JP2004091625A - Emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boiler - Google Patents
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【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、植物油（バージン油）および外食産業や家庭などから出る使用済み天ぷら油などの植物油（廃油）を、暖房、給湯または発電などに使用するボイラの燃料として利用する技術に関する。また、植物油および植物油エステル燃料を乳化する技術に関する。
【０００２】
本明細書においては、「植物油（バージン油）」または「植物油（廃油）」と限定しない限り、植物油（バージン油）および植物油（廃油）を一括して「植物油」という。
【０００３】
【従来の技術】
ボイラには、灯油、軽油または重油などの石油系燃料を使用しているため、燃焼により硫黄酸化物（ＳＯｘ）、窒素酸化物（ＮＯｘ）、排気煙（Ｓｍｏｋｅ）などが多く排出される。これらの物質は環境に悪影響を及ぼすだけでなく、人体にも有害である。また、石油系燃料の使用は、地球上の温室効果ガス（ＣＯｘ）を増加させ、地球温暖化の原因となっている。さらに、石油系燃料は限りあるエネルギー資源であるため、石油系燃料の枯渇の問題からも石油系燃料の代替および再生産可能なエネルギー資源の開発が重要視されている。
【０００４】
また、家庭や外食産業から廃棄される植物油（廃油）は年間６０万トン以上といわれており、そのうち回収され石鹸などに再利用されているものは約８トン程度で、残る大部分が燃えるゴミとして焼却されるか、または河川へ垂れ流され、特に家庭から廃棄される植物油（廃油）は、その大部分が河川へ垂れ流され、水質汚染の原因となるため、植物油（廃油）の再利用は重要な課題となっている。
【０００５】
一方、欧米では植物油（廃油）をディーゼル機関用の燃料として再利用する試みがなされており、バイオディーゼルと称されるディーゼル車や農業用機械などの燃料として、植物油エステル燃料が普及し始めている。また、一部地域では食用だけでなく燃料としての植物油の生産も行なわれている。しかし、ボイラ燃料としての植物油および植物油エステル燃料の利用は少なく、ボイラ燃料として用いる場合は、植物油または植物油エステル燃料を重油などの石油系燃料と混合して使用されており、植物油および植物油エステル燃料は単独で使用されていない。
【０００６】
【表１】
表１は、従来の石油系燃料であるＡ重油（ＪＩＳ規格品）と、従来の植物油（バージン油）（日本農林規格品）と、この植物油（バージン油）から得た植物油エステル燃料の性状を示したものである。植物油および植物油エステル燃料は、燃料成分中に約１０質量％の酸素を含んでおり局所的な酸素不足を解消し、排気煙（Ｓｍｏｋｅ）濃度を石油系燃料より低減することができる。さらに、硫黄酸化物（ＳＯｘ）の発生原因となる硫黄分をほとんど含んでいないという特徴を持っている。
【０００８】
また、植物油および植物油エステル燃料の原料は植物であるため、燃焼により発生する温室効果ガス（ＣＯｘ）は植物が成長過程で炭酸同化作用（光合成）により吸収したものと考えられる。したがって、植物油および植物油エステル燃料の使用による温室効果ガス（ＣＯｘ）排出量の増加は無く、まして石油系燃料を代替することを考慮すると、温室効果ガス（ＣＯｘ）排出量は減少するものといえる。
【０００９】
しかし、植物油および植物油エステル燃料には、つぎの問題がある。
（１）含有酸素による局所的な燃焼改善により、ディーゼル機関に用いた場合、石油系燃料よりも窒素酸化物（ＮＯｘ）の排出濃度が増加する。
（２）（１）のＮＯｘ濃度の増加を抑えるために、機関の調整および変更が必要となる。
（３）気温の低い場所や機関負荷が低い領域での運転では、排出ガス中にアクロレインやホルムアルデヒドなどの有害物質が石油系燃料より多く排出される。
【００１０】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の課題は、石油系燃料、植物油または植物油エステル燃料より排出ガス濃度が低く、石油系燃料と同様のボイラ運転が可能であり、再生産することができ、環境汚染の少ないボイラ用燃料を提供することにある。
【００１１】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油燃料は、室温において、植物油、植物油エステル燃料またはそれらの混合物に水を配合し、乳化する工程を含む方法により製造することを特徴とする。
【００１２】
ボイラ用乳化植物油燃料中に含まれる水は、１０質量％〜１７質量％が好ましく、植物油、植物油エステル燃料またはそれらの混合物中に含まれる粗製グリセリンを乳化剤とすることが好ましい。本発明の乳化植物油燃料は、給湯用、暖房用または発電用ボイラの燃料として好適であり、燃焼時に、アクロレインまたはホルムアルデヒドの排出が少ないものが好ましい。本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油燃料は、石油系燃料と混合しなくてもボイラの運転が可能であり、石油系燃料よりも排出ガス濃度が低いもの、または、植物油もしくは植物油エステル燃料よりも排出ガス濃度が低いものが好ましい。
【００１３】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油燃料は、室温において、植物油、植物油エステル燃料またはそれらの混合物に水を配合し、乳化する工程を含む方法により製造する。かかる方法により製造される燃料は、石油系燃料、植物油、植物油エステル燃料またはこれらの混合燃料より、排気煙（Ｓｍｏｋｅ）濃度および窒素酸化物濃度（ＮＯｘ）を大幅に低減することができ、機関性能においても石油系燃料と同程度の運転を行なうことができる。また、植物油（廃油）の再利用を行なうことができ、環境汚染や地球温暖化を防ぎ、石油の枯渇問題を解消する一助となる。本発明の燃料は、室温で水を配合し、乳化することにより製造できるので、製造が容易であり、製造コストも安い。
【００１４】
石油系燃料とは、通常、ボイラの燃料として用いられているものであり、用途に応じて重油、軽油、灯油などが好適に用いられる。
【００１５】
植物油とは、食品加工などで使用される植物油（バージン油）と、使用済の植物油（廃油）である。植物の種類は特に限定されず、たとえば、菜種油、大豆油、ヒマワリ油、綿実油、ゴマ油、落花生油、オリーブ油、パーム油、ヤシ油などがある。
【００１６】
植物油エステル燃料とは、植物油をアルコールなどでエステル化したものである。ボイラ用燃料の動粘度は、バーナノズルにおける噴霧状態に大きな影響を与え、動粘度の高いものはポンプなどでの移送が困難であり、燃焼にあたりバーナノズルからの噴霧状態が悪くなる。したがって、低温環境において植物油を燃料として使用する場合や、植物油の動粘度が高い場合には、融解特性（融点の高さおよび融点幅）を変えるためにエステル化によりグリセリド組成を変え、植物油エステル燃料とすることにより、動粘度を下げて使用することが好ましい。
【００１７】
乳化とは、互いに溶け合わない２つの液体を用いて、一方の液体をもう一方の液体の中に微粒子状に分散させることをいう。本発明では、植物油、植物油エステル燃料またはそれらの混合物中に水の微粒子を分散し、乳化させる。水の含有率の下限は、燃焼時の排気煙濃度および窒素酸化物濃度を少なくし、機関性能を高めるため、ボイラ用乳化植物油燃料に対して１０質量％以上が好ましく、１２質量％以上がより好ましい。燃焼時の排気煙濃度は、水の含有率が１０質量％、１２質量％と増えるにつれて低下するが、水の含有率が約１４質量％を越えると、水の含有率が増えるにつれて廃棄煙濃度は上昇する。このため、水の含有率の上限は、１７質量％以下が好ましく、１５質量％以下がより好ましい。
【００１８】
乳化に際しては、安定な分散系とするために、乳化剤を配合してもよいが、植物油および植物油エステル燃料が本来、含有している粗製グリセリンを乳化剤として用いることが好ましい。たとえば、油を水の中へ分散させると、時間の経過により油と水は再び分離してしまうが、親水基（水となじみやすい官能基）と疎水基（油となじみやすい官能基）をもつ界面活性剤からなる乳化剤を加えると、水と油の分離を防いで安定な分散系を作ることができる。
【００１９】
グリセリンは水とアルコールにはよく溶けるが、クロロホルム、エーテルまたはベンゼンには溶けない性質を持っている。グリセリンなどの乳化剤の性質を評価するために用いられる一般的な方法にＨＬＢ（Ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌｅ Ｌｉｐｏｐｈｉｌｅ Ｂａｌａｎｃｅ）値による方法があり、ＨＬＢ値はつぎのＪ．Ｔ．Ｄａｖｉｅｓの式により求めることができる。
ＨＬＢ値＝７＋Σ（親水基の基数）−Σ（疎水基の基数）
これはエチレンオキシド付加型非イオン系界面活性剤について、疎水基に付加された親水基が無限に長く、親水性が最も大きい仮想的な化合物を考えて、この化合物のＨＬＢ値を２０と定め、一方、親水基の全く無い疎水性の化合物のＨＬＢ値を０として、それらとの相対値としてＨＬＢ値を求めるものである。したがって、ＨＬＢ値は疎水性と親水性のバランスを表す指標である。
【００２０】
植物油および植物油エステル燃料が含有する粗製グリセリンのＨＬＢ値は７．１程度であり、疎水性を有する。したがって、植物油および植物油エステル燃料が含有する粗製グリセリンは、湿潤剤またはＷ／Ｏ（Ｗａｔｅｒ ｉｎ Ｏｉｌ）型乳化剤として使用可能で、室温で振り混ぜる程度で乳化油を製造できる。
【００２１】
本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油燃料は、人体に有害な物質を減らし、環境汚染を抑制する観点から、燃焼時に、アクロレインまたはホルムアルデヒドの排出が少ないことが好ましい。たとえば、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、機関負荷の低い運転範囲では、燃焼に際して軽油または植物油（廃油）エステル燃料よりアクロレイン濃度が高いが、機関負荷の高い運転範囲ではほとんど同程度に低い。したがって、ボイラのような高負荷領域で運転を行なう燃焼機関に用いる場合に、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、有害物質であるアクロレインやホルムアルデヒドなどの排出を効果的に抑制することができる。
【００２２】
本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油燃料は、排出ガスを減らし、限りある石油系燃料の消費を節減する点で、石油系燃料と混合しなくてもボイラの運転が可能であるものが好ましい。たとえば、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、ボイラのダンパ開度（通風量）に関わらず、石油系燃料または植物油（廃油）エステル燃料よりも正味熱効率が高い。したがって、石油系燃料と混合しなくても、通常のボイラ運転が可能である。
【００２３】
本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油燃料は、人体に有害な物質を減らし、環境汚染を抑制する点で、石油系燃料、植物油または植物油エステル燃料よりも排出ガス濃度が低いことが好ましい。本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、ボイラのダンパ開度（通風量）に関わらず、石油系燃料または植物油（廃油）エステル燃料よりも排気煙（Ｓｍｏｋｅ）濃度および窒素酸化物（ＮＯｘ）濃度がともに低い。したがって、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、軽油や重油などの石油系燃料、植物油または植物油エステル燃料より低排出ガス濃度での運転が可能である。本発明のボイラ用燃料は、石油系燃料、植物油および植物油エステル燃料より運転時の排出ガス濃度が低いため、給湯用、暖房用または発電用のボイラに使用する燃料として好適である。また、同様の理由により本発明のボイラ用燃料は、家庭、飲食店、学校または病院などにおける民生・産業用ボイラ、工場などにおける工業用ボイラ、さらに、ビニールハウスなどにおける農業用ボイラなど、幅広い分野のボイラに好ましく使用することができる。
【００２４】
【実施例】
実施例１
本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（バージン油）燃料について、水の混合割合（燃料中の最終的な含水率を指す。以下も同じ。）を変化させた場合の排出ガス特性を測定した。原料である植物油（バージン油）は日本農林規格品を用い、乳化は室温で行なった。比較のため石油系燃料として軽油（ＪＩＳ規格品）を用いて、同様の実験を行なった。また、機関負荷による影響を確認するため、実験は負荷変動の大きいディーゼル機関（単気筒水冷横形直墳式四サイクルディーゼル機関）を用い、機関回転数は２０００ｒｐｍで一定とし、機関負荷を変化させて実験を行なった。
【００２５】
図２において、水混合割合０質量％とは、植物油（バージン油）エステル燃料そのものである場合を指す。また、図２は、水混合割合が０質量％のときの窒素酸化物濃度の割合を１．０とし、これを基準にした相対割合を示した。図２の結果から明らかなとおり、窒素酸化物濃度は、機関負荷の大きさに関係なく、水混合割合が増加するにつれて減少した。また、図３の結果から明らかなとおり、排気煙（Ｓｍｏｋｅ）濃度は、水混合割合１４質量％で極小となり、１４質量％から遠ざかるにつれて増加した。なお、水混合割合３０質量％のときは、ディーゼル機関の始動に問題はなかったが、負荷１００％において機関回転数が安定せず、実験は不可能であった。
【００２６】
したがって、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（バージン油）燃料の最適水混合割合は、排出ガス特性、機関性能の点から、１０質量％〜１７質量％が好ましく、１２質量％〜１５質量％がより好ましく、軽油についてのデータから、燃料成分中に約１４質量％の水を混合することにより、石油系燃料または植物油エステル燃料よりも排出ガス濃度の低減が可能であることがわかった。
【００２７】
実施例２
有害物質の発生と機関負荷との関係を明らかにするために、含水率１５質量％であり、室温で乳化した本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料について、機関負荷を変化させた場合における排出ガス中のアクロレイン濃度を測定した。比較のため石油系燃料として軽油（ＪＩＳ規格品）についても実験した。また、植物油（廃油）エステル燃料として、デパートの惣菜屋で使用された菜種廃油をメタノールによりエステル化したものを用いて、同様の実験を行なった。なお、機関負荷による影響を確認するため、実験は負荷変動の大きいディーゼル機関（単気筒水冷横形直墳式四サイクルディーゼル機関）を用い、機関回転数を２０００ｒｐｍに設定して行なった。
【００２８】
図４の結果から明らかなとおり、機関負荷の低い領域では、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料の方が、軽油または植物油（廃油）エステル燃料よりアクロレイン濃度は高い値を示したが、高負荷領域ではほとんど同程度に低下した。したがって、高負荷領域で運転を行なうボイラのようなバーナ燃焼機関に用いることで、本発明の乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、有害物質であるアクロレインやホルムアルデヒドなどの排出を抑制できることがわかった。
【００２９】
実施例３
燃焼状態を確認するために、観察用の燃焼室を用いて、高温高圧の雰囲気内へ燃料噴射ノズルから燃料を噴射し、燃焼写真を撮影した。図５において、写真内の明るく光る部分は燃焼温度の高い炎であり、燃焼状態が良好であることを示している。また、炎の中に局所的に見られる黒い部分は、燃焼状態が悪く、スス（排気煙となって排出される）が発生している部分である。試料は、石油系燃料として軽油（ＪＩＳ規格品）、植物油（廃油）エステル燃料および本発明の乳化植物油（廃油）燃料とした。また、本発明の乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、含水率１５質量％であり、室温で乳化したものを用いた。燃焼写真の撮影は、クランク角度（ＡＴＤＣ）が、２．５°、１０°、２０°、２５°および３５°の場合に行なった（クランク角度の増加は、時間の経過を示す。）。
【００３０】
燃焼状態を比較すると、明らかに本発明の乳化植物油（廃油）燃料の炎は明るく、ススの発生も少なかった。また、本発明の乳化植物油（廃油）燃料では、着火する時期が他の２つの燃料よりも若干遅かったが、燃焼の終期は３つの燃料でほぼ同じであったことから、本発明の乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、短時間に一気に燃焼したことがわかった。したがって、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、石油系燃料または植物油エステル燃料より燃焼状態が良好であり、排気煙（Ｓｍｏｋｅ）の排出も少ないことが明らかになった。
【００３１】
実施例４
図１は、一般的な温風暖房用ガンタイプバーナ式ボイラを用いて、機関のダンパ開度を変化させた時の正味熱効率および排出ガス特性を測定した結果である。本発明の乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、含水率１５質量％であり、室温で乳化したものを用いた。また、植物油（廃油）エステル燃料は、デパートの惣菜屋で使用された菜種廃油をメタノールによりエステル化したものを用い、石油系燃料としてＡ重油（ＪＩＳ規格品）についても同様に実験を行なった。
【００３２】
図１の結果から明らかなとおり、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、ダンパ開度に関わらず、石油系燃料および植物油（廃油）エステル燃料より正味熱効率が高い値を示した。したがって、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油燃料は、軽油や重油などの石油系燃料との混合を必要とせずにボイラ運転が可能であることがわかった。
【００３３】
また、図１の結果から、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、ダンパ開度（通風量）に関わらず、石油系燃料または植物油（廃油）エステル燃料よりも、排気煙（Ｓｍｏｋｅ）濃度および窒素酸化物（ＮＯｘ）濃度が低いことがわかった。したがって、本発明のボイラ用乳化植物油（廃油）燃料は、軽油や重油などの石油系燃料、植物油または植物油エステル燃料に比べ、低排出ガス濃度での運転が可能であることが明らかになった。
【００３４】
今回開示された実施の形態および実施例はすべての点で例示であって制限的なものではないと考えられるべきである。本発明の範囲は上記した説明ではなくて特許請求の範囲によって示され、特許請求の範囲と均等の意味および範囲内でのすべての変更が含まれることが意図される。
【００３５】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、石油系燃料、植物油または植物油エステル燃料より排出ガス濃度が低く、石油系燃料と同様のボイラ運転が可能であり、また、再生産可能で環境汚染の少ないボイラ用燃料を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】ボイラのダンパ開度（通風量）を変化させたときの機関性能および排出ガス濃度を表す図である。
【図２】水の混合割合を変化させたときの窒素酸化物濃度の割合を表す図である。
【図３】水の混合割合を変化させたときの排気煙濃度を表す図である。
【図４】機関負荷を変化させたときのアクロレイン濃度を表す図である。
【図５】燃焼状態の時間経過を表す図である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a technique for using vegetable oil (virgin oil) and vegetable oil (waste oil) such as used tempura oil from the food service industry and households as fuel for a boiler used for heating, hot water supply, or power generation. The present invention also relates to a technique for emulsifying vegetable oil and vegetable oil ester fuel.
[0002]
In this specification, vegetable oil (virgin oil) and vegetable oil (waste oil) are collectively referred to as "vegetable oil" unless limited to "vegetable oil (virgin oil)" or "vegetable oil (waste oil)".
[0003]
[Prior art]
Since the boiler uses a petroleum fuel such as kerosene, light oil or heavy oil, a large amount of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), exhaust smoke (Smoke) and the like are emitted by combustion. These substances are not only harmful to the environment but also harmful to the human body. Also, the use of petroleum-based fuels increases greenhouse gases (COx) on the earth, causing global warming. Furthermore, since petroleum-based fuels are a limited energy resource, replacement of petroleum-based fuels and development of reproducible energy resources have been emphasized also from the problem of depletion of petroleum-based fuels.
[0004]
It is said that more than 600,000 tons of vegetable oil (waste oil) is discarded from households and the food service industry annually, and about 8 tons are collected and reused for soaps, etc. Vegetable oil (waste oil) that is incinerated as waste or drained into rivers, especially from households, is largely drained into rivers, causing water pollution, and is therefore reused. Is an important issue.
[0005]
On the other hand, in the United States and Europe, attempts have been made to reuse vegetable oil (waste oil) as fuel for diesel engines, and vegetable oil ester fuel has begun to spread as a fuel for diesel vehicles and agricultural machinery called biodiesel. In some areas, vegetable oil is produced not only for food but also as fuel. However, the use of vegetable oil and vegetable oil ester fuel as boiler fuel is small, and when used as boiler fuel, vegetable oil or vegetable oil ester fuel is used as a mixture with petroleum fuel such as heavy oil. Not used alone.
[0006]
[Table 1]
Table 1 shows the properties of heavy oil A (JIS standard product), a conventional petroleum fuel, conventional vegetable oil (virgin oil) (Japanese agricultural and forestry standard product), and vegetable oil ester fuel obtained from this vegetable oil (virgin oil). It is shown. Vegetable oils and vegetable oil ester fuels contain about 10% by mass of oxygen in the fuel component, thereby eliminating local oxygen deficiency and reducing exhaust smoke (Smoke) concentration compared to petroleum-based fuels. Further, it has a feature that it hardly contains a sulfur component that causes sulfur oxide (SOx).
[0008]
Further, since the raw material of the vegetable oil and the vegetable oil ester fuel is a plant, it is considered that the greenhouse gas (COx) generated by the combustion is absorbed by the plant by carbonic acid assimilation (photosynthesis) during the growth process. Therefore, there is no increase in greenhouse gas (COx) emission due to the use of vegetable oil and vegetable oil ester fuel, and it can be said that greenhouse gas (COx) emission is reduced in consideration of replacing petroleum fuel.
[0009]
However, vegetable oils and vegetable oil ester fuels have the following problems.
(1) Due to local combustion improvement by the oxygen content, when used in a diesel engine, the emission concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is higher than in petroleum fuel.
(2) In order to suppress the increase in NOx concentration in (1), it is necessary to adjust and change the engine.
(3) During operation in a place where the temperature is low or in a region where the engine load is low, harmful substances such as acrolein and formaldehyde are emitted in exhaust gas more than petroleum fuel.
[0010]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a boiler fuel which has a lower exhaust gas concentration than petroleum fuel, vegetable oil or vegetable oil ester fuel, enables boiler operation similar to that of petroleum fuel, can be reproduced, and has low environmental pollution. To provide.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boilers of the present invention is characterized by being produced at room temperature by a method including a step of mixing water with a vegetable oil, a vegetable oil ester fuel or a mixture thereof, and emulsifying the mixture.
[0012]
The water contained in the emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boilers is preferably 10% by mass to 17% by mass, and the crude glycerin contained in the vegetable oil, the vegetable oil ester fuel or a mixture thereof is preferably used as the emulsifier. The emulsified vegetable oil fuel of the present invention is suitable as a fuel for hot water supply, heating or power generation boilers, and preferably emits little acrolein or formaldehyde during combustion. The emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boilers of the present invention can operate the boiler without being mixed with petroleum-based fuel, and has lower exhaust gas concentration than petroleum-based fuel, or has lower exhaust gas concentration than vegetable oil or vegetable oil ester fuel. Those having a low concentration are preferred.
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boilers of the present invention is produced by a method including a step of mixing water at room temperature with vegetable oil, vegetable oil ester fuel or a mixture thereof, and emulsifying the mixture. The fuel produced by such a method can greatly reduce exhaust smoke (Smoke) concentration and nitrogen oxide concentration (NOx) from petroleum-based fuel, vegetable oil, vegetable oil ester fuel or a mixed fuel thereof, and can improve engine performance. In this case, the same operation as that of petroleum fuel can be performed. Also, vegetable oil (waste oil) can be reused, which prevents environmental pollution and global warming, and helps to solve the problem of oil depletion. Since the fuel of the present invention can be produced by mixing and emulsifying water at room temperature, the production is easy and the production cost is low.
[0014]
The petroleum-based fuel is usually used as a fuel for a boiler, and heavy oil, light oil, kerosene and the like are suitably used depending on the application.
[0015]
Vegetable oil includes vegetable oil (virgin oil) used in food processing and the like, and used vegetable oil (waste oil). The type of plant is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, peanut oil, olive oil, palm oil, and coconut oil.
[0016]
The vegetable oil ester fuel is obtained by esterifying vegetable oil with alcohol or the like. The kinematic viscosity of the boiler fuel has a great influence on the spray state at the burner nozzle, and a fuel with a high kinematic viscosity is difficult to transfer by a pump or the like, and the spray state from the burner nozzle deteriorates during combustion. Therefore, when vegetable oil is used as a fuel in a low temperature environment or when the kinematic viscosity of vegetable oil is high, the glyceride composition is changed by esterification to change the melting characteristics (high melting point and melting point width), and the vegetable oil ester fuel is used. In this case, it is preferable that the kinematic viscosity be reduced.
[0017]
Emulsification refers to dispersing one liquid in the form of fine particles in the other liquid by using two liquids that are insoluble in each other. In the present invention, fine particles of water are dispersed and emulsified in vegetable oil, vegetable oil ester fuel or a mixture thereof. The lower limit of the water content is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 12% by mass or more based on the emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boilers, in order to reduce the exhaust smoke concentration and the nitrogen oxide concentration during combustion and enhance the engine performance. preferable. The exhaust smoke concentration during combustion decreases as the water content increases to 10% by mass and 12% by mass. However, when the water content exceeds about 14% by mass, the waste smoke concentration increases as the water content increases. Rises. Therefore, the upper limit of the water content is preferably 17% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less.
[0018]
At the time of emulsification, an emulsifier may be blended to obtain a stable dispersion system, but it is preferable to use crude glycerin originally contained in vegetable oil and vegetable oil ester fuel as the emulsifier. For example, when oil is dispersed in water, oil and water are separated again with the passage of time, but have a hydrophilic group (functional group compatible with water) and a hydrophobic group (functional group compatible with oil). When a surfactant emulsifier is added, separation of water and oil can be prevented and a stable dispersion can be formed.
[0019]
Glycerin is soluble in water and alcohol, but not soluble in chloroform, ether or benzene. A common method used to evaluate the properties of an emulsifier such as glycerin is a method based on an HLB (Hydrophil Lipophile Balance) value. T. It can be obtained by the Davies equation.
HLB value = 7 + {(number of hydrophilic groups)-} (number of hydrophobic groups)
This is because the HLB value of this compound is set to 20 in consideration of a hypothetical compound in which the hydrophilic group added to the hydrophobic group is infinitely long and the hydrophilicity is the largest for the ethylene oxide addition type nonionic surfactant. The HLB value of a hydrophobic compound having no hydrophilic group is defined as 0, and the HLB value is determined as a relative value to the HLB value. Therefore, the HLB value is an index indicating the balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity.
[0020]
The crude glycerin contained in vegetable oil and vegetable oil ester fuel has an HLB value of about 7.1 and has hydrophobicity. Therefore, the crude glycerin contained in the vegetable oil and the vegetable oil ester fuel can be used as a wetting agent or a W / O (Water in Oil) type emulsifier, and can produce an emulsified oil by shaking at room temperature.
[0021]
The emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boilers of the present invention preferably emits less acrolein or formaldehyde during combustion from the viewpoint of reducing substances harmful to the human body and suppressing environmental pollution. For example, the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for a boiler of the present invention has a higher acrolein concentration during combustion in an operating range with a lower engine load than a diesel oil or a vegetable oil (waste oil) ester fuel, but is almost the same in an operating range with a higher engine load. Low. Therefore, when used in a combustion engine that operates in a high load region such as a boiler, the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for a boiler of the present invention can effectively suppress emissions of harmful substances such as acrolein and formaldehyde. Can be.
[0022]
The emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boilers of the present invention is preferably one that can operate the boiler without mixing with petroleum-based fuel, in terms of reducing exhaust gas and saving consumption of limited petroleum-based fuel. For example, the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for boilers of the present invention has higher net thermal efficiency than petroleum-based fuel or vegetable oil (waste oil) ester fuel, regardless of the boiler damper opening (airflow). Therefore, normal boiler operation is possible without mixing with petroleum fuel.
[0023]
The emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boilers of the present invention preferably has a lower exhaust gas concentration than petroleum-based fuel, vegetable oil, or vegetable oil ester fuel in terms of reducing substances harmful to the human body and suppressing environmental pollution. The emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for a boiler of the present invention has a higher exhaust smoke (Smoke) concentration and nitrogen oxides (NOx) than a petroleum-based fuel or a vegetable oil (waste oil) ester fuel, irrespective of the boiler damper opening (airflow). ) Both concentrations are low. Therefore, the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for boilers of the present invention can be operated at a lower exhaust gas concentration than petroleum fuels such as light oil and heavy oil, vegetable oil or vegetable oil ester fuel. Since the boiler fuel of the present invention has a lower exhaust gas concentration during operation than petroleum fuel, vegetable oil, and vegetable oil ester fuel, it is suitable as a fuel to be used in a boiler for hot water supply, heating, or power generation. For the same reason, the boiler fuel of the present invention can be used in a wide range of fields such as household and restaurants, commercial and industrial boilers in schools or hospitals, industrial boilers in factories, and agricultural boilers in greenhouses. Can be preferably used for boilers.
[0024]
【Example】
Example 1
With respect to the emulsified vegetable oil (virgin oil) fuel for boilers of the present invention, the exhaust gas characteristics when the mixing ratio of water (refers to the final water content in the fuel; the same applies to the following) were measured. Vegetable oil (virgin oil), which is a raw material, used Japanese agricultural and forestry standard products, and emulsification was performed at room temperature. For comparison, a similar experiment was performed using light oil (JIS standard product) as a petroleum fuel. In order to confirm the effect of the engine load, the experiment used a diesel engine with a large load variation (single cylinder water-cooled horizontal straight-type four-cycle diesel engine), the engine speed was kept constant at 2000 rpm, and the engine load was changed. An experiment was performed.
[0025]
In FIG. 2, the water mixing ratio of 0% by mass indicates a case where the vegetable oil (virgin oil) ester fuel itself is used. FIG. 2 shows a relative ratio based on a nitrogen oxide concentration ratio of 1.0 when the water mixing ratio is 0% by mass. As is clear from the results in FIG. 2, the nitrogen oxide concentration decreased as the water mixing ratio increased, regardless of the magnitude of the engine load. Further, as is clear from the results of FIG. 3, the exhaust smoke (Smoke) concentration was minimized at a water mixing ratio of 14% by mass, and increased as the distance from 14% by mass increased. When the water mixing ratio was 30% by mass, there was no problem in starting the diesel engine, but the engine speed was not stable at a load of 100%, and the experiment was impossible.
[0026]
Therefore, the optimal water mixing ratio of the emulsified vegetable oil (virgin oil) fuel for boilers of the present invention is preferably from 10% by mass to 17% by mass, more preferably from 12% by mass to 15% by mass from the viewpoint of exhaust gas characteristics and engine performance. Preferably, the data on light oil show that mixing about 14% by weight of water in the fuel component can reduce the exhaust gas concentration more than petroleum-based fuel or vegetable oil ester fuel.
[0027]
Example 2
In order to clarify the relationship between the generation of harmful substances and the load on the engine, the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for boilers of the present invention having a water content of 15% by mass and emulsified at room temperature when the load on the engine is changed The acrolein concentration in the exhaust gas was measured. For comparison, experiments were also conducted on light oil (JIS standard product) as a petroleum fuel. Similar experiments were conducted using vegetable oil (waste oil) ester fuel obtained by esterifying rapeseed waste oil used in a side dish shop of a department store with methanol. In order to confirm the effect of the engine load, the experiment was performed using a diesel engine having a large load variation (single cylinder water-cooled horizontal direct-type four-cycle diesel engine) with the engine speed set to 2000 rpm.
[0028]
As is clear from the results of FIG. 4, in the region where the engine load is low, the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for boiler of the present invention showed a higher acrolein concentration than the light oil or vegetable oil (waste oil) ester fuel, In the high load region, the drop was almost the same. Therefore, it has been found that the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel of the present invention can suppress emission of harmful substances such as acrolein and formaldehyde by using it in a burner combustion engine such as a boiler that operates in a high load region.
[0029]
Example 3
In order to confirm the combustion state, fuel was injected from a fuel injection nozzle into a high-temperature and high-pressure atmosphere using a combustion chamber for observation, and a combustion photograph was taken. In FIG. 5, the brightly lit portion in the photograph is a flame having a high combustion temperature, which indicates that the combustion state is good. In addition, the black portion locally seen in the flame is a portion where the combustion state is poor and soot (discharged as exhaust smoke) is generated. The samples were light oil (JIS standard product), vegetable oil (waste oil) ester fuel and the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel of the present invention as petroleum fuels. The emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel used in the present invention had a water content of 15% by mass and was emulsified at room temperature. Combustion photographs were taken when the crank angles (ATDC) were 2.5 °, 10 °, 20 °, 25 ° and 35 ° (increase in crank angle indicates passage of time).
[0030]
When the combustion state was compared, the flame of the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel of the present invention was clearly bright and the generation of soot was small. In addition, in the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel of the present invention, the ignition timing was slightly later than the other two fuels, but the end of combustion was almost the same for the three fuels. (Waste oil) It was found that the fuel burned at once in a short time. Therefore, it became clear that the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for boilers of the present invention has a better combustion state than the petroleum-based fuel or the vegetable oil ester fuel, and emits less exhaust smoke (Smoke).
[0031]
Example 4
FIG. 1 shows the results of measuring the net thermal efficiency and exhaust gas characteristics when the damper opening of the engine was changed using a general hot-air heating gun type burner boiler. The emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel of the present invention used had a water content of 15% by mass and was emulsified at room temperature. The vegetable oil (waste oil) ester fuel was obtained by esterifying rapeseed waste oil used in a side dish shop in a department store with methanol, and the same experiment was conducted for heavy oil A (JIS standard product) as a petroleum fuel.
[0032]
As is clear from the results of FIG. 1, the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for boilers of the present invention showed a higher net thermal efficiency than the petroleum fuel and the vegetable oil (waste oil) ester fuel regardless of the damper opening. Therefore, it was found that the emulsified vegetable oil fuel for a boiler of the present invention can be operated in a boiler without requiring mixing with a petroleum-based fuel such as light oil or heavy oil.
[0033]
Further, from the results shown in FIG. 1, the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for a boiler of the present invention has higher exhaust smoke (Smoke) than the petroleum fuel or the vegetable oil (waste oil) ester fuel regardless of the damper opening (airflow). It was found that the concentration and the nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentration were low. Therefore, it became clear that the emulsified vegetable oil (waste oil) fuel for boilers of the present invention can be operated at a lower exhaust gas concentration than petroleum fuels such as light oil and heavy oil, vegetable oil or vegetable oil ester fuel.
[0034]
The embodiments and examples disclosed this time are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the present invention is defined by the terms of the claims, rather than the description above, and is intended to include any modifications within the scope and meaning equivalent to the terms of the claims.
[0035]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, there is provided a boiler fuel which has a lower exhaust gas concentration than petroleum-based fuel, vegetable oil or vegetable oil-ester fuel, can operate the same boiler as petroleum-based fuel, and is reproducible and has less environmental pollution. can do.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating engine performance and exhaust gas concentration when a damper opening (airflow) of a boiler is changed.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a ratio of a nitrogen oxide concentration when a mixing ratio of water is changed.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the exhaust smoke density when the mixing ratio of water is changed.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing acrolein concentration when the engine load is changed.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a lapse of time in a combustion state.
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002254455A JP2004091625A (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2002-08-30 | Emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boiler |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002254455A JP2004091625A (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2002-08-30 | Emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boiler |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2004091625A true JP2004091625A (en) | 2004-03-25 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002254455A Pending JP2004091625A (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2002-08-30 | Emulsified vegetable oil fuel for boiler |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007183262A (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2007-07-19 | Ditest Fahrzeugdiagnose Gmbh | Exhaust gas inspection method for diesel engine, and exhaust gas inspecting device |
| JP2007277503A (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2007-10-25 | Shigenobu Fujimoto | Method for fuelization of alcohol, vegetable oil and animal oil |
| JP2009535449A (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2009-10-01 | ニュー・ジェネレイション・バイオフューエルズ，インコーポレイテッド | Biofuel composition and method for producing biofuel |
| JP2009280761A (en) * | 2008-05-26 | 2009-12-03 | Univ Kanagawa | Waste glycerol-added emulsion fuel and method for preparing the same |
| WO2011028182A1 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-03-10 | Singapore Emulsion Fuel Pte Ltd | Organic fuel additive compositions and methods for making the same and emulsion fuel comprising the organic fuel additive compositions |
| US8119844B2 (en) | 2008-05-01 | 2012-02-21 | Lanzatech New Zealand Limited | Alcohol production process |
| JP2012184366A (en) * | 2011-03-07 | 2012-09-27 | Lion Corp | Emulsified fuel |
-
2002
- 2002-08-30 JP JP2002254455A patent/JP2004091625A/en active Pending
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007183262A (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2007-07-19 | Ditest Fahrzeugdiagnose Gmbh | Exhaust gas inspection method for diesel engine, and exhaust gas inspecting device |
| JP2007277503A (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2007-10-25 | Shigenobu Fujimoto | Method for fuelization of alcohol, vegetable oil and animal oil |
| JP2009535449A (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2009-10-01 | ニュー・ジェネレイション・バイオフューエルズ，インコーポレイテッド | Biofuel composition and method for producing biofuel |
| US8119844B2 (en) | 2008-05-01 | 2012-02-21 | Lanzatech New Zealand Limited | Alcohol production process |
| JP2009280761A (en) * | 2008-05-26 | 2009-12-03 | Univ Kanagawa | Waste glycerol-added emulsion fuel and method for preparing the same |
| WO2011028182A1 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-03-10 | Singapore Emulsion Fuel Pte Ltd | Organic fuel additive compositions and methods for making the same and emulsion fuel comprising the organic fuel additive compositions |
| JP2012184366A (en) * | 2011-03-07 | 2012-09-27 | Lion Corp | Emulsified fuel |
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