JP2000102105A - Small-sized electric vehicle - Google Patents
Small-sized electric vehicleInfo
- Publication number
- JP2000102105A JP2000102105A JP10271519A JP27151998A JP2000102105A JP 2000102105 A JP2000102105 A JP 2000102105A JP 10271519 A JP10271519 A JP 10271519A JP 27151998 A JP27151998 A JP 27151998A JP 2000102105 A JP2000102105 A JP 2000102105A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- traveling
- electric vehicle
- voltage
- electric motor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Landscapes
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
- Automatic Cycles, And Cycles In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、バッテリーで走行
用電動モータを駆動する小型電動車に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a small electric vehicle that drives a traveling electric motor with a battery.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来、この種の小型電動車にあっては、
バッテリーの残り容量の表示を例えばバーグラフ式のバ
ッテリー容量表示を行うもの等が周知であるとともに、
その残り容量はバッテリーの端子間電圧を換算して表示
していた。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in such a small electric vehicle,
It is well known that the display of the remaining battery capacity is, for example, a bar graph type battery capacity display.
The remaining capacity was displayed by converting the voltage between the terminals of the battery.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、上記従
来の小型電動車にあっては、バッテリーの残り容量をバ
ッテリーの端子間電圧に基づいて換算して表示するよう
にしていたから、次のような問題があった。すなわち、
複数のバッテリーを搭載するものにおいては、各個別の
バッテリー毎に個体差があって、そのため全バッテリー
の端子間電圧に基づいて精度の良い残り容量を換算する
ことが難しいものとなっていた。また、バッテリーの容
量や放電特性は経年変化していくのであって、バッテリ
ーの端子間電圧と残り容量との関係が新品と、中古品と
では大きく異なるため残り容量を正確に換算することが
難しいものであった。さらに、操縦者はランプ等の表示
でバッテリー容量を確認しなければならないのである
が、それを忘れる虞れも高いため、バッテリー容量の残
量がほぼなくなることで走行不能になって気付くという
課題もあった。However, in the above-mentioned conventional small electric vehicle, the remaining capacity of the battery is converted and displayed based on the voltage between the terminals of the battery. there were. That is,
In the case where a plurality of batteries are mounted, there is an individual difference for each individual battery, and therefore, it is difficult to convert the remaining capacity with high accuracy based on the voltage between terminals of all the batteries. In addition, since the capacity and discharge characteristics of the battery change over time, it is difficult to accurately convert the remaining capacity because the relationship between the voltage between the terminals of the battery and the remaining capacity is significantly different between new and used products. Was something. In addition, the driver must confirm the battery capacity on the display such as a lamp, but there is also a high risk of forgetting to do so. there were.
【０００４】本発明は、上記実情に鑑みてなされたもの
であって、操縦者にバッテリー容量が限界に近いことを
明確に報知可能な小型電動車の提供を目的とする。[0004] The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and has as its object to provide a small electric vehicle capable of clearly notifying a driver that the battery capacity is near the limit.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】（構成） 本発明の請求
項１にかかる小型電動車は、バッテリーで走行用電動モ
ータを駆動する小型電動車であって、前記バッテリーの
端子間電圧を検出する電圧検出手段を設けるとともに、
該電圧検出手段で検出される値が所定値以下になると、
報知手段を作動させる信号を出力するとともに、前記バ
ッテリーから前記電動モータへの電力供給を禁止して自
動的に走行停止する自動走行停止手段を設け、該自動走
行停止手段によって走行停止した状態において、前記電
動モータへの電力供給が可能となるようリセットする人
為操作式のリセット手段を設けてあることを特徴構成と
する。(Structure) A small electric vehicle according to a first aspect of the present invention is a small electric vehicle that drives a traveling electric motor with a battery, and detects a voltage between terminals of the battery. In addition to providing voltage detection means,
When the value detected by the voltage detecting means becomes a predetermined value or less,
Along with outputting a signal for activating the notifying unit, an automatic traveling stop unit that inhibits power supply from the battery to the electric motor and automatically stops traveling is provided, and in a state where traveling is stopped by the automatic traveling stopping unit, It is characterized in that a manually operated reset means for resetting so that power supply to the electric motor is enabled is provided.
【０００６】（作用） 本発明の請求項１にかかる構成
によれば、予め設定されたバッテリー端子間電圧、つま
りある程度の距離を走行可能なだけのバッテリー容量に
対応するバッテリー端子間電圧値以下になったと判断さ
れると、バッテリーの残り容量が少なくなって走行不能
になる前に、自動的に走行停止するので、操縦者はバッ
テリーに充電しなければならないことをはっきりと認識
することになり、従来のように単に表示装置等でそのこ
とを報知するよりも確実に操縦者に長距離の走行が可能
でないことを認識させることができる。そして、自動停
止した後、操縦者はリセット手段を操作することによっ
て走行可能な状態にリセットすることができて、一時的
にしても小型電動車を走行させることができる。(Operation) According to the configuration of the first aspect of the present invention, the voltage between the battery terminals is set to a predetermined voltage between the battery terminals, that is, a voltage between the battery terminals corresponding to a battery capacity capable of traveling a certain distance. If it is determined that the battery is no longer running, it will automatically stop running before the remaining battery capacity becomes low and it will not be possible to drive, so the pilot will clearly recognize that the battery needs to be charged, It is possible to make the operator more sure that long-distance traveling is not possible than simply informing the display device or the like as in the related art. Then, after the automatic stop, the pilot can reset the vehicle to a runnable state by operating the reset means, and can even run the small electric vehicle even temporarily.
【０００７】（効果） 従って、本発明の請求項１にか
かる構成によれば、バッテリー容量がかなり低くなると
自動的に走行停止するようにして、明確に操縦者にバッ
テリー容量が少ないことを認知させることができるとと
もに、小型電動車もそのまま停止状態となっているので
なく、リセットさせることで必要に応じて走行可能にで
きることで例えば充電を行えるところまで移動させるこ
とが図れるものとなっており、非常に利便性が高い。(Effects) Therefore, according to the first aspect of the present invention, when the battery capacity becomes extremely low, the vehicle automatically stops running, so that the operator can clearly recognize that the battery capacity is low. In addition to the fact that the small electric vehicle is not stopped as it is, it can be moved to a place where charging can be performed by resetting it so that it can run if necessary, for example, Highly convenient.
【０００８】（構成） 本発明の請求項２にかかる小型
電動車は、請求項１に記載のものにおいて、前記リセッ
ト手段は、メインキースイッチをオフ操作した後オン操
作することで前記リセットを可能とするように構成して
あることを特徴構成とする。(Structure) According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided the small-sized electric vehicle according to the first aspect, wherein the reset means is capable of performing the reset by turning on and then off the main key switch. Is a characteristic configuration.
【０００９】（作用） 本発明の請求項２にかかる構成
によれば、専用のリセット用スイッチを別途設けなくて
も本来的に設けられるメインキースイッチを一旦オフ操
作した後オン操作することによって、簡易にリセットが
行える。(Function) According to the configuration of the second aspect of the present invention, the main key switch originally provided is once turned off and then turned on without separately providing a dedicated reset switch. Reset can be performed easily.
【００１０】（効果） 従って、本発明の請求項２にか
かる構成によれば、専用のリセットスイッチを設けなく
ても本来的に備えられてるメインキースイッチの利用で
リセットを図るから、部品点数の低減を図ることができ
て、コスト低下できるものとなっている。(Effects) Therefore, according to the configuration of the second aspect of the present invention, the reset can be performed by using the originally provided main key switch without providing a dedicated reset switch. The cost can be reduced by reducing the cost.
【００１１】[0011]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の実施の形態を図面
に基づいて説明する。図１に、小型電動車の一例を示し
ている。この小型電動車は、操縦ハンドル１で操向操作
される単一輪の前車輪２と、電動モータ３で駆動される
左右一対の後車輪４，４とで支持された車体フレーム５
に、搭乗用の座席６、電源部７、制御装置８等を装備し
て構成している。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows an example of a small electric vehicle. This small electric vehicle has a body frame 5 supported by a single front wheel 2 steered by a steering handle 1 and a pair of left and right rear wheels 4, 4 driven by an electric motor 3.
And a seat 6, a power supply unit 7, a control device 8, and the like for boarding.
【００１２】そして、図２に示すように、電源部７は、
左右一対の車体フレーム５に載置状態で設置するバッテ
リー９，９と、そのバッテリー９，９間に配設される充
電器１０とで構成される。両バッテリー９，９は直列接
続されているとともに、前記電動モータ３及び図示しな
い前照灯等の電装品に電力供給するよう接続されてい
る。各バッテリー９，９の端子間電圧を検出する検出手
段１１を設けるとともに、該検出手段１１によるバッテ
リー端子間電圧値の情報を前記制御装置８に入力してい
る。制御装置８は、マイクロコンピュータを装備したも
のであって、前記検出手段１１，１１による検出結果に
基づいて、予め設定された所定電圧Ｖ１より端子間電圧
の値が低下したことを検出する（図３のステップＳ３参
照）と、その検出結果に基づいて、３０秒経過後操縦ハ
ンドル１に設けた表示パネル１２の報知手段としての表
示灯１３を点滅作動させる。尚、この表示灯１３は、バ
ッテリー端子間電圧を複数のフォトダイオードで表示す
るものの全体が点滅するようにしている。そして、その
点滅作動させて１８０秒後で自動的に走行停止するよ
う、バッテリー９，９から電動モータ３に電力供給する
回路中に介装されたスイッチング素子１４をＯＦＦ状態
に切り換える信号を出力する自動走行停止手段１５を制
御装置８に備えている（図３のステップＳ４参照）。そ
して、自動走行停止手段１５によって、放電を停止され
たバッテリー９，９はある程度の走行を可能にするだけ
の端子間電圧を回復することになる。従って、自動走行
停止手段１５で走行停止した後、数分程度待ってからメ
インキースイッチ１６を一旦ＯＦＦ操作した後ＯＮ操作
する（図３のステップＳ５、ステップＳ６参照）と、表
示灯１３による点滅作動が消灯状態となるとともに、前
記自動走行停止手段１５による走行不能な状態が走行可
能な状態に切り換えられる（図３のステップＳ７参照）
のであって、その切換を制御装置８内に備えるリセット
手段１７で行う。そして、リセット手段１７によるリセ
ットは上述のようにメインキースイッチ１６の人手操作
によるＯＮ・ＯＦＦによって行われるのである。その走
行可能な状態で操縦者は小型電動車を充電等の可能な場
所に運転して移動させることになる。尚、その場合でも
回復したバッテリー電圧が再び低下してＶ１より低くな
ると、自動的に走行停止することになり、再度のリセッ
トを行ったりする。上述の実施の形態では、バッテリー
の端子間電圧の検出結果のみに基づいて所定電圧値より
低くなると自動停止させるものを示したが、そのバッテ
リーの端子間電圧の検出結果と、放電電流値とを組合わ
せて実際の放電量を算出して所定以上の過放電状態を検
出すると自動的に走行停止するように構成しても良い。
また、前記表示灯１３を点滅作動する際に、同時にブザ
ー等の音声によって報知しても良いとともに、音声のみ
で報知手段を構成して報知するようにしても良い。Then, as shown in FIG.
It is composed of batteries 9, 9 installed on a pair of left and right body frames 5, and a charger 10 arranged between the batteries 9, 9. The batteries 9 are connected in series, and are connected to supply electric power to the electric motor 3 and electric components such as a headlight (not shown). A detecting means 11 for detecting a voltage between terminals of each of the batteries 9 and 9 is provided, and information of a voltage value between battery terminals by the detecting means 11 is input to the control device 8. The control device 8 is equipped with a microcomputer, and detects that the value of the terminal-to-terminal voltage has dropped from a predetermined voltage V1 set in advance based on the detection results by the detection means 11, 11 (FIG. 3), and based on the detection result, after 30 seconds elapse, the indicator light 13 as a notification means of the display panel 12 provided on the steering wheel 1 is turned on and off. The display lamp 13 displays the voltage between the battery terminals with a plurality of photodiodes, and the entire display blinks. Then, a signal for switching the switching element 14 provided in the circuit for supplying power to the electric motor 3 from the batteries 9 and 9 to the OFF state is output so that the blinking operation is performed and the traveling is automatically stopped after 180 seconds. The automatic traveling stop means 15 is provided in the control device 8 (see step S4 in FIG. 3). Then, the batteries 9, 9 whose discharging has been stopped by the automatic running stopping means 15 recover the inter-terminal voltage sufficient to enable a certain degree of running. Therefore, after the traveling is stopped by the automatic traveling stopping means 15, after waiting several minutes, the main key switch 16 is once turned off and then turned on (see steps S5 and S6 in FIG. 3). When the operation is turned off, the state in which the automatic traveling stop means 15 cannot travel is switched to a state in which traveling is possible (see step S7 in FIG. 3).
The switching is performed by reset means 17 provided in the control device 8. The reset by the reset means 17 is performed by manually turning on and off the main key switch 16 as described above. The driver drives and moves the small electric vehicle to a place where charging or the like is possible in a state where the vehicle can travel. Even in such a case, when the recovered battery voltage drops again and becomes lower than V1, the vehicle stops running automatically, and resetting is performed again. In the above-described embodiment, the automatic stop is performed when the voltage becomes lower than the predetermined voltage value based only on the detection result of the voltage between the terminals of the battery, but the detection result of the voltage between the terminals of the battery and the discharge current value are used. The vehicle may be configured to automatically stop traveling when an actual discharge amount is calculated in combination and an overdischarge state equal to or greater than a predetermined value is detected.
In addition, when the indicator light 13 is turned on and off, the notification may be simultaneously made by a sound such as a buzzer, or the notification means may be constituted only by the sound to make the notification.
【００１３】次に、上り坂等を走行する際に車体の安定
性を高めるための構造について簡単に説明する。図４に
示すように、左右一対の車体フレーム５，５の後部は夫
々上方に立ち上がってその上端部が後方に延出されるよ
うに構成しているのであって、その立ち上がりした後部
フレーム部５Ａ，５Ａの立ち上がり箇所において横軸芯
Ｐ１周りで上下揺動自在に設けた支持アーム１８，１８
には後車輪４，４の車軸ケース２０や、電動モータ３を
取付支持している。そして、左右一対のサスペンション
機構２１，２１によって支持アーム１８，１８が後部フ
レーム部５Ａ，５Ａに振動吸収可能に支持されている。
さらに、図４に示すように、ベルクランク状のアーム１
９を左右一対の各支持アーム１８，１８に横軸芯Ｐ２周
りで揺動自在に支持されているとともに、各アーム１９
における長尺アームの先端に接地輪２２を軸支してい
る。また、各アーム１９における短尺アームは、前記後
部フレーム部５Ａ，５Ａのそれぞれの先端部に軸支され
たリンクアーム２３，２３の遊端に軸支している。Next, a structure for improving the stability of the vehicle body when traveling on an uphill or the like will be briefly described. As shown in FIG. 4, the rear portions of the pair of left and right body frames 5, 5 are configured to rise upward, and the upper ends thereof extend rearward. Support arms 18, 18 provided to be able to swing up and down around the horizontal axis P1 at the rising point of 5A
The axle case 20 for the rear wheels 4 and 4 and the electric motor 3 are attached and supported. The support arms 18, 18 are supported by the rear frame portions 5A, 5A so as to be able to absorb vibration by a pair of left and right suspension mechanisms 21, 21.
Further, as shown in FIG.
9 is supported by a pair of left and right support arms 18 and 18 so as to be swingable around a horizontal axis P2, and each arm 19
The grounding wheel 22 is pivotally supported at the distal end of the long arm in FIG. The short arm of each arm 19 is pivotally supported by the free ends of the link arms 23, 23 which are pivotally supported at the respective distal ends of the rear frame portions 5A, 5A.
【００１４】上記構成によって、図４（ロ）に示すよう
に、上り坂を走行する際には、後部側が下方に傾くこと
になるので、リンクアーム２３，２３はアーム１９，１
９を下方に揺動し、その揺動に連動して接地輪２２，２
２を下方に揺動する。これによって、上り坂では接地輪
２２，２２が下方に揺動して地面に接近して接地可能と
なっているので、例えば車体の後方への傾きを接地輪２
２，２２による接地で抑制し易くなっている。With the above configuration, as shown in FIG. 4 (b), when traveling on an uphill, the rear side is inclined downward, so that the link arms 23 are connected to the arms 19,1.
9 is swung downward, and the grounding wheels 22 and 2 are interlocked with the swing.
Swing 2 downward. As a result, on an uphill, the grounding wheels 22 and 22 swing downward and approach the ground to be able to touch the ground.
It is easy to suppress by grounding by 2, 22.
【図１】小型電動車を示す全体側面図FIG. 1 is an overall side view showing a small electric vehicle.
【図２】要部にかかるブロック図FIG. 2 is a block diagram according to a main part.
【図３】要部にかかるフローチャートFIG. 3 is a flowchart according to a main part.
【図４】平地走行時（イ）と登坂走行時（ロ）の車体後
部の接地輪等を示す側面図FIG. 4 is a side view showing a ground contact wheel and the like at the rear of the vehicle body when traveling on level ground (a) and when traveling uphill (b).
３ 電動モータ ９ バッテリー １１ 電圧検出手段 １３ 報知手段 １５ 自動走行停止手段 １６ メインキースイッチ １７ リセット手段 Reference Signs List 3 electric motor 9 battery 11 voltage detection means 13 notification means 15 automatic traveling stop means 16 main key switch 17 reset means
フロントページの続き (72)発明者 川端 権四郎 大阪府堺市石津北町64番地 株式会社クボ タ堺製造所内 Ｆターム(参考） 5H115 PC06 PG06 PI16 PI29 PI30 PO01 PO07 PO09 PO14 PU01 QN03 TI05 TR19 TU06 TU17 TZ02 TZ07 UB01 UB05 UB11Continued on the front page (72) Inventor Gon-shiro Kawabata 64 Ishizukita-cho, Sakai-shi, Osaka F-term in Kubota Sakai Works (reference) 5H115 PC06 PG06 PI16 PI29 PI30 PO01 PO07 PO09 PO14 PU01 QN03 TI05 TR19 TU06 TU17 TZ02 TZ07 UB01 UB05 UB11
Claims (2)
る小型電動車であって、 前記バッテリーの端子間電圧を検出する電圧検出手段を
設けるとともに、該電圧検出手段で検出される値が所定
値以下になると、報知手段を作動させる信号を出力する
とともに、前記バッテリーから前記電動モータへの電力
供給を禁止して自動的に走行停止する自動走行停止手段
を設け、該自動走行停止手段によって走行停止した状態
において、前記電動モータへの電力供給が可能となるよ
うリセットする人為操作式のリセット手段を設けてある
小型電動車。1. A small electric vehicle that drives a traveling electric motor with a battery, wherein a voltage detecting means for detecting a voltage between terminals of the battery is provided, and a value detected by the voltage detecting means is a predetermined value or less. In this case, a signal for activating the notifying means is output, and an automatic traveling stop means is provided which inhibits power supply from the battery to the electric motor and automatically stops traveling, and the traveling is stopped by the automatic traveling stopping means. In a state, a small electric vehicle provided with a manually operated reset means for resetting so that electric power can be supplied to the electric motor.
チをオフ操作した後オン操作することで前記リセットを
可能とするように構成してある請求項１に記載の小型電
動車。2. The small electric vehicle according to claim 1, wherein said reset means is configured to enable said reset by turning on and then turning on a main key switch.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27151998A JP3672442B2 (en) | 1998-09-25 | 1998-09-25 | Small electric car |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27151998A JP3672442B2 (en) | 1998-09-25 | 1998-09-25 | Small electric car |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2000102105A true JP2000102105A (en) | 2000-04-07 |
| JP3672442B2 JP3672442B2 (en) | 2005-07-20 |
Family
ID=17501209
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27151998A Expired - Fee Related JP3672442B2 (en) | 1998-09-25 | 1998-09-25 | Small electric car |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3672442B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002027606A (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-01-25 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Motor controller for motor vehicle |
| JP2009177932A (en) * | 2008-01-24 | 2009-08-06 | Toyota Industries Corp | Charging unit |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0870501A (en) * | 1994-08-30 | 1996-03-12 | Suzuki Motor Corp | Motor control device for electric motor vehicle |
| JPH08182104A (en) * | 1994-12-26 | 1996-07-12 | Suzuki Motor Corp | Motor vehicle |
| JPH08214403A (en) * | 1995-02-02 | 1996-08-20 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Driving controller for electric vehicle |
| JPH08251713A (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 1996-09-27 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Current controller for electric vehicle |
| JPH08336237A (en) * | 1995-06-08 | 1996-12-17 | Kubota Corp | Electric load controller for working machine |
| JPH10151836A (en) * | 1996-11-21 | 1998-06-09 | Seiko Epson Corp | Ink jet recording device |
-
1998
- 1998-09-25 JP JP27151998A patent/JP3672442B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0870501A (en) * | 1994-08-30 | 1996-03-12 | Suzuki Motor Corp | Motor control device for electric motor vehicle |
| JPH08182104A (en) * | 1994-12-26 | 1996-07-12 | Suzuki Motor Corp | Motor vehicle |
| JPH08214403A (en) * | 1995-02-02 | 1996-08-20 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Driving controller for electric vehicle |
| JPH08251713A (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 1996-09-27 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Current controller for electric vehicle |
| JPH08336237A (en) * | 1995-06-08 | 1996-12-17 | Kubota Corp | Electric load controller for working machine |
| JPH10151836A (en) * | 1996-11-21 | 1998-06-09 | Seiko Epson Corp | Ink jet recording device |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002027606A (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-01-25 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Motor controller for motor vehicle |
| JP2009177932A (en) * | 2008-01-24 | 2009-08-06 | Toyota Industries Corp | Charging unit |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3672442B2 (en) | 2005-07-20 |
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