GB2234989A

GB2234989A - Manufacture of carbon fibre preform

Info

Publication number: GB2234989A
Application number: GB8917003A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Maurice James Evans; Keith Alun Williams
Original assignee: Dunlop Ltd
Current assignee: Dunlop Ltd
Priority date: 1989-07-25
Filing date: 1989-07-25
Publication date: 1991-02-20
Anticipated expiration: 2009-07-25
Also published as: GB8917003D0; GB2234989B

Abstract

In a method of making a carbon fibre preform such as for use in the manufacture of a friction disc a compressible body 12 of carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material is acted upon by compressing means 10 to compress the body to a required thickness and then operated upon by means of barbed needles 19 which penetrates substantially the whole thickness of the body in each of a plurality of needle-punching operations whereby the compressed preform may be removed from action by the compressing means in a free-standing and compressed state. If the method uses carbon fibre precursor material, that is then subject to carbonisation. The body may be needled from both sides simultaneously or sequentially. It may comprise a stack of sheets 14. <IMAGE>

Description

MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FIBRE PREFORM This invention relates to the manufacture of carbon fibre preforms such as are used for the manufacture of carbon-carbon composites and particularly for the manufacture of articles such as carbon brake discs made from such materials.

It is customary in the manufacture of carbon brake discs by the Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) method to compress a stack of layers of carbon fibre fabric in a suitable jig before loading the stack, in the jig, into the CVD furnace. The jig requires time to assemble and takes up valuable space in the furnace, and one object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for making a free-standing carbon fibre preform which does not require a jig.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a method of making a carbon fibre preform comprises forming a compressible body of carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material, compressing the body in a press to a required thickness, and operating on the compressed body by means which penetrates substantially the whole thickness of the body whereby the compressed preform subsequently may be removed from the press in a free-standing and compressed state.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, a method of making a carbon fibre preform comprises forming a compressible body of carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material, compressing the body in a press to a required thickness, and needling the compressed body by means of barbed needles which penetrate substantially the whole thickness of the body in each of a plurality of needle-punching operations so as to enable the compressed preform subsequently to be removed from the press in a freestanding and compressed state.

If the method utilises carbon fibre precursor material for forming the body, the compressed body is to be subject to carbonisation to produce the carbon fibre preform.

Preferably use is made of a body comprising a stack of at least 10 and more preferably at least 20 layers of carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material. The fibres in each layer may be woven into the form of a fabric or may be in the form of a batt or non-woven fabric. The fibres of the body alternatively may be arranged in a non-layered manner, for example they may be arranged as a three-dimensional array of either randomly or preferentially orientated fibres.

The carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material may be of non-woven oxidised polyacrylonitrile (PAN), for example of staple fibres and/or continuous filaments, and the thickness of the compressible body may be chosen according to the desired thickness of the article to be produced.

In the case of an aircraft carbon brake disc the thickness required may be of the order of at least 50 mm, and whilst needling of individual layers of material, or of partly-assembled stacks of layers of material has previously been disclosed (see for example U K Patent No. 2012671) the present invention seeks to produce a full-thickness preform in which fibres or fibre bundles penetrate the whole thickness of the preform to lock together the layers or fibres of a three-dimensional, non layered array sufficiently firmly to provide a free-standing, i e self supporting structure which does not require a jig to maintain its size and shape during subsequent handling, carbonisation, and CVD densification.

If the body comprises discrete layers of fibres, at least some of the layers may comprise a single sheet and at least some of the layers may comprise a plurality of portions of carbon precursor fibre material. A preform of annular shape may be assembled from layers at least one and optionally all of which is/are comprised by a plurality of segment shaped portions.

The needling process may be carried out without any transverse movement of the body relative to the needles between punching operations, thus ensuring that the needles penetrate the same areas of the fabric in each punching operation. The effect of this is to produce thick fibre bundles which extend through substantially the whole thickness of the compressed preform.

The needling process may comprise two series of punching operations and the body may be moved relative to the needles between said two series of punching operations thereby to produce two arrays of thick fibre bundles which each extend through substantially the whole thickness of the preform.

The body may be inverted between the two punching operations so that needling occurs from opposite sides thereof. Transverse relative movement may be achieved by releasing the body from compression by the press so that the body may be moved relative to the press.

Alternatively use may be made of a press member having two series of needle apertures whereby relative transverse movement between the body and needles may be achieved by performing one series of punching operations with the needles extending through one series of needle apertures and then moving the needles relative to the press member to perform a second series of punching operations during which the needles extend through a second series of needle apertures.

It is also taught by the present invention that the method may comprise needling the body by means of two arrays of needles arranged to enter the body one at one face of the body and the other at an opposite face of the body. The two arrays of needles may be arranged to perform needling operations simultaneously.

Preferably the needles of the two arrays move in substantially the same direction.

A method in accordance with the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing, which is a diagrammatic elevation of a needlepunching press.

The press comprises a base plate 10 which is vertically movable by a lifting mechanism 11 between a lower position (indicated in dotted lines), where a stack 12 of sheets 14 of precursor fabric is assembled, to an upper position (as indicated in full lines), where the stack 12 is compressed against a perforated stripper plate 16. A needle plate 18 having a large number of vertically aligned barbed needles 19 is vertically movably mounted above the perforated stripper plate 16 with the needles 19 passing through the apertures (not shown) in the plate 16. Conventional power-operated means (not shown) is provided to effect vertical reciprocating movement of the needle plate 18, causing the needles 19 to punch through substantially the whole thickness of the stack 12.

If the base plate 10 is of steel or similar material it is necessary to set the limit of vertical travel of the needles to stop just short of the surface of the base plate. Alternatively the base plate surface may be made from a yielding material to permit the needles to pass completely through the stack and into the yielding surface.

In a specific example, a non-woven fabric produced by needling oxidised PAN tows to a staple fibre oxidised PAN base was used for the manufacture of a preform for a carbon brake disc. Thirty four layers were cut in the form of annuli having an outside diameter of 431 mm and an inside diameter of 133 mm and laid up to form a compressible multilayer stack of approximately 180 to 203 mm in height. The stack was compressed between the base plate and the stripper plate to a thickness of 43 mm and given 150 punches with the barbed needles, which were evenly spaced at a density of approximately 7750 per square metre.

The base plate was lowered and the stack turned over, recompressed and given 150 punches from the reverse side. This operation was repeated 4 more times with 100 punches from each side, giving a total of 700 punches to completely lock the structure. The free standing preform now had a thickness of approximately 43 mm and could be carbonised in that form. The percentage fibre by volume of the preform was approximately 30%.

In the above process, fibres are carried from the upper to the lower surface of the multilayer stack by the needle barbs in one operation. In each punching operation penetration of the needles occurs at the same place in the fabric, and this ensures that a large number of fibres are displaced across the layers in the areas where the needles penetrate. Movement of the pack is prevented by the pack being held between the base and the stripper plate.

By needling from opposite sides fibres from both surfaces are drawn through the preform to lock the structure together and the repeated punching operations in the same area cause thick fibre bundles to be present from the top to the bottom surface.

The preform produced by this technique can now be carbonised, during which operation the fibres shrink and further lock the structure together. This brake preform can now be handled without the need for jigging to compress the structure to a given fibre volume, the required fibre volume having already been achieved by the compression exerted by the press during needling and also the contraction effect of subsequent carbonisation. By eliminating the use of jigs the preform may be treated in a free-standing state by the infiltration of carbon in a CVD operation, enabling more efficient utilisation of the furnace space to be achieved in the production of carbon brake discs.

Due to the presence of thick fibre bundles extending axially through the disc, better thermal conductivity in the axial direction and higher interlaminar shear strength may be achieved.

The subject invention is of importance not only in its aspect of eliminating the conventional need to retain a body of carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material in a jig for subsequent processing, e g in a CVD furnace in which space is at a premium.

It is of important significance also in that for a body comprising a stack of layers one or more layers of the stack can readily be assembled from a plurality of portions of sheet material rather than the conventionally used single pieces; in constructing an annular shaped layer for a brake disc the layer can be formed from a plurality of segments and there is a much smaller wastage of original sheet material than arise when using pieces pre-cut to an annular shape.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A method of making a carbon fibre preform comprising forming a compressible body of carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material, compressing the body in a press to a required thickness, and needling the compressed body by means of barbed needles which penetrate substantially the whole thickness of the body in each of a plurality of needle-punching operations so as to enable the compressed preform subsequently to be removed from the press in a freestanding and compressed state.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the compresslble body comprises discrete layers of carbon precursor fibre material.

3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the body comprises at least 10 and more preferably at least 20 layers of carbon precursor fibre material.

4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the body comprises a three-dimensional array of said fibre material.

5. A method according to claim 4 wherein said array comprises preferentially orientated fibre material.

6. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the needling process is carried out without transverse movement of the body relative to the needles during a series of punching operations, so that the needles penetrate the same areas of the fabric in each punching operation of the series thereby to produce an array of thick fibre bundles which extend through substantially the whole thickness of the preform.

7. A method according to claim 6 wherein the body is subject to two series of punching operations and is moved transversely relative to the needles between said two series of punching operations thereby to produce two arrays of thick fibre bundles which each extend through substantially the whole thickness of the preform.

8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the press is released to allow transverse movement of the stack relative to the press and the needles.

9. A method according to claim 7 wherein use is made of a press member having two series of needle apertures whereby relative transverse movement between the body and needles may be achieved by performing one series of punching operations with the needles extending through one series of needle apertures and then moving the needles relative to the press member to perform a second series of punching operations during which the needles extend through a second series of needle apertures.

10. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the body is held in compression between a base plate and a perforated stripper plate through which the barbed needles pass to penetrate the body in the punching operations.

11. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein after needle-punching the body is reversed and needle-punched from the reverse side.

12. A method according to claim 11 wherein the body is reversed a plurality of times for needle-punching from each side.

13. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein the body is needle-punched from two sides without being inverted between needle-punching operations.

14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the body is needle-punched simultaneously from opposite sides.

15. A method according to any one of claims 11 to 14 wherein in each needle-punching operation the needles move in the same direction relative to the body.

16. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material is non-woven staple fibre.

17. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material comprises continuous filaments.

18. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the carbon fibre or carbon fibre precursor material is oxidised polyacrylonitrile fibre.

19. A method of making a carbon fibre preform substantially as described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings.

20. A preform for a carbon-carbon composite article made by a method according to any of the preceding claims.

21. A carbon-carbon composite article comprising a preform made by a method according to any of claims 1-19.

22. An article in accordance with claim 21 and constituting a carbon brake disc.