GB2117469A - Screw coupling joint - Google Patents
Screw coupling joint Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2117469A GB2117469A GB08213769A GB8213769A GB2117469A GB 2117469 A GB2117469 A GB 2117469A GB 08213769 A GB08213769 A GB 08213769A GB 8213769 A GB8213769 A GB 8213769A GB 2117469 A GB2117469 A GB 2117469A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- screw
- coupling joint
- male screw
- packing material
- screw coupling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004299 exfoliation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L15/00—Screw-threaded joints; Forms of screw-threads for such joints
- F16L15/001—Screw-threaded joints; Forms of screw-threads for such joints with conical threads
- F16L15/003—Screw-threaded joints; Forms of screw-threads for such joints with conical threads with sealing rings
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
- E21B17/04—Couplings; joints between rod or the like and bit or between rod and rod or the like
- E21B17/042—Threaded
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L15/00—Screw-threaded joints; Forms of screw-threads for such joints
- F16L15/04—Screw-threaded joints; Forms of screw-threads for such joints with additional sealings
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Non-Disconnectible Joints And Screw-Threaded Joints (AREA)
- Joints With Pressure Members (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
A screw coupling joint for directly making an end-to-end connection of mutually screw-threaded pipes, or making an end-to-end connection of pipes via a sleeve, has a radial step portion (11) on the inner circumference of a female screw portion (1b) of the coupling joint, so that the step portion and the end portion (13) of a male screw portion (1a) contact packing material (12). <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Screw coupling joint
The invention relates to a screw coupling joint.
Casing pipes or tubing pipes for an oil well or a gas
well are many connected each other in the large
depth of the earth. For satisfying those services, the
coupling portion is required to have sufficient
strength and sealing ability. For one of structures of
the conventional coupling joints, the pipe is defined
with a male screw on one end thereof and with a
female screw on the other end, and provided with a
step as a stopper on an outer circumference about the terminal part of the male screw portion. The
outer circumference on the front end portion of the
male screw and the inner circumference of the
female screw are provided with smooth tapering
faces.Under a condition that the pipes of such structure are connected at the ends, the front end
portion of the female screw is contacted to said step
so that a sealing is formed, and the smooth face of
the outer circumference at the front end portion of
the male screw is contacted with the smooth face of
the inner circumference of the female screw so that
another sealing is formed. With respect to this
structure having the stopper at the male screw, if the
female screw contacts the stopper of the male screw,
the male screw cannot be further advanced. There
fore, in order to provide proper sealing between the
smooth surface of the male screw and the smooth
surface of the female screw, the diameters of those
smooth surfaces should be determined within strin
gent production tolerance.
With respect to the structure of a coupling joint
using a sleeve, generally a female screw is formed
on the sleeve, and a male screw is formed about an
end of the pipe, and a step is formed on the interior
of the sleeve to serve as a stopper. Tapered smooth
faces are provided on the outer circumference on the
front end of the male screw and the inner circumfer
ence of the interior of the female screw. In this
structure, when the front end portion of the male
screw contacts said step, a seal is made between the
smooth surface of the male screw and the smooth
surface of the female screw. If the male screw
contacts the step of the sleeve at its end point,
further screwing cannot be effected. Therefore a
very stringent condition is also required here as
mentioned above.
When the taper of the smooth surface is 1/16 and if
the diameter of the pipe changes 0.1 mm, the
position of the end portion of the female screw or the
male screw changes as much as 1.6mm in length of
the pipe, and the production tolerance is so severe
that it is difficult to form stable sealing.
Further, the above mentioned coupling joint has
difficulties as said under.
In the structure of the former coupling joint, there
is made clearance between the front end portion of
the male screw and the terminal portion of the
female screw, and eddy current of fluid is caused in
this clearance and corrosion grows there. If the
casing pipe were substituted for such structure, the
tubing pipe or the drill pipe to be served within the
casing pipe would be caught, due to the clearance, at
the front end portion of the male screw, to cause
damage there.
In the structure of the latter coupling joint, since
the front end portion of the male screw and the step
portion of the female screw contact each other within the coupling joint, there occurs such dis
advantage that a corrosion resistant coating thereon
comes off due to contact of metal-to-metal.
The present invention is to provide an improve
ment of this kind of the coupling joint to overcome the disadvantages mentioned above.
An object of this invention is to provide a coupling structure which may form the satisfied sealing without requiring the severe production tolerance.
Another object of this invention is to provide a coupling structure which may prevent the corrosion within the pipe at the connection of the coupling joint which is in the form of contacting the front end portion of the female screw to the step portion on the outer circumference about the terminal part of the male screw.
A further object of this invention is to provide a coupling structure which may prevent the damage at the inner wall of the coupling of the same form as mentioned when the tubing pipe or the drill pipe is served therein.
Another object of this invention is to provide a coupling structure which may form the required sealing between the outer circumference of the smooth surface at the front end portion of the male screw portion and the inner circumference of the smooth surface at the inner part of the female screw portion, if or although the production tolerance is large in the coupling joint which is in the form of contacting the end portion of the male screw to the step portion at the inner part of the female screw.
Another object of this invention is to provide a coupling structure which may avoid the damage or exfoliation of the corrosion resistant coating.
For accomplishing the above mentioned objects in the screw coupling joint for the pipe to be used in the oil well, which is in the form of directly contacting end to end of the pipes or via the sleeve, the female screw is defined with the step at the inner part thereof for contacting to the front end portion of the male screw via the packing material to provide one seal, and the other seal is formed between the front end portion of the male screw and the packing material.
With respect to the coupling joint in the form of contacting the front end portion of the female screw to the step defined on the outer circumference about the terminal of the male screw, the packing material closes the clearance between the front end portion of the male screw and the terminal part of the female screw.
In the form of contacting the front end portion of the male screw to the step on the inner circumference at the inner part of the female screw, the production tolerance is absorbed by compression of the packing material, and metal contact is prevented between the front end portion of the male screw and the step at the inner part of the female screw.
Embodiments of the invention will now be de scribed by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings:
Figure 1 is a vertical cross sectional view showing an embodiment of a coupling for pipe in accordance to the present invention,
Figure 2 is a vertical cross sectional view showing a further embodiment of a coupling,
Figure 3 is a cross sectional view showing an embodiment of an attaching structure of a packing material, and
Figure 4 is a cross sectional view showing the further embodiment of an attaching structure of a packing material.
The embodiments of the invention will be explained in reference to the attached drawing.
Figure 1 shows an example where the present invention is applied to the direct connection end-toend of the pipes, 1 a and 1b are pipe ends to be coupled, one of which is defined by a male screw 3 and the other of which is defined by a female screw 4. The male screw 3 has, at its terminal, a step 5 serving as a stopper of the female screw 4. An outer circumference 6 around the step 5 is finished smoothly. An inner circumference 7 at the end portion of the female screw 4 is also finished smoothly. Under circumstance that the step 5 is contacted with an end portion 8 of the female screw 4, a first seal A is provided at said contact and between the outer circumference 6 and the inner circumference 7.
The outer circumference 9 at the front end portion of the male screw 3 is defined with a smooth taper surface. This smooth surface is lengthwise structured in curved convex. The inner circumference 10 than the terminal part of the female screw 4 is formed smoothly in taper corresponding to the taper on said outer circumference. Thus, a second seal B is provided by contacting of the outer cicumference 9 and the inner circumference 10.
In such a structure, a step 11 is provided at the inner part of the female screw 4, more particularly, at the terminal part of the smooth inner circumference 10, and this step 11 and the front end portion 13 of the male screw 3 are contacted via the packing material 12 and provide a third seal C.
Figure 2 shows one example that the present invention is applied to the coupling structure using the sleeve. The numeral 2 is the sleeve, in which the female screws 4 and 4 are formed in length at the both sides of the inner surface. A center portion thereof is defined with a convex portion 14 whose both sides serve as the stoppers 11 and 11. Each of the ends 1 a and 1 b of the pipes is defined with the male screw 3. The center circumference 9 on the front end part of the male screw is finished smoothly in taper. The smooth surface is lengthwise formed in convex curve. The inner circumference 10 than the terminal of the female screw is finished smoothly in taper in correspondence to the taper of the outer circumference. The seal B is formed by contacting the outer circumference 9 and the inner circumference 10.
In such a structure, the other seal C is formed by contacting the respective steps 11 to the front ends 13 of the male screws 3 via the packing material 12.
Figures 3 and 4 each show attachment of the packing material 12. In each, a concave groove 15 is formed for holding the packing material 12 of R in cross section. The packing material 12 is fixed by means of baking, adhesive agent or the like to the concave groove 15 and the step 11 with its outer circumference and side face. In each of Figures 3 and 4, the step 11 is formed with obliquity 81 toward the male screw portion with respect to a vertical line thereof, and the packing material 12 is also formed with obliquity corresponding to said obliquity 01. In addition to such a structure, the packing material 12 in Figure 4 is formed on the other side with obliquity in correspondence to which obliquity 82 is provided at the end 13 of the male screw.Due to the step 11, the side face of the packing material 12, and the obliquity at the front end 13 of the male screw portion, the packing material 12 is prevented from protrusion or dropping toward the interior of the pipe. It is preferable that the above oblique angle is not more than 200.
For the packing material, such materials may be used as rubber, Teflon (Registered Trade Mark) organic substance such as synthetic resin (for example, fluorine synthetic resin), or metals whose elastic coefficient is lower than the pipe or the sleeve.
There is a coupling joint that the outer circumference of the male screw is straight in the axial direction, and the present invention can be of course applied to such a form.
Depending upon the coupling structure of the invention, the seal A and B are formed as shown in
Figure 1 and the seal A is formed as shown in Figure 2 by screwing the male screw 3 into the female screw 4. Further, the seal C is formed between the end portion 13 and the packing material 12 compressed by pressing the end portion 13 so that the sealing effect is as a whole more increased.
Furthermore, in the structure where the stopping step is provided at the end of the pipe having the male screw, the packing material 12 closes the clearance between the front end portion of the male screw and the terminal portion of the female screw, so that corrosion to be caused at this clearanse is avoided. Since the clearance is cancelled substantially and when the coupling is used for the casing pipe, the damage can be prevented which is caused in that the end portion of the female screw is caught by the drill pipe or the tubing pipe moving within the casing pipe.
With respect to the coupling joint having the structure provided with the step in the female screw as shown in Figure 2, since the male screw 3 is screwed into while compressing the packing material 12 until the outer circumference 9 at the front end part of the male screw 3 closely contacts to the inner circumference 10 of the female screw, the proper seal B may be provided even if the sizing tolerance were large.
Thus, the present invention may be also applied to the coupling structure which directly makes the end-to-end connection of the pipes and forms the stopping step at the inner part of the female screw, or to the coupling structure which uses the sleeve and forms the stopping step on the outer circumfer ence in the vicinity of the terminal part of the male screw, and to the other forms of the couplings.
Claims (10)
1. Screw coupling joint for an oil well for making directly an end-to-end connection of mutual pipes, or making an end-to-end connection of mutual pipes via a sleeve, wherein a step is provided on an inner circumference at an inner part of a female screw, and the step and a front end of a male screw are contacted via packing material.
2. Screw coupling joint as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the step serves as a stopper at the front end of the male screw, and sealing is provided between an outer circumference of a smooth surface at the front end of the male screw and an inner circumference of a smooth surface at the inner portion of the female screw.
3. Screw coupling joint as claimed in Claim 1, where the step is provided in the vicinity of a terminal of the male screw to serve as a stopper at the front end of the female screw, and the sealing is provided between the outer circumference of a smooth surface at the front end of the male screw and the inner circumference of a smooth surface at the inner part of the female screw.
4. Screw coupling joint as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the step has a side oblique with respect to vertical line toward the male screw, and the packing material has an oblique side to fit said oblique side.
5. Screw coupling joint as claimed in Claim 4, wherein the step has a concave groove at an inner circumference thereof for securing the packing material with its outer circumference.
6. Screw coupling joint as claimed in Claim 4, wherein the male screw has the front end portion oblique toward the outside, and the packing material has an oblique side in opposition to said oblique portion.
7. Screw coupling joint as claimed in Claim 4, wherein the front end of the male screw and the side of the packing material are vertical.
8. Screw coupling joint as claimed in Claim 4, wherein the packing material is organic substance.
9. Screw coupling joint as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the packing material is metal whose elastic coefficient is not more than the composing material of the sleeve body.
10. Screw coupling joint substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as illustrated in, Figures 1 and 3, or Figures 2 and 4 of the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1982039513U JPS58142475U (en) | 1982-03-23 | 1982-03-23 | Threaded joints for oil country pipes |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2117469A true GB2117469A (en) | 1983-10-12 |
| GB2117469B GB2117469B (en) | 1986-09-03 |
Family
ID=12555120
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08213769A Expired GB2117469B (en) | 1982-03-23 | 1982-05-12 | Screw coupling joint |
| GB08520982A Expired GB2162607B (en) | 1982-03-23 | 1985-08-21 | Threaded pipe coupling |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08520982A Expired GB2162607B (en) | 1982-03-23 | 1985-08-21 | Threaded pipe coupling |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS58142475U (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1191172A (en) |
| GB (2) | GB2117469B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8202098A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2160609A (en) * | 1984-06-20 | 1985-12-24 | Nippon Kokan Kk | A screw joint coupling for oil pipes |
| US4624488A (en) * | 1983-12-16 | 1986-11-25 | Hydril Company | Tubular connection |
| US5855397A (en) * | 1997-04-02 | 1999-01-05 | Cummins Engine Company, Inc. | High-pressure sealable connector for a pressure sensor |
| WO1999049171A2 (en) * | 1998-03-26 | 1999-09-30 | Vallourec Mannesmann Oil & Gas France | Threaded assembly of metal tubes designed to contain a corrosive fluid |
| US6543816B1 (en) * | 1999-10-21 | 2003-04-08 | Vallourec Mannesmann Oil & Gas France | Threaded tubular joint proof to external pressure |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH081352Y2 (en) * | 1990-10-11 | 1996-01-17 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Steel pipe fittings |
| GB9226489D0 (en) * | 1992-12-19 | 1993-02-10 | Univ Manchester | A joint |
| US6176524B1 (en) * | 1995-08-19 | 2001-01-23 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Oil well pipe threaded joint |
| JP5936151B2 (en) * | 2014-03-19 | 2016-06-15 | 日本管洗工業株式会社 | Method for manufacturing pressure pipe connection structure |
| US20230341070A1 (en) * | 2020-11-06 | 2023-10-26 | Swagelok Company | Tapered thread connection sealing arrangements |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB392827A (en) * | 1932-10-26 | 1933-05-25 | Gustavus Alfred Montgomery | Drill stem and coupling therefor |
| GB1302104A (en) * | 1969-05-05 | 1973-01-04 | ||
| GB1398959A (en) * | 1972-03-31 | 1975-06-25 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | Threaded tube joint structure for a casing particularly for oil wells |
| GB1495109A (en) * | 1975-04-23 | 1977-12-14 | Hydril Co | Tubular connection |
| GB1521133A (en) * | 1975-05-22 | 1978-08-16 | British Petroleum Co | Screw threaded connector for tubular members |
| EP0009368A1 (en) * | 1978-09-14 | 1980-04-02 | Sekisui Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Pipe coupling and pipe joint connection |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5211767B2 (en) * | 1972-03-31 | 1977-04-02 | ||
| EP0094509B1 (en) * | 1982-05-19 | 1987-07-15 | Kenneth J. Carstensen | Coupling for tubing or casing and method of assembly |
| US4458925A (en) * | 1983-05-19 | 1984-07-10 | Otis Engineering Corporation | Pipe joint |
-
1982
- 1982-03-23 JP JP1982039513U patent/JPS58142475U/en active Pending
- 1982-05-12 GB GB08213769A patent/GB2117469B/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-18 CA CA000403231A patent/CA1191172A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-21 NL NL8202098A patent/NL8202098A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1985
- 1985-08-21 GB GB08520982A patent/GB2162607B/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB392827A (en) * | 1932-10-26 | 1933-05-25 | Gustavus Alfred Montgomery | Drill stem and coupling therefor |
| GB1302104A (en) * | 1969-05-05 | 1973-01-04 | ||
| GB1398959A (en) * | 1972-03-31 | 1975-06-25 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | Threaded tube joint structure for a casing particularly for oil wells |
| GB1495109A (en) * | 1975-04-23 | 1977-12-14 | Hydril Co | Tubular connection |
| GB1521133A (en) * | 1975-05-22 | 1978-08-16 | British Petroleum Co | Screw threaded connector for tubular members |
| EP0009368A1 (en) * | 1978-09-14 | 1980-04-02 | Sekisui Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Pipe coupling and pipe joint connection |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4624488A (en) * | 1983-12-16 | 1986-11-25 | Hydril Company | Tubular connection |
| GB2160609A (en) * | 1984-06-20 | 1985-12-24 | Nippon Kokan Kk | A screw joint coupling for oil pipes |
| FR2566505A1 (en) * | 1984-06-20 | 1985-12-27 | Nippon Kokan Kk | SCREW CONNECTION FOR OIL PIPES |
| US5855397A (en) * | 1997-04-02 | 1999-01-05 | Cummins Engine Company, Inc. | High-pressure sealable connector for a pressure sensor |
| WO1999049171A2 (en) * | 1998-03-26 | 1999-09-30 | Vallourec Mannesmann Oil & Gas France | Threaded assembly of metal tubes designed to contain a corrosive fluid |
| FR2776746A1 (en) * | 1998-03-26 | 1999-10-01 | Vallourec Mannesmann Oil & Gas | THREADED ASSEMBLY OF METAL TUBES FOR CONTAINING A FLUID |
| WO1999049171A3 (en) * | 1998-03-26 | 1999-11-11 | Vallourec Mannesmann Oil & Gas | Threaded assembly of metal tubes designed to contain a corrosive fluid |
| US6312024B1 (en) | 1998-03-26 | 2001-11-06 | Vallourec Mannesmann Oil & Gas France | Threaded assembly of metal tubes designed to contain a corrosive fluid |
| US6543816B1 (en) * | 1999-10-21 | 2003-04-08 | Vallourec Mannesmann Oil & Gas France | Threaded tubular joint proof to external pressure |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2117469B (en) | 1986-09-03 |
| GB8520982D0 (en) | 1985-09-25 |
| GB2162607A (en) | 1986-02-05 |
| NL8202098A (en) | 1983-10-17 |
| CA1191172A (en) | 1985-07-30 |
| JPS58142475U (en) | 1983-09-26 |
| GB2162607B (en) | 1986-09-24 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19980512 |