GB1600347A - Grinder for profiled pieces of wood - Google Patents
Grinder for profiled pieces of wood Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB1600347A GB1600347A GB24772/78A GB2477278A GB1600347A GB 1600347 A GB1600347 A GB 1600347A GB 24772/78 A GB24772/78 A GB 24772/78A GB 2477278 A GB2477278 A GB 2477278A GB 1600347 A GB1600347 A GB 1600347A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- abrasive cloth
- star wheel
- workpiece
- grinding
- station
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 244000007853 Sarothamnus scoparius Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B5/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B5/02—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work
- B24B5/025—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work involving indexable work supporting means carrying several work pieces to be operated on in succession
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
- Grinding Of Cylindrical And Plane Surfaces (AREA)
- Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
Description
(54) GRINDER FOR PROFILED PIECES OF WOOD
(71) We, WALTER HEMPEL GMBH & CO. KG., a Kommanditgesellschaft of
Erlenstr. 36, 8500 Nurnberg, West Germany, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:
The present invention relates to a grinder for profiled pieces of wood, such as wooden rods, e.g. legs of period furniture, door knobs etc.
One known form of such grinder includes several workpiece drive spindles, driven in the same direction, and mounted on the periphery of a star wheel which can be rotated stepwise, the spindles being mounted parallel to one another and to the axis of rotation of the star wheel, and with two abrasive cloth carriers arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the star wheel, and capable of being driven so as to reciprocate at approximately a right angle to the lengthwise direction of their pendant abrasive cloth strips, the said abrasive cloth carriers possessing a plurality of grinding stations which are arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the star wheel and are formed by support bodies which elastically press the strips of abrasive cloth against one of the workpieces, with the star wheel conveying each workpiece from grinding station to grinding station and with the direction of reciprocation of one abrasive cloth carrier running parallel to the axial direction of the workpiece spindles.
The known grinder of the type mentioned above is only suitable for grinding the periphery of workpieces which are clamped at their two ends between the points of the bearing spindles and drive spindles, respectively, of two clamping plates.
Hitherto, wooden furniture knobs have been ground manually. In order to make this grinding process more economical, it is also already known to tumble wooden furniture knobs in a drum. For this purpose, a plurality of wooden furniture knobs are introduced, together with abrasive granules, into a drum which can be caused to rotate.
The grinding process takes place as a result of the wooden knobs touching one another and touching the rotating drum jacket, in each case in the presence of the abrasive granules. However, this process has the disadvantage that the course of the grinding process cannot be influenced. The intensity of the grinding process differs over the surface of the knob, depending on the contour of the knob. Contours which have been worked into the surface of the knob are easily ground away during this treatment process, as a result of which the contour loses its desired appearance.
According to the present invention there is provided a grinder for profiled pieces of wood, comprising several mutually parallel workpiece drive spindles constructed as attachment mandrels onto which workpieces can be pushed and from which the workpieces can be stripped, the mandrels being driven in the same direction and mounted on the periphery of a star wheel which can be rotated stepwise about an axis parallel to the spindles; and first and second abrasive cloth carriers arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the star wheel, and each capable of being driven so as to reciprocate in a respective direction approximately at right angles to the lengthwise direction of their pendant abrasive cloth strips, the said abrasive cloth carriers each having a plurality of grinding stations which are arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the star wheel and are formed by support bodies which resiliently urge the strips of abrasive cloth against one of the workpieces such that the star wheel conveys each workpiece from grinding station to grinding station, the direction of reciprocation of said first abrasive cloth carrier running parallel to the axial direction of the workpiece spindles, and that of the second abrasive cloth carrier being at right angles to the axial direction of the drive spindles so that the grinding stations of said first abrasive cloth carrier act against the periphery of each workpiece in turn, and the grinding stations of the second abrasive cloth carrier act against the end face of each workpiece in turn.
Using the grinder according to the invention, it is possible, in spite of the fully automated method of working the grinder, to control the grinding process accurately and to suit it to the particular precut contours.
The support bodies, which are in themselves known, are of brush-like construction in order to be able to adapt elastically, in as simple a manner as possible, to the contours of the workpiece. Preferably, the abrasive cloth strips, allotted to the various individual grinding stations of the two abrasive cloth carriers are of different fineness. On each abrasive cloth carrier, the fineness of the grains more preferably increases in the direction of advance of the star wheel from grinding station to grinding station.
Advantageously, the support bodies of said second abrasive cloth carrier are driven so that they can be swivelled out of the way, in the direction away from the workpieces.
This ensures that the abrasive cloth strips intended for working the end faces are not damaged by the stepped motion of the star wheel and, after completion of a step, occupy their intended position relative to the next workpiece to be treated.
More advantageously, the swivel drive for the support bodies is synchronized with the stepped-motion drive for the star wheel in such a way that the swivelling-away can be carried out automatically at the start of the stepped motion and the swivelling-back can take place automaticallly at the end of the
stepped motion. This simplifies the control
of the swivel drive for the support bodies.
Suitably, the axis of rotation of the star wheel is horizontal, said second abrasive
cloth carrier being located above the star
wheel with its grinding stations located in the upper half of the star wheel, and said
first abrasive cloth carrier being located to
the side of the star wheel. As a result, the
pendant abrasive cloth strips which serve to
work the end faces of the workpieces can be
arranged next to one another in spite of the
fact that the star wheel resembles a round
table, and can thus hang down without
interference between one another. After
swivelling-back of the support bodies the
abrasive cloth strips automatically lift, under their own weight, off the end faces of the workpieces. The side-by-side arrangement of the support bodies of the abrasive cloth carrier intended for working the end faces of the workpieces is made possible if the support bodies of said second abrasive cloth carrier are fixed on a common drivable swivel axis which runs at right angles to the axis of rotation of the star wheel. This serves to simplify the construction of the abrasive cloth carrier and the controlled swivelling motion of the support bodies.
Automatic clamping of the workpieces onto the drive spindles and automatic release of the workpieces from these spindles is possible if the grinder includes a pressure piston synchronized with the steppedmotion drive for the star wheel so that it is activated upon termination of the stepped motion, said pressure piston being capable of pushing the workpieces onto the mandrels.
The present invention will be explained in more detail with the aid of an illustrative embodiment shown in the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows a view of the grinder in the direction of the axis of rotation of the star wheel,
Figure 2 shows a detail view along arrow
II of, in particular, the star wheel zone of the grinder according to Figure 1,
Figure 3 shows a schematic detail side view of, in particular, the star wheel and of the abrasive cloth carrier intended for the working of the end faces, along arrow III in
Figure 1 and
Figure 4 shows a detail view of the unloading station of the star wheel, along arrow IV in Figure 1.
In the grinder marked 1 in its totality, a star wheel 5 is mounted on the machine table 2, so as to be rotatable about a horizontal axis 3 in the direction of the arrow 4. The stepped-motion rotary drive of the star wheel 5 in the direction of the arrow 4 is effected by the drive motor 6 via a
Vee-belt 7.
A total of ten drive spindles 8 rotatable about axes parallel to one another and to the axis of rotation 3 of the star wheel 5, are mounted uniformly distributed over the periphery of the star wheel. The drive spindles 8 are driven in the same direction, namely the direction of the arrow 9. The drive is effected centrally by means of a drive motor 10 via the Vee-belt 11.
Two abrasive cloth carriers 12, 13 are arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the star wheel 5. The abrasive cloth carriers 12, 13 can be driven for reciprocation in a respective direction which is in each case approximately at right angles to the grinding direction. The grinding direction runs at right angles to the plane of the drawing of Figure 2, so the carriers 12, 13 reciprocate in the respective directions 14 and 15. The abrasive cloth carriers 12, 13 and their directions of reciprocation 14, 15 are respectively at about a right angle 16 to one another. The direction of the abrasive cloth carrier 13 and its direction of reciprocation 15 are parallel to the axis of rotation 3 of the star wheel and to the axes of rotation of the drive spindles 8. The abrasive cloth carrier 12 and its direction of reciprocation 14, run essentially horizontally, like the abrasive cloth carrier 13 and its direction of reciprocation 15.
The two abrasive cloth carriers 12, 13 are each provided with a plurality of grinding stations 17 - 20 and 21 - 23, respectively, the stations being arranged next to one another in the peripheral direction of the star wheel 5. The individual grinding stations 17 - 23 are each formed by a pendant abrasive cloth strip 24, each of which is pressed against the workpiece 26 by a separate support body 25 located in the abrasive cloth carrier 12 or 13.
This pressure is applied elastically and in a manner which matches the contours of the workpiece 26, this being achieved by the support body 25 being constructed in the manner of a brush or broom, as is in principle also known from German Patent
Specification 2,119,203.
As a result of the abrasive cloth carrier 12, 13 being set at a right angle 16 to one another, the grinding stations 17 - 20 of the abrasive cloth carrier 12 act against the end faces 27 and the grinding stations 21 - 23 of the abrasive cloth carrier 13 act against the periphery 28 of the workpieces 26.
The support bodies 25 of the grinding stations 17 - 20 of the abrasive cloth carrier 12 which acts against the end faces 27 of the workpieces 26 are driven so that they can be swivelled out of the way in the direction away from the workpieces 26. This swivel drive is effected by the hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder 30 about the axis 31 which runs at right angles to the plane of the drawing of Figure 3.
The support bodies 25 are fixed on a common swivel axis 31 which extends at right angles to the axis of rotation 3 of the star wheel 5, and on which the swivel drive acts. As a result of being conjointly fixed on the axis 31, the support bodies 25 of all grinding stations 17 - 20 are conjointly swivelled forwards and backwards by the cylinder 30.
The swivel drive for the support bodies 25 of the grinding stations 17 - 20 is synchronised with the stepped-motion drive for the star wheel 5 in such a way that at the start of the stepped motion the swivelling out of the way can take place automatically and at the conclusion of the stepped motion the swivelling back (into the swivel position shown in Figure 3) can take place automatically.
The abrasive cloth carrier 12 with the grinding stations 17 - 20 which act against the end faces 27 of the workpieces 26 is located above the star wheel 5, approximately in the upper quadrant of its periphery and in front of its end face, so that the support bodies 25 of the grinding stations 17 - 20 of this carrier 12 project downwards into the zone of the upper half of the star wheel 5.
The abrasive cloth carrier 13 with the support bodies 25 for working the periphery of the workpieces 26 is located to the side of the star wheel 5. The support bodies 25 of its grinding stations 21 - 23 project more nearly into the lateral or lower peripheral zone of the star wheel 5.
The number of the drive spindles 8 located on the star wheel 5 is at least equal to the number of grinding stations 17 - 23 plus the loading station 32 and the unloading station 33. At the loading station 32, the workpieces 26 are pushed, in the direction 34 of the horizontal axis of rotation 3 of the star wheel 5, onto the attachment mandrels 35 located on the ends of the drive spindles 8. The pushing-on is effected by a pressure cylinder 36 which in each case presses the lowest workpiece 26 from the inclined magazine chute 37 in the direction of the arrow 34 onto the attachment mandrels 35 or onto corresponding means of attachment on the drive spindles 8. The pushing-on movement of the pressure piston of the pressure cylinder 36 is synchronised with the stepped-motion drive for the star wheel 5 so that this pushing-on motion in the direction of the arrow 34 is switched on at the conclusion of the stepped motion.
The ends of the drive spindles 8 which project from the star wheel are surrounded by stripper sleeves 38 which are freely slidable in the axial direction 34 of the spindles. In the zone of the unloading station 33 of the star wheel 5, a control cam 39 which forces the stripper sleeve 38 of the drive spindle 8 which enters the unloading station 33 in the stripping direction, that is to say forces it in the direction 34 away from the drive spindle 8 or the attachment mandrels 35, is fixed to the machine table. The control cam 39 is located behind the star wheel 5 and acts on the stripper sleeve 38 via the roller 40 of the transmission rod system 41 which is slidably mounted on the star wheel 5.
The grinding of the periphery 28 of the workpieces 26 is carried out in the manner of the machine according to German Patent
Specification 2,119,203, which was explained at the outset.
The grinder according to the invention operates as follows:
After a forward step of the star wheel 5, the pressure cylinder 36 presses a new workpiece 26 onto the attachment mandrels 35 of the drive spindle 8 located in the zone of the loading station 32. Since the workpiece 26 consists of wood, it adheres firmly to the mandrels 35 of the drive spindle 8. In the zone of the loading station 32, the belt pulleys 42 of the drive spindle 8 are outside the wrap-round zone of the Vee-belt 11.
Accordingly, the drive spindle 8 is static in the zone of the loading station 32.
After a forward step in the direction of the arrow 4, due to the drive applied by the motor 6 and the Vee-belt 7, the two belt pulleys 42 of the drive spindle 8 come into the zone of action of the upper Vee-belt 10 or of the two mutually parallel upper Veebelts 10. As a result, the drive spindle 8 is caused to rotate in the direction of the arrow 9. The drive spindle 8 retains this rotation over the subsequent stepped motions and working stations until it reaches the unloading station 33. After reaching the grinding station 17, the support bodies which have beforehand been retracted by the cylinder 30 in the direction of the arrow 29 are again swivelled back into their working position.
This presses the slightly eccentrically (Figure 2) located abrasive cloth strips 24 of the abrasive cloth carrier 12 against the end faces 27 of the workpieces 26. Since the support bodies 25 are formed by brushes or brooms, the abrasive cloth strips 24 mould themselves to the contour of the end faces 27 of the boss-like workpieces 26. To improve this moulding even further and to be able to follow even irregular contours of the workpieces 26 more effectively, the abrasive cloth strips 24 are slit, in a manner which is in itself known, by providing a plurality of lengthwise slits alongside one another.
The stepped motion of the star wheel 5 takes place at fixed intervals of time by means of a timer relay. After completion of the process of working the workpiece 26 in the zone of the first end-face grinding station 17, the star wheel 5 advances a step.
Simultaneously therewith, the support bodies 25 of the abrasive cloth carrier 12 swivel back in the manner just described, so that the abrasive cloth strips 24 of the abrasive cloth carrier 12 come out of engagement with the end faces 27 of the workpieces 26. As soon as the workpiece 26 has reached the second end-face grinding station 18 at the end of the stepped motion, the support bodies 25 of the abrasive cloth carrier 12 again swivel in the direction of the arrow 29, against the end faces 27 of the workpieces 26, so that a second end-face grinding process now takes place in the zone of the second end-face grinding station 18.
In this latter station, the abrasive cloth strip 24 used is already of a somewhat finer grain.
The grain sizes of the abrasive cloth strips 24 of the third and fourth end-face grinding station 19 and 20 respectively are each progressively finer still. After completion of the fourth end-face grinding process in the zone of the end-face grinding station 20, the grinding of the end face of the workpiece 26 has been completed. On a further forward step of the star wheel 5 in the direction of the arrow 4, the workpiece 26 leaves the zone of action of the abrasive cloth carrier 12 for working the end faces and enters the zone of action of the abrasive cloth carrier 13 for working the periphery. The workpiece 26, which continues to rotate in the direction of the arrow 9, passes along the abrasive cloth strips 24 of the periphery grinding stations 21 - 23, where the support bodies 25, which again consist of brushes, can admittedly be swivelled out of the way elastically, but not analogously to the direction of the arrow 29, which here is not necessary because the grinding direction is downwards, in the lengthwise direction of the abrasive cloth strips 24.
During the grinding processes in the grinding stations 17 - 20 and 21 - 23, the abrasive cloth carriers 12, 13 reciprocate slightly in the direction of the arrows 14, 15 in order to avoid scoring the surface of the workpiece 25 and in order thereby to ensure as smooth a surface finish as possible.
After passing through the last periphery grinding station 23 the workpiece 26 passes, with the next forward step, into the unloading station 33, whilst the drive spindle 8 continues to rotate due to the action of the
Vee-belt or belts 11. On entering the unloading station 33, the roller 40 of the transmission rod system 41 runs onto the control cam 39. This causes the stripper sleeve 38, mounted so as to be freely slidable on the end of the drive spindle 8, to be pushed outwards in the direction of the arrow 34. In doing so, the sleeve 38 releases the frictional grip between the workpiece 26 and the attachment mandrels 35 of the drive spindle 8.
With the next forward step, the drive shaft 8, from which the workpiece 26 has been released, reaches the empty station 43, in which it is out of engagement with the
Vee-belt 11 and is therefore caused to stop.
With the next forward step, the drive spindle 8 again reaches the loading station 32. As a result of the loading process, described above, by means of the pressure cylinder 36 the stripper sleeve 38 is automatically pushed back again into its retracted starting position.
WHAT WE CLAIM IS:
1. A grinder for profiled pieces of wood, comprising several mutually parallel workpiece drive spindles constructed as attach
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.
Claims (8)
1. A grinder for profiled pieces of wood, comprising several mutually parallel workpiece drive spindles constructed as attach
ment mandrels onto which workpieces can be pushed and from which the workpieces can be stripped, the mandrels being driven in the same direction and mounted on the periphery of a star wheel which can be rotated stepwise about an axis parallel to the spindles; and first and second abrasive cloth carriers arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the star wheel, and each capable of being driven so as to reciprocate in a respective direction approximately at right angles to the lengthwise direction of their pendant abrasive cloth strips, the said abrasive cloth carriers each having a plurality of grinding stations which are arranged next to one another in the circumferential direction of the star wheel and are formed by support bodies which resiliently urge the strips of abrasive cloth against one of the workpieces such that the star wheel conveys each workpiece from grinding station to grinding station, the direction of reciprocation of said first abrasive cloth carrier running parallel to the axial direction of the workpiece spindles, and that of the second abrasive cloth carrier being at right angles to the axial direction of the drive spindles so that the grinding stations of said first abrasive cloth carrier act against the periphery of each workpiece in turn, and the grinding stations of the second abrasive cloth carrier act against the end face of each workpiece in turn.
2. A grinder according to claim 1, wherein the support bodies of said second abrasive cloth carrier are driven so that they can be swivelled out of the way, in the direction away from the workpieces.
3. A grinder according to claim 2, wherein the swivel drive for the support bodies is synchronized with the steppedmotion drive for the star wheel in such a way that the swivelling-away can be carried out automatically at the start of the stepped motion and the swivelling-back can take place automatically at the end of the stepped motion.
4. A grinder according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the axis of rotation of the star wheel is horizontal, said second abrasive cloth carrier being located above the star wheel with its grinding stations located in the upper half of the star wheel, and said first abrasive cloth carrier being located to the side of the star wheel.
5. A grinder according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the support bodies of said second abrasive cloth carrier are fixed on a common drivable swivel axis which runs at right angles to the axis of rotation of the star wheel.
6. A grinder according to any one of the preceding claims, and including a pressure piston synchronized with the steppedmotion dnve for the star wheel so that it is activated upon termination of the stepped motion, said pressure piston being capable of pushing the workpieces onto the mandrels.
7. A grinder according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ends of the drive spindles which project from the star wheel are surrounded by stripper sleeves which are movable in their axial direction; and wherein a control cam fixed to the machine frame in the zone of the unloading station of the star wheel is effective to press the stripper sleeve of the drive spindle entering the unloading station, in the stripping direction.
8. A grinder for profiled pieces of wood, constructed and adapted to operate substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as illustrated in, the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2733993A DE2733993C3 (en) | 1977-07-28 | 1977-07-28 | Grinding machine for profiled wooden parts |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1600347A true GB1600347A (en) | 1981-10-14 |
Family
ID=6015001
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB24772/78A Expired GB1600347A (en) | 1977-07-28 | 1978-05-31 | Grinder for profiled pieces of wood |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5425593A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7804771A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2733993C3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES471730A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2398576A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1600347A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1097773B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5819884B2 (en) * | 1980-09-12 | 1983-04-20 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Hydraulic rotary actuator |
| DE4410495A1 (en) * | 1994-03-27 | 1995-09-28 | Schrick Gmbh Dr | Piston machine with compensation of free mass forces |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4857294A (en) * | 1971-11-19 | 1973-08-11 | ||
| JPS5110720A (en) * | 1974-07-16 | 1976-01-28 | Sony Corp | Pal hoshikikaraaterebijonshingono saiseihoho |
-
1977
- 1977-07-28 DE DE2733993A patent/DE2733993C3/en not_active Expired
-
1978
- 1978-05-31 GB GB24772/78A patent/GB1600347A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-07-14 ES ES471730A patent/ES471730A1/en not_active Expired
- 1978-07-25 BR BR7804771A patent/BR7804771A/en unknown
- 1978-07-26 FR FR7822159A patent/FR2398576A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1978-07-27 JP JP9202878A patent/JPS5425593A/en active Pending
- 1978-07-28 IT IT26290/78A patent/IT1097773B/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES471730A1 (en) | 1979-02-01 |
| JPS5425593A (en) | 1979-02-26 |
| DE2733993A1 (en) | 1979-02-01 |
| DE2733993C3 (en) | 1980-03-06 |
| FR2398576A1 (en) | 1979-02-23 |
| IT1097773B (en) | 1985-08-31 |
| DE2733993B2 (en) | 1979-06-28 |
| IT7826290A0 (en) | 1978-07-28 |
| BR7804771A (en) | 1979-04-24 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949] | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |