EP3884231B1 - Bar for bar conveyor furnace, method of manufacture and use of the bar - Google Patents
Bar for bar conveyor furnace, method of manufacture and use of the bar Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3884231B1 EP3884231B1 EP19808558.1A EP19808558A EP3884231B1 EP 3884231 B1 EP3884231 B1 EP 3884231B1 EP 19808558 A EP19808558 A EP 19808558A EP 3884231 B1 EP3884231 B1 EP 3884231B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- base body
- inserts
- heated
- insert
- profile wall
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title 1
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- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910000789 Aluminium-silicon alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
- F27B9/14—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment
- F27B9/20—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace
- F27B9/201—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace walking beam furnace
- F27B9/202—Conveyor mechanisms therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
- F27B9/14—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment
- F27B9/20—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace
- F27B9/201—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace walking beam furnace
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
- F27B9/30—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
Definitions
- the present invention is in the technical field of heating goods to be heated in a continuous furnace and relates to a beam for a beam conveyor furnace, which serves to support items to be heated in the beam conveyor furnace. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for producing the beam according to the invention and the use of the beam according to the invention in a beam conveyor furnace.
- Sheet metal parts in automobile construction can be produced by hot forming at relatively low production costs. To do this, preformed components are heated in a continuous furnace to 900°C to 1000°C, placed in a press by an industrial robot and pressed into the desired shape at around 700°C. Roller or beam conveyor furnaces are used as continuous furnaces, in which the material to be heated is heated and fed to the press at a suitable point in time. In a roller furnace, actively driven rollers serve as a support for sheet metal parts or transport containers on which sheet metal parts are placed. In a beam conveyor furnace, sheet metal parts are moved on step by step by a coordinated movement of two sets of beams, each of which has a plurality of parallel beams that extend in the direction of transport and serve to support the material to be heated.
- the bars of a first set of bars and the bars of a second set of bars are arranged in a nested manner, with one or more bars of the first set being located next to one or more bars of the second set.
- the beams can move vertically and/or horizontally as mobile beams or stand still as fixed beams.
- the material to be heated is always stationary with respect to the beams on which it is currently lying.
- the beams of the first set of beams are vertically displaceable lifting beams and the beams of the second set of beams are horizontally displaceable traveling beams.
- the lifting beams moving downwards have the task of depositing the goods to be heated on the mobile beams, which move the goods to be heated a certain distance in a horizontal direction to the furnace outlet, whereby the goods to be heated are then picked up again by the lifting beams moving upwards, so that the mobile beams can be moved back to their starting position in the direction of the furnace outlet.
- the Mobile beams perform a reciprocal movement in the horizontal direction, which is made possible, for example, by a roller bearing, while the lifting beams perform a reciprocal movement in the vertical direction.
- the mobile beams can also be made of a metallic material.
- the sheet steel used in modern automobile construction is often coated with a protective layer made of an aluminum (Al)-silicon (Si) alloy.
- Al aluminum
- Si silicon
- the AlSi protective layer softens and, as a result, contact corrosion occurs when it comes into contact with the beams. This applies in particular to the vertically movable lifting beams, with which the steel sheets usually have longer contact.
- Possible corrosion mechanisms are diffusion of AISi into the porous structure of the beam, adhesion of AISi to the beam surface or a reaction in the form of a chemical conversion with the beam material. If AISi diffuses into the beam structure, differences in the coefficient of expansion between the matrix of the beam, the infiltrated AISi and reaction products caused by corrosion lead to thermal stresses and, due to the large temperature difference between the beam and the colder sheet metal parts, to spalling on the beam surface or even to beam fracture.
- AISi can build up up to several millimeters on the beam material, causing the steel sheets to shift during transport through the furnace and as a result to damage to the fiber-lined furnace wall or problems when the sheets are taken over by the industrial robot.
- the DE 42 03 595 A1 discloses a walking beam furnace, with at least one support tube through which coolant flows, on which at least two high-temperature-resistant top pieces are arranged, the at least one support surface for the charge material running eccentrically essentially parallel to the support tube in its longitudinal direction, with adjacent support surfaces being at a lateral distance from one another and at least partly laterally run next to the support tube.
- Means of transport in which a heated item is not stored over the entire surface can GB 397 610 A , DE 10 2011 011258 A1 , U.S. 2018/283791 A1 , DE 20 56 957 A1 and DE 103 12 802 B3 be removed.
- the object of the present invention is to improve beam conveyor furnaces known in the prior art in such a way that a heat treatment of material to be heated, in particular AlSi coated sheet metal parts, with fewer production stops due to changing damaged beams and at lower cost. In addition, unexpected beam breakage should be avoided.
- the beam in cooperation with other beams of the same set of beams serves to place the material to be heated in the beam conveyor furnace, whereby the material to be heated, depending on the type of use of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace, is subjected to horizontal and/or vertical transport with the beam or is stationary in the beam conveyor furnace is stored. There is no relative movement between the item to be heated and the beam on which the item is placed.
- the beam can be used as a lifting beam that can only be moved in the vertical direction, in accordance with the WO 2018/019920 described type for a beam conveyor furnace.
- the item to be heated is preferably a metal part, in particular a sheet steel part, which has an AlSi protective layer.
- the beam according to the invention comprises an elongate base body which is designed as a hollow profile.
- the base body In the form of a hollow profile, the base body has a profile wall that delimits an internal cavity.
- one or more receptacles are formed in the elongate base body, in each of which an insert part is received.
- the inserts are designed in such a way that they protrude in relation to the elongate base body and together form a support for the material to be heated. In the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace, the inserts project upwards relative to the base body, so that the material to be heated can be placed on the inserts.
- the receptacles are formed in a base body surface that is at the top when the beam is in the working position in the beam conveyor furnace. The goods to be heated are therefore not on the elongated base body, but only on the inserts used in the receptacles of the base body.
- the respective bearing surfaces of the inserts together form the bearing surface or bearing plane for the material to be heated.
- the contact surface between the material to be heated and the beam is smaller than the contact surface that would result if the material to be heated were to lie directly on the base body (i.e. on a base body surface that is at the top in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace). Due to a lower heat transfer between the material to be heated and the base body, thermal stresses in the base body are reduced in an advantageous manner.
- the elongate beam for a beam conveyor furnace can have different cross-sectional shapes.
- the beam preferably has a rectangular or square cross-sectional shape, which in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace has an overhead beam surface.
- the elongate body and inserts are made of a refractory material.
- the inserts, and optionally also the elongate base body preferably consist of a ceramic material which is preferably selected from the group consisting of mullite, alumina, SiC, or mixtures thereof.
- the inserts, and optionally also the elongate base body preferably consist of a SiC material such as Si-SiC, in particular a porous SiC material such as N-SiC and R-SiC, preferably silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon-M- oxynitride, or mixtures thereof.
- the inserts and the elongate base body can consist of one and the same material, in particular ceramic.
- the inserts on the one hand and the elongate base body on the other hand consist of different materials.
- the inserts and the elongate base body can be made of different ceramic materials, for example a more durable ceramic material being used for the inserts than for the base body, with the more durable ceramic material generally also being more expensive than the ceramic material of the base body. Costs can be saved due to the cheaper ceramic material of the base body.
- the inserts to consist of a ceramic material and for the elongate base body to consist of a non-ceramic material, in particular a metallic material. By choosing a metallic material for the base body and a ceramic material for the inserts, costs can be saved in the production of the beam according to the invention.
- an opening is formed in the profile wall surrounding the cavity for the formation of a respective receptacle for an insert.
- the opening opens into the cavity.
- the openings are formed in a profile wall section which is at the top when the beam is in the working position in the beam conveyor furnace, which applies in particular to a hollow profile with a square or rectangular cross-section.
- the receptacles for the inserts are each formed by the opening in the profile wall and the underlying area of the cavity of the hollow profile.
- the inserts lie on the opposite profile wall section (in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace, on the bottom). In this way, the inserts are securely accommodated in the base body.
- An inner surface of the profile wall section facing the cavity is preferably provided with a depression opposite the openings, into which a lower end face of the insert part accommodated in the receptacle is inserted.
- the inserts are loose, i.e. can be removed non-destructively, inserted into the mounts. Accordingly, there is no non-positive and/or material connection between the inserts and the base body. On the one hand, this enables simple production of the beam and, on the other hand, simple replacement of individual or all insert parts, especially if they are damaged, with the base body and undamaged insert parts being able to be reused, which means that costs can be saved.
- the inserts received in the receptacles are each connected in a form-fitting manner to the associated receptacle in the direction perpendicular to the direction of extension of the base body (in the direction out of the receptacle), so that the insert part cannot be pulled exclusively perpendicular to the direction of extent of the base body can be extracted from the recording.
- the inserts preferably each have a convex area (bulge) which engages in an undercut area of the receptacle.
- the convex area of the insert covers the profile wall (upper profile wall section) internally behind.
- the insert part can advantageously be designed in such a way that, opposite the convex area, it has a concave area which is shaped in a manner complementary to the convex area. The insert can then be inserted into the receptacle in a simple manner by tilting, in particular in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the base body.
- the contact surface between the cooler material to be heated and the base body can be reduced by the insert parts, which together form a support for the material to be heated, compared to a direct bearing on the base body, which prevents large thermal stresses from building up.
- the inserts are designed according to one embodiment of the invention in such a way that they each have one or more upwardly directed projections (in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace), which together form the support for the material to be heated. The material to be heated is then exclusively against these projections of the inserts. This measure allows the contact surface between the material to be heated and the beam to be reduced even further.
- the inserts are each designed in such a way that they have one or more projections, in particular web-like projections, directed towards the base body.
- the contact area and thus the heat transfer between the inserts and the base body can advantageously be reduced, so that the formation of thermal stresses is inhibited even better.
- the heat transfer between the inserts and the base body is also reduced. Both effects combine in an advantageous manner.
- another important advantage of this configuration results from the fact that contamination of the base body with AISi or contact reaction with AISi due to AISi that is on the insert is avoided.
- the inserts can be arranged in any way in the beam according to the invention, as long as the material to be heated can rest securely on the inserts.
- a plurality of insert parts are distributed, in particular evenly distributed, along the extension direction of the elongate base body.
- the inserts are each plate-shaped, with the plate-shaped inserts being accommodated in the receptacles with plate planes aligned parallel to the extension of the elongate base body.
- the support for the material to be heated is formed by the respective (upper) end faces of the plate-shaped inserts.
- projections directed upwards and in the direction of the base body can be formed in a simple manner.
- the projections forming a support for the material to be heated are formed in the region of the (upper) end face of the plate-shaped insert part.
- the projections directed toward the base body are formed in the region of the two plate surfaces (parallel to one another) extending in the plane of the plate.
- a form-fitting connection with the receptacles in the direction perpendicular to the extent of the base body can be produced in a simple manner.
- the base body of the beam according to the invention has a layer of a fiber material on the outer surface, which can absorb and bind molten AISi. This prevents AISi from touching the base body.
- the fiber material is arranged on the outer surface facing upwards in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace, it being advantageous if the inserts are each passed through the fiber material so that the fiber material has no physical contact with the material to be heated.
- the fibrous material is preferably a material which is chemically resistant to AISi, for example Al 2 O 3 -containing fibrous paper.
- the invention extends to the use of the beam according to the invention in a beam conveyor furnace as a beam for placing items to be heated.
- the beam can be used as a vertically and/or horizontally movable mobile beam or as a stationary fixed beam.
- the beam is used as a walking beam that can only be moved vertically.
- the base body 2 of a beam 1 according to the invention for a beam conveyor furnace is illustrated in different views. Accordingly, the base body 2 is designed in the form of an elongated square hollow profile with a rectangular cross-section. The base body 2 is shown in a shortened form, which results from the broken lines drawn in.
- the hollow profile of the base body 2 is formed by a profile wall 5 which delimits an internal cavity 3 .
- the profile wall 5 comprises an upper profile wall section 5-1 and opposite a lower profile wall section 5-2.
- the profile wall 5 is completed by two parallel lateral profile wall sections 5-3.
- the profile wall 5 has an outer profile surface 6 facing the external environment and an inner profile surface 7 facing the cavity 3 .
- the upper and lower profile wall sections 5-1, 5-2 are typically horizontal, and the two lateral profile wall sections 5-3 are vertical.
- the upper profile wall section 5 - 1 is provided with a plurality of slot-shaped openings (perforations) 4 which are arranged in rows along the extension of the base body 2 .
- openings 4 which are each bounded by an edge 18 formed by the profile wall 5, open into the cavity 3.
- a depression 8 is formed in the profile inner surface 7 of the lower profile wall section 5-2.
- the openings 4 are each embodied in the form of slits, with different shapes being possible here as well.
- an insert 21 can be inserted loosely, which is based on the Figures 2a to 2d is explained in more detail.
- FIG. 2a to 2d a first exemplary embodiment of the beam 1 according to the invention is illustrated in a typical working position in the beam conveyor furnace.
- the bar 1 comprises a base body 2 with slot-shaped openings 4, as in the Figures 1a to 1c is shown.
- an insert 21 is loosely inserted, which passes through the cavity 3 and is supported on the profile inner surface 7 of the lower profile wall section 5-2.
- Each opening 4 forms, together with the cavity 3, a receptacle 19 for the insert 21.
- the insert 21 is not connected to the base body 2 in a non-positive or material manner.
- the insert 21 is in the form of a plate and has an upper face 9 and a lower face 10 .
- the plane of the plate-shaped insert 21 is aligned parallel to the extension of the base body 2 and parallel to the two lateral profile wall sections 5-3. Since the vertical dimension of the insert 21 (i.e. the shortest or vertical dimension between the upper end face 9 and the lower end face 10) is greater than the vertical dimension of the base body 2 without the lower profile wall section 5-3 in the area of the recess 8, the Insert part 21 upwards from base body 2, i.e. has a protruding area 11 in relation to profile outer surface 6 of upper profile wall section 5-1. The protruding area 11 of the insert part 21 has the upper face 9 at the end.
- the upper end faces 9 of all the inserts 21 serve as contact or support surfaces and together form a support 23 for a material to be heated in the beam conveyor furnace.
- the beam conveyor furnace typically has a large number of parallel beams 1, the upper end faces 9 of all beams 1 together forming the support 23 for the material to be heated.
- a material to be heated lying on the upper end faces 9 of a beam 1 does not lie against the profile outer surface 6 of the beam 1, but only has contact with the inserts 21.
- the upper end faces 9 of a beam 1 in total have a (contact) Have an area that is smaller than the profile outer surface 6 of the upper profile wall section 5-1, whereby (compared to the direct placement of the material to be heated on the profile outer surface 6) the heat transfer between the material to be heated and beam 1 is reduced.
- all objects to be hot-formed can be considered as the material to be heated, in particular metal parts, such as AlSi-coated steel sheets, which are used as vehicle body parts, for example for the B-pillar of a car.
- the insert 21 can have different shapes. A possible embodiment is in the Figures 2a to 2d illustrated.
- the plate-shaped insert 21 has different end faces, each of which is arranged perpendicularly to the plane of the plate. In addition, it has two parallel plate surfaces 14 in the plane of the plate.
- the upper face 9 and the lower face 10 are each flat, with in the sectional views of Figure 2a or 2d results in a straight line. In the inserted state and in the working position of the beam 1, the upper face 9 and the lower face 10 are arranged horizontally.
- the insert 21 also has two lateral end faces 12, 13 with a generally vertical orientation, which are curved surfaces in the sectional views of FIG Figures 2a and 2b recognizable as curved lines.
- a first lateral face 12 is convex in shape and has a bulge 15 .
- the opposite second lateral face 13 is concave in shape and has a trough 16 .
- the two plate surfaces 14 are not flat, but have linear webs 17 running in the vertical direction (recognizable in Figure 2b ) which extend from the upper end surface 9 to the lower end surface 10 and each project perpendicularly from the plate surface 14 (ie each towards the opposite edge 18 of the opening 4).
- the bulge 15 engages behind the upper profile wall section 5-1 in the area of the opening 4, which forms an undercut 22, so to speak, so that a form-fitting connection is established between the insert part 21 and the base body 2 in the direction perpendicular to the extent of the base body 2 (in the direction out of the opening 4) results.
- the insert part 21 Due to the depression 16, which is shaped complementarily to the bulge 15, the insert part 21 can be easily inserted into the opening 4 by tilting it vertically.
- the contact surface of the insert part 21 with the base body 2 or profile wall 5 is reduced by the linear webs 17 on the plate surfaces 14 which abut the edge 18 of the opening 4 .
- the transfer of heat between insert 21 and base body 2 is inhibited and the risk of contamination of base body 2 with AISi by AISi, which is located on insert 21, is reduced.
- the webs 17 ensure a secure positioning of the insert 21 in the receptacle 19, in particular in connection with the lower end face 10 inserted into the recess 8.
- Both the base body 2 and the inserts 21 are made of a refractory material.
- the insert 21 and optionally the base body 2 consists of a ceramic material, for example a SiC material such as Si—SiC.
- the base body 2 can consist of a ceramic or a non-ceramic material.
- the beam 1 in the area of the upper profile wall section 5-1 on the profile outer surface 6 comprises a fiber layer 20 made of a fiber material, here for example Al 2 O 3 -containing fiber paper.
- the fiber sheet 20 can absorb and bind molten AISi, thereby preventing AISi from touching the base body 2 .
- the protruding area 11 or the upper end face 9 forming a contact surface for the material to be heated breaks through the fiber layer 20.
- the plate surfaces 14 of the insert part 21 each have a wavy contour with closely spaced, elongate webs 17 (wave crests).
- the webs 17 extend in the vertical direction.
- This surface design can on the one hand reduce the heat transfer between the insert 21 and the base body 2, and on the other hand the insert 21 is reliably accommodated in the opening 4 with a good seat.
- this non-planar surface configuration can also be formed in the direction in which the base body 2 extends.
- the invention provides an improved beam for a beam conveyor furnace for supporting a material to be heated. Due to the reduced contact surface between the inserts and the goods to be heated, heat transfer between the goods to be heated can occur and beams are reduced to reduce thermal stress and prevent body chipping or body fracture. This is supported by a reduced contact area between inserts and base body, which also has the advantage of reduced contamination of the base body with AISi and reduced contact corrosion.
- the inserts can be inserted into the base body and removed again in a simple manner, which enables easy replacement.
- a fiber layer on the outer surface of the profile allows molten AISi to be absorbed and bound, which further reduces the risk of contact corrosion of the base body with AISi, which is equally advantageous in terms of avoiding mechanical damage to the base body.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Tunnel Furnaces (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung liegt auf dem technischen Gebiet der Erhitzung von Wärmgut in einem Durchlaufofen und betrifft einen Balken für einen Balkenförderofen, der im Balkenförderofen zur Auflage von Wärmgut dient. Des Weiteren betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Herstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Balkens sowie die Verwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Balkens in einem Balkenförderofen.The present invention is in the technical field of heating goods to be heated in a continuous furnace and relates to a beam for a beam conveyor furnace, which serves to support items to be heated in the beam conveyor furnace. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for producing the beam according to the invention and the use of the beam according to the invention in a beam conveyor furnace.
Blechteile im Automobilbau können durch Warmumformung bei relativ geringen Fertigungskosten hergestellt werden. Dazu werden vorgeformte Bauteile in einem Durchlaufofen auf 900°C bis 1000°C erhitzt, von einem Industrieroboter in eine Presse gelegt und bei etwa 700°C in die gewünschte Form gepresst. Als Durchlauföfen werden Rollen- oder Balkenförderöfen eingesetzt, in denen das Wärmgut erwärmt und zu einem geeigneten Zeitpunkt der Presse zugeführt wird. Bei einem Rollenofen dienen aktiv angetriebene Rollen als Auflage für Blechteile oder von Transportbehältern, auf denen Blechteile abgelegt sind. Bei einem Balkenförderofen erfolgt ein schrittweises Weiterbewegen von Blechteilen durch eine koordinierte Bewegung zweier Balkensätze, die jeweils über eine Mehrzahl paralleler Balken verfügen, die sich in Transportrichtung erstrecken und zur Auflage des Wärmguts dienen. Hierbei sind die Balken eines ersten Balkensatzes und die Balken eines zweiten Balkensatzes ineinander geschachtelt angeordnet, wobei sich ein oder mehrere Balken des ersten Satzes neben einem oder mehreren Balken des zweiten Satzes befinden. Je nach Bauart können die Balken als Fahrbalken eine vertikale und/oder horizontale Bewegung ausführen oder als Festbalken stillstehen. Das Wärmgut ist stets ortsfest zu den Balken, denen es gerade aufliegt.Sheet metal parts in automobile construction can be produced by hot forming at relatively low production costs. To do this, preformed components are heated in a continuous furnace to 900°C to 1000°C, placed in a press by an industrial robot and pressed into the desired shape at around 700°C. Roller or beam conveyor furnaces are used as continuous furnaces, in which the material to be heated is heated and fed to the press at a suitable point in time. In a roller furnace, actively driven rollers serve as a support for sheet metal parts or transport containers on which sheet metal parts are placed. In a beam conveyor furnace, sheet metal parts are moved on step by step by a coordinated movement of two sets of beams, each of which has a plurality of parallel beams that extend in the direction of transport and serve to support the material to be heated. In this case, the bars of a first set of bars and the bars of a second set of bars are arranged in a nested manner, with one or more bars of the first set being located next to one or more bars of the second set. Depending on the design, the beams can move vertically and/or horizontally as mobile beams or stand still as fixed beams. The material to be heated is always stationary with respect to the beams on which it is currently lying.
Beispielsweise sind bei einer aus
Nun hat sich in der Praxis gezeigt, dass bei der Nutzung von Balkenförderöfen diverse Probleme auftreten, welche den Produktionsablauf erheblich beeinträchtigen. Die typischerweise Raumtemperatur aufweisenden Blechteile werden am Ofeneingang auf die Hub- oder Fahrbalken gesetzt, die eine sehr hohe Temperatur im Bereich von beispielsweise 900°C bis 1000°C haben. Erst mit dem schrittweisen Weiterbewegen der Blechteile in Richtung Ofenausgang werden sie zunehmend erwärmt. Durch den sehr hohen Temperaturunterschied zu den Blechteilen werden die eingangsseitigen Balken des Balkenförderofens thermisch stark belastet.Practice has now shown that various problems occur when using beam conveyor furnaces, which significantly impair the production process. The sheet metal parts, which typically have room temperature, are placed on the lifting or mobile beams at the furnace entrance, which have a very high temperature in the range of 900°C to 1000°C, for example. Only with the gradual further movement of the sheet metal parts in the direction of the furnace exit are they increasingly heated. Due to the very high temperature difference to the sheet metal parts, the beams on the input side of the beam conveyor furnace are thermally heavily loaded.
Hinzu kommt, dass im modernen Automobilbau eingesetzte Stahlbleche häufig mit einer Schutzschicht aus einer Aluminium(Al)-Silizium(Si)-Legierung überzogen sind. Diese dient als wirksamer Schutz gegen Verzunderung und sorgt als Legierungsbestandteil für eine bessere Aushärtung des erhitzten Materials, so dass die für ein Blechteil eingesetzte Materialmenge in vorteilhafter Weise verringert werden kann. Beim Erwärmen der AlSi-beschichteten Stahlbleche kommt es zum Erweichen der AlSi-Schutzschicht und in Folge bei Kontakt mit den Balken zu Kontaktkorrosion. Dies gilt insbesondere für die vertikal verfahrbaren Hubbalken, mit denen die Stahlbleche meist längeren Kontakt haben. Mögliche Korrosionsmechanismen sind eine Diffusion von AISi in das poröse Gefüge der Balken, Anhaftungen von AISi an der Balkenoberfläche oder eine Reaktion in Form einer chemischen Umwandlung mit dem Balkenwerkstoff. Diffundiert AISi in das Balkengefüge kommt es durch Unterschiede im Ausdehnungskoeffizienten zwischen Balkenmatrix, infiltrierten AISi und korrosionsbedingten Reaktionsprodukten zu Wärmespannungen und aufgrund des großen Temperaturunterschieds zwischen Balken und kälteren Blechteilen zu Abplatzungen an der Balkenoberfläche oder sogar zum Balkenbruch.In addition, the sheet steel used in modern automobile construction is often coated with a protective layer made of an aluminum (Al)-silicon (Si) alloy. This serves as an effective protection against scaling and, as an alloy component, ensures better hardening of the heated material, so that the amount of material used for a sheet metal part can be advantageously reduced. When the AlSi-coated steel sheets are heated, the AlSi protective layer softens and, as a result, contact corrosion occurs when it comes into contact with the beams. This applies in particular to the vertically movable lifting beams, with which the steel sheets usually have longer contact. Possible corrosion mechanisms are diffusion of AISi into the porous structure of the beam, adhesion of AISi to the beam surface or a reaction in the form of a chemical conversion with the beam material. If AISi diffuses into the beam structure, differences in the coefficient of expansion between the matrix of the beam, the infiltrated AISi and reaction products caused by corrosion lead to thermal stresses and, due to the large temperature difference between the beam and the colder sheet metal parts, to spalling on the beam surface or even to beam fracture.
Zudem können sich Anhaftungen von AISi am Balkenwerkstoff bis zu mehreren Millimetern aufbauen, wodurch es zu Verschiebungen der Stahlbleche während des Transports durch den Ofen kommt und in Folge zu Beschädigungen an der faserausgekleideten Ofenwand oder zu Problemen bei der Übernahme der Bleche durch den Industrieroboter.In addition, AISi can build up up to several millimeters on the beam material, causing the steel sheets to shift during transport through the furnace and as a result to damage to the fiber-lined furnace wall or problems when the sheets are taken over by the industrial robot.
Durch die geschilderten Probleme werden einzelne Balken beschädigt und müssen ausgetauscht werden. Insbesondere kann ein unerwarteter Balkenbruch zu einem Produktionsstillstand führen. Zudem ist ein Balkenwechsel technisch aufwändig und zeitintensiv und vermehrt den zu entsorgenden Industrieabfall. Die Fertigungskosten für die Blechteile erhöhen sich in unerwünschter Weise.As a result of the problems described, individual beams are damaged and must be replaced. In particular, an unexpected beam break can lead to a production standstill. In addition, a beam change is technically complex and time-consuming and increases the amount of industrial waste to be disposed of. The manufacturing costs for the sheet metal parts increase in an undesired manner.
In der
Die
In der
Transportmittel, bei denen ein Wärmgut nicht vollflächig gelagert ist, können
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, im Stand der Technik bekannte Balkenförderöfen so zu verbessern, dass eine Wärmebehandlung von Wärmgut, insbesondere AlSi-beschichteten Blechteilen, mit weniger Produktionsunterbrechungen aufgrund eines Wechsels beschädigter Balken und zu geringeren Kosten möglich ist. Zudem soll ein unerwarteter Balkenbruch vermieden werden.The object of the present invention is to improve beam conveyor furnaces known in the prior art in such a way that a heat treatment of material to be heated, in particular AlSi coated sheet metal parts, with fewer production stops due to changing damaged beams and at lower cost. In addition, unexpected beam breakage should be avoided.
Diese und weitere Aufgaben werden nach dem Vorschlag der Erfindung durch einen Balken für einen Balkenförderofen gemäß den Merkmalen des unabhängigen Patentanspruchs gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind durch die Merkmale der Unteransprüche angegeben.According to the proposal of the invention, these and other objects are achieved by a beam for a beam conveyor furnace according to the features of the independent patent claim. Advantageous configurations of the invention are specified by the features of the dependent claims.
Erfindungsgemäß ist ein neuartiger Balken für einen Balkenförderofen gezeigt. Generell dient der Balken (im Zusammenwirken mit weiteren Balken desselben Balkensatzes) zum Auflegen von Wärmgut im Balkenförderofen, wobei das Wärmgut, je nach Art der Verwendung des Balkens im Balkenförderofen, mithilfe des Balkens einem horizontalen und/oder vertikalen Transport unterzogen wird oder stationär im Balkenförderofen gelagert wird. Eine Relativbewegung zwischen dem Wärmgut und dem Balken, auf den das Wärmgut aufgelegt ist, findet nicht statt. Beispielsweise kann der Balken als ein lediglich in vertikaler Richtung verfahrbarer Hubbalken eingesetzt werden, entsprechend der in
Der erfindungsgemäße Balken umfasst einen länglichen Grundkörper, der als Hohlprofil ausgebildet ist. In Form eines Hohlprofils weist der Grundkörper eine Profilwand auf, die einen innenliegenden Hohlraum umgrenzt.The beam according to the invention comprises an elongate base body which is designed as a hollow profile. In the form of a hollow profile, the base body has a profile wall that delimits an internal cavity.
Wesentlich hierbei ist, dass im länglichen Grundkörper eine oder mehrere Aufnahmen ausgebildet sind, in denen jeweils ein Einlegeteil aufgenommen ist. Die Einlegeteile sind so ausgebildet, dass sie in Bezug auf den länglichen Grundkörper vorstehen und gemeinsam eine Auflage für das Wärmgut bilden. In Arbeitsposition des Balkens im Balkenförderofen stehen die Einlegeteile relativ zum Grundkörper nach oben hin vor, so dass das Wärmgut auf die Einlegeteile aufgelegt werden kann. Die Aufnahmen sind zu diesem Zweck in einer in Arbeitsposition des Balkens im Balkenförderofen obenliegenden Grundkörperfläche ausgebildet. Das Wärmgut liegt somit dem länglichen Grundkörper nicht auf, sondern liegt ausschließlich den in die Aufnahmen des Grundkörpers eingesetzten Einlegeteilen auf. Hierbei formen jeweilige Auflageflächen der Einlegeteile gemeinsam die Auflage bzw. Auflageebene für das Wärmgut. Hierdurch kann in vorteilhafter Weise erreicht werden, dass die Kontaktfläche zwischen Wärmgut und Balken kleiner ist als die Kontaktfläche, die sich ergeben würde, wenn das Wärmgut dem Grundkörper direkt aufliegen würde (d.h. einer in Arbeitsposition des Balkens im Balkenförderofen obenliegenden Grundkörperfläche aufliegen würde). Aufgrund einer geringeren Wärmeübertragung zwischen Wärmgut und Grundkörper vermindern sich in vorteilhafter Weise Wärmespannungen im Grundkörper.It is essential here that one or more receptacles are formed in the elongate base body, in each of which an insert part is received. The inserts are designed in such a way that they protrude in relation to the elongate base body and together form a support for the material to be heated. In the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace, the inserts project upwards relative to the base body, so that the material to be heated can be placed on the inserts. For this purpose, the receptacles are formed in a base body surface that is at the top when the beam is in the working position in the beam conveyor furnace. The goods to be heated are therefore not on the elongated base body, but only on the inserts used in the receptacles of the base body. In this case, the respective bearing surfaces of the inserts together form the bearing surface or bearing plane for the material to be heated. Through this can be achieved in an advantageous manner that the contact surface between the material to be heated and the beam is smaller than the contact surface that would result if the material to be heated were to lie directly on the base body (i.e. on a base body surface that is at the top in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace). Due to a lower heat transfer between the material to be heated and the base body, thermal stresses in the base body are reduced in an advantageous manner.
Der längliche Balken für einen Balkenförderofen kann unterschiedliche Querschnittsformen haben. Vorzugsweise weist der Balken eine rechteckige oder quadratische Querschnittsform auf, welche in Arbeitsposition des Balkens im Balkenförderofen eine obenliegende Balkenfläche aufweist.The elongate beam for a beam conveyor furnace can have different cross-sectional shapes. The beam preferably has a rectangular or square cross-sectional shape, which in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace has an overhead beam surface.
Typischerweise sind der längliche Grundkörper und die Einlegeteile aus einem feuerfesten Material hergestellt. Vorzugsweise bestehen die Einlegeteile, und optional auch der längliche Grundkörper, aus einem keramischen Material, welches vorzugsweise aus der Gruppe Mullit, Alumina, SiC, oder deren Mischungen gewählt ist. Vorzugsweise bestehen die Einlegeteile, und optional auch der längliche Grundkörper, aus einem SiC-Werkstoff, wie Si-SiC, insbesondere aus einem porösen SiC-Werkstoff, wie N-SiC und R-SiC, vorzugsweise aus Siliziumnitrid, Siliziumoxinitrid, Silicium-M-oxynitrid, oder deren Mischungen.Typically, the elongate body and inserts are made of a refractory material. The inserts, and optionally also the elongate base body, preferably consist of a ceramic material which is preferably selected from the group consisting of mullite, alumina, SiC, or mixtures thereof. The inserts, and optionally also the elongate base body, preferably consist of a SiC material such as Si-SiC, in particular a porous SiC material such as N-SiC and R-SiC, preferably silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon-M- oxynitride, or mixtures thereof.
Grundsätzlich können die Einlegeteile und der längliche Grundkörper aus ein und demselben, insbesondere keramischen, Material bestehen. Möglich ist jedoch auch, dass die Einlegeteile einerseits und der längliche Grundkörper andererseits aus voneinander verschiedenen Materialien bestehen. Insbesondere können die Einlegeteile und der längliche Grundkörper aus verschiedenen keramischen Materialien bestehen, wobei beispielsweise für die Einlegeteile ein beständigeres keramisches Material eingesetzt wird als für den Grundkörper, wobei das beständigere keramische Material in aller Regel auch teurer ist als das keramische Material des Grundkörpers. Durch das günstigere keramische Material des Grundkörpers können Kosten eingespart werden. Möglich ist auch, dass die Einlegeteile aus einem keramischen Material und der längliche Grundkörper aus einem nicht-keramischen Material, insbesondere metallischen Material, besteht. Durch die Wahl eines metallischen Materials für den Grundkörper und eines keramischen Materials für die Einlegeteile können Kosten bei der Herstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Balkens eingespart werden.In principle, the inserts and the elongate base body can consist of one and the same material, in particular ceramic. However, it is also possible that the inserts on the one hand and the elongate base body on the other hand consist of different materials. In particular, the inserts and the elongate base body can be made of different ceramic materials, for example a more durable ceramic material being used for the inserts than for the base body, with the more durable ceramic material generally also being more expensive than the ceramic material of the base body. Costs can be saved due to the cheaper ceramic material of the base body. It is also possible for the inserts to consist of a ceramic material and for the elongate base body to consist of a non-ceramic material, in particular a metallic material. By choosing a metallic material for the base body and a ceramic material for the inserts, costs can be saved in the production of the beam according to the invention.
In dem in Form eines Hohlprofils ausgebildeten Balken ist für die Formung einer jeweiligen Aufnahme für ein Einlegeteil eine Öffnung (Durchbrechung) in der den Hohlraum umgrenzenden Profilwand ausgebildet. Die Öffnung mündet in den Hohlraum. Hierbei sind die Öffnungen in einem in Arbeitsposition des Balkens im Balkenförderofen obenliegenden Profilwandabschnitt ausgebildet, was insbesondere für ein Hohlprofil mit einer quadratischen oder rechteckigen Querschnittsform gilt. Die Aufnahmen für die Einlegeteile werden jeweils durch die Öffnung der Profilwand und den darunterliegenden Bereich des Hohlraums des Hohlprofils gebildet. Die Einlegeteile liegen dem gegenüberliegenden (in Arbeitsposition des Balkens im Balkenförderofen unteren) Profilwandabschnitt auf. Die Einlegeteile sind auf diese Weise sicher im Grundkörper aufgenommen.In the beam designed in the form of a hollow profile, an opening (perforation) is formed in the profile wall surrounding the cavity for the formation of a respective receptacle for an insert. The opening opens into the cavity. In this case, the openings are formed in a profile wall section which is at the top when the beam is in the working position in the beam conveyor furnace, which applies in particular to a hollow profile with a square or rectangular cross-section. The receptacles for the inserts are each formed by the opening in the profile wall and the underlying area of the cavity of the hollow profile. The inserts lie on the opposite profile wall section (in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace, on the bottom). In this way, the inserts are securely accommodated in the base body.
Vorzugsweise ist eine dem Hohlraum zugewandte Innenfläche des Profilwandabschnitts gegenüberliegend zu den Öffnungen jeweils mit einer Vertiefung versehen, in die eine untere Stirnfläche des in der Aufnahme aufgenommenen Einlegeteils eingesetzt ist. Hierdurch kann der feste Sitz des Einlegeteils in der Aufnahme weiter verbessert werden.An inner surface of the profile wall section facing the cavity is preferably provided with a depression opposite the openings, into which a lower end face of the insert part accommodated in the receptacle is inserted. As a result, the tight fit of the insert in the receptacle can be further improved.
Hierbei sind die Einlegeteile jeweils lose, d.h. zerstörungsfrei entnehmbar, in die Aufnahmen eingefügt. Demnach liegt keine kraft- und/oder stoffschlüssige Verbindung zwischen den Einlegeteilen und dem Grundkörper vor. Dies ermöglicht einerseits eine einfache Herstellung des Balkens und andererseits einen einfachen Austausch einzelner oder aller Einlegeteile, insbesondere, wenn diese beschädigt sind, wobei der Grundkörper und nicht beschädigte Einlegeteile gegebenenfalls weiterverwendet werden können, wodurch Kosten eingespart werden können.Here, the inserts are loose, i.e. can be removed non-destructively, inserted into the mounts. Accordingly, there is no non-positive and/or material connection between the inserts and the base body. On the one hand, this enables simple production of the beam and, on the other hand, simple replacement of individual or all insert parts, especially if they are damaged, with the base body and undamaged insert parts being able to be reused, which means that costs can be saved.
Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Balkens sind die in den Aufnahmen aufgenommenen Einlegeteile jeweils in Richtung senkrecht zur Erstreckungsrichtung des Grundkörpers (in Richtung aus der Aufnahme heraus) formschlüssig mit der zugehörigen Aufnahme verbunden, so dass das Einlegeteil nicht ausschließlich durch Zug senkrecht zur Erstreckungsrichtung des Grundkörpers aus der Aufnahme entnommen werden kann. Dies hat den besonderen Vorteil, dass Einlegeteile bei einem möglichen Anhaften am Wärmgut nicht aus den Aufnahmen gezogen werden können, wenn das Wärmgut vom Balken entfernt wird. Vorzugsweise weisen die Einlegeteile zu diesem Zweck jeweils einen konvexen Bereich (Ausbauchung) auf, der in einen hinterschneidenden Bereich der Aufnahme greift. Bei einem Hohlprofil genügt es, wenn der konvexe Bereich des Einlegeteils die Profilwand (oberer Profilwandabschnitt) innenseitig hintergreift. Um ein einfaches Einfügen des Einlegeteils zu ermöglichen, kann das Einlegeteil vorteilhaft so ausgebildet sein, dass es gegenüberliegend zum konvexen Bereich einen komplementär zum konvexen Bereich geformten konkaven Bereich aufweist. Das Einlegeteil kann dann somit durch Verkippen insbesondere in einer Richtung senkrecht zur Erstreckung des Grundkörpers in einfacher Weise in die Aufnahme eingesetzt werden.According to an advantageous embodiment of the beam according to the invention, the inserts received in the receptacles are each connected in a form-fitting manner to the associated receptacle in the direction perpendicular to the direction of extension of the base body (in the direction out of the receptacle), so that the insert part cannot be pulled exclusively perpendicular to the direction of extent of the base body can be extracted from the recording. This has the particular advantage that inserts that might stick to the item to be heated cannot be pulled out of the receptacles when the item to be heated is removed from the beam. For this purpose, the inserts preferably each have a convex area (bulge) which engages in an undercut area of the receptacle. In the case of a hollow profile, it is sufficient if the convex area of the insert covers the profile wall (upper profile wall section) internally behind. In order to enable easy insertion of the insert part, the insert part can advantageously be designed in such a way that, opposite the convex area, it has a concave area which is shaped in a manner complementary to the convex area. The insert can then be inserted into the receptacle in a simple manner by tilting, in particular in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the base body.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Balken kann durch die Einlegeteile, die gemeinsam eine Auflage für das Wärmgut bilden, die Kontaktfläche zwischen dem kühleren Wärmgut und dem Grundkörper vermindert werden, verglichen mit einer direkten Auflage auf den Grundkörper, wodurch verhindert wird, dass sich große Wärmespannungen aufbauen. In dieser Hinsicht ist es besonders vorteilhaft, wenn die Einlegeteile gemäß einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung so ausgebildet sind, dass sie jeweils einen oder mehrere (in Arbeitsposition des Balkens im Balkenförderofen) nach oben gerichtete Vorsprünge aufweisen, welche gemeinsam die Auflage für das Wärmgut bilden. Das Wärmgut liegt dann ausschließlich diesen Vorsprüngen der Einlegeteile an. Durch diese Maßnahme kann die Kontaktfläche zwischen Wärmgut und Balken noch weiter verringert werden.In the case of the beam according to the invention, the contact surface between the cooler material to be heated and the base body can be reduced by the insert parts, which together form a support for the material to be heated, compared to a direct bearing on the base body, which prevents large thermal stresses from building up. In this respect, it is particularly advantageous if the inserts are designed according to one embodiment of the invention in such a way that they each have one or more upwardly directed projections (in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace), which together form the support for the material to be heated. The material to be heated is then exclusively against these projections of the inserts. This measure allows the contact surface between the material to be heated and the beam to be reduced even further.
Alternativ und/oder ergänzend ist es gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besonders vorteilhaft, wenn die Einlegeteile jeweils so ausgebildet sind, dass sie einen oder mehrere zum Grundkörper gerichtete Vorsprünge, insbesondere stegartige Vorsprünge, aufweisen. Hierdurch kann in vorteilhafter Weise die Kontaktfläche und somit der Wärmeübergang zwischen Einlegeteilen und Grundkörper verringert werden, so dass die Bildung von Wärmespannungen noch besser gehemmt wird. Neben einer Verminderung des Wärmeübergangs zwischen Wärmgut und Einlegeteilen wird somit auch der Wärmeübergang zwischen Einlegeteilen und Grundkörper vermindert. Beide Effekte kombinieren sich in vorteilhafter Weise. Ferner ergibt sich ein weiterer wichtiger Vorteil dieser Ausgestaltung daraus, dass eine Kontamination des Grundkörpers mit AISi bzw. Kontaktreaktion mit AISi, aufgrund von AISi, das sich auf dem Einlegeteil befindet, vermieden wird.Alternatively and/or additionally, according to a further embodiment of the invention, it is particularly advantageous if the inserts are each designed in such a way that they have one or more projections, in particular web-like projections, directed towards the base body. In this way, the contact area and thus the heat transfer between the inserts and the base body can advantageously be reduced, so that the formation of thermal stresses is inhibited even better. In addition to reducing the heat transfer between the goods to be heated and the inserts, the heat transfer between the inserts and the base body is also reduced. Both effects combine in an advantageous manner. Furthermore, another important advantage of this configuration results from the fact that contamination of the base body with AISi or contact reaction with AISi due to AISi that is on the insert is avoided.
In dem erfindungsgemäßen Balken können die Einlegeteile in beliebiger Weise angeordnet sein, solange eine sichere Auflage des Wärmguts auf den Einlegeteilen ermöglicht ist. In vorteilhafter Weise ist eine Mehrzahl Einlegeteile entlang der Erstreckungsrichtung des länglichen Grundkörpers verteilt, insbesondere gleichmäßig verteilt, angeordnet.The inserts can be arranged in any way in the beam according to the invention, as long as the material to be heated can rest securely on the inserts. Advantageously, a plurality of insert parts are distributed, in particular evenly distributed, along the extension direction of the elongate base body.
Gemäß der Erfindung sind die Einlegeteile jeweils plattenförmig ausgebildet, wobei die plattenförmigen Einlegeteile mit parallel zur Erstreckung des länglichen Grundkörpers ausgerichteten Plattenebenen in den Aufnahmen aufgenommen sind. Die Auflage für das Wärmgut wird von jeweiligen (oberen) Stirnflächen der plattenförmigen Einlegeteile gebildet. Bei plattenförmigen Einlegeteilen können nach oben und in Richtung Grundkörper gerichtete Vorsprünge in einfacher Weise ausgebildet werden. Die eine Auflage für das Wärmgut bildenden Vorsprünge sind im Bereich der (oberen) Stirnfläche des plattenförmigen Einlegeteils ausgebildet. Die zum Grundkörper gerichteten Vorsprünge sind im Bereich der beiden in der Plattenebene sich erstreckenden (zueinander parallelen) Plattenflächen ausgebildet. Ebenso ist eine formschlüssige Verbindung mit den Aufnahmen in Richtung senkrecht zur Erstreckung des Grundkörpers in einfacher Weise herstellbar.According to the invention, the inserts are each plate-shaped, with the plate-shaped inserts being accommodated in the receptacles with plate planes aligned parallel to the extension of the elongate base body. The support for the material to be heated is formed by the respective (upper) end faces of the plate-shaped inserts. In the case of plate-shaped inserts, projections directed upwards and in the direction of the base body can be formed in a simple manner. The projections forming a support for the material to be heated are formed in the region of the (upper) end face of the plate-shaped insert part. The projections directed toward the base body are formed in the region of the two plate surfaces (parallel to one another) extending in the plane of the plate. Likewise, a form-fitting connection with the receptacles in the direction perpendicular to the extent of the base body can be produced in a simple manner.
Durch die verringerte Kontaktfläche zwischen Einlegeteilen und Wärmgut kann die Gefahr eines thermisch induzierten Bruchs des Grundkörpers oder einer Abplatzung von Grundkörperteilen vermindert werden. Wie eingangs ausgeführt, kann eine durch die AlSi-Schutzschicht ausgelöste Kontaktkorrosion zu einer mechanischen Schädigung des Balkens beitragen. Um dies zu vermeiden, weist der Grundkörper des erfindungsgemäßen Balkens gemäß einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung auf der Außenfläche eine Lage aus einem Fasermaterial auf, welches geschmolzenes AISi aufnehmen und binden kann. Hierdurch wird verhindert, dass AISi Berührungskontakt mit dem Grundkörper hat. Das Fasermaterial ist zu diesem Zweck auf der in Arbeitsposition des Balkens im Balkenförderofen nach oben weisenden Außenfläche angeordnet, wobei es vorteilhaft ist, wenn die Einlegeteile jeweils durch das Fasermaterial hindurchgeführt sind, so dass das Fasermaterial keinen Berührungskontakt zum Wärmgut hat. Das Fasermaterial ist vorzugsweise ein Material, das chemisch beständig gegen AISi ist, beispielsweise Al2O3-enthaltendes Faserpapier.The reduced contact surface between the inserts and the material to be heated can reduce the risk of a thermally induced fracture of the base body or of parts of the base body flaking off. As stated at the beginning, contact corrosion triggered by the AlSi protective layer can contribute to mechanical damage to the beam. In order to avoid this, according to a further advantageous embodiment, the base body of the beam according to the invention has a layer of a fiber material on the outer surface, which can absorb and bind molten AISi. This prevents AISi from touching the base body. For this purpose, the fiber material is arranged on the outer surface facing upwards in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace, it being advantageous if the inserts are each passed through the fiber material so that the fiber material has no physical contact with the material to be heated. The fibrous material is preferably a material which is chemically resistant to AISi, for example Al 2 O 3 -containing fibrous paper.
Die Erfindung erstreckt sich weiterhin auf ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Balkens für einen Balkenförderofen, welches die folgenden Schritte umfasst:
- Herstellen eines länglichen Grundkörpers,
- Ausbilden von einer oder mehreren Aufnahmen im länglichen Grundkörper,
- Einbringen eines Einlegeteils in eine jeweilige Aufnahme.
- Manufacturing an elongated base body,
- Forming of one or more recordings in the elongate base body,
- Introduction of an insert in a respective recording.
Ferner erstreckt sich die Erfindung auf die Verwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Balkens in einem Balkenförderofen als Balken zum Auflegen von Wärmgut. Grundsätzlich kann der Balken als vertikal und/oder horizontal verfahrbarer Fahrbalken oder als stationärer Festbalken eingesetzt werden. Beispielsweise wird der Balken aufgrund einer typischerweise längeren Kontaktzeit mit dem Wärmgut als nur vertikal verfahrbarer Hubbalken eingesetzt.Furthermore, the invention extends to the use of the beam according to the invention in a beam conveyor furnace as a beam for placing items to be heated. In principle, the beam can be used as a vertically and/or horizontally movable mobile beam or as a stationary fixed beam. For example, due to the typically longer contact time with the material to be heated, the beam is used as a walking beam that can only be moved vertically.
Die verschiedenen Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung können einzeln oder in beliebigen Kombinationen realisiert sein. Insbesondere sind die vorstehend genannten und nachstehend zu erläuternden Merkmale nicht nur in den angegebenen Kombinationen, sondern auch in anderen Kombinationen oder in Alleinstellung einsetzbar, ohne den Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung zu verlassen.The various configurations of the invention can be implemented individually or in any combination. In particular, those mentioned above and to be explained below Features can be used not only in the specified combinations, but also in other combinations or on their own, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert, wobei Bezug auf die beigefügten Figuren genommen wird. Es zeigen in vereinfachter, nicht maßstabsgetreuer Darstellung:
- Fig. 1a
- eine schematische Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels für den Grundkörper eines erfindungsgemäßen Balkens mit auf der Oberseite ausgebildeten Öffnungen in Seitenansicht,
- Fig. 1b
- den Grundkörper von
Fig. 1a in einer Querschnittsansicht, - Fig. 1c
- den Grundkörper von
Fig. 1a in einer Ansicht von oben, - Fig. 2a
- eine schematische Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels für den erfindungsgemäßen Balken mit dem Grundkörper von
Fig. 1 und eingesetzten Einlegeteilen in Seitenansicht, - Fig. 2b
- den Balken von
Fig. 2a in einer Ansicht von oben, - Fig. 2c
- den Balken von
Fig. 2a in einer Querschnittsansicht, - Fig. 2d
- das Einlegeteil des Balkens von
Fig. 2a in Seitenansicht, - Fig. 3a
- eine schematische Darstellung eines weiteren Ausführungsbeispiels für den erfindungsgemäßen Balken mit dem Grundkörper von
Fig. 1 und eingesetzten Einlegeteilen in Seitenansicht, - Fig. 3b
- den Balken von
Fig. 3a in einer Ansicht von oben, - Fig. 3c
- den Balken von
Fig. 3a in einer Querschnittsansicht, - Fig. 3d
- das Einlegeteil des Balkens von
Fig. 3a in Seitenansicht, - Fig. 4a
- eine schematische Darstellung eines weiteren Ausführungsbeispiels für den erfindungsgemäßen Balken mit dem Grundkörper von
Fig. 1 und eingesetzten Einlegeteilen in Seitenansicht, - Fig. 4b
- den Balken von
Fig. 4a in einer Ansicht von oben, - Fig. 4c
- den Balken von
Fig. 4a in einer Querschnittsansicht, - Fig. 4d
- das Einlegeteil des Balkens von
Fig. 4a in Seitenansicht.
- Fig. 1a
- a schematic representation of an embodiment of the base body of a beam according to the invention with openings formed on the upper side in a side view,
- Fig. 1b
- the body of
Fig. 1a in a cross-sectional view, - 1c
- the body of
Fig. 1a in a view from above, - Figure 2a
- a schematic representation of an embodiment of the beam according to the invention with the base of
1 and inserted inserts in side view, - Figure 2b
- the beam of
Figure 2a in a view from above, - Figure 2c
- the beam of
Figure 2a in a cross-sectional view, - Fig. 2d
- the insert of the beam from
Figure 2a in side view, - Figure 3a
- a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the beam according to the invention with the base of
1 and inserted inserts in side view, - Figure 3b
- the beam of
Figure 3a in a view from above, - 3c
- the beam of
Figure 3a in a cross-sectional view, - 3d
- the insert of the beam from
Figure 3a in side view, - Figure 4a
- a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the beam according to the invention with the base of
1 and inserted inserts in side view, - Figure 4b
- the beam of
Figure 4a in a view from above, - Figure 4c
- the beam of
Figure 4a in a cross-sectional view, - Figure 4d
- the insert of the beam from
Figure 4a in side view.
Es wird zunächst Bezug auf die
Das Hohlprofil des Grundkörpers 2 wird von einer Profilwand 5 gebildet, die einen innenliegenden Hohlraum 3 umgrenzt. Die Profilwand 5 umfasst einen oberen Profilwandabschnitt 5-1 und gegenüberliegend einen unteren Profilwandabschnitt 5-2. Vervollständigt wird die Profilwand 5 durch zwei parallele seitliche Profilwandabschnitte 5-3. Die Profilwand 5 weist eine der äußeren Umgebung zugewandte Profilaußenfläche 6 und eine dem Hohlraum 3 zugewandte Profilinnenfläche 7 auf. In Arbeitsposition im Balkenförderofen sind der obere und untere Profilwandabschnitt 5-1, 5-2 typischer Weise horizontal, die beiden seitlichen Profilwandabschnitte 5-3 vertikal ausgerichtet.The hollow profile of the
Der obere Profilwandabschnitt 5-1 ist mit einer Mehrzahl schlitzförmiger Öffnungen (Durchbrechungen) 4 versehen, die reihenförmig entlang der Erstreckung des Grundkörpers 2 angeordnet sind. In
In den
Das Einlegeteil 21 ist in Form einer Platte ausgebildet und verfügt über eine obere Stirnfläche 9 und eine untere Stirnfläche 10. Die untere Stirnfläche 10 stützt sich an der Profilinnenfläche 7 ab, wobei ein unterer Bereich des Einlegeteils 21 in der Vertiefung 8 aufgenommen ist. Die Ebene des plattenförmigen Einlegeteils 21 ist parallel zur Erstreckung des Grundkörpers 2 und parallel zu den beiden seitlichen Profilwandabschnitten 5-3 ausgerichtet. Da die vertikale Abmessung des Einlegeteils 21 (d.h. die kürzeste bzw. senkrechte Abmessung zwischen der oberen Stirnfläche 9 und der unteren Stirnfläche 10) größer ist als die vertikale Abmessung des Grundkörpers 2 ohne den unteren Profilwandabschnitt 5-3 im Bereich der Vertiefung 8, steht das Einlegeteil 21 nach oben hin vom Grundkörper 2 vor, d.h. weist in Bezug auf die Profilaußenfläche 6 des oberen Profilwandabschnitts 5-1 einen überstehenden Bereich 11 auf. Der überstehende Bereich 11 des Einlegeteils 21 weist endständig die obere Stirnfläche 9 auf.The
Die oberen Stirnflächen 9 sämtlicher Einlegeteile 21 dienen als Kontakt- bzw. Auflageflächen und formen gemeinsam eine Auflage 23 für ein Wärmgut des Balkenförderofens. Typischerweise weist der Balkenförderofen eine Vielzahl paralleler Balken 1 auf, wobei die oberen Stirnflächen 9 aller Balken 1 gemeinsam die Auflage 23 für das Wärmgut bilden. Ein den oberen Stirnflächen 9 eines Balkens 1 aufliegendes Wärmgut liegt der Profilaußenfläche 6 des Balkens 1 nicht an, sondern hat ausschließlich Kontakt mit den Einlegeteilen 21. Dies hat den besonderen Vorteil, dass die oberen Stirnflächen 9 eines Balkens 1 in Summe eine (Kontakt-)Fläche haben, die kleiner ist als die Profilaußenfläche 6 des oberen Profilwandabschnitts 5-1, wodurch (verglichen mit dem direkten Auflegen des Wärmguts auf die Profilaußenfläche 6) der Wärmeübergang zwischen Wärmgut und Balken 1 vermindert ist. Als Wärmgut kommen grundsätzlich alle heiß umzuformenden Gegenstände in Frage, insbesondere Metallteile, wie AlSi-beschichtete Stahlbleche, welche als Fahrzeugkarosserieteile, beispielsweise für die B-Säule eines Autos, eingesetzt werden.The upper end faces 9 of all the
Das Einlegeteil 21 kann verschiedene Formen aufweisen. Eine mögliche Ausgestaltung ist in den
Eine erste seitliche Stirnfläche 12 weist eine konvexe Form auf und verfügt über eine Ausbauchung 15. Die gegenüberliegende zweite seitliche Stirnfläche 13 weist eine konkave Form auf und verfügt über eine Einsenkung 16. Die Einsenkung 16 ist komplementär zur Ausbauchung 15 geformt.A first lateral face 12 is convex in shape and has a bulge 15 . The opposite second lateral face 13 is concave in shape and has a trough 16 .
Die beiden Plattenflächen 14 sind nicht eben, sondern weisen in vertikaler Richtung verlaufende, linienförmige Stege 17 auf (erkennbar in
Wie sich aus
Sowohl der Grundkörper 2 wie auch die Einlegeteile 21 sind aus einem feuerfesten Material hergestellt. Das Einlegeteil 21, und optional der Grundkörper 2, besteht aus einem keramischen Material, beispielsweise aus einem SiC-Werkstoff, wie Si-SiC. Der Grundkörper 2 kann aus einem keramischen oder einem nicht-keramischen Material bestehen.Both the
Wie in
Im Weiteren erfolgt eine Beschreibung weiterer Ausführungsbeispiele des erfindungsgemäßen Balkens 1, die sich lediglich in der Form der Einlegeteile 21 unterscheiden. Der Grundkörper 2 ist jeweils gleich. Um unnötige Wiederholungen zu vermeiden, werden jeweils nur die Unterschiede zur Ausgestaltung von
Bei der Ausgestaltung der
Bei der Ausgestaltung der
Aus obigen Ausführungen ergibt sich, dass die Erfindung einen verbesserten Balken für einen Balkenförderofen zur Auflage eines Wärmguts zur Verfügung stellt. Durch die verminderte Kontaktfläche zwischen Einlegeteilen und Wärmgut kann ein Wärmeübergang zwischen Wärmgut und Balken vermindert werden, um Wärmespannungen zu verringern und ein Abplatzen von Grundkörperteilen oder einen Grundkörperbruch zu vermeiden. Dies wird durch eine verminderte Kontaktfläche zwischen Einlegeteilen und Grundkörper unterstützt, welche weiterhin den Vorteil einer verminderten Kontamination des Grundkörpers mit AISi und verringerter Kontaktkorrosion hat. Die Einlegeteile können in einfacher Weise in den Grundkörper eingesetzt und wieder entfernt werden, was einen einfachen Austausch ermöglicht. Durch eine Faserlage auf der Profilaußenfläche kann geschmolzenes AISi aufgenommen und gebunden werden, wodurch die Gefahr einer Kontaktkorrosion des Grundkörpers mit AISi weiter vermindert wird, was gleichermaßen vorteilhaft im Hinblick auf die Vermeidung einer mechanischen Beschädigung des Grundkörpers ist.It follows from the above statements that the invention provides an improved beam for a beam conveyor furnace for supporting a material to be heated. Due to the reduced contact surface between the inserts and the goods to be heated, heat transfer between the goods to be heated can occur and beams are reduced to reduce thermal stress and prevent body chipping or body fracture. This is supported by a reduced contact area between inserts and base body, which also has the advantage of reduced contamination of the base body with AISi and reduced contact corrosion. The inserts can be inserted into the base body and removed again in a simple manner, which enables easy replacement. A fiber layer on the outer surface of the profile allows molten AISi to be absorbed and bound, which further reduces the risk of contact corrosion of the base body with AISi, which is equally advantageous in terms of avoiding mechanical damage to the base body.
- 11
- Balkenbar
- 22
- Grundkörperbody
- 33
- Hohlraumcavity
- 44
- Öffnungopening
- 55
- Profilwandprofile wall
- 5-15-1
- oberer Profilwandabschnittupper profile wall section
- 5-25-2
- unterer Profilwandabschnittlower profile wall section
- 5-35-3
- seitlicher Profilwandabschnittlateral profile wall section
- 66
- Profilaußenflächeprofile outer surface
- 77
- Profilinnenflächeprofile inner surface
- 88th
- Vertiefungdeepening
- 99
- obere Stirnflächeupper face
- 1010
- untere Stirnflächelower face
- 1111
- überstehender Bereichprotruding area
- 1212
- erste seitliche Stirnflächefirst lateral face
- 1313
- zweite seitliche Stirnflächesecond side face
- 1414
- Plattenflächeplate surface
- 1515
- Ausbauchungbulge
- 1616
- Einsenkungdepression
- 17,17,
- 17' Steg17' bridge
- 1818
- Randedge
- 1919
- Aufnahmerecording
- 2020
- Faserlagefiber layer
- 2121
- Einlegeteilinsert
- 2222
- Hinterschneidungundercut
- 2323
- Auflageedition
Claims (12)
- Beam (1) for a beam conveyor furnace for depositing a material to be heated, comprising:- an elongated base body (2),- one or more receptacles (19) in the elongate base body (2), in each of which an insert (21) is received, the inserts (21) projecting with respect to the elongate base body (2) and together forming a support (23) for the material to be heated,wherein the elongate base body (2) is a hollow profile which has a profile wall (5) bounding an inner cavity (3), wherein the profile wall (5) has one or more openings (4) into each of which an insert (21) is inserted, wherein the openings (4) are formed in an upper profile wall section (5-1) located at the top in the working position of the beam in the beam conveyor furnace, wherein the inserts (21) are loosely inserted into the receptacles (19) and rest on a lower profile wall section (5-2) opposite the upper profile wall section (5-1), wherein the inserts (21) are each plate-shaped, wherein the support (23) for the material to be heated is formed by end faces (9) of the plate-shaped inserts (21) and wherein the plate-shaped inserts (21) are received in the receptacles (19) with plate planes aligned parallel to the extension of the elongate base body (2).
- Beam (1) according to claim 1, wherein an inner surface (7) of the profile wall (5) facing the cavity (3) has, opposite a respective opening (4), a recess (8) in which a lower surface (10) of the insert (21) guided through the opening (4) is received.
- Beam (1) according to claim 1 or 2, in which the inserts (21) are positively connected to the receptacle (19) receiving them in the direction perpendicular to the extension of the base body (2).
- Beam (1) according to claim 3, in which the inserts (21) each have a convex region (15) which engages in an undercut (22) of the receptacle (19).
- Beam (1) according to one of claims 1 to 4, in which the inserts (21) each have one or more projections (17'), in particular web-like projections, which together form the support (23) for the material to be heated.
- Beam (1) according to one of claims 1 to 5, in which the insertion parts (21) each have one or more projections (17), in particular web-like projections, directed towards the base body (2).
- Beam (1) according to one of claims 1 to 6, in which a plurality of inserts (21) is arranged distributed along the extension of the base body (2).
- Beam (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the inserts (21) are made of a material different from the material of the base body (2).
- Beam (1) according to one of claims 1 to 8, in which the base body (2) is provided on its outer surface (6) with a layer (20) of fiber material.
- Beam (1) according to claim 9, in which the inserts (21) are each passed through the layer (20) of fibrous material.
- Method of manufacturing a beam (1) for a beam conveyor furnace for depositing a material to be heated according to any one of claims 1 to 10, comprising the following steps:- making an elongated base body (2),- forming one or more receptacles (19) in the elongated base body (2),- inserting an insert (21) into a respective receptacle (19).
- Use of the beam (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 10 in a beam conveyor furnace as a beam for depositing material to be heated.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102018129446.8A DE102018129446B4 (en) | 2018-11-22 | 2018-11-22 | Beam for beam conveyor furnace |
PCT/EP2019/081701 WO2020104403A1 (en) | 2018-11-22 | 2019-11-19 | Bar for a bar-type conveyor furnace |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP3884231A1 EP3884231A1 (en) | 2021-09-29 |
EP3884231B1 true EP3884231B1 (en) | 2022-11-23 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP19808558.1A Active EP3884231B1 (en) | 2018-11-22 | 2019-11-19 | Bar for bar conveyor furnace, method of manufacture and use of the bar |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP3884231B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102018129446B4 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2935167T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2020104403A1 (en) |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102011011258B4 (en) * | 2010-11-26 | 2013-05-29 | Otto Junker Gmbh | Furnace plant and process for heat treatment of workpieces |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB397610A (en) * | 1932-05-03 | 1933-08-31 | Alfred Smallwood | Improvements in or relating to furnaces and the like and to the conveyance of goods therethrough |
DE2117148A1 (en) | 1971-04-08 | 1972-10-19 | Koppers Wistra Ofenbau Gmbh | Rocker bar furnace for metals - having up-and down only rockers and separate travelling instead of fixed bars |
DE7214686U (en) | 1972-04-19 | 1976-03-25 | Koppers-Wistra-Ofenbau Gmbh, 4000 Duesseldorf | RIDER FOR HEAT CARRIERS IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACES |
DE4133698A1 (en) | 1991-10-11 | 1993-04-15 | Italimpianti Deutschland Gmbh | RIFLE BAR OVEN |
DE4203595C2 (en) | 1992-02-10 | 2001-07-19 | Loi Thermprocess Gmbh | Device for supporting feed material in a heating furnace |
DE4324421C2 (en) | 1993-07-21 | 2002-06-06 | Loi Thermprocess Gmbh | Device for supporting heat treatment material in a heating furnace |
DE19710870A1 (en) | 1997-03-15 | 1998-09-17 | Techint Italimpianti Deutschla | Walking beam furnace |
DE10312802B3 (en) | 2003-03-21 | 2004-07-22 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Workpiece carrier in heat resistant fiber bonded ceramic material with a workpiece reception region and a segmented distancing device useful for heat treatment of workpieces |
MX2019001028A (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2019-09-23 | Ghi Hornos Ind S L | Conveying through furnaces. |
DE102017205046A1 (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2018-09-27 | Schunk Kohlenstofftechnik Gmbh | Workpiece carrier and method of manufacture |
-
2018
- 2018-11-22 DE DE102018129446.8A patent/DE102018129446B4/en active Active
-
2019
- 2019-11-19 EP EP19808558.1A patent/EP3884231B1/en active Active
- 2019-11-19 WO PCT/EP2019/081701 patent/WO2020104403A1/en unknown
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Patent Citations (1)
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DE102011011258B4 (en) * | 2010-11-26 | 2013-05-29 | Otto Junker Gmbh | Furnace plant and process for heat treatment of workpieces |
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DE102018129446B4 (en) | 2024-03-14 |
WO2020104403A1 (en) | 2020-05-28 |
EP3884231A1 (en) | 2021-09-29 |
ES2935167T3 (en) | 2023-03-02 |
DE102018129446A1 (en) | 2020-05-28 |
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