JP2004083340A - Process for recovering hydrogen from organic waste - Google Patents

Process for recovering hydrogen from organic waste Download PDF

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JP2004083340A
JP2004083340A JP2002246811A JP2002246811A JP2004083340A JP 2004083340 A JP2004083340 A JP 2004083340A JP 2002246811 A JP2002246811 A JP 2002246811A JP 2002246811 A JP2002246811 A JP 2002246811A JP 2004083340 A JP2004083340 A JP 2004083340A
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waste
gas
furnace
hydrogen
organic waste
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JP4246456B2 (en
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Naoki Dowaki
堂脇 直城
Kiyoshi Dowaki
堂脇 清志
Mitsuo Kameyama
亀山 光男
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JAPAN PLANNING ORGANIZATION Inc
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Priority to CA2496907A priority patent/CA2496907C/en
Priority to AU2003261772A priority patent/AU2003261772B2/en
Priority to PCT/JP2003/010878 priority patent/WO2004020331A1/en
Priority to CNB038201291A priority patent/CN100564247C/en
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10BDESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0916Biomass
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0916Biomass
    • C10J2300/092Wood, cellulose
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0946Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0973Water
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1807Recycle loops, e.g. gas, solids, heating medium, water
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1853Steam reforming, i.e. injection of steam only
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141Feedstock
    • Y02P20/145Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin

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  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a process for effectively using an energy and a gas obtained from organic wastes such as thinned wood, driftwood, waste timber, waste plastic, garbage, sludge, mowed grass and papermaking sludge. <P>SOLUTION: In the process, hydrogen is recovered by heating the organic waste at 500-600°C in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, mixing the generated pyrolysis gas with steam at 900-1,000°C and purifying the obtained reformed gas. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、未利用資源及び再生可能資源等の有機系廃棄物を有効利用する方法に関し、更に詳しくは、上記の有機系廃棄物から水素を回収する方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
間伐材及び廃木材は、古くは、焼却処分に付されていた。近年、省エネルギー及び熱の有効利用の観点から、これらの焼却熱を利用して発電する方法が検討されている。廃プラスチックは、これを加熱分解して油にする方法、又はこれを高炉還元材としてリサイクルすることが検討されており、かつ実用化もされている。また、生ごみ等は焼却処理が殆どであったが、最近では、これをメタン発酵処理してメタンを回収する方法、及びこれにより発電する方法が実用化されつつある。
【0003】
間伐材及び廃木材を処理する方法として、直接燃焼方式とガス化方式が挙げられる。直接燃焼方式は、上記材を完全燃焼させるものであり、該焼却炉としては、ストーカ炉、バブリング型流動床炉、循環流動床炉、循環移動床炉等がある。直接燃焼方式において回収、利用し得るものは熱エネルギーのみであり、そして、該熱エネルギーにより温水やスチームを発生させ発電を行う。一方、ガス化方式は、上記材を酸素や空気により部分酸化させるものであり、該ガス化炉としては、固定床炉、移動床炉、循環流動床炉、2段循環移動床炉、噴流床炉等がある。ガス化方式において回収、利用し得るものは熱エネルギーとガスである。そして、該熱エネルギーを利用して温水や電力を得ることができる。また、該ガスを燃料として温水や電力を回収することも可能である。いずれの方法においても、熱水や温水、電力を発生させても消費する工場がなく、有効利用できないでいるのが現状である。
【0004】
また、廃棄物焼却により発生するダイオキシンの削減のための規制措置により、間伐材や建設廃木材等の産業廃棄物及び一般廃棄物の単純焼却処理は規制を受けるようになり、単純な焼却処理ができなくなりつつある。一方で、建設廃木材のリサイクル推進が建設リサイクル法基本方針に盛り込まれ、建設廃木材等のリサイクル処理を余儀なくされている。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、有機系廃棄物、例えば、間伐材、流木材、廃木材、廃プラスチック、生ごみ、汚泥、刈草、製紙スラッジ等から得られるエネルギー及びガスを有効利用し得るための方法を提供するものである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、間伐材等の未利用資源や廃木材、その他の有機系廃棄物のリサイクル処理を促進し、更にエネルギーとしての有効活用を図るべく、上記の有機系廃棄物から水素を回収することに思い至った。そして、水素として回収することにより、エネルギーの貯蔵、輸送が可能になり、需要に応じて温水を製造したり、電力を発生させたりすることができ、また、水素の燃焼では二酸化炭素が発生しないため環境に与える影響が小さく、地球温暖化防止対策にも貢献できることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
【0007】
即ち、本発明は、
(1)有機系廃棄物を非酸化性雰囲気下において500〜600℃で加熱し、発生した熱分解ガスを900〜1000℃でスチームと混合せしめ、次いで、得た改質ガスを精製して水素を回収する方法である。
【0008】
好ましい態様として、
(2)有機系廃棄物が、間伐材、流木材、廃木材、廃プラスチック、生ごみ、汚泥、刈草及び製紙スラッジより成る群から選ばれる上記(1)記載の方法、
(3)有機系廃棄物が、間伐材、流木材及び廃木材より成る群から選ばれる上記(1)記載の方法、
(4)改質ガスを精製して水素を回収する手段が、PSA、膜分離及び深冷分離より成る群から選ばれる上記(1)〜(3)のいずれか一つに記載の方法、
(5)改質ガスを精製して水素を回収する手段が、PSAである上記(1)〜(3)のいずれか一つに記載の方法、
(6)上記の有機系廃棄物を非酸化性雰囲気下で加熱する温度が、530〜570℃である上記(1)〜(5)のいずれか一つに記載の方法、
(7)発生した熱分解ガスをスチームと混合せしめる温度が、950〜1000℃である上記(1)〜(6)のいずれか一つに記載の方法、
(8)上記の有機系廃棄物を非酸化性雰囲気下で加熱する際の圧力及び発生した熱分解ガスをスチームと混合せしめる際の圧力が、1MPa以下である上記(1)〜(7)のいずれか一つに記載の方法、
(9)上記の有機系廃棄物を非酸化性雰囲気下で加熱する際の圧力及び発生した熱分解ガスをスチームと混合せしめる際の圧力が、0.1〜1MPa以下である上記(1)〜(7)のいずれか一つに記載の方法、
(10)上記スチームと混合せしめて得た改質ガスに含まれる一酸化炭素と水を、反応せしめて水素を製造することを更に含む上記(1)〜(9)のいずれか一つに記載の方法
を挙げることができる。
【0009】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明で使用される有機系廃棄物としては、間伐材、流木材、竹材、稲藁、もみがら、とうもろこし、スイートソルガム、野菜、果物、花卉、海草、その他森林や河川、ダム、海岸から回収される木材や植物等の未利用資源、並びに廃木材、製材所廃材、竹廃材、剪定枝、刈草、廃プラスチック、生ごみ、食品残渣、野菜加工残渣、果物加工残渣、下水汚泥、し尿汚泥、集落排水汚泥、活性汚泥、製紙スラッジ等が挙げられる。このうち、好ましくは、間伐材、流木材、廃木材、廃プラスチック、生ごみ、汚泥、刈草、製紙スラッジが使用される。間伐材、流木材又は廃木材が特に好ましく使用される。
【0010】
該有機系廃棄物は、粗粉砕処理した程度の寸法を有していればよい。例えば、1mm以上15cm以下の板状、棒状、シート状又はその他の形状の固体でよい。また、1mm未満のものであれば、粒状、粉状、スラッジ状のいずれの形状であってもよい。該有機系廃棄物の水分は、その形状により異なるが、好ましくは50重量%以下、より好ましくは30重量%以下である。
【0011】
本発明においては、上記有機系廃棄物は、まず、非酸化性雰囲気下において加熱される。該加熱により、上記有機系廃棄物は熱分解を受け、熱分解ガスを発生する。
【0012】
加熱温度は、上限が600℃、好ましくは570℃であり、下限が500℃、好ましくは530℃である。上記の範囲を採用することにより、ガスの発生量を多くすることができる。上記下限未満では、有機系廃棄物が十分に熱分解しない。上記上限を超えては、ガスの発生量を高めることができない。該加熱の際の圧力は、上限が好ましくは1MPa、より好ましくは0.3MPaであり、下限が好ましくは0.1MPa、より好ましくは0.103MPaである。
【0013】
非酸化性雰囲気としては、好ましくは窒素が使用される。
【0014】
使用される加熱炉の形式、種類は特に限定されない。原料である有機系廃棄物を上記の温度に加熱できる性能を有していればいずれのものであってもよい。例えば、レトルト炉、シャフト炉、ロータリーキルン、固定床炉、移動層炉、流動層炉等が挙げられる。移動層炉、流動層炉の循環媒体の材質としては、例えば、アルミナ、シリカ、砂等が利用でき、その形状に特に制限はない。
【0015】
本発明においては、上記のようにして有機系廃棄物を加熱した後、発生した熱分解ガスをスチームと混合せしめる。これにより、熱分解ガスとスチームとが反応して、熱分解ガスを水素に富むガスへと改質することができる。
【0016】
熱分解ガスをスチームと混合せしめる温度は、上限が1000℃であり、下限が900℃、好ましくは950℃である。上記下限未満では、改質反応が進まず、また、上記上限を超えては、改質炉の材質に悪影響を与えるため好ましくない。
【0017】
上記改質反応を進行するための熱は、加熱された熱媒体によって供給される。該熱媒体の加熱源としては、上記の有機系廃棄物を非酸化性雰囲気下において加熱する際に発生するタール及びチャー(炭素及び灰分)を燃焼処理することにより得られる熱を利用する。該燃焼処理は、上記の有機系廃棄物を非酸化性雰囲気下において加熱する系とは別の系で実施することが好ましい。
【0018】
とりわけタールは、上記の有機系廃棄物を非酸化性雰囲気下において加熱する際に炉の連続運転に支障きたすことが多いことから、適宜、炉の底部より排出することが好ましい。これにより、連続運転を円滑に実施することが可能となる。また、タールや同時に副生されるチャーを抜き出して別の系で燃焼処理すれば、装置のトラブル回避と安全運転の維持に加えて、副生するタールやチャーを有効に活用することができる。
【0019】
熱分解ガスを改質するためのスチームは、改質炉から出る高温の改質ガスの熱を利用して、熱交換器を通じて工業用水又は上水から得られる。あるいは、別途ボイラーを設置してスチームを得てもよい。該スチームを供給する温度は好ましくは140℃以上であり、圧力は好ましくは0.376MPa以上である。限定されるものではないが、該温度及び圧力は、例えば、180℃及び1MPaである。改質炉には、連続的又は間歇的に噴霧して供給することができる。
【0020】
使用される改質炉の形式、種類は特に限定されない。例えば、レトルト炉、シャフト炉、ロータリーキルン、固定床炉、移動層炉、流動層炉等が挙げられる。通常、上記の加熱炉と同一の形式のものが使用されるが、それに限定されるものではなく、例えば、加熱炉としてロータリーキルンを使用し、一方、改質炉としてレトルト炉を使用するという組合せでもよい。移動層炉、流動層炉の循環媒体の材質としては、例えば、アルミナ、シリカ、砂等が利用でき、その形状に特に制限はない。
【0021】
改質炉を出た改質ガスは、好ましくはシフト反応層を通過される。これにより、改質ガス中に含まれる一酸化炭素と過剰のスチームとを反応せしめて、更に多くの水素を回収することができる。該シフト反応は公知である。例えば、二段階工程が使用される。第一段階において鉄‐クロム系の高温転化触媒が使用されて、好ましくは350〜500℃で反応され、ガス中の残留一酸化炭素濃度が3〜4体積%程度にされる。次いで、第二段階において銅‐亜鉛系の低温転化触媒が使用されて、好ましくは200〜250℃で反応されて、ガス中の残留一酸化炭素濃度が0.3〜0.4体積%程度にされる。また、反応時の圧力は、好ましくは1MPa以上、より好ましくは1〜3MPaである。該圧力は、通常、シフト反応層の前後の工程の圧力に合わせて決定され得る。
【0022】
上記のようにして得られた改質ガスは、好ましくは水で冷却され、次いで、該ガスを精製して水素を濃縮して水素が回収される。改質ガスを精製して水素を回収する手段としては公知の方法を使用し得る。例えば、圧力スイング吸着方式(PSA)、膜分離方式、深冷分離方式が挙げられる。このうち、ガス濃度を自由に調節でき、かつ安価であるということから、PSAが適している。PSAにおいては、例えば、吸着時間、吸着層の高さ等を変えることにより、回収する水素の濃度を適宜制御することができる。このようにして、上記のようにして得られた改質ガスを水素とそれ以外のガスとに分離して、水素を回収する。
【0023】
本発明の方法によれば、未利用資源及び再生可能資源の有効利用を図ることができる。また、二酸化炭素を排出せずして、有用な水素を回収することができる。従って、本発明の方法は広い産業分野で使用し得る。例えば、林業、製材業、畜産業、建設業、環境事業、運輸業、燃料供給業、ガス供給業、プラスチック製造業等で利用することができる。
【0024】
以下、本発明を実施例により更に詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれら実施例により限定されるものではない。
【0025】
【実施例】
実施例において使用した装置は図1の通りである。ここで、加熱炉及び改質炉としては、いずれも底部がすり鉢状になったレトルト炉を使用し、水素精製装置としてはPSAを使用した。
【0026】
【実施例1】
製材所から廃棄された廃木材(スギ廃材)を使用してガス化した。該廃木材は、粗粉砕したものであり、割り箸程度の寸法の棒状物、鋸屑状物、トランプ程度の寸法の薄板状物等の混合物であった。該廃木材の性状を表1に示す。
【0027】
【表1】

Figure 2004083340
表1の各値は下記の方法に従って測定したものである。
水分、灰分:JIS−M8812(1993)
総発熱量:JIS−M8814(1993)
元素組成:JIS−M8819(1997)
【0028】
該廃木材をフィーダーにより、550℃の温度及び0.103MPaの圧力に保持された加熱炉に連続的に導入した。該廃木材の供給量は、286kg/時間であり、加熱炉での該廃木材のみかけの滞留時間は約1時間であった。
【0029】
加熱炉の頂部から熱分解により生じたガスが244kg/時間で得られた。該ガスは、続いて、950℃の温度及び0.103MPaの圧力に保持された改質炉に導入された。同時に改質炉には、50kg/時間で過熱スチーム(180℃、1MPa)が導入されてガス改質がなされた。
【0030】
950℃の改質されたガスが294kg/時間の量で得られた。次いで、該ガスは、冷却装置で水と接触されて40℃に冷却された。該ガスの組成は、表2に示すとおりである。
【0031】
【表2】
Figure 2004083340
表2のガス組成はガスクロマトグラフィー(株式会社島津製作所製、GC8A)により測定したものである。
【0032】
次いで、冷却されたガスは、水素精製装置に導入されて水素濃度が95体積%である水素リッチガスが30kg/時間で回収された。該精製後のガス組成は表3に示す通りである。
【0033】
【表3】
Figure 2004083340
表3のガス組成は表2と同じガスクロマトグラフィーにより測定したものである。
【0034】
【発明の効果】
本発明は、有機系廃棄物、例えば、間伐材、流木材、廃木材、廃プラスチック、生ごみ、汚泥、刈草、製紙スラッジ等から得られるエネルギー及びガスを有効利用し得るための方法を提供する。これにより、未利用資源又は有機性廃棄物をエネルギー原料としてリサイクル使用できる。これまで、廃棄物の処理とエネルギー製造は別々に実施されていたが、同一装置で行うことにより、エネルギー利用効率を向上し得る。また、二酸化炭素を発生しないで水素を回収することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】実施例で使用した装置の概略を示す図である。
【符号の説明】
A:加熱炉
B:改質炉
C:ガス冷却装置
D:水素精製装置(PSA)
1:廃木材
2:スチーム
3:冷却ガス
4:水素リッチガス
5:廃ガス
6:タール及びチャー
7:熱媒体[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for effectively utilizing organic waste such as unused resources and renewable resources, and more particularly, to a method for recovering hydrogen from the above-mentioned organic waste.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In the old days, thinned wood and waste wood had been incinerated. In recent years, from the viewpoint of energy saving and effective use of heat, a method of generating power by using these incineration heats has been studied. A method of decomposing waste plastic by heating to obtain an oil, or recycling it as a blast furnace reducing material has been studied, and has been put to practical use. In addition, most of garbage and the like are incinerated, but recently, a method of recovering methane by subjecting it to methane fermentation and a method of generating power by using the method have been put into practical use.
[0003]
Methods for treating thinned wood and waste wood include a direct combustion method and a gasification method. The direct combustion method completely burns the above-mentioned materials. Examples of the incinerator include a stoker furnace, a bubbling type fluidized bed furnace, a circulating fluidized bed furnace, a circulating moving bed furnace and the like. In the direct combustion method, only thermal energy can be recovered and used, and the thermal energy generates hot water or steam to generate power. On the other hand, in the gasification method, the above materials are partially oxidized by oxygen or air. Examples of the gasification furnace include a fixed bed furnace, a moving bed furnace, a circulating fluidized bed furnace, a two-stage circulating moving bed furnace, and a spouted bed. There are furnaces. What can be recovered and used in the gasification method is thermal energy and gas. Then, hot water or electric power can be obtained using the thermal energy. It is also possible to recover hot water or electric power using the gas as fuel. In any method, even if hot water, hot water, or electric power is generated, there is no factory that consumes the hot water, hot water, and electric power cannot be used effectively.
[0004]
In addition, due to regulatory measures to reduce dioxins generated by waste incineration, simple incineration of industrial waste and general waste, such as thinned wood and construction waste wood, has been restricted. It is becoming impossible. On the other hand, the promotion of recycling of construction waste wood is included in the basic policy of the Construction Recycling Law, and the recycling of construction waste wood is inevitable.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention provides a method for effectively utilizing energy and gas obtained from organic wastes such as thinned wood, driftwood, waste wood, waste plastic, garbage, sludge, grass, paper sludge, and the like. Things.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have promoted the recycling of unused resources such as thinned wood, waste wood, and other organic wastes, and have also recovered hydrogen from the above-mentioned organic wastes in order to effectively utilize them as energy. I decided to do it. And, by recovering as hydrogen, energy storage and transportation becomes possible, hot water can be manufactured or electric power can be generated according to demand, and carbon dioxide is not generated by burning hydrogen Therefore, the present inventors have found that they have a small effect on the environment and can contribute to measures to prevent global warming, and have completed the present invention.
[0007]
That is, the present invention
(1) The organic waste is heated at 500 to 600 ° C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, the generated pyrolysis gas is mixed with steam at 900 to 1000 ° C., and the obtained reformed gas is purified to obtain hydrogen. It is a method of collecting.
[0008]
As a preferred embodiment,
(2) The method according to (1) above, wherein the organic waste is selected from the group consisting of thinned wood, driftwood, waste wood, waste plastic, garbage, sludge, cut grass, and papermaking sludge.
(3) The method according to (1), wherein the organic waste is selected from the group consisting of thinned wood, driftwood and waste wood.
(4) The method according to any one of (1) to (3) above, wherein the means for purifying the reformed gas to recover hydrogen is selected from the group consisting of PSA, membrane separation, and cryogenic separation.
(5) The method according to any one of (1) to (3) above, wherein the means for purifying the reformed gas to recover hydrogen is PSA.
(6) The method according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the temperature at which the organic waste is heated under a non-oxidizing atmosphere is 530 to 570 ° C.
(7) The method according to any one of the above (1) to (6), wherein the temperature at which the generated pyrolysis gas is mixed with steam is 950 to 1000 ° C.
(8) The pressure of the above (1) to (7), wherein the pressure when heating the organic waste in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and the pressure when mixing the generated pyrolysis gas with steam are 1 MPa or less. The method according to any one,
(9) The above (1) to (1) to wherein the pressure when heating the organic waste in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and the pressure when mixing the generated pyrolysis gas with steam are 0.1 to 1 MPa or less. The method according to any one of (7),
(10) The method according to any one of the above (1) to (9), further comprising reacting carbon monoxide and water contained in the reformed gas obtained by mixing with the steam to produce hydrogen. Can be mentioned.
[0009]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The organic waste used in the present invention includes thinning materials, driftwood, bamboo materials, rice straw, rice straw, corn, sweet sorghum, vegetables, fruits, flowers, seaweed, and other collected from forests, rivers, dams, and coasts. Unused resources such as wood and plants, as well as waste wood, sawmill waste, bamboo waste, pruned branches, cut grass, waste plastic, garbage, food residues, vegetable processing residues, fruit processing residues, sewage sludge, human waste sludge, Village drainage sludge, activated sludge, papermaking sludge, and the like. Of these, thinning materials, driftwood, waste wood, waste plastic, garbage, sludge, cut grass, and papermaking sludge are preferably used. Thinned wood, driftwood or waste wood is particularly preferably used.
[0010]
The organic waste has only to have a size that has been roughly pulverized. For example, a solid of 1 mm or more and 15 cm or less, such as a plate, a bar, a sheet, or another shape may be used. In addition, as long as it is less than 1 mm, it may be in any of granular, powdery, and sludge shapes. The water content of the organic waste varies depending on its shape, but is preferably 50% by weight or less, more preferably 30% by weight or less.
[0011]
In the present invention, the organic waste is first heated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. By the heating, the organic waste undergoes thermal decomposition to generate a pyrolysis gas.
[0012]
The upper limit of the heating temperature is 600 ° C, preferably 570 ° C, and the lower limit is 500 ° C, preferably 530 ° C. By adopting the above range, the amount of generated gas can be increased. Below the lower limit, the organic waste is not sufficiently thermally decomposed. If the upper limit is exceeded, the amount of generated gas cannot be increased. The upper limit of the pressure during the heating is preferably 1 MPa, more preferably 0.3 MPa, and the lower limit is preferably 0.1 MPa, more preferably 0.103 MPa.
[0013]
Nitrogen is preferably used as the non-oxidizing atmosphere.
[0014]
The type and type of heating furnace used are not particularly limited. Any material may be used as long as it has the ability to heat the organic waste as a raw material to the above-mentioned temperature. For example, a retort furnace, a shaft furnace, a rotary kiln, a fixed bed furnace, a moving bed furnace, a fluidized bed furnace and the like can be mentioned. As a material of the circulating medium of the moving bed furnace or the fluidized bed furnace, for example, alumina, silica, sand, or the like can be used, and the shape thereof is not particularly limited.
[0015]
In the present invention, after the organic waste is heated as described above, the generated pyrolysis gas is mixed with steam. As a result, the pyrolysis gas and the steam react, and the pyrolysis gas can be reformed into a hydrogen-rich gas.
[0016]
The upper limit of the temperature at which the pyrolysis gas is mixed with steam is 1000 ° C., and the lower limit is 900 ° C., preferably 950 ° C. If the amount is less than the above lower limit, the reforming reaction does not proceed, and if the amount exceeds the above upper limit, the material of the reforming furnace is adversely affected.
[0017]
Heat for advancing the reforming reaction is supplied by a heated heat medium. As a heat source of the heat medium, heat obtained by burning tar and char (carbon and ash) generated when the above-mentioned organic waste is heated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere is used. The combustion treatment is preferably performed in a system different from the system in which the organic waste is heated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
[0018]
Particularly, tar is preferably discharged from the bottom of the furnace as appropriate, since the heating of the organic waste in a non-oxidizing atmosphere often hinders the continuous operation of the furnace. Thereby, continuous operation can be smoothly performed. Further, if the tar and the by-produced char are extracted and burned in another system, the by-produced tar and char can be effectively utilized in addition to avoiding trouble of the apparatus and maintaining safe operation.
[0019]
Steam for reforming the pyrolysis gas is obtained from industrial water or tap water through a heat exchanger using the heat of the high-temperature reforming gas emitted from the reforming furnace. Alternatively, steam may be obtained by installing a separate boiler. The temperature at which the steam is supplied is preferably at least 140 ° C., and the pressure is preferably at least 0.376 MPa. Although not limited, the temperature and the pressure are, for example, 180 ° C. and 1 MPa. The reforming furnace can be supplied continuously or intermittently by spraying.
[0020]
The type and type of the reforming furnace used are not particularly limited. For example, a retort furnace, a shaft furnace, a rotary kiln, a fixed bed furnace, a moving bed furnace, a fluidized bed furnace and the like can be mentioned. Usually, the same type as the heating furnace described above is used, but is not limited thereto, for example, a combination of using a rotary kiln as a heating furnace, while using a retort furnace as a reforming furnace Good. As a material of the circulating medium of the moving bed furnace or the fluidized bed furnace, for example, alumina, silica, sand, or the like can be used, and the shape thereof is not particularly limited.
[0021]
The reformed gas leaving the reforming furnace is preferably passed through a shift reaction layer. As a result, carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas is allowed to react with excess steam, and more hydrogen can be recovered. The shift reaction is known. For example, a two-step process is used. In the first step, an iron-chromium-based high-temperature conversion catalyst is used, and the reaction is preferably carried out at 350 to 500 ° C., so that the concentration of residual carbon monoxide in the gas is about 3 to 4% by volume. Next, in the second stage, a low-temperature conversion catalyst of a copper-zinc system is used, and is preferably reacted at 200 to 250 ° C. to reduce the residual carbon monoxide concentration in the gas to about 0.3 to 0.4% by volume. Is done. The pressure during the reaction is preferably 1 MPa or more, more preferably 1 to 3 MPa. The pressure can usually be determined in accordance with the pressure in the steps before and after the shift reaction layer.
[0022]
The reformed gas obtained as described above is preferably cooled with water, and then the gas is purified to concentrate hydrogen and recover hydrogen. As a means for purifying the reformed gas and recovering hydrogen, a known method can be used. For example, there are a pressure swing adsorption method (PSA), a membrane separation method, and a cryogenic separation method. Among them, PSA is suitable because the gas concentration can be freely adjusted and it is inexpensive. In PSA, for example, the concentration of hydrogen to be recovered can be appropriately controlled by changing the adsorption time, the height of the adsorption layer, and the like. In this way, the reformed gas obtained as described above is separated into hydrogen and other gases, and hydrogen is recovered.
[0023]
According to the method of the present invention, it is possible to effectively use unused resources and renewable resources. Further, useful hydrogen can be recovered without emitting carbon dioxide. Therefore, the method of the present invention can be used in a wide range of industrial fields. For example, it can be used in forestry, lumber industry, livestock industry, construction industry, environmental business, transportation industry, fuel supply industry, gas supply industry, plastic manufacturing industry, and the like.
[0024]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples.
[0025]
【Example】
The apparatus used in the examples is as shown in FIG. Here, as the heating furnace and the reforming furnace, a retort furnace having a mortar-shaped bottom was used, and PSA was used as a hydrogen purifier.
[0026]
Embodiment 1
Gasification was performed using waste wood (cedar waste) discarded from a sawmill. The waste wood was coarsely pulverized, and was a mixture of rods, sawdust, thin plates having the size of a trump card, and the like. Table 1 shows the properties of the waste wood.
[0027]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004083340
Each value in Table 1 was measured according to the following method.
Moisture and ash: JIS-M8812 (1993)
Total calorific value: JIS-M8814 (1993)
Element composition: JIS-M8819 (1997)
[0028]
The waste wood was continuously introduced by a feeder into a heating furnace maintained at a temperature of 550 ° C. and a pressure of 0.103 MPa. The supply amount of the waste wood was 286 kg / hour, and the apparent residence time of the waste wood in the heating furnace was about 1 hour.
[0029]
From the top of the heating furnace, gas generated by thermal decomposition was obtained at 244 kg / hour. The gas was subsequently introduced into a reforming furnace maintained at a temperature of 950 ° C. and a pressure of 0.103 MPa. At the same time, superheated steam (180 ° C., 1 MPa) was introduced into the reforming furnace at a rate of 50 kg / hour to perform gas reforming.
[0030]
A reformed gas at 950 ° C. was obtained in an amount of 294 kg / h. The gas was then cooled to 40 ° C. in contact with water in a cooling device. The composition of the gas is as shown in Table 2.
[0031]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004083340
The gas compositions in Table 2 were measured by gas chromatography (GC8A, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
[0032]
Next, the cooled gas was introduced into a hydrogen purifier, and a hydrogen-rich gas having a hydrogen concentration of 95% by volume was recovered at a rate of 30 kg / hour. The gas composition after the purification is as shown in Table 3.
[0033]
[Table 3]
Figure 2004083340
The gas compositions in Table 3 were measured by the same gas chromatography as in Table 2.
[0034]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention provides a method for effectively utilizing energy and gas obtained from organic wastes such as thinned wood, driftwood, waste wood, waste plastic, garbage, sludge, grass, paper sludge, and the like. . Thereby, unused resources or organic wastes can be recycled and used as energy raw materials. Heretofore, waste treatment and energy production have been performed separately, but by using the same device, energy use efficiency can be improved. Further, hydrogen can be recovered without generating carbon dioxide.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a view schematically showing an apparatus used in an example.
[Explanation of symbols]
A: heating furnace B: reforming furnace C: gas cooling device D: hydrogen purification device (PSA)
1: Waste wood 2: Steam 3: Cooling gas 4: Hydrogen rich gas 5: Waste gas 6: Tar and char 7: Heat medium

Claims (4)

有機系廃棄物を非酸化性雰囲気下において500〜600℃で加熱し、発生した熱分解ガスを900〜1000℃でスチームと混合せしめ、次いで、得た改質ガスを精製して水素を回収する方法。The organic waste is heated at 500 to 600 ° C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, the generated pyrolysis gas is mixed with steam at 900 to 1000 ° C., and then the obtained reformed gas is purified to recover hydrogen. Method. 有機系廃棄物が、間伐材、流木材、廃木材、廃プラスチック、生ごみ、汚泥、刈草及び製紙スラッジより成る群から選ばれる請求項1記載の方法。The method of claim 1, wherein the organic waste is selected from the group consisting of thinned wood, driftwood, waste wood, waste plastic, garbage, sludge, grass, and papermaking sludge. 有機系廃棄物が、間伐材、流木材及び廃木材より成る群から選ばれる請求項1記載の方法。The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic waste is selected from the group consisting of thinned wood, driftwood and waste wood. 改質ガスを精製して水素を回収する手段が、PSA、膜分離及び深冷分離より成る群から選ばれる請求項1〜3のいずれか一つに記載の方法。The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the means for purifying the reformed gas to recover hydrogen is selected from the group consisting of PSA, membrane separation and cryogenic separation.
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