EP4212799A1 - Catalytic kits of adsorbents - Google Patents
Catalytic kits of adsorbents Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4212799A1 EP4212799A1 EP23151124.7A EP23151124A EP4212799A1 EP 4212799 A1 EP4212799 A1 EP 4212799A1 EP 23151124 A EP23151124 A EP 23151124A EP 4212799 A1 EP4212799 A1 EP 4212799A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- nanoparticles
- gold
- oxide supported
- working fluid
- silver nanoparticles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 title description 3
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- PQTCMBYFWMFIGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold silver Chemical compound [Ag].[Au] PQTCMBYFWMFIGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 7
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002594 sorbent Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GRWFGVWFFZKLTI-IUCAKERBSA-N (-)-α-pinene Chemical compound CC1=CC[C@@H]2C(C)(C)[C@H]1C2 GRWFGVWFFZKLTI-IUCAKERBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- -1 aromatics Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N limonene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1CCC(C)=CC1 XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101710134784 Agnoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001136792 Alle Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MVNCAPSFBDBCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-pinene Natural products CC1=CCC23C1CC2C3(C)C MVNCAPSFBDBCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- QRJOYPHTNNOAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper gold Chemical compound [Cu].[Au] QRJOYPHTNNOAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010730 cutting oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001171 gas-phase infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- MSNOMDLPLDYDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Au] MSNOMDLPLDYDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000007210 heterogeneous catalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003041 laboratory chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000001510 limonene Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940087305 limonene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002082 metal nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- GRWFGVWFFZKLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N rac-alpha-Pinene Natural products CC1=CCC2C(C)(C)C1C2 GRWFGVWFFZKLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/005—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices of safety devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/12—Inflammable refrigerants
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
- F25B25/005—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00 using primary and secondary systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/22—Preventing, detecting or repairing leaks of refrigeration fluids
- F25B2500/222—Detecting refrigerant leaks
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B30/00—Heat pumps
- F25B30/02—Heat pumps of the compression type
Definitions
- the invention relates to irregular states in refrigeration circuits in which a working fluid acting as a refrigerant is circulated in a thermodynamic cycle, such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle, and their adsorptive safety device.
- thermodynamic cycle such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle
- These are mainly heat pumps, air conditioning systems and refrigerators, as they are common in residential buildings.
- Residential buildings are private houses, apartment building complexes, hospitals, hotel complexes, gastronomy and combined residential and commercial buildings in which people live and work permanently, in contrast to mobile devices such as car air conditioning systems or transport boxes, or industrial systems or medical devices. What these cycle processes have in common is that they generate useful heat or cold using energy and form heat transfer systems.
- the DE 10 2011 116 863 A1 describes a method for securing a device for a thermodynamic cycle which is operated with a process fluid which contains or consists of at least one environmentally hazardous, toxic and/or flammable substance.
- a process fluid which contains or consists of at least one environmentally hazardous, toxic and/or flammable substance.
- an adsorbent is brought into contact with the process fluid, in particular ammonia, propane or propene, and the substance is selectively bound by the adsorbent.
- the adsorbent is regenerated after use.
- Zeolite also in combination with imidazole or phosphates, and also CuBTC are proposed as adsorbents, as well as activated carbon; the adsorbent can be in the form of a bed, a shaped body, a paint, a spray film or a coating.
- the support structure of the shaped body can consist of a microstructure, lamellar structure, tube bundle, tube register and sheet metal and must be mechanically stable and greatly increase the surface area.
- the potentially contaminated air is usually circulated continuously, but it can also be initiated by a sensor that switches on the ventilation after a threshold value has been reached or if an accident is detected.
- the adsorption can be carried out inside or outside a closed space.
- the DE 195 25 064 C1 describes a refrigeration machine with a gas-tight housing, which accommodates all refrigerant-carrying components of the machine, a space connecting the interior of the gas-tight housing with an outlet is provided, and the space is filled with a refrigerant-sorbing substance.
- the amount of sorbing substance is dimensioned in such a way that the entire amount of refrigerant that may escape can be absorbed and kept away from the environment.
- the space filled with the sorbing substance is open to the environment. For heavier-than-air refrigerants, the space is open at the bottom, for lighter-than-air ones, it is open at the top, so a conveying fan is not required.
- the sorbent is introduced into the housing and completely encloses the refrigeration machine or the refrigerant-carrying equipment. Baffles are provided on its way out to prevent shunt flows and force escaping gas through the sorbent. A double-walled embodiment, in which the sorbent is arranged in the double jacket, is also possible.
- a measuring device for refrigerant can be provided at the outlet of the space filled with the sorbing substance to the environment.
- the JP 2000 105003 A describes a refrigeration unit, which is operated with a flammable working fluid, the unit can consist of two parts, one of which is placed inside a building and the other outside in the open air.
- the inner walls of the inner housing are lined with adsorbent material and the lines of the part installed outside are coated with an adsorbent material.
- Activated charcoal among others, is proposed as an adsorbent.
- the EP 3 693 683 A1 describes a heat pump system with a heat pump with combustible refrigerant, the heat pump system comprising a sorbent bed with adsorbent for receiving leaking refrigerant, the heat pump system comprising protective layers arranged to protect the adsorbent from contamination. It is known that when activated charcoal is used as an adsorbent, the activated charcoal ages over time in the air because slow oxidation processes take place. Due to the requirements of a safety concept for the availability over the service life of heat pumps, however, degradation of the adsorbent must be avoided at all costs, especially if it could happen unnoticed.
- VOC volatile organic compounds
- water vapor from atmospheric humidity atmospheric oxygen, temperature changes, and others.
- the VOCs are particularly critical. They mainly consist of hydrocarbons and have a boiling point between 50°C and 250°C. These include various aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, terpenes and alcohols.
- the concentration of VOCs can be particularly high indoors.
- the reason is new building materials and furniture and cleaning agents, but also paints and in professional environments toner dust, perfumes, laboratory chemicals and odors from manufacturing plants including tobacco smoke, in kitchen environments other contaminants are added.
- an external adsorber is used, which vents to the outside. It is assumed below that the sorption bed is located in a channel with an inflow side and an outflow side, one side being connected to the interior of the heat pump housing and the other side being open to the installation space.
- a known design is used, as is also the case, for example, in EP 3 693 683 A1 is shown, although the design is not important.
- the contamination load of such sorption beds which are open inwards and outwards with respect to the housing is caused by diffusion and convection of contaminants, in the case of adsorption of co-adsorbents, from both channel openings into the sorption bed.
- the contaminants can cause reversible or also irreversible degradations in the sorption capacity of the sorption bed compared to the escaping refrigerant.
- the diffusion flow is driven solely by the concentration gradient, while convective inputs are caused by weather-induced air pressure or temperature gradients between the housing and the environment. The resulting pressure differences lead to compensating flows through the sorption bed and thus to the transport of contaminants into the sorption bed.
- the following contaminants come into consideration from the housing in which the cycle process is carried out: monovalent and polyvalent alcohols, moisture, drawing fats, cutting oils, foaming agents and RCM oils. These loads are also all in the EP 3 693 683 A1 described.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a secure against degradation adsorbent for heat pumps that are operated with a combustible or flammable refrigerant or hydrocarbons, such as R290, R600a, R1270 or R32, and a method for internal regeneration available, which no longer has the disadvantages described.
- the solution is achieved through a device with suitable adsorbents, which are mixed with noble metal nanoparticles and make regeneration unnecessary.
- the sorption channel can be arranged inside or outside of the heat pump housing.
- the protective layers can be provided by the nanoparticles being produced beforehand and being introduced into the adsorbent in the process of its manufacture.
- the carrier materials for the protective layers can be activated carbon or zeolite, and activated carbon is used for adsorption. Shaped bodies or a bed can be used.
- the mass fraction of the nanoparticles should be between 0.5 and 1 mass percent, the nanoparticles must not clog the micropores of the adsorbent, they should ideally be 2 to 4 nanometers in size.
- Such configurations relate to the catalytically active nanoparticles. These are contained rare earth metals, preferably gadolinium, or noble metals, preferably from the platinum group comprising platinum, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium.
- rare earth metals preferably gadolinium
- noble metals preferably from the platinum group comprising platinum, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium.
- Mixtures of these named nanoparticles are preferably used in order to treat as broad a spectrum of VOCs as possible with them.
- the mixes are there to match the installation conditions. The way it works is that under room air temperatures and conditions, catalytic oxidations are triggered, which oxidize the adsorbed VOCs to CO 2 and water vapour, whereupon the reaction products desorb and the protective layers regenerate at the same time. A degradation is prevented in this way. Since in this way no safety margin is required with regard to the dimensioning of the protective layers, these can be dimensioned significantly smaller, by a factor of about two to three, than without such equipment.
- the adsorption layer of the adsorber is also equipped with nanoparticles containing noble metals.
- adsorbed refrigerant e.g. R290
- the adsorbent is regenerated as a result.
- the adsorbent is thus also protected against co-adsorption of VOCs.
- the dimensioning can be selected to be considerably smaller compared to pure activated carbon adsorption.
- the nanoparticles are synthesized wet-chemically by reducing metal cations with sodium borohydride.
- various metal precursors are reduced with sodium borohydride, which causes the formation of the nanoparticles, for example in the liquid phase in the case of gold-silver nanoparticles.
- the aim here is to produce a homogeneous alloy composition with nanoparticles of less than 5 nm.
- the best synthesis results are shown with sodium borohydride NaBH 4 as the reducing agent for tetrachloroauric acid HAuCl 4 and silver nitrate AgNOs.
- the gold-silver nanoparticles are then deposited on a carrier material, such as titanium dioxide or directly on activated carbon, and are separated from the liquid phase using known methods. This method offers good control over the size and composition of the nanoparticles, which is important for the catalytic properties.
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Wärmepumpensystem mit einer Wärmepumpe mit brennbarem Kältemittel, wobei das Wärmepumpensystem ein Sorptionsbett mit Adsorbens zur Aufnahme von austretendem Kältemittel umfasst, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Wärmepumpensystem Schutzschichten umfasst, die mit katalytisch aktiven Nanopartikeln ausgestattet sind.The invention relates to a heat pump system with a heat pump with combustible refrigerant, the heat pump system comprising a sorption bed with adsorbent for absorbing escaping refrigerant, characterized in that the heat pump system comprises protective layers equipped with catalytically active nanoparticles.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft irreguläre Zustände in Kältekreisen, in denen ein als Kältemittel wirkendes Arbeitsfluid in einem thermodynamischen Kreisprozess, wie zum Beispiel dem Clausius-Rankine-Kreisprozess, geführt wird, sowie deren adsorptive Sicherheitseinrichtung. Vorwiegend sind dies Wärmepumpen, Klimaanlagen und Kühlgeräte, wie sie in Wohngebäuden gebräuchlich sind. Unter Wohngebäuden werden dabei Privathäuser, Miethauskomplexe, Krankenhäuser, Hotelanlagen, Gastronomie und kombinierte Wohn- und Geschäftshäuser verstanden, in denen Menschen dauerhaft leben und arbeiten, im Unterschied zu mobilen Vorrichtungen wie KFZ-Klimaanlagen oder Transportboxen, oder auch Industrieanlagen oder medizintechnischen Geräten. Gemeinsam ist diesen Kreisprozessen, dass sie unter Einsatz von Energie Nutzwärme oder Nutzkälte erzeugen und Wärmeverschiebungssysteme bilden.The invention relates to irregular states in refrigeration circuits in which a working fluid acting as a refrigerant is circulated in a thermodynamic cycle, such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle, and their adsorptive safety device. These are mainly heat pumps, air conditioning systems and refrigerators, as they are common in residential buildings. Residential buildings are private houses, apartment building complexes, hospitals, hotel complexes, gastronomy and combined residential and commercial buildings in which people live and work permanently, in contrast to mobile devices such as car air conditioning systems or transport boxes, or industrial systems or medical devices. What these cycle processes have in common is that they generate useful heat or cold using energy and form heat transfer systems.
Nachteilig ist jedoch, dass nahezu alle modernen Kältemittel zur Gruppe der brennbaren Kältemittel gehören, insbesondere die technisch vielversprechendsten Kältemittel wie z.B. R290 (Propan) und R1270 (Propylen).The disadvantage, however, is that almost all modern refrigerants belong to the group of flammable refrigerants, especially the technically most promising refrigerants such as R290 (propane) and R1270 (propylene).
Die
Als Adsorptionsmittel werden Zeolith, auch in Kombination mit Imidazol oder Phosphaten, ferner CuBTC vorgeschlagen, ferner auch Aktivkohle, das Adsorptionsmittel kann in Form einer Schüttung, eines Formkörpers, eines Anstrichs, eines Sprühfilms oder einer Beschichtung ausgestattet sein. Die Trägerstruktur des Formkörpers kann aus Mikrostruktur, Lamellenstruktur, Rohrbündel, Rohrregister und Blech bestehen und muss mechanisch stabil sowie stark oberflächenvergrößernd sein. Eine Umwälzung der potenziell kontaminierten Luft erfolgt üblicherweise kontinuierlich, kann aber auch durch einen Sensor initiiert werden, der die Lüftung nach Erreichen eines Schwellenwerts oder bei einem erkannten Havariefall einschaltet. Die Adsorption kann innerhalb oder außerhalb eines geschlossenen Raumes durchgeführt werden.Zeolite, also in combination with imidazole or phosphates, and also CuBTC are proposed as adsorbents, as well as activated carbon; the adsorbent can be in the form of a bed, a shaped body, a paint, a spray film or a coating. The support structure of the shaped body can consist of a microstructure, lamellar structure, tube bundle, tube register and sheet metal and must be mechanically stable and greatly increase the surface area. The potentially contaminated air is usually circulated continuously, but it can also be initiated by a sensor that switches on the ventilation after a threshold value has been reached or if an accident is detected. The adsorption can be carried out inside or outside a closed space.
Die
Die
Die
Je nach Bauart, Aufstellungsort und Betriebsweise beispielsweise einer Wärmepumpe ergeben sich unterschiedliche Anforderungen an eine mögliche Belastung des Adsorptionsmittels durch Co-Adsorbenzien, also etwa VOC (volatile organic compounds), Wasserdampf aus Luftfeuchte, Luftsauerstoff, Temperaturwechseln, und anderen. Kritisch sind in einigen Umgebungen aber vor allem die VOC, die zum Großteil aus Kohlenwasserstoffen bestehen und eine Siedetemperatur zwischen 50°C und 250°C aufweisen. Dazu zählen verschiedene Aldehyde, Ketone, Aromaten, Terpene und Alkohole. Besonders relevant sind Formaldehyd, Toluol, m,p-Xylol, Benzol, Acetaldehyd, Isopropanol, n-Butan, α-Pinen und Limonen, von denen viele auch für ihre gravierenden Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit bekannt sind.Depending on the design, installation location and mode of operation of a heat pump, for example, there are different requirements for possible contamination of the adsorbent by co-adsorbents, i.e. VOC (volatile organic compounds), water vapor from atmospheric humidity, atmospheric oxygen, temperature changes, and others. In some environments, however, the VOCs are particularly critical. They mainly consist of hydrocarbons and have a boiling point between 50°C and 250°C. These include various aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, terpenes and alcohols. Particularly relevant are formaldehyde, toluene, m,p-xylene, benzene, acetaldehyde, isopropanol, n-butane, α-pinene and limonene, many of which are also known to have serious effects on human health.
In Innenräumen kann die Konzentration von VOC besonders hoch sein. Der Grund sind neue Baumaterialien und Möbel und Reinigungsmittel, aber auch Farben und in Berufsumgebungen Tonerstaub, Parfüms, Laborchemikalien und Geruchsstoffe aus Fertigungsbetrieben einschließlich Tabakrauch, in Küchenumgebungen kommen weitere Kontaminaten hinzu.The concentration of VOCs can be particularly high indoors. The reason is new building materials and furniture and cleaning agents, but also paints and in professional environments toner dust, perfumes, laboratory chemicals and odors from manufacturing plants including tobacco smoke, in kitchen environments other contaminants are added.
Vorliegend wird ein Außenadsorber eingesetzt, der nach außen hin entlüftet. Es wird im Folgenden angenommen, dass sich das Sorptionsbett in einem Kanal mit einer Einströmseite und einer Ausströmseite befindet, wobei die eine Seite mit dem Innenraum des Wärmepumpengehäuses verbunden und die andere Seite zum Aufstellungsraum hin offen ist. Verwendet wird dabei eine bekannte Bauform, wie sie beispielsweise auch in der
Die Belastung solcher in Bezug auf das Gehäuse nach innen und nach außen offenen Sorptionsbetten durch Kontamination wird durch Diffusion und Konvektion von Kontaminaten, im Falle der Adsorption von Co-Adsorbenzien, von beiden Kanalöffnungen in das Sorptionsbett hinein verursacht. Die Kontaminaten können dabei reversible oder auch irreversible Degradationen der Sorptionskapazität des Sorptionsbettes gegenüber dem austretenden Kältemittel verursachen. Die Diffusionsströmung wird dabei einzig durch das Konzentrationsgefälle angetrieben, während konvektive Einträge durch wetterinduzierte Luftdruck- oder auch Temperaturgradienten zwischen Gehäuse und Umgebung verursacht werden. Die resultierenden Druckunterschiede führen zu Ausgleichsströmungen durch das Sorptionsbett und damit zum Stofftransport von Kontaminaten in das Sorptionsbett. Aus dem Gehäuse, in dem der Kreisprozess durchgeführt wird, kommen als Kontaminaten in Betracht: ein- und mehrwertige Alkohole, Feuchte, Ziehfette, Schneidöle, Schäummittel und RCM-Öle Diese Belastungen sind auch alle in der
Bei Aufstellung in Gebäuden ist im Allgemeinen die Belastung aus dem Aufstellungsraum über die Lebensdauer als stärkerer Eintrag von Kontaminaten zu sehen. Demzufolge erfolgt die Degradation des Sorptionsbettes von beiden Kanalöffnungen in das Bett mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten und Degradationsgraden, so dass sich von beiden Seiten Degradationszonen in das Bett entwickeln, die die Beladungskapazität des Sorptionsbettes über die Zeit vermindern, bis die Funktion der sorptiven Sicherheitslösung so stark gestört wird, dass Arbeitsfluid bei Leckagen in den Aufstellungsraum entweichen könnte.In the case of installation in buildings, the load from the installation room over the service life is generally to be seen as a greater entry of contaminants. As a result, the degradation of the sorption bed from the two channel openings into the bed takes place at different speeds and degrees of degradation, so that degradation zones develop into the bed from both sides, which reduce the loading capacity of the sorption bed over time until the function of the sorptive safety solution is severely disrupted that working fluid could escape into the installation room in the event of leakage.
Diese Degradation und ihre Unkalkulierbarkeit angesichts der Zeiträume und der Veränderbarkeit der Aufstellungsumgebung stellt ein Problem dar. Außerdem ist nicht klar, ob und in welchen Abständen eine Regeneration des Adsorptionsmittels erfolgen könnte oder muss.This degradation and its unpredictability in view of the periods of time and the variability of the installation environment represents a problem. It is also not clear whether and at what intervals the adsorbent could or must be regenerated.
Aus diesen Gründen ist es wünschenswert, wenn eine turnusmäßige, sichere und universell einsetzbare Regenerationsmethode gegen die Degradation zur Verfügung stünde. Aus anderen technischen Gebieten ist bekannt, dass die Leistung von adsorptiven Filtermaterialien mittels der heterogenen Katalyse gesteigert werden kann. Dies wird in diesem Fall in geänderter Weise zur selbsttätigen Regeneration des Adsorptionsmittels unternommen.For these reasons, it would be desirable if a regular, safe and universally applicable regeneration method against degradation were available. It is known from other technical fields that the performance of adsorptive filter materials can be increased by means of heterogeneous catalysis. In this case, this is done in a different way for the automatic regeneration of the adsorbent.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung ist daher, ein gegen Degradation sicheres Adsorptionsmittel für Wärmepumpen, die mit einem brennbaren oder entzündlichen Kältemitteln oder Kohlenwasserstoffen, wie beispielsweise R290, R600a, R1270 oder R32, betrieben werden, sowie ein Verfahren zur internen Regeneration zur Verfügung zu stellen, welches die beschriebenen Nachteile nicht mehr aufweist. Die Lösung wird erreicht durch eine Vorrichtung mit geeigneten Adsorptionsmitteln, die mit Edelmetall-Nanopartikeln versetzt sind und eine Regeneration unnötig machen.The object of the invention is therefore to provide a secure against degradation adsorbent for heat pumps that are operated with a combustible or flammable refrigerant or hydrocarbons, such as R290, R600a, R1270 or R32, and a method for internal regeneration available, which no longer has the disadvantages described. The solution is achieved through a device with suitable adsorbents, which are mixed with noble metal nanoparticles and make regeneration unnecessary.
Die Erfindung löst die Aufgabe durch eine Vorrichtung zur sicheren Durchführung eines linksdrehenden thermodynamischen Kreisprozesses mittels eines entzündlichen Arbeitsfluids, welches in einem geschlossenen, hermetisch dichten Arbeitsfluidumlauf geführt wird, aufweisend
- mindestens einen Verdichter für Arbeitsfluid,
- mindestens eine Entspannungseinrichtung für Arbeitsfluid,
- mindestens zwei Wärmeübertrager für Arbeitsfluid mit jeweils mindestens zwei Anschlüssen für Wärmeüberträgerfluide,
- ein Wärmepumpengehäuse, welches alle am geschlossenen Arbeitsfluidumlauf angeschlossenen Einrichtungen umfasst und weitere Einrichtungen umfassen kann,
- mindestens einen Sorptionskanal mit einem Adsorber, der von Gas durchströmt werden kann, wobei der Sorptionskanal direkt an das Gehäuse anschließt und zu ihm offen ist,
- der Sorptionskanal zur Umgebung für Gas offen ist,
- der Adsorber im Sorptionskanal mindestens eine Adsorptionsschicht aus Aktivkohle, mindestens eine Schutzschicht an der Verbindung zum Gehäuse und mindestens eine Schutzschicht am Ausgang des Adsorbers zur Umgebung aufweist,
- und mindestens die Schutzschichten mit katalytisch aktiven Nanopartikeln ausgestattet sind.
- at least one compressor for working fluid,
- at least one expansion device for working fluid,
- at least two heat exchangers for working fluid, each with at least two connections for heat transfer fluids,
- a heat pump housing, which includes all devices connected to the closed working fluid circuit and can include other devices,
- at least one sorption channel with an adsorber through which gas can flow, the sorption channel directly adjoining the housing and being open to it,
- the sorption channel is open to the environment for gas,
- the adsorber in the sorption channel has at least one adsorption layer made of activated carbon, at least one protective layer at the connection to the housing and at least one protective layer at the outlet of the adsorber to the environment,
- and at least the protective layers are equipped with catalytically active nanoparticles.
Der Sorptionskanal kann dabei innerhalb oder außerhalb des Wärmepumpengehäuses angeordnet sein. Die Ausstattung der Schutzschichten kann erfolgen, indem die Nanopartikel zuvor erzeugt werden und im Prozess der Herstellung des Adsorptionsmittels in dieses eingebracht werden. Bei den Schutzschichten können die Trägermaterialien Aktivkohle oder Zeolith sein, bei der Adsorption wird Aktivkohle verwendet. Es können Formkörper oder eine Schüttung verwendet werden. Der Massenanteil der Nanopartikel soll zwischen 0,5 und 1 Massenprozent sein, die Nanopartikel dürfen die Mikroporen des Adsorptionsmittels nicht verstopfen, sie sollen idealerweise 2 bis 4 Nanometer groß sein.The sorption channel can be arranged inside or outside of the heat pump housing. The protective layers can be provided by the nanoparticles being produced beforehand and being introduced into the adsorbent in the process of its manufacture. The carrier materials for the protective layers can be activated carbon or zeolite, and activated carbon is used for adsorption. Shaped bodies or a bed can be used. The mass fraction of the nanoparticles should be between 0.5 and 1 mass percent, the nanoparticles must not clog the micropores of the adsorbent, they should ideally be 2 to 4 nanometers in size.
Weitere Ausgestaltungen betreffen die katalytisch aktiven Nanopartikel. Diese sind enthaltenen Metalle der Seltenen Erden, vorzugsweise Gadolinium, oder Edelmetalle, vorzugsweise aus der Platin-Gruppe umfassend Platin, Palladium, Rhodium und Ruthenium.Further configurations relate to the catalytically active nanoparticles. These are contained rare earth metals, preferably gadolinium, or noble metals, preferably from the platinum group comprising platinum, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium.
In weiteren Ausgestaltungen ist vorgesehen, dass die katalytisch aktiven Nanopartikel ausgewählt werden aus einer Gruppe, welche umfasst:
- Gold-Nanopartikel,
- Silber-Nanopartikel,
- Gold-Silber-Nanopartikel,
- Gold-Kupfer-Nanopartikel,
- Gold-Nickel-Nanopartikel,
- Ceroxid geträgerte Gold-Nanopartikel,
- Eisenoxid geträgerte Gold-Nanopartikel,
- Cobaltoxid geträgerte Gold-Nanopartikel,
- Ceroxid geträgerte Gold-Silber-Nanopartikel,
- Titandioxid geträgerte Gold-Silber-Nanopartikel,
- Eisenoxid geträgerte Gold-Silber-Nanopartikel,
- Cobaltoxid geträgerte Gold-Silber-Nanopartikel,
- Ceroxid geträgerte Silber-Nanopartikel,
- Eisenoxid geträgerte Silber-Nanopartikel,
- Cobaltoxid geträgerte Silber-Nanopartikel,
- Platin-Nanopartikel,
- Palladium-Nanopartikel,
- Rhodium-Nanopartikel.
- gold nanoparticles,
- silver nanoparticles,
- gold silver nanoparticles,
- gold copper nanoparticles,
- gold nickel nanoparticles,
- cerium oxide supported gold nanoparticles,
- iron oxide supported gold nanoparticles,
- cobalt oxide supported gold nanoparticles,
- cerium oxide supported gold-silver nanoparticles,
- titanium dioxide supported gold-silver nanoparticles,
- iron oxide supported gold-silver nanoparticles,
- cobalt oxide supported gold-silver nanoparticles,
- cerium oxide supported silver nanoparticles,
- iron oxide supported silver nanoparticles,
- cobalt oxide supported silver nanoparticles,
- platinum nanoparticles,
- palladium nanoparticles,
- Rhodium nanoparticles.
Bevorzugt werden Mischungen aus diesen genannten Nanopartikeln verwendet, um ein möglichst breites Spektrum von VOCs damit zu behandeln. Die Mischungen sind dabei auf die Aufstellungsbedingungen abzustimmen. Die Wirkungsweise ist die, dass unter Raumlufttemperaturen und -Bedingungen katalytische Oxidationen ausgelöst werden, die die adsorbierten VOCs zu CO2 und Wasserdampf oxidieren, worauf die Reaktionsprodukte desorbieren und die Schutzschichten sich dabei gleichzeitig regenerieren. Eine Degradation wird auf diese Weise unterbunden. Da auf diese Weise kein Sicherheitszuschlag hinsichtlich der Dimensionierung der Schutzschichten erforderlich ist, können diese deutlich kleiner dimensioniert werden, etwa um den Faktor zwei bis drei, als ohne solche Ausstattungen.Mixtures of these named nanoparticles are preferably used in order to treat as broad a spectrum of VOCs as possible with them. The mixes are there to match the installation conditions. The way it works is that under room air temperatures and conditions, catalytic oxidations are triggered, which oxidize the adsorbed VOCs to CO 2 and water vapour, whereupon the reaction products desorb and the protective layers regenerate at the same time. A degradation is prevented in this way. Since in this way no safety margin is required with regard to the dimensioning of the protective layers, these can be dimensioned significantly smaller, by a factor of about two to three, than without such equipment.
In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird vorgesehen, auch die Adsorptionsschicht des Adsorbers mit edelmetallhaltigen Nanopartikeln auszustatten. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass auch adsorbiertes Kältemittel, z.B. R290, umgesetzt und das Adsorptionsmittel dadurch regeneriert wird. Das Adsorptionsmittel ist damit auch gegen Co-Adsorption von VOCs geschützt. Auch hier wird bewirkt, dass die Dimensionierung gegenüber einer reinen Aktivkohleadsorption erheblich kleiner gewählt werden kann.In a further embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the adsorption layer of the adsorber is also equipped with nanoparticles containing noble metals. This has the advantage that adsorbed refrigerant, e.g. R290, is also converted and the adsorbent is regenerated as a result. The adsorbent is thus also protected against co-adsorption of VOCs. Here, too, the dimensioning can be selected to be considerably smaller compared to pure activated carbon adsorption.
Die Synthese der Nanopartikel erfolgt nasschemisch durch Reduktion von Metallkationen mit Natriumborhydrid. Hierfür werden verschiedene Metallprekursoren mit Natriumborhydrid reduziert, wodurch die Bildung der Nanopartikel bewirkt wird, bei Gold-Silber-Nanopartikeln beispielsweise in der Flüssigphase. Ziel ist hierbei, eine homogene Legierungszusammensetzung mit Nanopartikeln von weniger als 5 nm herzustellen. Die besten Syntheseergebnisse zeigen sich mit Natriumborhydrid NaBH4 als Reduktionsmittel für Tetrachlorogoldsäure HAuCl4 und Silbernitrat AgNOs. Die Gold-Silber-Nanopartikel werden anschließend auf einem Trägermaterial, etwa auf Titandioxid oder direkt auf Aktivkohle abgeschieden und dabei mit bekannten Verfahren von der Flüssigphase getrennt. Diese Methode bietet eine gute Kontrolle über die Größe und Zusammensetzung der Nanopartikel, was wichtig ist für die katalytischen Eigenschaften.The nanoparticles are synthesized wet-chemically by reducing metal cations with sodium borohydride. For this purpose, various metal precursors are reduced with sodium borohydride, which causes the formation of the nanoparticles, for example in the liquid phase in the case of gold-silver nanoparticles. The aim here is to produce a homogeneous alloy composition with nanoparticles of less than 5 nm. The best synthesis results are shown with sodium borohydride NaBH 4 as the reducing agent for tetrachloroauric acid HAuCl 4 and silver nitrate AgNOs. The gold-silver nanoparticles are then deposited on a carrier material, such as titanium dioxide or directly on activated carbon, and are separated from the liquid phase using known methods. This method offers good control over the size and composition of the nanoparticles, which is important for the catalytic properties.
Ähnliche Herangehensweisen für die Modifizierung von Kohlenstoffsystemen sind beispielsweise durch die Gasphaseninfiltration aus der
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