GB2482558A - Mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail - Google Patents
Mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2482558A GB2482558A GB1013286.8A GB201013286A GB2482558A GB 2482558 A GB2482558 A GB 2482558A GB 201013286 A GB201013286 A GB 201013286A GB 2482558 A GB2482558 A GB 2482558A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- rail
- pawl member
- assembly according
- mounting
- assembly
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims 11
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F13/00—Arrangements for obstructing or restricting traffic, e.g. gates, barricades ; Preventing passage of vehicles of selected category or dimensions
- E01F13/02—Arrangements for obstructing or restricting traffic, e.g. gates, barricades ; Preventing passage of vehicles of selected category or dimensions free-standing; portable, e.g. for guarding open manholes ; Portable signs or signals specially adapted for fitting to portable barriers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F13/00—Arrangements for obstructing or restricting traffic, e.g. gates, barricades ; Preventing passage of vehicles of selected category or dimensions
- E01F13/04—Arrangements for obstructing or restricting traffic, e.g. gates, barricades ; Preventing passage of vehicles of selected category or dimensions movable to allow or prevent passage
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H17/00—Fencing, e.g. fences, enclosures, corrals
- E04H17/14—Fences constructed of rigid elements, e.g. with additional wire fillings or with posts
- E04H17/1413—Post-and-rail fences, e.g. without vertical cross-members
- E04H17/1417—Post-and-rail fences, e.g. without vertical cross-members with vertical cross-members
-
- E04H17/1421—
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H17/00—Fencing, e.g. fences, enclosures, corrals
- E04H17/14—Fences constructed of rigid elements, e.g. with additional wire fillings or with posts
- E04H17/1413—Post-and-rail fences, e.g. without vertical cross-members
- E04H17/1447—Details of connections between rails and posts
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Emergency Lowering Means (AREA)
Abstract
A mounting assembly 10 for a safety or guard barrier rail 12, eg erected temporarily around road works, includes a mounting member 42 having a rail-receiving hole 14. The mounting member may be planar, cut from steel and G-shaped around the hole 14. The hole 14 includes a mouth 16, which is sized to permit the passage of a part of the rail (12) into the hole 14 in use. A pawl member 20 is mounted on the mounting member 42 by a pawl mounting 22 which permits rotational movement of the pawl member 20 about an axis 24, eg biased by gravity. The pawl member 20 is rotationally movable between a loading position (fig.3) which permits loading of the rail part 18 through the mouth 16 into the hole 14 and a locking position, fig.4, which prevents movement of the rail part 18 out of the hole 14.
Description
I
Mounting Assembly The present invention relates to mounting assemblies, particularly but not exclusively mounting assemblies for safety or guard barrier rails.
Safety or guard barriers are used to designate areas to which access by certain persons is not permitted or authorised. For example, barriers may be erected on a temporary basis around road or street works to prevent 1 0 unauthorised access by members of the public. Conventionally, such barriers include a plurality of posts which support rails extending therebetween. Such barriers are sometimes provided which are locatable to mountings provided on the frames of manhole covers. Typically each rail includes a tab projecting from each end, which locate in slotted mountings fixed to posts. However both the tabs and the slotted mountings can be damaged and can jam.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail, the mounting assembly including a mounting member defining a rail receiving hole, the hole including a mouth which is sized to permit the passage therethrough into the hole of a part of a rail in use, the assembly including a pawl member, a pawl mounting for mounting the pawl member in relative association with the mounting member, the pawl mounting permitting rotational movement of the pawl member about an axis, the pawl member being rotationally movable between a loading position which permits loading of the rail part through the mouth into the hole, and a locking position which prevents movement of the rail part through the mouth out of the hole.
Possibly, the pawl member is rotationally movable to a rail release position which permits release of the rail part through the mouth out of the hole, the release position being a different position to the loading position.
Possibly, the assembly is arranged so that movement of the rail in a first direction to an intermediate condition moves the pawl member to the loading position, and may be arranged so that movement of the rail in a second direction to a mounted condition permits the pawl member to move from the loading position to the locking position. Possibly, the movement of the pawl member from the loading position to the locking position follows automatically from the movement of the rail in the second direction to the mounted condition.
1 0 Possibly, the first direction is substantially horizontal, and the second direction may be substantially vertical and downward.
Possibly, the pawl member is movable to a free rest position, and may be biased by gravity to the free rest position. Possibly, in use, the pawl member is moved from the rest position to the loading position by movement of the rail part. Possibly, in use, the pawl member is moved from the release position to an unloading position by movement of the rail part.
Possibly, the pawl member is biased by gravity to move from the loading position to the locking position. Possibly, to move from the locking position to the release position, the pawl member must be moved through an over centre condition above the axis, and must be so moved by user actuation.
Possibly, the pawl member includes a first rail engagement surface, which in use is pushed by the rail part to move the pawl member from the rest position to the loading position.
Possibly, the pawl member includes a second rail engagement surface which in use prevents upward movement of the rail part out of the hole in the locking position. The second rail engagement surface may be curved convexly.
Possibly, the pawl member includes a third rail engagement surface which in use is pushed by the rail part to move the pawl member from the release position to the unloading position.
The pawl member may include a body part, which may include the first and third rail engagement surfaces.
The pawl member may include a stop, which may in use locate the pawl member in the locking position, and may locate the second rail engagement surface above the rail part in the locking position. The stop may include a fourth rail engagement surface which may engage the rail part in the locking position.
The pawl member may include a finger part, which may extend from the body part, and may provide the stop. The finger part may include the third rail engagement surface.
The mounting member may include a keeper part, which may define a lower side of the mouth. Possibly, in the locking position, the rail part is located adjacent and behind the keeper part. Possibly, in moving to the locking position, the rail part moves above and then down behind the keeper part.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a safety or guard barrier assembly, the assembly including a pair of supports and a rail, each support mounting a mounting assembly as set out in the preceding paragraphs, the rail including rail parts which are mountable to and demountable from the mounting assemblies on the supports.
Possibly, the rail includes stops which are engageable with the mounting assemblies to prevent longitudinal withdrawal of the rail from the mounting assemblies.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a a method of forming a safety or guard barrier assembly, the method including providing a mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail, the mounting assembly including a mounting member defining a rail receiving hole, the hole including a mouth which is sized to permit the passage therethrough into the hole of a part of a rail in use, the assembly including a pawl member, a pawl mounting for mounting the pawl member in relative association with the mounting member, the pawl mounting permitting rotational movement of the pawl member about an axis, the pawl member being rotationally movable between a loading position which permits loading of the rail part through the mouth into the hole, and a locking position which prevents movement of the rail part through the mouth out of the hole.
Possibly, the mounting assembly includes any of the features set out in the preceding paragraphs, and the method may include any of the steps set out in the preceding paragraphs.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a mounting assembly; Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a safety or guard barrier assembly; Figs. 3 and 4 are detail perspective views of sequential steps in mounting a barrier rail to a mounting assembly; and Figs. 5 and 6 are detail perspective views of sequential steps in demounting a barrier rail from a mounting assembly.
Fig. 1 shows a mounting assembly 10 for a safety or guard barrier rail 12, the mounting assembly 10 including a mounting member 42 defining a rail receiving hole 14, the hole 14 including a mouth 16 which is sized to permit the passage therethrough into the hole 14 of a part 18 of the rail in use, the assembly 10 including a pawl member 20, a pawl mounting 22 for mounting the pawl member 20 in relative association with the mounting member 42, the pawl mounting 22 permitting rotational movement of the pawl member 20 about an axis 24, the pawl member 20 being rotationally movable between a loading position which permits loading of the rail part 18 through the mouth 16 into the hole 14, a locking position which prevents movement of the rail part 18 through the mouth 16 out of the hole 14.
The mounting member 42 is substantially planar and is substantially G-shaped around the hole 14, including an upper part 44, a side part 46, a lower part 48 and a keeper part 38. The keeper part 38 extends from the lower part 48 upwardly towards the upper part 44. The mouth 16 is defined between the upper part 44 and the keeper part 38, the keeper part 38 forming a lower side of the mouth 16.
The mounting member 42 could be formed of metal, for example, galvanised steel, and could be formed by profile cutting.
The pawl member 20 is substantially planar and includes a body part 32 which includes a first rail engagement surface 26 and a convexly curved second rail engagement surface 30. The pawl member 20 includes a finger part 34 which extends from the body part 32 and includes a third rail engagement surface 28 and a fourth rail engagement surface 36.
The pawl member 20 could be formed of metal, for example, galvanised steel, and could be formed by profile cutting.
In this example, the pawl mounting 22 mounts the pawl member 20 to the mounting member 42 and includes a pin 40, around which the pawl member 20 rotates.
Fig 2 shows a part of a safety or guard barrier assembly 50 which includes a pair of supports 52 in the form of frames 54, each frame 54 being mounted to a pair of posts 56. In one example, the frames 54 could be welded or bolted to the posts 56, and the posts 56 could be locatable in sockets (not shown) provided on a manhole frame (not shown).
The barrier assembly 50 includes in this example eight mounting assemblies 10 which are mounted to the frames 54 for mounting four barrier rails 12.
Each rail 12 is elongate and includes a pair of relatively enlarged portions in the form of end caps 60, one end cap 60 being located at each end of each rail 12, the rail part 18 extending between the end caps 60.
In use, each rail 12 is mounted to and demounted from the barrier assembly 50 as follows.
Fig 1 shows the pawl member 20 in a free rest position, which is the position that the pawl member 20 assumes under gravity without a rail 12 being located in the hole 14 and without a force being applied by a user.
The user moves the rail 12 in a first, substantially horizontal direction so that the rail part 18 between the end caps 60 passes through the mouths 16 into the holes 14 of two of the mounting assemblies 10 as shown by the arrow A in Fig 3 to an intermediate condition. As it does so, on each mounting assembly 10, the rail part 18 contacts the first rail engagement surface 26 and pushes the pawl member 20 from the rest position to the loading position as shown in Fig 3.
From the intermediate condition when the rail part 18 is fully within the hole 14, the rail 12 is moved downwardly substantially vertically behind the keeper part 38 as indicated by arrow B in Figs 3 and 4 to seat on the lower part 48 in a mounted condition. In this position, the pawl member 20 can now move back under gravity as shown by arrow C to the locking position as shown in Fig 4, as the mounting assembly 10 is arranged so that there is sufficient clearance for the body part 32 to move between the pin 40 and the rail part 18 when the rail part 18 is seated on the lower part 48.
In the locking position, the second rail engagement surface 30 abuts or is close to the rail part 18, preventing upward movement of the rail part 18 out of the hole 14.
Movement of the pawl member 20 past the locking position is prevented by engagement of the fourth rail engagement surface 36 of the 1 0 finger part 34 with the rail part 18. The finger part 34 thus forms a stop which locates the pawl member 20 in the locking position, with the second rail engagement surface 30 above the rail part 18.
The mounting assembly 10 is arranged so that as the pawl member 1 5 moves from the loading position, it reaches the locking position before the rest position, so that the pawl member 20 is biased by gravity to remain in the locking position.
Thus, in moving to the mounted condition, the rail part 18 moves over and then behind the keeper part 38 and is retained in the mounted condition by the pawl member 20.
The actions required by the user to mount the rail 12 are simple, comprising a substantially horizontal movement and then a downward substantially vertical movement, and the pawl member 20 then automatically locks the rail 12 in the mounted condition.
To demount the rail 12, the user must rotationally move the pawl member 20 as indicated by arrow D in Fig 5 from the locking position through an over centre condition above the axis 24 to a rail release position in which the third rail engagement surface 28 of the finger part 34 rests on the rail part 18.
Thus user actuation is required to move the pawl member 20 from the locking position to the rail release position.
The rail 12 can then be moved upwardly to the intermediate condition and then outwardly horizontally, which causes the pawl member 20 to move rotationally upwardly as indicated by arrow E in Fig 6 to an unloading position as shown in Fig 6.
Having moved the pawl members 20 at each end of the rail 12 to the release position, the actions required by the user to dernount the rail 12 are simple, comprising a substantially vertical upward movement of the rail 12 and then a substantially horizontal movement of the rail 12.
When the rail 12 is free of the pawl members 20, the pawl members 20, biased by gravity, move from the unloading position to the free rest position.
Apart from the movement of the pawl member 20 from the locking position to the rail release position, the user can carry out mounting and demounting by holding the rail 12, without touching the mounting assemblies 10. The mechanism is simple, but provides secure locking.
The end caps 60 provide stops to prevent longitudinal withdrawal of the rail 12 from the mounting assemblies 10.
Various other modifications could be made without departing from the scope of the invention. The mounting assembly and the components thereof, the rails and the frames could be of any suitable size and shape, and could be formed of any suitable material. For example, the rails could have a different sectional shape, and could for instance be circular in section. The pawl member could be mounted differently. For example, the pawl member could be mounted to the frame or a post.
There is thus provided a mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier assembly which is easy to use and reduces the time taken to erect and dismantle the barrier assembly.
Claims (37)
- Claims 1. A mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail, the mounting assembly including a mounting member defining a rail receiving hole, the hole including a mouth which is sized to permit the passage therethrough into the hole of a part of a rail in use, the assembly including a pawl member, a pawl mounting for mounting the pawl member in relative association with the mounting member, the pawl mounting permitting rotational movement of the pawl member about an axis, the pawl member being rotationally movable between a loading position which permits loading of the rail part through the mouth into the hole, and a locking position which prevents movement of the rail part through the mouth out of the hole.
- 2. An assembly according to claim 1, in which the pawl member is rotationally movable to a rail release position which permits release of the rail part through the mouth out of the hole, the release position being a Q different position to the loading position.
- 3. An assembly according to claims 1 or 2, in which the assembly is arranged so that movement of the rail in a first direction to an intermediate condition moves the pawl member to the loading position.
- 4. An assembly according to claim 3, in which the assembly is arranged so that movement of the rail in a second direction to a mounted condition permits the pawl member to move from the loading position to the locking position.
- 5. An assembly according to claim 4, in which the movement of the pawl member from the loading position to the locking position follows automatically from the movement of the rail in the second direction to the mounted condition.
- 6. An assembly according to claim 3 or any claim dependent thereon, in which the first direction is substantially horizontal.
- 7. An assembly according to claim 4 or any claim dependent thereon, in which the second direction is substantially vertical and downward.
- 8. An assembly according to any of the preceding claims, in which the pawl member is movable to a free rest position.
- 9. An assembly according to claim 8, in which the pawl member is biased by gravity to the free rest position. -15
- 1O.An assembly according to claims 8 or 9, in which in use, the pawl member Q is moved from the free rest position to the loading position by movement of CO the rail part.Q
- 11.An assembly according to claim 2 or any claim dependent thereon, in which, in use, the pawl member is moved from the release position to an unloading position by movement of the rail part.
- 12.An assembly according to any of the preceding claims, in which the pawl member is biased by gravity to move from the loading position to the locking position.
- 13.An assembly according to claim 2 or any claim dependent thereon, in which, to move from the locking position to the release position, the pawl member must be moved through an over centre condition above the axis, and must be so moved by user actuation.
- 14.An assembly according to claim 8 or any claim dependent thereon, in which the pawl member includes a first rail engagement surface, which in use is pushed by the rail part to move the pawl member from the free rest position to the loading position.
- 15.An assembly according to any of the preceding claims, in which the pawl member includes a second rail engagement surface, which in use prevents upward movement of the rail part out of the hole in the locking 1 0 position.
- 16.An assembly according to claim 15, in which the second rail engagement surface is curved convexly.-15
- 17.An assembly according to claim 11 or any claim dependent thereon, in which the pawl member includes a third rail engagement surface, which in Q use is pushed by the rail part to move the pawl member from the release CO position to the unloading position.
- 18.An assembly according to any of the preceding claims, in which the pawl member includes a body part.
- 19.An assembly according to claim 18, in which the body part includes the first and third rail engagement surfaces.
- 20.An assembly according to any of the preceding claims, in which the pawl member includes a stop.
- 21.An assembly according to claim 20, in which the stop, in use, locates the pawl member in the locking position.
- 22.An assembly according to claims 20 or 21, in which the stop locates the second rail engagement surface above the rail part in the locking position.
- 23.An assembly according to any of claims 20 to 22, in which the stop includes a fourth rail engagement surface, which engages the rail part in the locking position.
- 24.An assembly according to claim 18 or any claim dependent thereon, in which the pawl member includes a finger part, which extends from the body part.
- 25.An assembly according to claim 24 when dependent on claim 20 or any claim dependent thereon, in which the finger part provides the stop.-15
- 26.An assembly according to claims 24 or 25 when dependent on claim 17 or any claim dependent thereon, in which the finger part includes the third rail Q engagement surface. Co
- 27.An assembly according to any of the preceding claims, in which the mounting member includes a keeper part.
- 28.An assembly according to claim 27, in which the keeper part defines a lower side of the mouth.
- 29.An assembly according to claims 27 or 28, in which, in the locking position, the rail part is located adjacent and behind the keeper part.
- 30.An assembly according to any of claims 27 to 29, in which, in moving to the locking position, the rail part moves above and then down behind the keeper part.
- 31.A safety or guard barrier assembly, the assembly including a pair of supports and a rail, each support mounting a mounting assembly as defined in any of the preceding claims, the rail including rail parts which are mountable to and demountable from the mounting assemblies on the supports.
- 32.An assembly according to claim 31, in which the rail includes stops which are engageable with the mounting assemblies to prevent longitudinal withdrawal of the rail from the mounting assemblies.
- 33.A method of forming a safety or guard barrier assembly, the method including providing a mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail, the mounting assembly including a mounting member defining a rail receiving hole, the hole including a mouth which is sized to permit the -15 passage therethrough into the hole of a part of a rail in use, the assembly including a pawl member, a pawl mounting for mounting the pawl member Q in relative association with the mounting member, the pawl mounting CO permitting rotational movement of the pawl member about an axis, the pawl member being rotationally movable between a loading position which permits loading of the rail part through the mouth into the hole, and a locking position which prevents movement of the rail part through the mouth out of the hole.
- 34.A method according to claim 33, in which the mounting assembly includes any of the features defined in any of claims 1 to 32.
- 35.A mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail substantially as hereinbefore described and/or with reference to any of the accompanying drawings.
- 36.A safety or guard barrier assembly substantially as hereinbefore described and/or with reference to any of the accompanying drawings
- 37.A method of forming a safety or guard barrier assembly substantially as hereinbefore described and/or with reference to any of the accompanying drawings. CoQCOQ
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB1013286.8A GB2482558A (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2010-08-06 | Mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB1013286.8A GB2482558A (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2010-08-06 | Mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB201013286D0 GB201013286D0 (en) | 2010-09-22 |
GB2482558A true GB2482558A (en) | 2012-02-08 |
Family
ID=42931324
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB1013286.8A Withdrawn GB2482558A (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2010-08-06 | Mounting assembly for a safety or guard barrier rail |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2482558A (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU2014200776B2 (en) * | 2013-02-15 | 2018-05-10 | Intaks Ip Limited | A Coupling Device |
AU2017232163B2 (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2023-09-21 | Cadds Group Pty Ltd | Guard Panel System |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB604732A (en) * | 1945-12-03 | 1948-07-08 | Welding Ind Ltd | Improvements in or relating to hooks for hoists |
GB1504748A (en) * | 1976-01-15 | 1978-03-22 | Access Plant | Locking hook for scaffolding |
GB2096228A (en) * | 1981-03-19 | 1982-10-13 | Eigertower Ltd | Hooked clamps for scaffolding |
US5649396A (en) * | 1995-04-11 | 1997-07-22 | Carr; Michael J. | Loading dock safety barrier |
-
2010
- 2010-08-06 GB GB1013286.8A patent/GB2482558A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB604732A (en) * | 1945-12-03 | 1948-07-08 | Welding Ind Ltd | Improvements in or relating to hooks for hoists |
GB1504748A (en) * | 1976-01-15 | 1978-03-22 | Access Plant | Locking hook for scaffolding |
GB2096228A (en) * | 1981-03-19 | 1982-10-13 | Eigertower Ltd | Hooked clamps for scaffolding |
US5649396A (en) * | 1995-04-11 | 1997-07-22 | Carr; Michael J. | Loading dock safety barrier |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU2014200776B2 (en) * | 2013-02-15 | 2018-05-10 | Intaks Ip Limited | A Coupling Device |
AU2017232163B2 (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2023-09-21 | Cadds Group Pty Ltd | Guard Panel System |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB201013286D0 (en) | 2010-09-22 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |