellow developing device
42 Magenta color developing device
43 Cyan developing device
44 Black developing device
62 Primary transfer roller
63 Secondary transfer roller
64 Secondary transfer facing roller
67 Static eliminator
P transfer material

Claims (6)

電子写真感光体と、電子写真感光体にトナーにより画像を形成するトナー像形成手段と、電子写真感光体に接触して移動する中間転写体と、電子写真感光体に形成されたトナー像を中間転写体の第1の転写位置で該中間転写体に1次転写するための手段と、中間転写体に転写されたトナー像を中間転写体の第2の転写位置で転写材に2次転写する転写手段を具備する電子写真装置において、該電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUが235N/mm以上であることを特徴とする電子写真装置。An electrophotographic photosensitive member, a toner image forming means for forming an image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member with toner, an intermediate transfer member moving in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Means for primary transfer to the intermediate transfer member at a first transfer position of the transfer member, and secondary transfer of the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer member to a transfer material at a second transfer position of the intermediate transfer member An electrophotographic apparatus comprising a transfer means, wherein a universal hardness HU at the time of an indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 235 N / mm 2 or more. 電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUが245N/mm以上である請求項1に記載の電子写真装置。2. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a universal hardness HU is 245 N / mm 2 or more in an indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. 電子写真感光体の表面層に対する1μmの深さまでの押し込み試験の際のユニバーサル硬度HUが500N/mm以下である請求項1又は2に記載の電子写真装置。The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a universal hardness HU at the time of an indentation test to a depth of 1 μm with respect to a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 500 N / mm 2 or less. 電子写真感光体と中間転写体の周速差が下記式を満たしている請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の電子写真装置。
100.1≦(V1/V2)×100≦105.0
又は 100.1≦(V2/V1)×100≦105.0
V1:電子写真感光体の線速度、V2:中間転写体の線速度
The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a peripheral speed difference between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer member satisfies the following expression.
100.1 ≦ (V1 / V2) × 100 ≦ 105.0
Or 100.1 ≦ (V2 / V1) × 100 ≦ 105.0
V1: linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, V2: linear velocity of the intermediate transfer member
請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の電子写真装置に用いられることを特徴とする電子写真感光体。An electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1. 請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体と、帯電手段、現像手段及びクリーニング手段からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一つの手段を共に一体に支持し、電子写真装置本体に着脱自在であることを特徴とするプロセスカートリッジ。An electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of claims 1 to 4, and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, a developing unit and a cleaning unit are integrally supported together, and are detachably attached to an electrophotographic apparatus main body. A process cartridge, comprising:
JP2002288884A 2002-10-01 2002-10-01 Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus Pending JP2004126137A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2002288884A JP2004126137A (en) 2002-10-01 2002-10-01 Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2002288884A JP2004126137A (en) 2002-10-01 2002-10-01 Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2004126137A true JP2004126137A (en) 2004-04-22

Family

ID=32281256

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2002288884A Pending JP2004126137A (en) 2002-10-01 2002-10-01 Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JP2004126137A (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2006091497A (en) * 2004-09-24 2006-04-06 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd Semiconductive belt and image forming apparatus using the same
JP2007086734A (en) * 2005-08-23 2007-04-05 Konica Minolta Business Technologies Inc Electrophotographic image forming apparatus, electrophotographic photoreceptor, and image forming unit
JP2007102137A (en) * 2005-10-07 2007-04-19 Canon Inc Image forming apparatus
JP2008233206A (en) * 2007-03-16 2008-10-02 Ricoh Co Ltd Electrostatic latent image bearing member, image forming apparatus and process cartridge

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2006091497A (en) * 2004-09-24 2006-04-06 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd Semiconductive belt and image forming apparatus using the same
JP2007086734A (en) * 2005-08-23 2007-04-05 Konica Minolta Business Technologies Inc Electrophotographic image forming apparatus, electrophotographic photoreceptor, and image forming unit
JP2007102137A (en) * 2005-10-07 2007-04-19 Canon Inc Image forming apparatus
JP2008233206A (en) * 2007-03-16 2008-10-02 Ricoh Co Ltd Electrostatic latent image bearing member, image forming apparatus and process cartridge

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US8420284B2 (en) Electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus and process cartridge therefor using the electrophotographic photoreceptor
US8293439B2 (en) Electrophotographic photorecptor, method of manufacturing electrophotographic photorecptor, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge
JP5464400B2 (en) Image forming apparatus or image forming process cartridge
JP2008257228A (en) Electrophotographic photoreceptor, and electrophotographic process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus with same
US8543037B2 (en) Image forming apparatus
KR100643827B1 (en) Photosensitive Body for Electrophotography, Process Cartridge, and Electrophotographic Apparatus
JP2009134002A (en) Method for manufacturing electrophotographic photoreceptor
US8112028B2 (en) Conductive roll, cleaning roll, cleaning unit, process cartridge, and image-forming apparatus
JP5470874B2 (en) Image forming apparatus
JP3571923B2 (en) Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus
JP2004126137A (en) Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus
JP2010224242A (en) Image forming apparatus and process cartridge
JP2007086319A (en) Electrophotographic photoreceptor, method for manufacturing the same, and process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photoreceptor
JP5409209B2 (en) Electrophotographic equipment
JP2003084474A (en) Electrophotographic photoreceptor and method of manufacturing the same, and image forming method, image forming device and process cartridge for image formation using the electrophotographic photoreceptor
JP2022177698A (en) Image forming apparatus, image forming method, and intermediate transfer unit
JP2002082468A (en) Electrophotographic device, device unit and facsimile
JP2004093863A (en) Electrophotographic device, electrophotographic sensitive body and process cartridge
JP2004029534A (en) Process cartridge and image forming apparatus
JP2000250245A (en) Electrophotographic device and process cartridge used in same
JP5648382B2 (en) Electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus and process cartridge
JP2005107365A (en) Electrophotographic apparatus and process cartridge
JP2005157177A (en) Image forming device
JP2004004461A (en) Electrophotographic photoreceptor, processing cartridge using the same, and apparatus and method for image formation
JPH09325621A (en) Image forming device

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20050118

A977 Report on retrieval

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007

Effective date: 20060824

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20060828

A02 Decision of refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02

Effective date: 20061220