ES2337007A1 - Ceramic paste whose formulation incorporates raw materials with a low melting point in order to increase the mechanical strength of the dried, shaped pieces - Google Patents
Ceramic paste whose formulation incorporates raw materials with a low melting point in order to increase the mechanical strength of the dried, shaped pieces Download PDFInfo
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- ES2337007A1 ES2337007A1 ES200850091A ES200850091A ES2337007A1 ES 2337007 A1 ES2337007 A1 ES 2337007A1 ES 200850091 A ES200850091 A ES 200850091A ES 200850091 A ES200850091 A ES 200850091A ES 2337007 A1 ES2337007 A1 ES 2337007A1
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- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052572 stoneware Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical class [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052571 earthenware Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000615 nonconductor Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000015927 pasta Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical class [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 4
- 235000019982 sodium hexametaphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 4
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical class OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 sands feldspathic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 150000001639 boron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-I triphosphate(5-) Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 2
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002918 Fraxinus excelsior Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000978776 Senegalia senegal Species 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZRIUUUJAJJNDSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium phosphates Chemical class [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ZRIUUUJAJJNDSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150038956 cup-4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019797 dipotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003763 resistance to breakage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019795 sodium metasilicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/447—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on phosphates, e.g. hydroxyapatite
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Pasta cerámica que incorpora en su formulación materias primas con un bajo punto de fusión para aumentar la resistencia mecánica de las piezas conformadas y secas.Ceramic paste that incorporates in its formulation raw materials with a low melting point to increase the mechanical strength of shaped and dry parts.
La invención se relaciona, en general, con la fabricación de productos cerámicos y, en particular, se refiere a una pasta cerámica que comprende una materia prima con un bajo coste de fusión confiriendo al conjunto una mayor resistencia mecánica respecto a la que se consigue utilizando composiciones de pastas cerámicas tradicionales.The invention relates, in general, to the manufacture of ceramic products and, in particular, refers to a ceramic paste comprising a raw material with a low cost of fusion giving the assembly a greater mechanical resistance compared to that achieved using pasta compositions Traditional ceramics
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La elaboración de la cerámica tradicional se ha basado en la utilización de minerales arcillosos, como principal componente de las pastas cerámicas. Sin embargo, en los últimos años y debido a una mayor tendencia del mercado hacia productos más sofisticados, a la globalización en la producción cerámica y al desarrollo de equipos de conformado de piezas cerámicas con una mayor capacidad (prensas de gran tonelaje), ha dado lugar al desarrollo de pastas cerámicas con un menor contenido en mineral arcilloso.The elaboration of traditional ceramics has based on the use of clay minerals, as the main component of ceramic pastes. However, in recent years and due to a greater market trend towards more products sophisticated, to globalization in ceramic production and to development of equipment for forming ceramic pieces with a greater capacity (heavy tonnage presses), has resulted in development of ceramic pastes with a lower mineral content clayey.
Esta disminución en el porcentaje de minerales arcillosos se ha compensado con un incremento en otro tipo de materiales más desgrasantes, que confieren a la pasta cerámica unas mejores propiedades físico-químicas (fundencia, blancura), una mayor rentabilidad económica o una mayor disponibilidad de materias primas en las proximidades de los centros de producción.This decrease in the percentage of minerals clays has been offset by an increase in other types of more degreasing materials, which give ceramic paste some better physicochemical properties (fundence, whiteness), greater economic profitability or greater availability of raw materials in the vicinity of the centers of production.
Estas materias primas sustitutivas de los minerales arcillosos son, entre otros: los feldespatos, las arenas feldespáticas, arenas silicias, el talco, el silicato de circonio, la alúmina, las fritas o vidrios, la dolomita, las pegmatitas, etc. y su utilización depende de la disponibilidad de las mismas en las áreas de producción cerámica, así como, del resultado físico-químico final que se quiere obtener de la pieza cerámica (baja absorción de agua, elevada resistencia mecánica, blancura, etc.).These substitute raw materials for clay minerals are, among others: feldspars, sands feldspathic, silicon sands, talc, zirconium silicate, alumina, fried or glass, dolomite, pegmatite, etc. and its use depends on their availability in the ceramic production areas, as well as, of the result final physicochemical that you want to get from the ceramic piece (low water absorption, high resistance mechanical, whiteness, etc.).
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Esta tendencia dentro de la cerámica tradicional por desarrollar productos con mejores prestaciones técnicas, queda reflejado en el fuerte incremento en la producción de gres porcelánico. Dicho producto tiene como principales características: una baja absorción de agua (inferior al 0,5%) y la blancura del soporte cerámico. Para su formulación, se ha sustituido los minerales arcillosos (arcillas y caolines) por:This trend within traditional ceramics for developing products with better technical features, it remains reflected in the sharp increase in stoneware production Porcelain This product has as main characteristics: low water absorption (less than 0.5%) and the whiteness of the ceramic support For its formulation, the clay minerals (clays and kaolins) by:
- --
- material fundente con un bajo contenido de óxidos cromóforos (óxidos de hierro y titanio): feldespatos, talco, dolomita, frita, etc.flux material with a low content of chromophores oxides (iron and titanium oxides): feldspars, talc, dolomite, fried, etc.
- --
- materiales con un coste económico bajo: arenas feldespáticas, cuarzos, etc.materials with a low economic cost: feldspathic sands, quartz, etc.
- --
- materiales que confieren una mayor blancura al soporte cerámico: silicato de circonio o alúmina.materials that confer greater whiteness to the ceramic support: zirconium silicate or alumina.
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Sin embargo, la reducción del contenido de arcilla o su sustitución por arcillas con una menor plasticidad en las formulaciones de gres porcelánico ha llevado asociado, en algunos casos, una disminución de la resistencia mecánica de la pieza conformada y seca. Para mejorar dicha resistencia mecánica se han instalado en el sistema productivo prensas de mayor capacidad, o se ha introducido en las formulaciones de gres porcelánico materiales que actúan como ligantes. Dichos materiales se añaden en un porcentaje pequeño, generalmente inferior al 1% y son, principalmente, de naturaleza orgánica (hidroxipropil metil celulosa, alcohol polivinílico, acetato polivinílico, celulosa, hidroxipropil celulosa, lignosulfatos, goma arábica, etc.), aunque también cabe la posibilidad de introducir compuestos de boro que facilitan el conformado de la pieza cerámica y presentan bajos puntos de fusión.However, reducing the content of clay or its replacement by clays with less plasticity in Porcelain stoneware formulations have been associated in some cases, a decrease in the mechanical resistance of the shaped and dry piece. To improve said mechanical resistance, they have installed in the productive system presses of greater capacity, or It has been introduced in porcelain stoneware formulations materials that act as binders. These materials are added in a small percentage, generally less than 1% and are, mainly of an organic nature (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, lignosulfates, gum arabic, etc.), although it is also possible to introduce boron compounds that facilitate the conformation of the ceramic piece and have low melting points
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A continuación se expone una composición habitual de una pasta cerámica utilizada para la elaboración de gres porcelánico esmaltado:Below is a composition usual of a ceramic paste used to make stoneware glazed porcelain:
- Arcilla Clay
- 20-40%20-40%
- Feldespato Feldspar
- 30-60%30-60%
- Arena Feldespática Feldspathic Arena
- 0-10%0-10%
- Caolín Kaolin
- 0-20%0-20%
- Desfloculantes Deflocculants
- 0,5%0.5%
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Si se pretende generalizar, se puede decir, que no existe una formulación única en cerámica tradicional, pero si se puede establecer un intervalo de composiciones que engloban la mayoría de formulaciones, este intervalo sería:If it is intended to generalize, it can be said that there is no single formulation in traditional ceramics, but if you can establish a range of compositions that encompass the Most formulations, this interval would be:
- Materias primas plásticas Plastic raw materials
- 5-100%5-100%
- Materias primas desgrasantes Raw Materials degreasers
- 0,1-95%0.1-95%
Para formulaciones de pastas rojas para pavimento o revestimiento, el 99,7% de su composición en vía húmeda y el 100% en vía seca están formuladas con materiales plásticos. Sin embargo, las formulaciones de materiales similares al gres porcelánico o de las porcelanas, el contenido de material plástico disminuye ostensiblemente hasta porcentajes bajos.For red pasta formulations for pavement or cladding, 99.7% of its composition in the wet way and 100% dry way are formulated with plastic materials. Without However, formulations of stoneware-like materials Porcelain or porcelain, the content of plastic material decreases significantly to low percentages.
La introducción del desfloculante es necesaria cuando se realiza la molturación de la pasta cerámica por vía húmeda. Los desfloculantes son productos que disminuyen la viscosidad y tixotropía de la barbotina, y permite una mayor efectividad en la molturación, así como un menor tiempo de descarga del molino. Los desfloculantes utilizados para la elaboración de las pastas cerámicas por molienda en líquido son: poliacrilatos, metasilicatos sódicos, hexametafosfato sódico, tripolifosfato sódico o fosfonatos. Generalmente, y para obtener una mayor efectividad, se utiliza una mezcla de dos o más tipos de desfloculantes.The introduction of deflocculant is necessary when grinding ceramic paste is done via wet Deflocculants are products that decrease the viscosity and thixotropy of the slip, and allows greater effectiveness in grinding, as well as less discharge time of the mill. The deflocculants used to make the ceramic pastes by grinding in liquid are: polyacrylates, sodium metasilicates, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate or phosphonates. Generally, and to obtain greater effectiveness, Use a mixture of two or more types of deflocculants.
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Para realizar el conformado de las piezas cerámicas, previamente se debe adecuar la pasta cerámica a las condiciones necesarias para cada tecnología de conformado (prensado, extrusionado o colado). Esta preparación de la pasta cerámica se realiza habitualmente mediante dos vías:To perform the forming of the pieces ceramic, previously you must adapt the ceramic paste to the necessary conditions for each forming technology (pressing, extruded or cast). This ceramic paste preparation is usually performed in two ways:
- --
- Vía seca, donde una vez realizada la molturación en seco de los diferentes componentes que conforman la pasta cerámica, se humectan o amasan hasta una humedad que permite el conformado de la pieza.Via dry, where once the dry milling of the different components that make up the ceramic paste, get wet or knead until a moisture that allows the shaping of the piece.
- --
- Vía húmeda, donde la molturación realiza en medio líquido con el objetivo de conseguir una mejor distribución de partículas. Esta pasta líquida, llamada barbotina, se seca, generalmente mediante atomizado, hasta una humedad adecuada para el conformado de la pieza. Para facilitar la molienda y la descarga de la barbotina de los molinos, se incorporan aditivos (desfloculantes), que modifican la reología de la barbotina.Via wet, where the grinding takes place in liquid medium with the aim of achieving a better distribution of particles. This liquid paste, called slip, is dried, usually by atomized, to a humidity suitable for shaping the piece. To facilitate the grinding and unloading of the slip of the mills, additives (deflocculants) are incorporated, which modify The rheology of the slip.
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Por último, cabe mencionar que los compuestos de fósforo han sido ampliamente utilizados en la cerámica tradicional, su función ha sido, principalmente, como:Finally, it should be mentioned that the compounds of Phosphorus have been widely used in traditional ceramics, Its function has been, mainly, as:
- --
- Elaboración de la cerámica de huesos mediante la incorporación de cenizas procedentes de la calcinación de huesos.Development of bone pottery by incorporating ashes from calcination of bones.
- --
- Desfloculantes, con el objetivo de adecuar las condiciones reológicas de las barbotinas. Dentro de esta tipología de compuestos de fósforo se encuentran: el tripolifosfato sódico, el hexametafosfato sódico y los fosfonatos.Defloculants, with the aim of adapt the rheological conditions of the slippers. Inside this Typology of phosphorus compounds are found: tripolyphosphate sodium, sodium hexametaphosphate and phosphonates.
- --
- Como opacificantes en la elaboración de fritas o vidrios.How opacifying in the production of frits or glasses.
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Además, los fosfatos, especialmente el ácido fosfórico, los fosfatos monoamónicos y los fosfatos de alúmina, magnesio o calcio, son utilizados en la industria de la cerámica avanzada y de refractarios, como ligantes. Dicho efecto se describe, por ejemplo, en las patentes: US 4.417.925 "Mezcla refractaria con fibra de cerámica", US 4.770.943 "Método para crear un film rígido de un compuesto de fosfato cálcico", US 6.013.321 "Método para fabricar cerámica unida con fosfatos", US 5328879 "Binding and plasticizing agent for preparing carbón-containing, refractory, ceramic materials and material prepared therewith" o US3888687 "Refractario de Alumina-Cromo".In addition, phosphates, especially acid phosphoric, monoammonium phosphates and alumina phosphates, magnesium or calcium, are used in the ceramic industry advanced and refractory, as binders. Said effect is described, for example, in patents: US 4,417,925 "Refractory mixture with ceramic fiber ", US 4,770,943" Method for creating a film rigid of a calcium phosphate compound ", US 6,013,321 "Method for manufacturing phosphate bonded ceramics", US 5328879 "Binding and plasticizing agent for preparing carbon-containing, refractory, ceramic materials and material prepared therewith "or US3888687" Refractory of Alumina-Chrome ".
También en la patente ES 2.193.864 A1 "Pastas cerámicas con formulación no convencional con contenidos de fósforo superiores al 2%. Procedimiento para su elaboración y ventajas", se describe la formulación de una pasta cerámica que utiliza como ligantes y plastificantes, los compuestos de fósforo monovalentes, como sustitutos de la arcilla en las formulaciones de cerámicas tradicionales, en especial, en la elaboración de baldosas cerámicas con baja absorción de agua.Also in the patent ES 2,193,864 A1 "Pasta ceramics with unconventional formulation with phosphorus contents greater than 2%. Procedure for its elaboration and advantages ", the formulation of a ceramic paste that is used as a binders and plasticizers, monovalent phosphorus compounds, as substitutes for clay in ceramic formulations traditional, especially in the elaboration of ceramic tiles With low water absorption.
En la presente invención el porcentaje de fosfato introducido no es suficiente para actuar de ligante y plastificante. Por lo tanto se debe incorporar el material plástico natural o sintético necesario para la elaboración de las pastas cerámicas tradicionales.In the present invention the percentage of Phosphate introduced is not enough to act as a binder and plasticizer Therefore the plastic material must be incorporated natural or synthetic necessary for the preparation of pasta Traditional ceramics
Por otro lado, la tipología y el porcentaje de fosfatos necesarios para la presente invención, no tienen como finalidad el sellar los poros de la pieza cerámica en su proceso de cocción. Para dicha finalidad, en la formulación de la pasta cerámica se incorporará materiales que en las temperaturas de cocción de los productos cerámicos fundan total o parcialmente. Estas materias primas son entre otras: todas las tipologías de feldespatos, fritas, compuestos de boro, fosfatos con puntos de fusión superiores a los descritos en la presente invención, arcillas, etc.On the other hand, the typology and the percentage of phosphates necessary for the present invention do not have as purpose of sealing the pores of the ceramic piece in its process of cooking. For this purpose, in the pasta formulation ceramic materials will be incorporated that at the temperatures of Cooking ceramic products founded totally or partially. These raw materials are among others: all types of feldspars, frits, boron compounds, phosphates with dots fusion superior to those described in the present invention, clays, etc.
Es objeto de la presente invención proporcionar una pasta cerámica que incorpora en su formulación materias primas con un punto de fusión igual o inferior a 500ºC, que presenta la siguiente formulación en peso seco:It is the object of the present invention to provide a ceramic paste that incorporates raw materials in its formulation with a melting point equal to or less than 500 ° C, which has the following dry weight formulation:
- --
- Materias primas plásticas en un rango comprendido entre 5-99,9%;Plastic raw materials in a range between 5-99.9%;
- --
- Materias primas desgrasantes en un rango comprendido entre 0,1-94,9%; yRaw materials degreasing in a range between 0.1-94.9%; Y
- --
- Materias primas con un punto de fusión igual o inferior a 500ºC en un rango comprendido entre 0,1-7%.Raw materials with a melting point equal to or less than 500 ° C in a range between 0.1-7%
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El objetivo de esta invención es mejorar la resistencia mecánica de la pieza cerámica conformada y seca, mediante la incorporación a la formulación en dicha pasta cerámica de materias primas con un bajo punto de fusión. Estas materias primas son básicamente: fosfatos de amonio, fosfatos o hidrógeno-fosfatos de elementos monovalentes con valencia +1, o mezclas de fosfatos o hidrógeno-fosfatos de amonio y elementos monovalentes con valencia +1. Estos compuestos presentan generalmente temperaturas de fusión inferiores a los 500ºC. Un ejemplo de lo anteriormente comentado sería el fosfato monoamónico cuyo punto de fusión según la bibliografía es de 190ºC, sin embargo, en el laboratorio, y previamente disolución de la sal en agua, presenta un inicio de la fusión a menor temperatura. Otros ejemplos de esta tipología de materiales serían: El fosfato potásico monobásico cuya temperatura de fusión es 253ºC y el fosfato potásico dibásico que presenta una temperatura de fusión de 465ºC.The objective of this invention is to improve the mechanical strength of the shaped and dry ceramic piece, by incorporating into the formulation in said ceramic paste of raw materials with a low melting point. These matters Raw are basically: ammonium phosphates, phosphates or hydrogen phosphates of monovalent elements with valence +1, or mixtures of phosphates or ammonium hydrogen phosphates and elements monovalent with valence +1. These compounds have generally melting temperatures below 500 ° C. A example of the aforementioned would be monoammonium phosphate whose melting point according to the literature is 190 ° C, however, in the laboratory, and previously dissolving salt in water, presents a beginning of the fusion at a lower temperature. Other examples of this type of materials would be: Potassium phosphate monobasic whose melting temperature is 253 ° C and potassium phosphate dibasic that has a melting temperature of 465ºC.
La temperatura de fusión total o parcial de estas materias primas se alcanza en el proceso de secado de la pieza conformada. Esta fusión total o parcial y la posterior solidificación del material fundido durante el enfriamiento de la pieza seca, produce un incremento de la resistencia mecánica de la baldosa, facilitando los procesos posteriores a los que son sometidos los productos cerámicos hasta su cocción final. Dichos procesos son: el esmaltado, la decoración de las piezas cerámicas, el trasiego desde el secadero hasta el horno, el rectificado en crudo de las piezas, etc.The total or partial melting temperature of These raw materials are reached in the drying process of the piece conformed This total or partial merger and subsequent solidification of molten material during cooling of the dry piece, produces an increase in the mechanical resistance of the tile, facilitating the processes subsequent to those that are submitted the ceramic products until final cooking. Sayings Processes are: enamelling, decoration of ceramic pieces, the transfer from the dryer to the oven, the grinding in raw parts, etc.
El aumento de la resistencia mecánica hace disminuir las posibilidades de rotura de las piezas cerámicas en dichos procesos, lo que implica, un aumento del porcentaje de calidad del material acabado y una disminución de los costes productivos.The increase in mechanical resistance makes decrease the chances of breaking ceramic pieces in these processes, which implies, an increase in the percentage of quality of the finished material and a decrease in costs productive.
La incorporación de estas materias primas con un bajo punto de fusión se realiza en los procesos de adecuación de las pastas cerámicas antes del conformado de las mismas. Dichos compuestos, que excluyen a los actuales desfloculantes (tripolifosfato o hexametafosfato sódico), se adicionan, generalmente, durante la elaboración de la composición. La incorporación de dichos compuestos no modifica los actuales procesos de preparación de la pasta cerámica para su posterior conformado.The incorporation of these raw materials with a low melting point is carried out in the processes of adaptation of ceramic pastes before forming them. Sayings compounds, which exclude current deflocculants (tripolyphosphate or sodium hexametaphosphate), are added, generally, during the preparation of the composition. The incorporation of said compounds does not modify the current processes Preparation of ceramic paste for later conformed.
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La pasta utilizada en esta realización consiste en una pasta de gres porcelánico con una fundencia elevada, donde se incorpora un 1% de fosfatos monoamónico. Dicha pasta queda con la siguiente formulación en % peso:The paste used in this embodiment consists in a paste of porcelain stoneware with a high functionality, where incorporates 1% monoammonium phosphates. This paste is left with the following formulation in% weight:
- Arcilla Clay
- 3030
- Feldespato Sódico Sodium Feldspar
- 68,1568.15
- Fosfato monoamónico Monoammonium phosphate
- 1one
- Carbonato sódico Sodium carbonate
- 0,50.5
- Desfloculante (hexametafosfato sódico) Deflocculant (sodium hexametaphosphate)
- 0,350.35
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Posteriormente, dicha pasta, se mezcla con una cantidad suficiente de agua, y se moltura en un molino planetario de laboratorio, obteniéndose una barbotina que presenta las siguientes características:Subsequently, said paste is mixed with a sufficient amount of water, and it is milled in a planetary mill of laboratory, obtaining a slip that presents the following features:
- Viscosidad en copa Ford de 4 mm Viscosity in Ford Cup 4 mm
- 25 segundos25 seconds
- Densidad: Density:
- 1670 Kg/m^{3}1670 Kg / m 3
- Rechazo sobre un tamiz de 63 mieras: Rejection on a sieve of 63 microns:
- 1%one%
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A continuación, se procede a secar dicha barbotina en una estufa a temperatura de 150ºC durante un periodo de 24 horas, para su posterior humectación y prensado en una prensa de laboratorio. La presión ejercida sobre el polvo humectado a una humedad del 5.5% fue de aproximadamente 106 bares obteniéndose una plaquetas rectangulares con unas dimensiones de 110x50x12 mm. Dichas plaquetas son, de nuevo, secadas en la estufa del laboratorio, a una temperatura de 150ºC, durante 24 horas, donde se produce la fusión parcial del fosfato monoamónico. Posteriormente, se procedió a caracterizar las probetas, midiéndose la densidad aparente y la resistencia mecánica de la pieza seca:Then, proceed to dry said slip in an oven at a temperature of 150ºC during a period of 24 hours, for subsequent wetting and pressing in a press laboratory. The pressure exerted on the wetted powder at a 5.5% humidity was approximately 106 bars, obtaining a rectangular platelets with dimensions of 110x50x12 mm. These platelets are, again, dried on the laboratory stove, at a temperature of 150 ° C, for 24 hours, where fusion occurs partial monoammonium phosphate. Subsequently, we proceeded to characterize the specimens, measuring the apparent density and Mechanical strength of the dry part:
- Densidad aparente: Apparent density:
- 1928 Kg/m^{3}1928 Kg / m 3
- Carga de rotura: Breaking Load:
- 34,5 N/cm^{2}34.5 N / cm2
Por último, se realizó la cocción del material en una mufla a una temperatura máxima de 1140ºC, durante 15 minutos, y un ciclo de cocción total de 60 minutos, obteniéndoselos siguientes valores de la pieza cerámica:Finally, the material was cooked in a flask at a maximum temperature of 1140 ° C, for 15 minutes, and a total cooking cycle of 60 minutes, obtaining them following values of the ceramic piece:
- \quadquad
- Absorción de agua, según método UNE-EN ISO 10545-3: 0,00%Water absorption, according to method UNE-EN ISO 10545-3: 0.00%
- \quadquad
- Densidad aparente de la pieza cocida: 2401 Kg/m^{3}Apparent density of the cooked piece: 2401 Kg / m 3
- \quadquad
- Contracción Lineal: 8.39%Linear Contraction: 8.39%
- \quadquad
- Coordenadas cromáticas: L = 67,60 a = 1.69 b =11,94Chromatic coordinates: L = 67.60 a = 1.69 b = 11.94
La incorporación de fosfatos o hidrógeno fosfatos de amonio o de elementos monovalentes, aporta a las pastas cerámicas, una mayor resistencia mecánica en crudo, debido principalmente, a la fusión parcial de los compuestos de fósforo. Este incremento de la resistencia mecánica de aproximadamente el 50% respecto a la misma fórmula con ausencia de este tipo de compuesto de fósforo.The incorporation of phosphates or hydrogen phosphonates of ammonium or monovalent elements, contributes to pasta ceramics, greater mechanical resistance in crude, due mainly, to the partial fusion of phosphorus compounds. This increase in mechanical strength of approximately 50% with respect to the same formula with absence of this type of compound phosphorus
Otros ejemplos realizados con diferentes tipologías de materias primas, y en especial, de arcillas, son:Other examples made with different Typologies of raw materials, and especially clays, are:
- 1)one)
- Incorporación de compuestos de fósforo a la elaboración de pastas de gres porcelánico con materias primas procedentes de Europa.Incorporation of phosphorus compounds to the production of porcelain stoneware pasta with raw materials from Europe.
- 2)2)
- Formulación de pastas de porcelánico con arcillas y materias primas procedentes de Sur América.Formulation of porcelain pastes with clays and raw materials from South America.
Las ventajas que incorpora esta mayor resistencia son:The advantages that this major incorporates resistance are:
- --
- Disminución de las bajas debidas a las roturas que se producen en la línea durante el trasiego de las baldosas entre su conformado hasta su cocción.Decrease in casualties due to breaks that occur in the line during the transfer of the tiles between forming until cooking.
- --
- Aumento del número de aplicaciones decorativas que se pueden realizar sobre la pieza conformada y seca, debido a su mayor resistencia a la rotura. Hasta el momento, los diferentes procesos de decoración se basan en una transferencia de esmalte o base serigráfica desde el sistema de decoración hasta la baldosa por medio de un contacto físico. Dicha transferencia somete a la baldosa a una presión que puede originar la rotura de la misma, con la consecuente pérdida económica. El aumento de la resistencia mecánica posibilita un mayor número de aplicaciones en la decoración de la pieza cerámica.Increase in the number of applications decorative that can be made on the shaped and dry piece, due to its greater resistance to breakage. So far, the Different decoration processes are based on a transfer of enamel or silkscreen base from the decoration system to the tile through physical contact. Such transfer submits to the tile at a pressure that can cause it to break, with the consequent economic loss. Increased resistance mechanics allows a greater number of applications in decoration of the ceramic piece.
- --
- La mayor resistencia mecánica de la baldosa permite la elaboración de baldosas con relieves más pronunciados.The greater mechanical resistance of the tile allows the elaboration of tiles with more pronounced reliefs.
- --
- La incorporación de los compuestos de fósforo de la presente invención presentan una baja temperatura de fusión, facilitando, junto al resto de materiales fundentes que se incorporan en la elaboración de las piezas cerámicas, la sinterización total o parcial de dichos productos.The incorporation of the phosphorus compounds of the present invention they have a low melting temperature, facilitating, together with rest of melting materials that are incorporated in the elaboration of the ceramic pieces, the total or partial sintering of said products.
Claims (10)
- --
- Materias primas plásticas en un rango comprendido entre 5-99,9%;Plastic raw materials in a range between 5-99.9%;
- --
- Materias primas desgrasantes en un rango comprendido entre 0,1-94,9%; yRaw materials degreasing in a range between 0.1-94.9%; Y
- --
- Materias primas con un punto de fusión igual o inferior a 500ºC en un rango comprendido entre 0,1-7%.Raw materials with a melting point equal to or less than 500 ° C in a range between 0.1-7%
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ES200850091A ES2337007B1 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2006-05-16 | CERAMIC PASTE THAT INCLUDES IN ITS FORMATION RAW MATERIALS WITH A UNDER FUSION POINT TO INCREASE THE MECHANICAL RESISTANCE OF CONFORMED AND DRY PARTS. |
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Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3888687A (en) * | 1973-10-01 | 1975-06-10 | Taylors Sons Co Chas | Alumina-chrome refractory |
US5328879A (en) * | 1992-03-08 | 1994-07-12 | Veitscher-Magnesitwerke-Actien-Gesellschaft | Binding and plasticizing agent for preparing carbon-containing, refractory, ceramic materials and material prepared therewith |
WO2003059840A1 (en) * | 2002-01-16 | 2003-07-24 | Neos Cerámica E Investigación, S.L. | Ceramic pastes having a non-standard formulation with a phosphorous content greater than 2 % by weight, the preparation method thereof and the advantages of same |
-
2006
- 2006-05-16 ES ES200850091A patent/ES2337007B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3888687A (en) * | 1973-10-01 | 1975-06-10 | Taylors Sons Co Chas | Alumina-chrome refractory |
US5328879A (en) * | 1992-03-08 | 1994-07-12 | Veitscher-Magnesitwerke-Actien-Gesellschaft | Binding and plasticizing agent for preparing carbon-containing, refractory, ceramic materials and material prepared therewith |
WO2003059840A1 (en) * | 2002-01-16 | 2003-07-24 | Neos Cerámica E Investigación, S.L. | Ceramic pastes having a non-standard formulation with a phosphorous content greater than 2 % by weight, the preparation method thereof and the advantages of same |
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